Scholarly Publishing in Flux: Economic$ Access &

UseBarbara DeFeliceDirector, Digital Resources ProgramDartmouth College

SchCom101 ACRL NEC SchComSIGJuly 23, 2009Dartmouth College, Hanover NH

PointsCurrent economic modelsCost and PriceLimitations on accessOpen access variationsChanging roles: scholars, publishers &

librarians Engaging in the conversations-small group

exercise using scenarios

Authors Readers

JournalsArticles

Publisher$$$$

gift economygift economy

“payment” comes from other system/s

(P&T, grants, prestige, etc.)

From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Economics” ACRL SchCom 101

$2023/year

Motivations of scholars/creators

Publish or PerishCredit, attribution & visibilityFind and build upon previous workAdvancement of knowledge, science, medicine & the artsLiteracyOthers?

Motivations of commercial & society publishers Profit for shareholders Funds to run the societyAttract authors, editors, reviewersControl content to repackage and resellInvest in technology

Results“Inelastic Market” ConsolidationLibrary budgets cannot keep up with price increases Library budgets cannot stretch to purchase or license new kinds of content

Libraries PublishersCanceled journals/created new competitive journals

Bundled journals/tie print to online

Cut book purchases Required multi-year contracts

Formed buying consortia Merged & consolidated

Fought mergers Raised prices

Developed model license to resist restrictions

Increased revenue via restrictive licensing

Adapted from Lee Van Orsdel’s ACRL SchCom 101 “Economics”

“Sticker Shock”$16,000Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceOR 32 heifers for Heifer InternationalSee Cornell’s “Sticker Shock” STM journals display

$1,238.00 for Russian LiteratureORa week in Moscow incl RT flight from Boston

$6,6000 for one year of access to Literature Online (LION)after you paid $115,000.00 to own itORDartmouth Alumni Trip “Celtic Lands” 12 day cruise

Humanities are not immune from “Sticker Shock”

Scholarly Journal Publishing: the Costs

Cost Element Percent of costs

Refereeing (peer review) 22%

Editorial & typesetting (typesetting not needed in e-only journals

33%

Physical production & distribution (not needed for e-only journals)

23%

Subscription Management(not needed in author pays)

7%

Sales & Marketing (not needed in author pays)

13%

Promotion to authors 2%

Based on table on page 13 of Wellcome 2004 “Costs and Business Models of Scientific Research Publishing

Scholarly STM Journal Publishing

9% $

91%dollars

62%citations

38%citations

cost and quality ratios—not what scholars think

cost and quality ratios—not what scholars think

Scholarly Humanities & Social Sciences Journal Publishing

From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Basics” ACRL SchCom 101

Publisher

AcademicLibrary

Editor

Peer Reviewers

cost

budget

old thinkingold thinkingScholarly PublishingScholarly Publishing

Serials Crisis

Publisher

editor

Peer Review

AcademicLibrary

cost

budget

Scholarly Communications SystemScholarly Communications System

Serials Crisiscopyrights

grants

university

taxpayers

rewardsnew business

models

OA mandates

open access* *

*

*

*

From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Basics” ACRL SchCom 101

ALPSP Academic journal publishers' policies and practices 3 yr update

Open access advocacy has changed policies

Pricing models complex & varied

Licensing terms better for teaching & learning

Authors post their final version BUT not the final accepted version

30% of publishers offer optional open access BUT author pays open access option is not popular

From: The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) key findings from the survey Academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd edition, 2008

Economic Climate Affects

IOCLC statement

ARL statement

Lexis Nexis 0% increase but had a 735M in profit in 2008)

Bergstrom et al request for “Big Deal” details

Many Models on Trial

Many examples; this one from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom 101 “Openness”

Many examples; this one from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom 101 “Openness”

Open Humanities PressOpen Humanities Press journals: fully peer reviewed,scholarly publications that have been chosen by OHP's editorial advisory board for their outstanding contribution to contemporary theory.

Univ. Michigan’s Scholarly Publishing Office OHPmonographic series in Digital Culture

Like Open SourceEnabled by technology

Dependent on the gift economy

Found both inside and outside of traditional models of software development, scholarship and publishing

Supported by a variety of business models

Open Access Right or Wrong?

Open access means no copyright

Open access is free

Open access always means the author pays

Open access will destroy peer review

Open access will destroy small scholarly society publishers

Open access is the answer

Adapted from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom101 “Openness”

Roads to Open Access Some dead-ends?

Archiving(self,

institutional, disciplinary)

‘green’

Open Access Publishing

(journals & books)‘gold’

3920 OA journals in Directory of Open Access Journals

For-profit open accessBioMedCentral/Springer

Open access after a whileScience after 12 monthsUniv. Rochester Press 6 months

Hybrid-subscriptionauthor pays

OA fee

Open Access Publishing (‘Gold’)Publication that is free & open for anyone to access

Like “Toll Access” peer reviewed journals or edited books except free to the reader

Multiple financial models including institution or funder supported OR author-supported

(2006 – 47% author supported)

Usually allow authors to retain copyright and/or license under creative commons

Literature published through traditional channels that is made openly available through deposit in a repository or placing on web site

Institutional, departmental, or discipline based repository

Range of publisher policies on depositOften post-prints (final author manuscript) can be deposited but publisher version cannot

Copyright issues murkyhttp://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php

Discipline based repositories often rooted in cultures used to sharing but faculty use of institutional repositories not strong

Questions of authority of pre-print/post-print and multiple versions

Open Access Publishing (‘Green’)

Hybrid modelsSubscription based journals

Author can pay to make article open access

Publisher Price Notes

Elsevier Sponsored Article

$3,000 A few journals

Oxford Open $1,500 / 3,000 Lower price if institution subscribes; some journals

Springer Open Choice $3,000 All journals

Wiley Funded Access $3,000 Some journals

American Chemical Society AuthorChoice

As low as $1,000

Lowest price if institution subscribes & have personal membership

Plant Physiology $1,000 / Free OA free for members of ASPB

From Sarah Shreeves “Openness” ACRL SchCom 101

University Presses Support OA

10 University Press Directors on Free Access to Scholarly Journal Articles:•support the dissemination of scholarly research•support the free access to scientific, technical, and medical journal articles no later than 12 months after publication•support the principle that scholarly research fully funded by governmental entities is a public good•support legislation that strengthens this principle•oppose legislation designed to weaken it•support the archiving and free release of the final, published version of scholarly journal articles•will work ….to determine strategies concerning dissemination options

Florida, Akron,UPNE, Athabasca, Wayne State, Calgary, Michigan, Rockefeller, Penn State, and Massachusetts University Presses

In reaction to the American Association of University Presses, supporting the Conyers bill without consultation

Openness enables:

Contribution

Participation

Broad access without barriers of place or privilege

Use & reuse with few or no restrictions

NewIdeas Knowledge Art Literature Science Medicine

How will creators, publishers and librarians create a sustainable future that supports

these benefits?

References & SourcesACRL Scholarly Communcation Toolkit

Bergstrom, Carl and Ted Bergstrom,2001 and 2006 The economics of scholarly journal publishing, original report & 5 year update

Bergstrom, Ted. Papers on Journal Pricing

Clarke, Roger. The Cost-Profiles of Alternative Approaches to Journal-Publishing. December 2007 First Monday

Cox, John & Laura Cox, Academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd edition 2008, the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) Survey 2008

Journal Cost-Effectiveness Search for price per article or citation

Wellcome Trust (2004) Costs and business models in scientific research publishing.

CreditsSlide 1: “Open Access” image flickr CC site under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license

Slides 3, 10, 12 & 13 : from ACRL Scholarly Communication 101 “Economics” powerpoint talk by Lee Van Orsdel

Slide 6: Modified from Scholarly Communication 101 “Economics” powerpoint talk by Lee Van Orsdel

Slides 12, 16,19, 21, 22, 23, 24 & 25: modified from ACRL Scholarly Communication 101 powerpoint talk “Openness: Contribute, Access, Use” by Sarah Shreeves

Slide 20: “Open Access: Dawn of a New Day” by Gideon Burton, flickr CC site used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license

All slides used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license

Scholarly Publishing in Flux: Economics, Access & Use by Barbara DeFelice, was developed for ACRL NEC SchCom SIG Scholarly Communications 101 workshop and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States LicenseLast updated 7/27/09