schizophrenic disorders a class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized...
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SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERSA class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior
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GENERAL SYMPTOMS
Delusions and irrational thoughts Delusions are false beliefs that are
maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality
Delusions of grandeur Deterioration of thought Deterioration of adaptive behavior Hallucinations: sensory perceptions that
occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input
Disturbed emotion
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SUBTYPES
Paranoid type: dominated by delusions of persecution, along w/delusions of grandeur
Catatonic type: striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity
Disorganized type: particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior
Undifferentiated type: idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms
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POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
Negative symptoms involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech
Positive symptoms involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas
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COURSE AND OUTCOME
Schizophrenia usually emerges during adolescence or early adulthood
Emergence may be sudden or gradual Mild disorders are usually successfully
treated For some, it is chronic and permanent
hospitalization is required Males tend to have earlier onset, relapse,
and more hospitalizations
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ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
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GENETIC VULNERABILITY
Strong evidence to support hereditary influence
Identical twin concordance rates at about 48%
Born to two schizophrenic parents---46%
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NEUROCHEMICAL FACTORS
Excess dopamine is a possibility Possible interaction between dopamine and
serotonin
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STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE BRAIN
CT scans and MRIs show enlarged brain ventricles in schizophrenic patients
A smaller thalamus may play a part Psychs don’t know if these are cause or
effect of schizophrenia
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NEURODEVELOPMENTAL HYPOTHESIS
Schizophrenia is caused in part by various disruptions in the normal maturation processes before or at birth
Studies focus on viral infections
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EXPRESSED EMOTION
Focuses on family dynamics influence the course of schizophrenia
Expressed emotion is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient
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PERSONALITY DISORDERSA class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS
DSM-IV lists ten disorders clustered into 3 main groups:
1) Anxious-fearful 2) Odd-eccentric 3) Dramatic-impulsive
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DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS
Personality disorders tend to overlap one another
Current revisions are underway for the new DSM-V, set to be published in 2013
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ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
DEF: marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms
Lack a conscience More common among males Seen in 3-4% of pop.
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ETIOLOGY
May be a genetic disposition Inherited sluggish autonomic systems Inadequate or dysfunctional family systems
may be a cause
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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND THE LAW
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INSANITY
DEF: a legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness
M’naghten rule: insanity exists when a mental disorder makes a person unable to distinguish right from wrong
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INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT
DEF: people hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will
Criteria: 1) people are dangerous to themselves 2) dangerous to others 3) treatment is needed
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CULTURE AND PATHOLOGY
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ARE EQUIVALENT DISORDERS FOUND AROUND THE WORLD?
Severe disorders are pancultural Culture-bound disorders: abnormal
syndromes found only in a few cultural groups
Koro, windigo, anorexia nervosa