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School Innovative Technology for Agri-Food and Environmental Sciences Cycle XXVII

Dr. Joseph B. Tholley Tutor: Prof Marco Fiala

PhD Thesis

Integrated agricultural technology impacts on food and energy production with small scale

farmers at local community level in the upland ecology of Sierra Leone

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i

Dedication

I would like dedicate this work to my wife (Mrs. Adama Tholley), children and parents (Pa Sorie Tholley and Ya Mballu Sesay).

Their love and care have inspired me to achieve this level in search of knowledge for the common good of humanity.



PhD Thesis Integrated agricultural technology impacts on food and energy production with small scale


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ii

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my profound thanks and appreciation to my supervisor of this work, Professor Marco Fiala; who despite his busy schedule will always find time to guide me through in all it takes to accomplish my tasks. I would have found it difficult if he was not patient and keen on everything I was doing with this research.

My sincere thanks also go to Chaira Viganò and Alessandro Antona, who were students that greatly contributed to this research through their role in the field and other activities.

My sincere thanks and appreciation also go to Jacopo Bacenetti and Daniela Lovarelli, whose contributions are virtually incalculable.

Special acknowledgement is due to Maurizia Brioschi whose warm and untiring friendship helped me tremendously in maintaining a stable happiness in Milan. She has been more a mother than an ordinary friend who has catered for me to live a peaceful life through her keen and caring concerns over my 3 –year study period. To Augusto Castagna, whose human touch and nondiscriminatory attributes made me feel at home when we were together.

My great appreciations go to my friends in San Maurizio community in Milan, especially to Quadri Marino and wife, Analisa Danzo whose immense affection and love proved worthy and uncountable to me. Much thanks to them!

My tremendous appreciation and thanks also go to Rev. Fr. Francis Ishmeal Sesay, whose courageous humanitarian concern and care have facilitated the successful completion of my studies in Italy. Bravo indeed!

To Saint Lawrence Foundation, I must say bravo for their untiring encouragement, support and love shown to me since the inception of this work in Italy. I especially owe great obligation of thanks to Antonio Di Peio, whose fatherly words of encouragement and hopeful nature inspired my zeal to always work harder than ever. He deserves great thanks! Not forgetting my great friend, Chiara Zanchi, whose frankness, love and perfect human understanding have yielded positive results in accomplishing this work.

I would like to express my gratitude to the farmers of Rotebainkoh and Bumbang; especially to Pa David Kamara and Santigie Thullah, whose tireless efforts and invaluable contributions have led to the success of this research. I owe them many thanks indeed.

My thanks also go to the Cluny sisters of Makeni; especially Sr. Mary Sweeny and Patricia Turay, whose support and words of encouragement always enkindle my spirit in the search of knowledge.

I would like to also register my thanks and appreciation to Mr. Mohamed M.B. Sesay and wife (Aminata Bernadette Sesay) for their kind support and warm friendship.

Not forgetting Madam Zainab Khanu and family, whose tireless affection, care and assistance always re-energizes me during my tedious hours of work.





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I will not end my thanks if fail to mention the entire University of Makeni (UNIMAK) staff and students, for whose purpose this work is meant to yield more fruits in the near future.

My heartfelt thanks are due to Rev. Fr. Prof. Joseph A. Turay (Fr Joe), whose sincere purpose of life, concern for all and balanced human interaction capability have played some leading roles in making me achieve this level. I indeed owe him immense thanks.

God bless all those whose names are not mentioned here but have virtually played vital roles in enhancing the completion of this work.

Finally, thanks to God who loves me so much by enabling me to reach this peak in my life in spite of all the trying times.





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iii

General index

Index

i. Dedication

ii. Acknowledgements

iii. General introduction of the study

iv. Thesis objectives

Chapter 1

Rural community approach on on-farm field research on systems of rice cultivation using traditional mix cropping and modern method intercropping (row planting) and the cultivation of jatropha as an energy crop at rural community level in the upland ecologies

Abstract

1.1. Introduction and transfer of skills and technology to illiterate and semi-illiterate small scale farmers in rural communities

1.2. Linking traditional and modern methods and skills in farming with small scale farmers

1.3. The hope and benefits of on-farm research to small scale farmers

1.4. Figures

1.5. Tables

1.6. References

Chapter 2

Rice cultivation with modern method of minimal mechanization and intercropping compared to the traditional method in the upland ecology

Abstract

2.1. Objectives of the study

2.2. Introduction

2.3. Materials and methods

2.3.1. Pre-planting phase





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2.3.1.1. Community sensitization and mobilization

2.3.1.2. Research site identification and selection

2.3.1.3. Soil sampling and analysis

2.3.1.4. Mechanical soil tillage for modern method of rice and intercrops planting

2.3.1.5. Research treatment lay-outing in modern method for rice and intercrop planting

2.3.1.6. Traditional method of land clearing (Slash and burn method)

2.3.2. Planting phase

2.3.2.1. Traditional mix cropping (manual broadcasting of rice and other crops and hoeing)

2.3.2.2. Modern method row planting of rice and intercrops

2.3.3. Post planting phase

2.3.3.1. Crops (rice and other crops) population density assessment

2.3.3.2. Crops growth response assessment

2.3.3.3. Assessment of soil nitrogen content through rice growth response using leaf colour chat (LCC)

2.3.3.4. Weed assessment and weeding

2.3.3.5. Pest identification and control

2.3.3.6. Yield assessment and harvesting of crops

2.4. Results and discussions


2.4.1.1. Mechanical soil tillage in modern method

2.4.1.2. Traditional method of land clearing (slash and burn)


2.4.2.1. Traditional mix cropping (manual broadcasting of rice and other crops and hoeing)

2.4.2.2. Modern method row planting of rice and intercrops


2.4.3.1. Crops (rice and other crops) population density assessment in the form of seed rate

2.4.3.2. Crops growth response assessment

2.4.3.3. Assessment of soil nitrogen content through rice growth using leaf colour chat (LLC)

2.4.3.4. Weeds and weed prevalence assessment

2.4.3.5. Crops yield assessment and harvesting

2.4.4. Conclusions

2.5. Figures

2.6. Tables

2.7. References





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Chapter 3

The cultivation of jatropha in the upland ecology for the production of seeds to be used for the extraction of bio-diesel for generating electricity in the rural communities by the local farmers

Abstract

3.1. Objectives of the study

3.2. Introduction

3.3. Materials and methods


3.3.1.1. Community sensitization and mobilization

3.3.1.2. Research site identification and selection

3.3.1.3. Traditional method of land clearing (Slash and burn)

3.3.1.4. Traditional method of land preparation (ploughing with local small hoes)

3.3.1.5. Plot design and lay-outing

3.3.1.6. Seed collection and processing


3.3.2.1. Modern method of row planting of jatropha

3.3.2.2. Planting of ground nut seeds

3.3.3. Post planting

3.3.3.1. Crop population density assessment of ground nut and jatropha

3.3.3.2. Jatropha growth assessment

3.3.3.3. Weed prevalence assessment and weeding

3.3.3.4. Pest identification and control

3.3.3.5. Harvesting and harvest yield assessment of ground nut and jatropha

3.3.3.6. Mulching of jatropha

3.4. Results and discussions



3.4.2.1. Planting of ground nut and jatropha


3.4.3.1. Population density of crops (Ground nut and jatropha)

3.4.3.2. Growth assessment of jatropha

3.4.3.3. Weed prevalence and weeding

3.4.3.4. Ground nut yield rate and income assessment

3.4.3.5. Mulching of jatropha

3.4.3.6. Pests effects and control

3.4.3.7. Jatropha reproduction state





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3.5. Conclusions

3.6. Figures

3.7. Tables

3.8. References

Chapter 4

General conclusions and recommendations

4.1 Rice cultivation

4.2 Jatropha cultivation

Acronyms

Glossary





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Figure captions

1.1. Agricultural production pattern in Sierra Leone in accordance with the ecology.

1.2. A schematic diagram of the problems of agricultural development in Sierra Leone.

1.3. Trend of population and food production in Sierra Leone since independence in 1961.

2.1. A typical rural community settlement (2.1 a) and community research organisational meetings (2.1 b).

2.2. Community organisational structure for research.

2.3. Identifying, selecting and lay-outing the experimental plots with the farmers in the field of the research.

2.4. Soil sampling map of the research area.

2.5. Experimental treatment lay-outs for the field research.

2.6. Traditional land clearing method with cutlass and hoe (slash and burn).

2.7. Types of hoes used by the farmers in traditional soil tillage for seed planting.

2.8. Plant spacing and use of the furrow marker for spacing in rows for rice and intercrop planting.

2.9. The one meter square quadrates showing the rice plant population density assessment in the traditional and modern

methods.

2.10. Assessing the growth rate in height and width of the intercrops in the experimental plots.

2.11. Soil nitrogen content assessment using leaf colour chart (LCC) with the rice.

2.12. Weed population density assessment design and weeding exercise in the plots.

2.13. Damages caused by birds on rice (a) and a sling to control birds (b).

2.14. Some common insect pests identified in the field of rice cultivation together with its intercrops.

2.15. Some common rodent pests (squirrel, cane rat and rat) of cereals and the damaged and undamaged plots.

2.16. Rice yield assessment process from the treatment in a farmers plot.

2.17. Growth and reproduction stages of beni-seed (sesame).

2.18. Growth and reproduction stages of sorghum plant.

2.19. Growth and reproductive stages of pigeon peas.

2.20. Field activities before and during threshing of rice.

2.21. Winnowing of rice grains during milling.

2.22. Minimum soil tillage parameters for ploughing, 1st harrowing and 2nd harrowing in modern treatment plots.

2.23. Showing total time and money spent in traditional land clearing, seed sowing and ploughing in the traditional plots.

2.24. Rice seed rate and rice stand population density per meter square based on the germination rate of the applied seeds in

the different treatments.

2.25. Intercrop seed rate, germination percentage and plant population density in the treatments.

2.26. Shows the growth rate of rice in the different treatments.

2.27. Shows the tillering and panicle bearing capacity of the rice variety (Pakiamp) used in the different treatments.

2.28. Shows the height (H) and canopy (C) of the intercrops in the treatments.

2.29. Shows the height and canopy of the 3 intercrops (pigeon pea, beni-seed and sorghum) and the height of rice in the

modern treatments (a). The canopy shapes of the 3 intercrops, 120 days after planting (DAP) (b).

2.30. Shows the weed population density in the respective treatments in the treatments.

2.31. Shows weed population density and cost of weeding in the traditional (TT) and modern (MT_Ave) treatments of the

experiment.

2.32. Shows the average costs of pest control per hectare in the different treatments of the traditional and modern methods.

2.33. Shows the cost threshing and winnowing in the traditional and modern treatments of the experiment.

2.34. The yield rate of rice per kilograms per hectare in the respective treatments.

2.35. The yield rates and income of rice yields in the respective treatments in the traditional and modern methods per hectare.





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2.36. Shows the yield rates and the income of the intercrops in the respective treatments.

2.37. Showing the total income obtained from the intercrops in the respective treatments per hectare.

2.38. Total production cost of rice cultivation in the upland ecology using traditional method.

2.39. Total production cost of rice cultivation in the upland ecology using modern method.

2.40. Shows the time taken to carry out the field operations in the production process in the traditional method.

2.41. Shows the time taken to carry out the field operations in the production process in the modern method.

2.42. Production total cost-benefit analysis for the traditional and modern methods of rice cultivation in the upland with

intercrops or mix crops.

3.1. The importance of jatropha as a crop.

3.2. Shows typical Jatropha gossypifolia (a) and Jatropha curcas (b).

3.3. Shows the relationship between jatropha plant age and yield rate.

3.4. The relationship between annual rainfall and yield rate of jatropha plant.

3.5. Clearing of fresh bush by slashing of natural vegetation with cutlasses or machetes.

3.6. Treatment lay-out for the planting of jatropha.

3.7. Research field design by researcher and farmers.

3.8. The two common local varieties of ground nut grown in Sierra Leone.

3.9. Weighing of the shelled ground nut seeds by farmers before planting.

3.10. Samples of jatropha seeds harvested around the Makeni communities to be used for planting in the experimental farm in

Bumbang.

3.11. Modern method spacing for the planting of jatropha seeds in the experimental plots.

3.12. Farmers participating in modern method spacing for the planting of jatropha seeds.

3.13. Planting of the ground nut seeds in the treatments of jatropha with ground nut as intercrop.

3.14. Jatropha growth assessment in height (cm), 2 months after planting (DAP) in the different treatments (JIG and JSC).

3.15. Weed prevalence in the different treatments in the plots of jatropha.

3.16. Manual weeding of plots by the farmers of the research.

3.17. Some common pests observed eating ground nut seeds in the field after planting.

3.18. Some common pests of ground nut and jatropha plants during growth and reproduction.

3.19. Manual harvesting of ground nut crops in the field.

3.20. Processing of harvested ground nut stems immediately after harvesting.

3.21. Framers plugging ground nut pods from dried ground nut stems.

3.22. Assessment of the yield of ground nut crop in the research treatment JIG together with a farmer.

3.23. Some of the effects of the dry season on jatropha crops-no artificial irrigation mechanisms.

3.24. Jatropha curcas setting its first fruits at 6 months after planting.

3.25. Jatropha gossypifolia setting it first fruits 4 months after planting.

3.26. Mulching of jatropha using dry ground nut straws in the JIG treatment only.

3.27. The process of transforming jatropha seeds to rural electrification.

3.28. Manual mechanical (ram press) method of CVO extraction from jatropha seeds.

3.29. Different manual mechanical machines for the extraction of CVO from jatropha seeds.

3.30. Sedimentation tanks for the purification of CVO to PVO for generating of electricity in the rural area with an i.c electric

generator.

3.31. Field operations on the production of jatropha and ground nut as intercrop in 7 months.

3.32. Shows the total cost of field operations and the time and work capacity of the total production exercise of jatropha and

ground nut in 7 months.

3.33. Growth features of jatropha curcas in the two treatments of jatropha intercropped with ground nut (JIG) and jatropha as

sole crop (JSC).





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3.34. Growth features of jatropha gossypifolia in the two treatments of jatropha intercropped with ground nut (JIG) and

jatropha as sole crop (JSC).

3.35. Number of leaves in the two varieties of jatropha curcas and gossypifolia in the treatments of JIG and JSC.

3.36. Average weed population density in the treatment of jatropha with ground as intercrop (JIG) and jatropha as sole crop

(JSC).

3.37. Weed population density in the treatments a month after planting and a month after weeding in the two treatments of

JIG & JSC.

3.38. Ground nut yield rate and total income per hectare.

3.39. Jatropha seed viability and germination potential at storage period.

3.40. Viscosity of the oil product at different extraction temperatures.

3.41. The relationship between seed maturity, CVO yield quantity and FFA.

3.42. The difference reactions of the mineral contents of PVO in different containers at storage.

3.43. Motorised LISTER electric generator with 6.1 kW electric power.

3.44. Motorised LISTER PETTER electric generator with 6.1 kW electric power.

3.45. Motorised ATG Multifuel 3SP Generator electric generator with 2.8 kW electric power.

3.46. Power simulation for a 6.1 kW electric machine showing different specific consumption rates due to different loads given

to it at the same period.

3.47. Shows the cost-benefit relationship of cultivating jatropha together with ground nut as intercrop within a period of 7

months in the upland ecology of Sierra Leone.

3.48. A schematic diagram of a dehuller (a) and a woman dehulling jatropha seeds (b).

3.49. Jatropha seeds transformation processes from seed to rural electrification.





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Table captions

1.1. Population by sex: 1974-2011 (%).

1.2. Potential Area under cultivation of rice per hectare.

2.1. Soil sample collection pattern after harvesting of the rice and ground from the jatropha plants in the treatments.

2.2. Traditional land clearing data analysis.

2.3. Detailed information about the tractor used in soil tillage.

2.4. Mechanical soil tillage (on ploughing) data analysis.

2.5. Seed rice rate quantity analysis and cost.

2.6. Intercrop seed rate quantity analysis.

2.7. Cost of rice harvesting in the traditional and modern methods.

2.8. Rice harvest yield rate analysis and income.

2.9. Intercrop harvest yield rate analysis and income.

2.10. Total field operations summary for the rice cultivation in the upland.

2.11. Production activities cost summary for the traditional method.

2.12. Production activities cost summary for the modern method.

2.13. Production cost-benefit analysis for rice cultivation in the upland ecology.

2.14. Traditional Method compared with Modern Method: main results obtained in the field tests The index values (%) shows

that Modern Method assures better results for each parameters, except for the total cost of production (€t-1

)

3.1. Data analysis on the total cost of planting of ground nut including labour and seeds as intercrop in the jatropha crop site.

3.2. Cost analysis of all field activities in the cultivation of jatropha with ground nut as intercrop.

3.3. Physical and chemical characteristics of diesel fuel and PVO of jatropha.

3.4. LISTER electrical generator specification details.

3.5. LISTER PETTER electrical generator specification details.

3.6. Multifuel 3SP ATG electrical generator specification details

3.7. Ground nut yield rate and income of the harvest.

3.8. The cultivation of Jatropha as “sole crop” compared with “jatropha intercropped” with another crop.





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iv

General introduction of the study

Sierra Leone is characterised by diverse natural geographic features that range from ocean coastal mangrove swamps to high mountains, as high as 1,948 meters (6,390 ft).

The country is strategically located slightly above the equator at latitude 8˚ 49’ N and Longitude 13˚ 24’ W. It has two seasons; the rainy or wet and dry seasons. The rainy or wet season is from May to October, while the dry season ranges from November to April (Figure 1.4).

The two seasons can be described as having tremendous advantages to agricultural life but can as well be considered as aggressive and have adverse climatic effects in agriculture especially when technology is yet at its low ebb in the country. The rains during the rainy season can yield 2,070 mm in the far north to 3,250 mm of water in the South. Temperatures can grow between the ranges of 15˚ to 35˚ centigrade within the year. The relative humidity is normally high during the onset of the rainy season and at the end of it. It falls between the ranges of 1918.3-2412.6 mm.

The country (Sierra Leone) currently has a human population of 5,836,220 of which 51% are women (Table 1.1).

The land surface area is about 71,740 km² or 7.23 million hectares (WHO Country Cooperation Strategy: Sierra Leone 2004-2007), of which 5.4 million are potentially cultivable but only less than 23% is currently cultivated (Table 1.2).

There are five ecological areas where farming is practiced in the country. These are Upland, Inland Valley Swamp (IVS), Mangrove Swamp, Boliland and Riverine Grassland. The bolilands, mangrove and the riverine swamps are all lowland ecologies. The upland ecology represents approximately 80% of the total land under crop and animal cultivation; and the rest are lowlands with high potential for crop yield under sound management practices (Table 1.2).

The total arable land resource of Sierra Leone for agricultural activities is 74.2% (5.4 million ha). The lowland area, which is the most fertile, occupies 16.1% (1,165,000 ha) of which 690,000 ha are inland valley swamps (IVS), 130,000 ha are the Bolilands and the Mangrove swamps occupy 200,000 ha. It should be noted that these vast cultivable land areas are not only owned by the public sector- a large proportion is being owned by small-holder farmers [atpsnet.org, 2008, Sierra Leone].

The ecological landscape of Sierra Leone largely determines the agricultural production pattern of the country (Figure 1.1). There are however some variations due to the traditional or inter-cultural or inter-community relations amongst the farmers.

The country is made up of 13 tribes; three of which form majority of the total population, namely: the Mende, Themne and Limba who are strategically located in all the four regions of the country, making the Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western provinces.

The Themne and Limba are located in the North West of the country while the Mende mainly occupy the South-East. There are other minority tribes, such as the Kono, Vai, Krim, Kissi and Shebro who are





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infused amongst the Mendes in the South-East, while the Kuranko, Mandingo, Susu, Yalunka, Fulla, Loko and Krio (a progeny of the freed slaves from the West) are found in the North West.

With the exception of the Krio (Creole is the pigeon English Language) who are mainly found in the urban areas of Freetown and its municipality, all of these tribes are mainly farmers in diverse ways in the rural and sub-urban areas. They are either crop cultivators (i.e Themne, Limba, Mende, Kuranko, Kono) or fishermen (i.e Shebro, Loko, Susu, Vai) or pastoralists (i.e Fulla, Mandingo, Yalunka). The Fulla, Mandingo and Yalunka are mainly located in the North which has adequate savannah grass for the grazing of their animals.

Sierra Leone has potentials to develop an advanced agricultural sector in the future because of its natural endowments. The topography, natural soil conditions and human resources in the country are suitable for both small and large scale agricultural production if managed sustainably well.

As a result of their high illiterate level in formal education, the Resource Poor Framers (RPF) or Small Scale Farmers (SSF) are most times considered ignorant and therefore have no business to be included in research to generate innovations that can be of help to alleviate them from their predicaments. Instead, the society created an intermediary system called ‘extension services’, in this case agricultural extension services, which is meant to transfer the new innovations or knowledge gained by researchers or institutions to them.

This is the beginning of series of problems with the SSF in linking up with the world of new knowledge, skills, techniques and technologies. These problems could range from inaccurate transfer of knowledge, cost of transfer, timeliness of transfer, effectiveness of transfer, the manner of transfer, the level used to transfer etc. Eventually, instead of the RPF see this intervention as an aid to development, it becomes a burden. They (RPF) therefore prefer to do their farming in their own old ways and hence branded “conservative to innovations”. Coupled with lack of resources, the non-inclusion of the SSF or RPF in creating new knowledge through research has created inevitable stagnation or setback in the world food security especially for developing countries like Sierra Leone. Since independence in 1961, Sierra Leone has been experiencing a steady growth in population density while the food production has been staggering (Figure 1.3). This has led to the increasing food insecurity that has led to series of economic and social problems. The effects the 11-year civil war has also precipitated massive migration of able bodied men and women to urban centres for low wage jobs, hence decreasing the work force in agricultural production.

The study is therefore geared towards investigating the effects of introducing minimal mechanisation into agriculture together with basic modern techniques in the production of rice and other intercrops with the SSF in the upland ecology.

The lack of social amenities and other opportunities in rural areas has been seen to contribute to the migration of youths to urban areas. One of the reasons for this is lack is electric energy in rural areas. The study intends to therefore investigate the introduction of jatropha which is an energy producing crop that is capable of producing Pure Vegetable Oil (PVO) that can be used in specially designed internal combustion (i.c.) engine to produce electricity in the rural village with local farmers.

In essence, the study is gearing towards providing means to increase food and electric energy production in the rural communities with local farmers by introducing modern technology (minimal mechanisation) and modern techniques combined with the existing traditional methods and tools.





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The study shall be investigating the technical, social and economic advantages and disadvantages of these interventions in the rural settings in other to enable the development of these RPF in their local communities.





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Main objectives of the study

With the component of rice cultivation through the introduction of minimum mechanisation and modern techniques of row planting of crops in comparison with the traditional method, the study shall be carefully investigating the following:

1. how the use of simple farm machinery such as tractor with minimum mechanisation can influence the rice cultivation activities with the small scale farmers at rural community level in the upland ecology as follows: a) impact on the time spent by farmers on field operations on rice cultivation together with its

allied crops (sesame, pigeon pea and sorghum) when compared with the traditional method in the upland ecology;

b) investigate the cost through the use of machinery in the cultivation in comparison with the traditional method of the hoe and cutlass or machetes and

c) the work capacity of the tractor compared with the traditional manual method.

2. the use of crop (rice, sesame, pigeon pea and sorghum) spacing and other modern techniques can influence productivity when compared with the traditional method in the following aspects: a) impact on the crops (rice, beni-seed, pigeon pea and sorghum) growth responses within the

growing season; b) impact on the yield rates per hectare of the modern row planting compared with the

traditional random broadcasting method and c) influence on the post planting operations of the farm such as weeding, erosion control and

harvesting when compared with the traditional method of random broadcasting. 3. with the component of rural electrification the study shall investigate how bio fuel in the form of

Pure Vegetable Oil (PVO) can be used for rural electrification by small scale farmers through the growing of energy producing crop called jatropha in the upland ecology: a) to investigate the varieties of jatropha crops with the potentials to produce Crude Vegetable

Oil (CVO) in Sierra Leone; b) to investigate the effects or impacts of such production in relation to food production at local

community level and c) how jatropha can be grown to produce seeds that can be transformed to produce PVO for use

in an i.c. engine to generate electricity for rural electrification at village level with the local farmers;

4. the use of machinery is highly limited in Sierra Leone due to lack of the initial capital and technical-know especially with the small scale farmers in rural areas. The running cost of such machinery is also another key limiting factor for successful utility and sustainability by these resource poor farmers in their rural communities. Although other costs are underlying, the day to day running costs of the machines in most agricultural operations is likely impossible by the RPF due to the high cost which they cannot afford thus the following are some of the consequences: a) traditional tools and equipments through manual methods; b) small acreage cultivation by farmers due to the heavy manual labour involved; c) low yields per hectare; d) poor seed bed preparation for crop cultivation;





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e) high limitation to food transformation, hence short duration of food stuffs, low quality and market value and

f) low standard of life, hence the urge for rural urban migration especially with youths in search of better standards of living. This has precipitated lots of problems such as health, crimes, inadequate housing, food shortage, poor or low level education etc in Africa and Sierra Leone in particular.

The study is therefore intending to look out for ways to reduce these problems by capacitating the RPF through the introduction of modern technologies and techniques and their active involvement into research activities in their local communities for their own development.





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Extended abstract

1 - General background of the research in Sierra Leone

There is critical and crucial shortage of both food and energy in Africa of which Sierra Leone is an integral part in the West African region. The lasting solution to this problem might be obtained from adequate knowledge to secure sustainable means of producing these essential needs (food and energy) through the people of Africa themselves and Sierra Leone in this case.

This can be achieved through acquiring skills, knowledge and techniques which can be obtained mostly through research and implementation with the very people in the country or the African continent itself.

Sierra Leone, which is ranked 183rd country [UNDP, 2014] in the human development index, is yet to make very strong and conscious efforts in combating the problems of the most significant pillars of human development needs, which are food and energy. The achievement of securing adequate food and energy in any country will lead to improve education, health, infrastructure, communication and other social amenities; making the lives of its citizens meaningful and worth living in consonant with the rest of the living standards of the rapidly growing world.

It can be argued that anchoring research in the needs and opportunities of the farmers is as important as it is to anchor the research in the international scientific literature [N.G. Roling et Al., 2004]. Agriculture, which is practiced by 75% of the total population of Sierra Leone, is considered to be the most appropriate means of sustainably solving these key issues if properly practiced in the country. This research is geared towards getting possible means of minimizing the problem of food and energy shortages through the use of the local farmers by introducing basic but essential skills in minimal mechanization and modern agronomic methods in their farm sites to produce rice-staple food and bio-fuel from jatropha seeds that can be used locally by the people themselves.

The approach which is coupled with scientific research methods will not only look out for solutions to the problems of food and energy shortage but also:

1. teach the farmers some basic science skills to acquire new knowledge; 2. look for solutions to their farm problems by enabling them use the research knowledge gained

more relevantly in the agricultural activities and 3. to create positive new levels of food production and processing in their local communities.

In other to achieve this goal the use of On-Farm Research (OFR) method was applied; according to this method, the farmers are integral component or part of the entire research work from start to finish. By so doing, the farmers will not only gain from the results of the research but also learn the techniques such as:

1. careful field observation; 2. comparison of events and technical situations; 3. use of scientific skills and simple instruments or equipments, such as measurements and spacing

and 4. independently develop the ability to make judgments from the field as a living laboratory where

they live and interact every day.





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This makes the skills, techniques and knowledge which the farmers gain as real property of their own and can be readily used when they confront any situation during their production process and NOT as an outside or strange research results or techniques handed over to them to be used to improve their production level by researcher(s) or research institution(s).

2 - Rice cultivation with modern method of minimal mechanization and intercropping compared to the traditional method in the upland ecology

2.1 Introduction and general objectives

The objectives of the research on traditional and modern methods of upland rice cultivation with small scale farmers in the Bombali district of Sierra Leone are: 1. to assess the impacts of minimum mechanical cultivation through soil tillage (ploughing and

harrowing-1st and 2nd harrowing) and traditional method of using the hoe and cutlass in the upland rice cultivation with small scale farmers in Sierra Leone;

2. to assess the intensity of labor used in the modern and traditional methods of upland rice cultivation by the rural small scale farmers;

3. to investigate the crop response in terms of vegetative growth and yield rate of rice and its related intercrops from the field cultivated by 4 small scale farmers in 2 hectares using the traditional and modern methods of cropping system of farming in the upland ecology;

4. to assess and compare the economic input and output of the modern and traditional methods of upland rice cultivation with small scale farmers in rural communities.

The 75% of the total population of Sierra Leone are engaged in agriculture and over 70% of these are small scale farmers [ATPS, 2011] involved in upland cultivation. This has encouraged this research to be carried out to investigate what improvements could be made in trying to increase the rice yield rate

(tha-1) per farmer of this rural Resource Poor Farmers (RPF) in an economically viable input-output relationship at the same time conserving the soil potential and its superficial ecology.

It is an evident fact that most, if not all of the farm operations by the small scale farmers are done manually in Sierra Leone and elsewhere in Africa.

This militates heavily against increase in production due to high farm drudgery or intensive labour used by the farmers, resulting to limited acreage per farm family, poor agronomic practices and late completion of farm operations.

The research is geared towards investigating the relevance of introducing minimum mechanization and

modern agronomic practices that could stimulate increase in yield per hectare (tha-1) with less economic burden on the already poor resourced farmers at the end of the production season.

The research is therefore focused on what agronomic, mechanical and economic strategies could be combined:

to improve on:

1. the yield rate per hectare (tha-1);

2. the acreage worked per farmer (hafarmer-1); 3. the quality of the agronomic practices in the field such as soil tillage, pest and weed management

strategies and





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4. the timeliness of completing farm operations (hha-1).

to reduce on:

1. the field time for farmers (hha-1) and labor intensity as well; 2. the input factors (water, seeds, chemicals etc.) and 3. the services (contractors, manpower etc.) necessary for production.

The research is also geared towards introducing modern agricultural technology transfer to farmers by working with them in their farms through Participatory Research Approach (PRA).

This field laboratory approach where the farmers will learn new skills, discover new knowledge and can easily use what they have learnt during the research will help in their future agricultural engagements to improve the socio-economic and agricultural status without the researcher.

This is one of the main pillars of this work.

This will help bridge the gap between the agricultural research results and the users (farmers in this case) of the results. In addition, the research also aimed at stimulating and developing the farmers’ acumens in being inquisitive and curious to find out solutions to their problems from the field which is their most immediate and most permanent laboratories.

This will minimize the dependent syndrome on distant research designs and researchers to solve their local existing production problems in their fields. Concomitantly, it will also shorten the time it takes to solve their problems that are eminent in the field of production since they are active participants of the research work therefore can act now instead of waiting for far-fetched researchers to look out for solutions to their problems, especially where there are limited resources to make this becomes feasible. It was said by this writer that, the approach to the problems of farming must be made from the field, not from the laboratory. The discovery of things that matter is three-quarters of the battle. In this, the observant farmers or labourers, who have spent their lives in close contact with nature, can be of the greatest help to the investigator [Sir Albert Howard, 1943].

The introduction of minimal mechanization and modern agronomic practices will eventually save time and excessive labour, though much more costly. This will reduce the drudgery or intensive manual labour suffered by the farmers, save their time for other farm and social activities and increases the yield per hectare.

Consequently, it will also improve some of their social amenities, especially the women and children such as their health, education, domestic chores and social status, since they will now have much time to rest and share time with the family members at home.

In this research, the farmers are placed as central focal entity for them to fully participate in their own development as both learners and beneficiaries of the knowledge, skills and techniques used or discovered during the entire production process. They are both creators and users of the research results.

2.2 Methods

The research was carried out through a sensitization and mobilization of the farmers on meetings held in their communities as first entry step from which 4 farmers were selected.





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The community of the research participated in the selection and lay-outing of the site for the entire field work. Where?

A total land surface area of 0.5 ha was allotted to each farmer for the research; this 0.5 ha was again further divided into two halves (0.25 ha).

The 0.25 ha was used as a treatment for the Traditional Method of mix cropping while the other 0.25 was used for the Modern Method of rice intercropped with 3 different crops (pigeon peas, sesame and sorghum).

The 0.25 ha of the modern method was tilled by the same tractor (FIAT 780; 4WD), implements and operator in a sequential manner for all the 4 farmers, while the 0.25 ha was cultivated by the farmers using the traditional tools: cutlass (machetes) and hoes (slash and burn).

In the Modern Method, 5 treatments were used by combining rice and the intercrops named above as follows:

1. pure or sole rice only; 2. rice combined with pigeon peas only; 3. rice combined with sesame only; 4. rice combined with sorghum only; 5. rice combined with all the 3 intercrops.

Each of these treatments in the Modern Method had an area of 0.05 ha. The total number of treatments for the entire research was 6 including the traditional method for each farmer.

Random broadcasting of rice and the other crops was done in the Traditional Method, while row planting of rice and its intercrops was carried out in the Modern Method with definite spacing after measuring the quantities of seeds to be used in each treatment.

The population density of rice was assessed by using the 1 m2 quadrant method with 5 repetitions in each treatment while that of the intercrops was done by ‘manual head counting’ in each treatment.

The growth rates of rice was assessed by measuring its height and counting the tillers while for the other intercrops the height and canopy spread were measured at an interval of 3 months after planting.

The weed prevalence in the 6 different treatments was assessed by counting the weed population density per square meter. The Traditional Method of weed control method was used by physically removing the weeds from the crops by the farmers in all the 6 treatments recording the time and number of workers involved in the entire exercise.

The effects of insect pests were qualitatively observed, while the rodents and birds were controlled using manual traditional means of fencing and bird scaring respectively.

Harvesting and processing of both the rice and the intercrops was done manually using local tools such as knives and winnowers.

The rice yield was assessed by using the 1 m2 quadrant method with 5 samples from a centrally located point in each treatment. The 5 harvested samples were threshed individually, naturally dried to about 14% moisture content and weighed. This was repeated in all the 4 plots of the 4 farmers. The intercrops yield was assessed by harvesting 20 stands in each treatment, processed the harvested stands and weighed.





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2.3 Main results

The working time for seed-land preparation (land clearing and soil tillage) show that in Modern

Method plough and harrow (1st and 2nd harrowing) took 48 hha-1 (i.e. a work capacity C = 1.078

hah-1) while -in the Traditional Method- it took 128 hha-1 to do the land clearing (C = 0.008 hah-1)

and 168 hha-1 for manual hoeing (C = 0.006 ha.h-1).

This shows that there was approximately 88% of time saved by the farmers through Modern Method.

The rice plant population density was observed to be higher in the Modern Method with 178

plantsm-2; the seed rate in this treatment was 55 kgha-1 when compared with the Traditional

Method with a population density of 150 plantsm-2 but 60 kgha-1.

This implies there is better seed germination capacity with the Modern Method.

The weed population density was recorded to be lower in the Modern Method with an average of

51 weedsm-2 while in the Traditional Method it was 60 weedsm-2.

This implies more resources (time and energy) were needed to control the weeds in the Traditional than in the Modern Method.

The growth performance of rice was better in terms of height and tillers in the Modern Method than in the Traditional. The average height (measured 120 days after planting) of rice was recorded to be: 116 cm and 108 cm in Modern and Traditional Method, respectively. The tillering and panicle bearing of the rice stands was also seen to be better in the Modern Method with an average of 5 or 6 tillers per stand with a tiller without rice panicle, whilst in the Traditional treatment there was average of 5 stands with 2 without rice panicles.

The yield rate of rice was 2.34 tha-1 (14% moisture content) in the Modern Method as compared to the 2.20 t.ha-1 in the Traditional Method.

This implies there is better yield returns per hectare with the Modern Method;

The total cost of production (both for the rice and three intercrops) in the Modern Method was

however higher (5,183,870 Leha-1; 978 €ha-1 approximately) when compared to the Traditional

Method (3,948,386 Leha-1; 745 €ha-1 approximately); expressing the cost of production by Euro

per ton, the results are: 354 and 326 €t-1 for Modern and Traditional Method, respectively.

There was less time spent to complete the entire production process in the Modern Method (1960

h.ha-1) compared to Traditional Method (2000 hha-1).





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Table 1. Traditional Method compared with Modern Method: main results obtained in the field tests The index values (%)

shows that Modern Method assures better results for each parameters, except for the total cost of production (€t-1

).

PRODUCTIO PARAMETERS UNIT OF

MEASURE TRADITIONAL

METHOD MODERN METHOD

SEED-LAND PREPARATION TIME hha-1 396 (100%) 48 (12%)

SEED-LAND PREPARATION WORK CAPACITY hah-1

0.008 machete

0.006 hoe 1.078

PLANT POPULATION DENSITY SEED RATE

plantsm-2

kgha-1

150 (100%) 60 (100%)

178 (125%) 55 (92%)

WEED POPULATION DENSITY weedsm-2

60 (100%) 51 (85%)

AVERAGE HEIGHT TILLE RING PANICLE BEARING

m n. n.

1.08 (100%) 5 (100%) 4 (100%)

1.16 (107%) 6 (120%) 5 (125%)

YIELD RATE OF RICE YIELD RATE OF ALL INTERCROPS TOTAL

tha-1 2.20 (100%)

0.082 (100%) 2.282 (100%)

2.34 (106%) 0.422 (515%) 2.762 (121%)

TOTAL COST OF PRODUCTION (rice and all intercrops) €ha-1

€t-1

745 (100%) 326 (100%)

978 (131%) 354 (108%)

TOTAL INCOME OF PRODUCTION (rice and all intercrops) €ha-1 914 (100%) 979 (107%)

TOTAL PROFIT OF PRODUCTION (rice and all intercrops) €ha-1 169 (100%) 1 (0.6%)

TIME IN ENTIRE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION hha-1 2000 (100%) 1880 (94%)

The number of hours (2000-1880 = 120 h) is not convincing at this moment to reach an economical threshold with the Modern Method, but can be further improved by engaging additional activities such as basic mechanical seeding.

The manual modern method of seeding took 192 hha-1 in this experiment. If this time is reduced to 3 or 4 hours per hectare by using a seed sowing equipment with the same tractor, the time the farmer will

save will dramatically increase from 120 to approximately 300 hha-1.

The same equipment can also be used to sow other seeds such as millet in another field; making the value of the equipment to be increased during the cultivation season. This will improve the economic value of both the machine and the equipment during the year.

3 - The cultivation of jatropha crop as source of energy from Jatropha seeds as

bio-fuel

3.1 Introduction and general objectives

Across the continent of Africa, only 10% of individuals have access to the electrical grid, and of those, 75% come from the richest two quintiles in overall income. Electrical provisioning in Africa has generally only reached wealthy, urban middle class, and commercial sectors, bypassing the region’s large rural populations and urban poor. According to the forum of Energy Ministers of Africa, most agriculture still relies primarily on humans and animals for energy input [Energy in Africa, 2012].

This acute shortage of energy has led to the tremendous snail pace rate of development of the countries in the continent whilst the rest of the developed world is taking advantage of the deficiency to exploit the natural wealth through the importation of most of the resources in their raw or crude form to the





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developed countries for processing and later returned to Africa at higher costs at the expense of the impoverished people; rendering them poorer and poorer and hence branded as underdeveloped.

One of the ways to avert this unpleasant situation is to explore more sustainable means of generating energy which can be produced, processed and used in the African continents by local people.

Renewable Energy Sources (RES) could be one of the answers to achieve this objective.

This research is geared towards exploring means of animating farmers to produce energy through the cultivation of jatropha crop locally in their rural communities, which can produce Pure Vegetable Oil (PVO) that can be used as bio-fuel in a reciprocating i.c. engine to provide electricity in the rural community.

Jatropha is an introduced crop from the Western and Asiatic world that has been observed to grow well in diverse tropical soils in Africa. This crop’s products (seeds) used as a source of energy is scarcely known in the continent of Africa until late in the 20th century. The crop is known in Sierra Leone as an ornamental plant around houses in urban and rural settlements.

The growing of jatropha as a crop is a completely new phenomenon in Sierra Leone which the research is investigating to know what agronomic, economic and social impacts such a venture could have in the rural communities in relation to energy and food production. On the aspect of agronomy, the research is to investigate the growth and reproductive effects of the plant when cultivated solely as a mono-crop and as an intercrop with another crop that can be eaten by the farmers.

The research also aimed at investigating the effects of pests, weeds and other agronomic managements in relation to the growth and reproductive abilities of the crop in the field using traditional and modern method approaches by local farmers. The aspect of variety of the crop was also involved into the research to investigate which of the varieties could best suit the production process in terms of agronomic management, growth response, life cycle, and yield rate per hectare.

On the economic sphere, the research is investigating the cost of production of the crop with no mechanization but with some modern agronomic methods. The study further investigates the input-output relationship of the entire production process for one production season to acquire a first knowledge of what are the economic consequences will this venture have on the farmers in terms of food security in their community.

On the social sphere, the research will be investigating the interactive impacts of the production of other food crops and jatropha (as PVO to generate electricity) and ground nut (as food and income for the farmers). This can be achieved by:

1. investigating how much time and energy that maybe needed to produce the needed seeds for the production of bio-fuel that can be used to generate energy for the consumption of the village community;

2. discovering what challenges or positive effects the production of the crop will have on the farmers that will be involved in the activities;

3. investigating the mutual benefits shared by the farmers working together in groups to produce the seeds in the sole and intercrop methods in the field and

4. engaging modern agricultural skills and techniques that could be beneficial to the farmers from the research activities during and after the field exercises in the cultivation process.





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It is eminent that the national electricity grid of Sierra Leone will hardly reach the rural poor communities; therefore one of the means of acquiring sustainable energy by the rural poor is to involve in activities that can enable them get a readily available source of energy that can be produced and used locally through the use of local resources such as land, traditional tools and crops they can cultivate. These are available and sustainable thus influence their social lives to improve their socio-economic status.

The ability to grow jatropha and generate electricity through the use of engine-generator set at rural level (very low power: < 10 kW) will improve the quality of life in the community.

The energy produced by the generator depends on the available mass of jatropha seeds (yield per hectare) and the ultimate mass of PVO (efficiency of the process). From 1 to 5 years after planting,

about 4.0-5.0 tha-1 of seeds can be produced, which will eventually produce 1.5 tha-1 of PVO [Matsuno et al., 1984; Foidl et al., 1996].

This can run only a low power reciprocating i.c. engine for a short time due o the limited quantity of PVO that can be produced by the small scale rural farmers.

In other to maintain equilibrium between food and energy, the production of jatropha as should therefore be sustained by increasing, in order of priority: (i) the seeds yield, (iii) the plant duration in the field and eventually (iii) the acreage of jatropha cultivation.

The electricity produced can be used for diverse small scale purposes such as:

1. village houses lighting and small domestic appliances (e.g. fans, radio and TV sets, PC, internet connection, phone etc.), (ii) schools, community and health clinic (maintain cold chain of the drugs)centers;

2. small scale agricultural machinery such as water pumping machines for irrigation and refrigerators for food preservation (meat and fish, in particular) and

3. cottage (small scale) industries such as wood carving, polishing and light metal welding.

These and a lot more will positively impact the socio-economic status of the people in the rural areas by improving their standard of living, consequently preventing or minimizing the incidence of rural-urban migration especially by the youths.

As a result, there will be a reduction in the urban population pressure, hence minimizing problems such as the crime rates, prostitution, health hazards, unemployment, inadequate housing facilities, transportation etc.

The objectives of this study are to investigate:

1. the controversial perception about the impacts of land use for the production of jatropha as fuel for energy and the production of food by farmers at the same time. This is a highly debatable issue in the village community and the global arena [FAO, 2013]. This study will carefully investigate the integration of jatropha cultivation together with an edible crop; in this case, ground nut. This is to dismiss the fears of the farmers for prioritizing energy production more than food, hence creating equilibrium between food and energy which are all essential components for better standard living and development;

2. the varieties of jatropha that can be cultivated in Sierra Leone, that has the potentials to produce more seeds for PVO;





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3. how jatropha can be grown to produce seeds for the production of PVO for the use of farmers in a special diesel engine at local community level to generate electricity for domestic consumption and

4. how PVO can be locally produced and used by farmers through the growing of the energy crop for the generation of energy at community level.

3.2 Methods

Concrete and clear explanations were made to the farmers to know what benefits could be obtained in their community through the provision of energy in the form of electricity by using a local crop they can produce and process.

The community accepted the research work to be carried out in the land which was selected together with the researcher.

Five groups of 11 people each were initially formed to carry the work but later degenerated to 4 due to the effects of pests (rodents) in one of the groups plot.

Each group was allotted to a plot of 0.5 ha. The 0.5 ha was further divided into two parts of 0.1 ha and 0.4 ha.

The 0.1 ha was to be planted with jatropha only while the 0.4 was to be planted with jatropha intercropped with ground nut.

The work in the entire research was collectively done by all the members of the groups in one day week, for 4 hours.

The entire work was totally manual with the use of traditional tools, such as cutlasses, hoes, sticks and ropes. However, the researcher introduced some modern technical activities, such as lay-outing, spacing, mulching and weighing. Therefore the use of some basic instrument and equipment was introduced to the farmers, such as the scale and tape measure. The land clearing was carried out (machetes) and the soil tillage was done using local manual tools (hoes).

The jatropha seeds were obtained from different communities outside the research site and were weighed and countered for the planting purpose (plant density). The planting was done together with the farmers; the spacing of jatropha seeds was 2.0 x 2.0 m apart while the ground nut was planted with a spacing of about 0.25 x 0.15m.

The weed prevalence in the two treatments of jatropha with ground nut and jatropha without ground nut was done by using the 1 m2 quadrant method with 5 repetitions in each. This was done both before the harvesting of ground nut (2 months after planting) and 2 months after harvesting of the ground nut. The ground nut straws were used as mulch for the jatropha crop together with the farmers.

The growth response of jatropha in the two treatments was assessed by measuring the height, number of leaves, branches and fruits produced. The reproduction period of jatropha was also recorded.

The ground nut was harvested and plugged manually. The harvested product was weighed to know the yield rate per hectare.

The activities of pests, especially insects such grasshoppers observed and record qualitatively, as there was – at the moment - no control measure engaged to minimize their large invasion.





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From energy point of view the whole process of PVO production (seeds PVO electricity) has been theoretically examined and closely followed to be used at local community level in Sierra Leone.

The seeds, which have acquired dry weight by with about 40% moisture content, are placed in a mechanical press, manually operated machine-and the lever is lowered by the farmers.

The Crude Vegetable Oil (CVO) produced by the press is collected and placed into continuous containers to be purified by sedimentation. The resulting PVO -which has a density of about 0.85 kg/dm3 – can feed a special designed Diesel Cycle engine, directly connected with the generator of electricity.

3.4 Main results

The successful involvement of farmers in the integrated cultivation of jatropha as a crop and ground nut at local community level is a breakthrough as an entry point to bio-energy production in rural areas in Sierra Leone.

Total time taken for the cultivation of jatropha together with its intercrop, ground nut was 580 hha-1 and a work capacity of C = 0.107 ha.h-1 in a period of 7 months.

The germination rate of jatropha seeds was very poor (10%) compared to that of ground nut (95%).

The growth response of jatropha was:

1. height of jatropha curcas in treatment with ground nut as intercrop (61 cm) was much better than that of jatropha in sole cropping (31 cm) while that of Jatropha gossypifolia with ground nut was (91 cm) and the sole cropping (43 cm) at age 5 months after planting;

2. leaf production in the treatment of jatropha intercropped with ground nut was much better than the sole cropping;

3. Jatropha curcas had an average of 16 leaves per tree in the treatment with ground nut while there were 9 in that of sole cropping at the 5th month;

4. In Jatropha gossypifolia, it had 11 leaves in intercropped treatment with ground nut and 9 leaves in the treatment without and

5. The branching ability of Jatropha gossypifolia is better than that of Jatropha curcas.

In connection with seed reproduction Jatropha gossypifolia was able to reproduce fruits at 4 months, while Jatropha curcas was at 6 after planting.

Weed prevalence was less in the treatment of jatropha with ground nut (57 weedsm-2) while in the

jatropha without ground nut (62 weedsm-2).

Pest infestation qualitative observations

1. Rodents had tremendous adverse effects on the ground nut crops at 2 months after planting by eating the ground pods under the ground. While birds and some insect such as crickets, ants had some damages done on the seeds planted in the field.

2. Insects, such as grasshoppers and leaf worms had some damaging effect by eating the leaves of jatropha especially with Jatropha gossypifolia, which was observed to be more susceptive to grasshoppers.

Jatropha seeds production cost-benefit analysis





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1. the total cost of production was recorded to be 482 €.ha-1;

2. the average yield rate of ground nut was 0.820 t.ha-1;

3. the total income from the ground nut yield was 1,160 €.ha-1;

4. the profit made at the end of the first cropping season without the jatropha produce was € 678.ha-1.

Table 2. The cultivation of Jatropha as “sole crop” compared with “jatropha intercropped” with another crop: main results obtained in the field tests with index values (%) show that jatropha intercropped with ground nut assures better results for each parameter, including the total income return of production.

PARAMETER UNIT OF

MEASURE

JATROPHA CURCAS JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA

SOLE CROPPING

(JSC)

INTERCROPPED WITH GROUND

NUT (JIG)

SOLE CROPPING

(JSC)

INTERCROPPED WITH

GROUND NUT (JIG)

TOTAL TIME OF PRODUCTION h.ha-1 580(100%) 580(100%)

WORK CAPACITY ha.h-1 0.107 0.107

GERMINATION PERCENTAGE- JATROPHA % 10 10 10 10

GERMINATION PERCENTAGE-GROUND NUT % - 95 - 95

HEIGHT AT 5 MONTHS (JATROPHA) Cm 31 (100%) 61(197%) 43 (100%) 91 (212%)

LEAVES AT 5 MONTHS n. 9 (100%) 16(178%) 9 (100%) 11 (122%)

BRANCHING ABILITY AT 4 MONTHS (JATROPHA)

n. 0 2(100%) 3 (100%) 4 (133%)

SEED REPRODUCTION AGE (JATROPHA) months 6 (100%) 6(100%) 4 (100%) 4 (100%)

WEED POPULATION DENSITY weedm-2 62 (100%) 57(92%) 62 (100%) 57 (92%)

GROUND NUT YIELD RATE t.ha-1 0.00 0.820(100%) 0.00 0.820

(100%)

INCOME FROM GROUND €.ha-1

€t-1 0.00

1160 (100%) 1415 (100%)

0.00 1160 (100%) 1415 (100%)

TOTAL PRODUCTION PROFIT AT 7 MONTHS €.ha-1 0.00 678 (100%) 0.00 678 (100%)

It can be observed from the parameters that there is total advantages in cultivating jatropha with ground nut in terms of the both the technical and economic aspects of production.

Although it is not stated from the data, but the weed population densities shown from the two systems of jatropha cultivation (sole cropping and intercropping) indicated that there was more time and energy used in weeding the sole cropping treatment plot. This may even be one of the reasons why the jatropha performance in the sole cropping is weaker.

Rural chain to transform jatropha seeds in PVO and electricity

The field activities are closely followed by the transformation of the harvested seeds to PVO for the use of the generator-set.

A local chain of processes must be carried out in other to obtain a pure oil (not refined) to be used for the production of electricity. This chain includes:

1. storage of seeds; 2. extraction of crude oil, by mechanical device (press); 3. purification of crude oil into PVO (sedimentation, filtration or flotation in water); 4. storage of PVO and 5. use in the Diesel Cycle special engine.





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Storage of seeds

The seeds are stored for either oil extraction or for further propagation into the field. The viability of the seeds diminishes as they stay longer in the store. The ideal time the seeds should be stored is 9 months for maximum utility [K. J. Sowmya et al., 2011].

Seed storage is key factor in other to obtain good PVO; the seeds should be placed in bags and kept in very low humidity place, especially during the rainy season. The use of materials -such as jute and other related fibres (easy to find locally) - as bags for storing the seeds has shown better results of good quality in crude oil production and germination in India [A. Kumar et al., 2010; S. Karaj, J. Müller, 2010].

Seed germination potential

The condition to maintain good germination potential of jatropha seeds is closely related to the storage period, containers used to store and the humidity.

The most appropriate period of storing the seeds for effective germination has been proven to be 9 months. The germination is more vigorous between 1 to 3 months after harvesting (60-70%). The viability begins to reduce after this period until the 12 month when they will become completely unviable. However, studies have further shown that the most suitable materials in which such seeds should be stored is jute or other local fibres bags [A. Kumar et al., 2010, S. Karaj, J. Müller, 2010]. In spite of these two conditions, the humidity of the environment in the store must also be low in other to avoid moulding hence losing its viability.

Extraction

From theoretical point of view oil extraction from jatropha seeds can be carried out in two ways:

1. Mechanical and

2. Chemical.

The mechanical method involves the use of machine through the application of high pressure to remove the oil. This mechanical method can be manual or motorised. The manual method involves compressing the seeds in a machine called ram press [K. Bielenberg, 1985].

The manual and mechanical methods tend to show different oil extraction efficiency when the in-put

and oil-put oil materials were compared. The motorized mechanical method showed EXT = 98% while

the manual method showed EXT = 6575%.

The chemical method involves the use of solvents to remove the oil with a good efficiency, but is not simple to apply. There are series of problems between the oil and the solvent such as the viscosity, temperature and miscibility.

When the two systems were compared the oil extraction efficiency was seen to be better with the

mechanical (EXT = 95.9%) than the chemical (EXT = 79.3%) [C. Ofori-Boateng et al., 2012].

For local community level, the use of the manual mechanical method is most appropriate.

Crude oil purification

This involves the cleaning up of the extracted from series of impurity that may cause damage if used as crude oil into the machine. Three main methods are involved here:

1. sedimentation;





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2. filtration and 3. flotation in water.

Sedimentation: it is the easiest and most economical as it involves the use of force of gravity in conjunction with the different densities that characterize the liquid extracted (oil and solid waste). More tanks are placed in series; in each of them is the separation of the phases and only the lighter part has access to the next tank. Sometimes it is also required a pre-filter (to eliminate rubbers) and/or a finishing filtration. The process is very slow: in each tank is provided a minimum time of sedimentation of 2-4 days, at a temperature of 20°C; for these reasons, sedimentation is not recommended in industrial supply chains. It is however ideal for local community use because of it has low cost, simple implementation, structural simplicity, lack of energy inputs, and the certainty of a good quality of PVO.

Filtration: this is a method widely used. It involves the passing of the oil through series of highly standardized filters at different levels to get the desired quality of oil at the end. This needs careful monitoring, cleaning and consecutive changing of filters in the system. Some of the filters are quite expensive. It cannot be suitable for rural community purposes.

Flotation in water: this is a method that is relatively unknown but seems to be very appropriate to refine the extracted oil. The method can guarantee the removal of most impurities such solid particles and other liquids from the oil. However, this system needs auxiliary activities such pre-heating of oil to 60°c, continuous mixing and the final separation of the emulsion [W. Rijssenbeek, 2010]. It cannot be suitable for rural community purposes.

Storage of PVO

This is an important stage before feeding the i.c. engine. Like any other oil, it should be placed in plastic containers (to eliminate reaction with metal wall) and placed in an ambient store with moderate temperature. The oil can be stored from 4 to 12 months to show good quality when used in an appropriate engine [www.kimminic.com].

Use of PVO for i.c. engine (Diesel Cycle)

The PVO be used directly into special Diesel engine Cycle, without going through the trans-esterification reaction [K. Nahar, S.A. Sunny, 2011], industrial process developed to produce a bio-fuel (called bio-diesel) very

similar to the gasoil. Of course, the trans-esterification process is not suitable for rural community use.

Consequently, the use of a specially designed engine (for example, Lister engine) -that can carry out effective combustion of the PVO- is necessary in this case for the local rural communities.





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Figure 1. Jatropha seeds transformation processes from seed to rural electrification.





Chapter 1 Rural community approach on On-Farm Research (OFR) on systems of upland rice cultivation using modern method

intercropping and traditional mix cropping and the cultivation of energy producing crop called jatropha in the upland ecology

page 1/11

Table of contents

Chapter 1 – Rural community approach on On-Farm Research (OFR) on systems of upland rice

cultivation using modern method intercropping and traditional mix cropping and the cultivation of

energy producing crop called jatropha in the upland ecology ..................................................................... 2

1.1 Introduction and transfer of skills and technology to illiterate and semi illiterate small scale

farmers in rural areas ................................................................................................................................ 3

1.2 Linking traditional and modern methods and skills in farming with small scale farmers................... 4

1.3 The hope and benefits of the small scale farmers from research work ............................................. 6

Figures ....................................................................................................................................................... 8

Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

References............................................................................................................................................... 11







page 2/11

Chapter 1 – Rural community approach on On-Farm Research (OFR) on systems of upland rice cultivation using modern method intercropping and traditional mix cropping and the cultivation of energy producing crop called jatropha in the upland ecology

Abstract

During the last decades of intensifying research work in agriculture and its related disciplines to improve techniques and skills of farmers for better production, a lot of rural communities have been used as the basis for these interventions. Intensive agricultural research and production are mainly practised in rural areas in Africa and Sierra Leone in particular. This signifies the importance of these communities in agriculture as a result of the accessibility of natural resources required to accomplish functional research work.

The introduction of agricultural research to Small Scale Farmers (SSF) has been a recent phenomenon. This development initiative has been detected to be more effective since both farmers and researchers can gain tremendous benefits from the collaboration.

Population and income growth are inducing an intensification of agriculture, which threatens the sustainability of natural resources in rural environments and the livelihoods of small-scale farmers who depend on those resources to survive. Though no single action will reduce poverty and increase the sustainability of agricultural production, technical change can play a prominent role in alleviating these problems [Javier Ekboir, 2001].

This research is therefore geared towards totally involving the community small scale farmers into the activities of the experimentation from beginning to finish as active participants in other to be able to gain knowledge, skills and experience from the entire process based on their abilities.

This OFR with small scale farmers is meant to shorten the chain of transfer of knowledge, skills, technology and experience to farmers during and after the process. OFR is simply the use of the farmers farming site to carry out investigations in relation to the production processes in the field. In this case, agricultural investigations. It is closely linked with Participatory Research Approach (PRA) or Farmers Participatory Research (FPR), which in its simplest term is where the farmer becomes an integral part of the research process together with the researcher or research institution. The two can be merged; that is, where the research is taking place in the farm of the farmer who also participates in the process. In other wards the farmer participating in a research carried out in his or her farm (OFR-FPR). In some cases research can be carried out in the farmer’s site but he/she does not participate in any activities concerning the research, whilst the opposite can also be true.

The involvement of SSF in research is geared towards cutting down the cost of ‘extension services’ which have being the usual procedure of passing research results to farmers.

The farmers who are part of the entire process can carry out concrete judgements of the work themselves and consequently if the results are positive can serve as motivation to continue engaging the steps used to improve the production.







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This does not only lead to increase in production but also helps to improve the capability of farmers in identifying, solving production problems and sharing such experiences with others based on what they have practically learnt and achieved from the field with little or no cost.

The OFR is also meant to minimise and consequently dismiss the mythology once spread that the illiterate or semi-illiterate farmers are conservative i.e. they do not easily accept scientific discoveries to change their production patterns. The reason is because they have not been involved as part of the discovery or innovation process that makes the research results. Thus they regard such knowledge or innovation as an alien or strange phenomenon introduced to them from a pool of strange source whose outcome when used they may not be sure of achieving their production goals.

In short, the farmers reluctantly reject outside research result because they fear failures in their yearly production activities since they have an obligation to feed their families; a physiological and social obligation.

1.1 Introduction and transfer of skills and technology to illiterate and semi illiterate small scale farmers in rural areas

By the year 2025, 83% of the expected global human population of 8.5 billion will be living in developing countries, yet the capacity of available resources and technologies to satisfy the demands of this growing population for food and other agricultural commodities remains uncertain. Agriculture has to meet these challenges, mainly by increasing production on land already in use and by avoiding further encroachment on land that is only marginally suitable for cultivation [F. M. Abbott, 1993].

More than 75% of the world's poor live in rural areas and are predominantly farmers [World Bank report, 2012]. World Bank research on agriculture and rural development is multi-sectoral and focused on improving the well-being of rural people by building their productive, social, and environmental assets. These rural people are predominantly Resource Poor Farmers (RPF) doing agriculture with minimal traditional crude tools, using mostly animal and human energy. In Africa such farmers are mostly illiterate or semi-illiterate, therefore have very small or no influence in making national decisions and policies that can help to protect and develop their interests in their daily or yearly subsistence activities to feed their dependants. To worsen their situation, they have limited abilities to participate in the global trade as their products are sometimes branded as sub-stand or unfit for international consumption in the global trade platform. However, the massive movement towards industrial agriculture can bring a variety of economic, environmental, and social problems, including negative impacts on public health, ecosystem integrity, food quality, and in many cases disruption of traditional rural livelihoods, while accelerating indebtedness among thousands of farmers [M. A. Altieri, 2014].

Sierra Leone, which is ranked 183rd country [UNDP, Human Development Report 2014] in the human development index, is yet to make very strong and conscious efforts in combating the problems of the most significant pillars of human development needs, which are food and energy. The achievement of securing adequate food and energy in any country can lead to improve education, health, infrastructure, communication and other social amenities; making the lives of its citizens meaningful and worth living in consonant with the rest of the living standards of the rapidly growing world.

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page 4/11

In other to achieve these needs, the involvement of the SSF in all aspects of agriculture including research is the new inevitable hub that can provide sustainable answers. It can be argued that anchoring research in the needs and opportunities of farmers is as important as it is to anchor the research in the international scientific literature [N.G. Rolingl, 2004]. However, the process of making deliberate choices to ensure the relevance of agricultural research to small-scale farmers has received relatively little attention [Castillo, 1998].

In the situation of the developing countries where majority of the food is being produced by the SSF, ignoring their participation in acquiring the desired knowledge, skills, techniques and technologies to increase their production is tantamount to creating food and energy insecurity in the world. Over the years, very little attention has been paid to these RPF instead colossal amounts of money are being spent on institutions and individuals in the bid to generate innovations that most times are being used by mostly big commercial producers that have huge resources and capital to continue enriching themselves while the poor farmers remain poorer and hungry together with the silent majority of the world’s population.

Cross-checking the problem perception with stakeholders, especially with farmers, helps to focus scarce resources on useful and relevant activities [Castillo, 1998]. Very little effort and few resources are usually devoted to anchoring research in the needs and opportunities of farmers [Reijntjes et al, 1992]. This makes the farmers feel that they are not part of the new knowledge generation because their needs and opportunities are not catered for.

Numerous experimental and empirical studies have convinced us that West African farmers would be able to considerably expand their production with their existing technologies if the right conditions could be created at higher scales [Hounkonnou, 2001].

It is evident therefore if we want to transfer skills, technology and innovations to our RPF we must get them involved in the procedures and processes that can lead us to achieve this. Such processes and procedures are embedded mainly in research work with the farmers. This will lead to sustainability and upgrading of their standard. Doing research (effectively) with farmers generate technologies that do not need the usual “packaging and pushing for adoption [D. Hounkonnou, 2004]. This will definitely save time and money.

The ability to enable SSF respond to innovations, skills and technology is to close the gap between the sources (research) of these utilities and them. Apart from the learning by doing during the processes, they also need to improve their production output which is their ultimate goal; since as it was stated earlier, they have the responsibility to feed and satisfy the other social welfare needs of their families every day. While there are series of problems (See figure 1.2) that impede the rapid development of agriculture in Africa and Sierra Leone in particular, this study is geared towards investigating how farmers can gain agricultural education and minimum mechanisation to increase their scope of knowledge and the reduction of drudgery in their everyday field activities.

1.2 Linking traditional and modern methods and skills in farming with small scale farmers

The strategy of this OFR with small scale farmers in this research is to use the field as an active laboratory where the farmers can compare between the modern and traditional methods of rice







page 5/11

cultivation in the upland ecology. This is to make the complexities involved in the two farming systems simple; bringing out the consequences for them to make their own judgement as to which is more realistic and beneficial for their own development.

For a long time, innovation has been regarded as the technical output of research and as something to be transferred to the users [E.N.A. Dormon, 2007]. There has being a complete disregard of the experience and potential knowledge of the farmers.

The research is also geared towards exposing and shortening the complex institutionalised research chain that has the consequences of high risk of inadequately transferring the results or outcomes to the farmers from the researcher(s) or research institution(s) through extension services. The research is tailored to suit the needs and interests for the improvement of the SSF. This shall be accomplished by bringing on board what they are doing in comparison with a new approach called modern method. The introduction of infrastructure and new technologies is not effective if they are not appropriate for the context in which they are promoted and not adapted to users’ realities [A.J. Hall, 2003].

It is realistic to carefully sensor what kind of innovation through research that should be introduced to the SSF since these people already have set of knowledge and experience based on what they have being doing for years on end. Despite these qualities, the farmers need to go further to explore and acquire new levels of knowledge, skills and technology to improve themselves since they also want to attain better standard of living like any other person in the world. In other to achieve this, the OFR must have these qualities:

1. linking the usual farming practice of the farmers to the new methods and techniques introduced to the farmers;

2. simplifying the technology or skills to be introduced to the farmers since most of them are either illiterates or semi-illiterates;

3. the research was tied up or orientated to concrete productive results that can be observed to improve the lifestyle of the farmers and not just a mere source of soliciting information (qualitative or quantitative) for data analysis;

4. the research work was in consonant with the farmers’ normal farm production activities; since this can enhance the effective alignment of their time use factor and the research. This is to minimise the total dependence of the farmers on either the researcher or research institution for their family survival for the entire production season or year and

5. there was confidence building bridge between the farmers and the researcher based on the spelt out objectives of the research. Empirical studies demonstrate that innovation involves a simultaneous reconfiguration of the social and technical dimensions of use [L. Klerkx, 2010]. The farmers must therefore be provided with ambient conditions and time in the search for innovations in other to make sustainable shifts or modifications from their old systems to modern approaches.

The farmers have limited time to do research work at the same time engage in producing food for their families’ needs, hence the research activities carried out with them must be observed to be socio-economically viable and can yield knowledge that will be useful to them in the future without the researcher’s presence.







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The research has to become a readily available tool for the empowerment of the farmers in their production and or processing activities in the future. This is a good prerequisite for their sustainable development in Science and Socio-economic spheres.

Individual researchers, institutions and Universities must therefore look out for ways of working together with farmers, with a strong orientation on participatory research paradigm. This will sharpen the teaching, learning and discovery ability of both the researcher and farmers. This can eventually create sustainable scientific and socio-economic platforms through which innovative networks between and amongst farmers, researchers and institutions can be built. For centuries the agriculture of developing countries was built upon the local resources of land, water, and other resources, as well as local varieties and indigenous knowledge. This has nurtured biologically and genetically diverse smallholder farms with robustness and a built-in resilience that has helped them to adjust to rapidly changing climates, pests, and diseases [W. M. Denevan, 2004]. This implies there is already some amount of adaptability of the farming in their farming systems, therefore the introduction of the modern method must be done inclusively with the existing experience and skills and other opportunities the farmers have in their natural habitats.

The scenario will precipitate useful resource centre of knowledge that could be generated from the conceited effort of the research entity of the researcher and the farmers. This will give hope to the farmers for improvements in the production capabilities based on their abilities to use the acquired scientific knowledge gained in solving their food production problems with some amount of flexibility in adapting and adopting the new results or outcomes.

1.3 The hope and benefits of the small scale farmers from research work

In Africa and Sierra Leone in particular, most of the development activities are localised in urban centres. This has led to massive rural-urban migration of youths in search for greener pastures, although this is not achieved by all. The changing dynamics of life in urban areas are also immensely influencing and affecting the rural areas such as the use of mobile phones, radios, TVs, schooling, health facilities, and other technologies. In other to maintain equilibrium in these dynamics the introduction of innovations in knowledge, technology and skills in rural areas, especially with the farmers is a strong and suitable option to maintain holistic development in any country such as Sierra Leone. It has been discovered through series of research work that farmers have tremendous hopes and benefits they would like to gain from research work. These are some of the hopes expressed for the future:

1. to in increase their yield rate per hectare; they always look out for ways to achieve this through trial and error with little or no technical know-how and technological resources;

2. to reduce or minimise the intensive labour they expend in their farms every season or year; this makes them to be interested in modern technology; such as mechanisation;

3. to increase their income per capita; they are in close link in establishing means to sell their produce always at better prices;

4. the desire for new varieties that could better their yields per hectare or per head; thus the exchange of different crop varieties and animal breeds between and amongst them is always eminent;







page 7/11

5. the desire for better socio-economic standards of living such as schooling, health facilities, road

network, communication etc. This has led to the establishment of community supported schools and the proliferation of drug pedlars to help solve the problems of illiteracy and inadequate health facilities which cannot be fulfilled by the central government through the urban centres and

6. the ability to be able to use scientific techniques, skills and knowledge to solve their production problem locally without having to spend additional resources on people from outside their rural domain.

It is as a result of these, the involvement of farmers in research is of fundamental importance to their development in the rural sector and the nation as a whole.

Although it is very necessary for institutional research to continue since they may have issues that may need specific concentration, the inclusion of farmers in any farm research can yield very high benefits, aspire hopes and develop the maturity in them to be able to cope with the challenges in fulfilling their desires for advancement.







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Figures

Figure 1.1. Agricultural production pattern in Sierra Leone in accordance with the ecology.

Figure 1.2. A schematic diagram of the problems of agricultural development in Sierra Leone.

Agricultural production pattern in Sierra Leone

Animal husbandry, legumes & vegetable production basket

area

Root tubers, fruit trees and upland rice & other cereals production zone

Inla

nd

val

ley

swam

ps(

IVS)

Basic information about the country.-Population density: 5,836,220-Land surface area: 71,740 km²-Land cultivable: 74.6% (5.4 million ha) -Real land cultivated: 15.4%(0.8316 million ha)-% of pop involved into agricultural activities: 65%-% of small scale farmers: 75%-Literacy rate: 43.3%men: 54.7%Women: 32.6% (2011 est.)

-Av. Rice yield, t.ha-1:0.3 -1.95 in upland0.5-2.0 in IVS (Inland valley swamps)0.5-1.8 in flat lowland (bolliand riverine) swamps0.8-2.2 in Lowland (mangrove swamps)

Av. Prod: 0.5-1.9 Tons.ha-1

Tim

ber

logg

ing

Art

isan

al f

ish

ing

Ric

e p

rod

uct

ion

The problems of Agriculture Development in Sierra Leone

Problems of AgricultureDevelopment in Sierra

Leone

Urbanisation

Local (Artisanal)

Mining

Industrial Extractions(Agro and

Non-agro-based)

Population Pressure

Commercialisation

Climate change

Drudgery and Energy

(Mechanisation)

Low Educational

and Technological Background

Poor Infra-structure

Governmental and Non-governmental

Support







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Figure 1.3. Trend of population and food production in Sierra Leone since independence in 1961.The red line represents the tendency of both the figures.

[Source: Statistics Sierra Leone - 15th Conference of Commonwealth Statisticians in New Delhi, India – February 2011].

Figure 1.4. Climatic conditions in Sierra Leone showing the average rainfall and temperature pattern during the year.

[Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security (MAFFS) 2010, through the Metrological station].

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

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20

25

30

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Tables

Table 1.1. Population by sex: 1974-2011 (% of total population).

[Source: Statistics Sierra Leone - 15th Conference of Commonwealth Statisticians in New Delhi, India –February 2011].

YEAR MALE (% TOTAL POPULATION)

FEMALE (% TOTAL POPULATION)

1974 50 50

1985 50 50

2004 49 52

2011 49 51

Table 1.2. Potential Area under cultivation of rice per hectare.

[Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and the Environment, Freetown, 1996]

ECOLOGY POTENTIAL AREA

103 m

2

AREA CULTIVATED

103 m

2

AREA CULTIVATED (% POTENTIAL AREA)

Upland 792 286 36%

Inland Valley swamp 690 114 17%

Mangrove swamp 200 25 13%

Boliland 145 10 7%

Riverine Grassland 130 20 15%

Total 1955 455 Av. 23%







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References

[1] A. J. Hall et al., 2003. From Measuring Impact to Learning Institutional Lessons: An Innovation Systems Perspective On Improving The Management of International Agricultural Research, Agricultural Systems, Volume 78, Issue 2: p 213–241.

[2] Atpsnet.org, 2008. Sierra Leone. Goals of Sustainable Agriculture in Sierra Leone: Can they be achieved in the Absence of Climate Change Capacity Building of Small-holder Farmers? [11-10-2014].

[3] D. Hounkonnou, A. van Huis, N. Röling, B. Sterk, 2004 .Towards Enhancing Innovation Systems Performance in Smallholder African Agriculture.

[4] D. Hounkonnou, 2001. Listening to the Cradle: Building from Local Dynamics for African Renaissance.

[5] E.N.A. Dormon, C. Leeuwis, F.Y. Fiadjoe, O. Sakyi-Dawson, A. van Huis, 2007. Creating Space for Innovation: the Case of Cocoa Production in the Suhum-Kraboa- Coalter District of Ghana, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, Volume 5, Issues 2-3, p 232–246.

[6] FAO, 2011. Report On General Agricultural Production in Sierra Leone - Statistics Sierra Leone, February.

[7] F. M. Abbott, 1993. Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development.

[8] G.T. Castillo, 1998. Linking Science and Farmers innovative capacity.

[9] J. Ekboir, 2001. Developing No-tillage Packages for Small scale Farmers.

[10] L. Klerkx, N. Aarts, C. Leeuwis, 2010. Adaptive Management in Agricultural Innovation Systems.

[11] M. A. Altieri, 2014. Agro-Ecology, Small Scale Farmers and Food Sovereignty.

[12] Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and the Environment, Freetown, Terminal report, 1996.

[13] Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security (MAFFS) 2010, through the Metrological station.

[14] N.G. Rolingl, D. Hounkonnou, S.K. Offei, R. Tossou and A. Van Huis, 2004. Linking Science and farmers innovative capacity, Volume 52, Issues 3–4, pp 211–235.

[15] Reijntjes et al., 1992. Agro-ecology: principles and strategies for designing sustainable farming systems.

[16] Statistics Sierra Leone (15th Conference of Commonwealth Statisticians in New Delhi, India – February 2011).

[17] W. M. Denevan, 1995. Prehistoric Agricultural Methods as Models for Sustainability. Advanced Plant Pathology.

[18] UNDP, 2014. Human Development Report. [Accessed 12-09-2014].

[19] World Bank report, 2012. Agriculture and Rural development. [Accessed 11-08-14].

http://monthlyreview.org/author/miguelaaltieri/

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me basic scie their farm e agriculturaw levels of fo

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



;

hafarmer‐1);ctices in the

m operations

and labour ihemicals etcwer etc.) necwith the fasearch.

ntroducing mr farmers; omers themseknowledge al engagemeof the main e users of thhe farmers’ he field whependence syon problemsthat are em

ore can act nems, especi

sation savessuffered by me of their shores and otwith the fam

scientific restage but also

ence skills toproblems bal activities aood producti




e field such a

(hha‐1).

intensity as wc.) and cessary for parmers them

modern agrion‐farm reslves. This fieand can easients to imprpillars of thhe results, iacumens in hich is theiryndrome on s in their fieminent in thenow insteadally where t

s time, thougthe farmersocial amenitther socializamilies at hom

search metho:

o acquire newy enabling tnd on and proc

Environmental S



as soil tillage

well;

roduction. mselves who

cultural techearch approeld laboratorily use whatrove the sochis work. Thin this case being inqui

r most immdistance resld. Concomite field of pro of waiting there are lim

gh much mo and save thties, especialation since te.

ods will not

w knowledgethem use th

essing in the

Sciences



e, pest and w

o shall be th

hnology tranoach or Farmry approach wt they have cio‐economiis will bridgethe farmersisitive and c

mediate and search designtantly, it wioduction sinfor far‐fetchmited resou

ore costly. Their time anlly for the wothey will now

only look o

e; he research

eir local com

ale

ng page

weed manag

he custodian

nsfer to farmmers Particiwhere the falearnt durinc and agrice the gap bes. In additiocurious to finmost perm

ns and reseall also shortence they are hed researchurces to mak

his will redud energy foromen and chw have time

out for soluti

knowledge g

munities.

3/73

gement

ns and

mers by patory armers ng the ultural etween on, the nd out manent archers en the active

hers to ke this

uce the r other hildren to rest

ions to

gained

Inarw

1.2.3.4.

5.

Thanoupr

Thanlayie

Cosuto

Indedire

Thsaobgr

Assessment of m

other to achre integral coill not only g

careful fie comparis use of sci independ

they live developin

his makes thnd can be reautside or strroduction lev

he introductnd excessivebour suffereeld per hecta

onsequently,uch as their ho rest and sha

this researcevelopment scovered duesults.

he approach aid by this wbservant farmreatest help t

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


hieve this goomponent orgain from the

eld observaton of eventsentific skills dently develoand interactng curiosity a

he skills, techadily used wrange researvel by resear

ion of minime labour, thoed by the faare.

, it will also health, educare time wit

ch, the farmeas both lea

uring the en

to the problwriter. The dmers or laboto the invest

ol Innovative Te



oal the use or part of the e results of t

ion; s and technicand simple iop the abilitevery day aabout the fie

hniques and hen they conrch results orcher(s) or re

mal mechaniough much rmers, save

improve socation, domeh the family

ers are placearners and ntire product

lems of farmdiscovery ofourers, who tigator [Sir A

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



of OFR methoentire reseathe research

cal situationsinstruments ty to make jund eld and prod

knowledge nfront any sior techniqueesearch instit

zation and mmore costlytheir time f

ome of their estic choresmembers at

ed as centrabeneficiarietion process

ming must bef things thathave spent

A. Howard 19




od was appliarch work froh but also lea

s; or equipmenudgments fr

uction.

which the fituation duries handed otution(s).

modern agroy. This will rfor other fa

social amenand social st home.

l focal entityes of the kns. They are

made from t matter is their lives in943].

Environmental S



ied. Accordinom start to farn some tec

nts, such as mrom the field

armers gain ng their prodver to them

onomic practreduce the drm and soci

nities, espectatus, since

y for them tonowledge, sboth creato

the field, nothree‐quarten close conta

Sciences



ng to this mefinish. By so chniques suc

measuremend as a living

as real production proc

m to be used

tices will evdrudgery orial activities

cially the wothey will no

o fully particskills and teors and user

ot from the laers of the bact with nat

ale

ng page

ethod, the fadoing, the fach as:

nts and spaclaboratory

perty of thecess and NOTd to improve

entually sav intensive mand increas

omen and chw have muc

cipate in theechniques usrs of the re

aboratory asbattle. In thture, can be

4/73

armers armers

cing; where

ir own T as an e their

e time manual ses the

hildren ch time

eir own sed or search

s it was is, the of the

2.

Thsc1.

2.

3.

4.

2.

Agan

ForetraextoceseeaTatheq

Thbepafopeag

Sorefinforeth

Assessment of m

1 Objectives

he objectivescale farmers to asses

harrowinrice cultiv

to assesscultivatio

to investiintercropmodern m

to assessupland ric

2 Introducti

griculture is nd it has to fa

ood productesources andansformatioxample, in motal crop harereals, post‐hector due to ach year aroanzania amohe dry seasoquivalent to

hese are vere introducedarticular. Farorm of tillageerformance gricultural sk

oil is a fundaelated to thenite amount or agriculturaeduce the prohat occur in

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


s of the stud

s of the resein the Bombs the impacg‐1st and 2nd

vation with ss the intenson by the ruraigate the crops from the fmethods of c and compace cultivatio

on

the largest eace. It sustai

tion in Sub‐d sometimen of what th

many African rvested. For harvest lossespoilage anund 95 milliunt to aboutn and 25% iUS$23 millio

y tangible red to the smalrm mechanise can changeof crops [O

kills can lead

amental natue quality of sof land ava

al sustainabioblems of la many part

ol Innovative Te



y

earch on tradbali district ofcts of minimd harrowing) small scale fasity of laboual small scaleop response field cultivatecropping systre the econon with small

economic acns the livelih

‐Saharan Afs lack adeqhey produce.countries, thsome crops

es can reach d waste couon liters of mt 59.5 millionn the wet seon/year [FAO

easons as tol scale farmesation can lee fertility statOhiri and Ezto increase i

ural resourceoil. In view oilable for aglity, but alsond degradats of the wo

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ditional and f Sierra Leonmum mechaand traditioarmers in Sieur used in te farmers; in terms of ved by 4 smatem of farmiomic input ascale farme

ctivity in sub‐hood of milli

rica is charuate moder. This has ledhe post‐harvs such as fru50%. In East

uld average amilk, worth n liters of mieason. In UgO, 2004].

o why minimers at all levead to increatus markedlyzumah 1991in the produ

e on which cof the rapidlricultural pro for environtion, decreasorld which




modern mene are: anical cultivaonal method erra Leone; the modern

vegetative gll scale farming in the upand output ors in rural co

‐Saharan Afrons of peop

acterized byrn technical d to huge losvest losses ouits, vegetabt Africa and tas much as Uaround US$lk each yearganda, appro

um mechanels of producse in acreagey and the ch1]. The comction of crop

civilization dy expandingoduction; mnmental protsing soil fertilack the ba

Environmental S



thods of upl

ation througof using the

and traditi

rowth and ymers in 2 hectland ecologyof the modeommunities.

rica (SSA). Dele [S. Costa e

y small scalknow‐how

sses of even f food cereables and rootthe Near EasUS$90 millio22.4 million,, over 16% ooximately 27

isation and ction schemee per farmerhanges may bmbination of ps such as ric

epends. Agrg global popuaintaining sotection. Mainlity and rapisic principle

Sciences



land rice cul

gh soil tillage hoe and cu

ional metho

yield rate of rctares using ty; ern and trad

espite the obet al., 2013].

le farmers to maximizthe little tha

als are estimt crops, beinst, economicon/year [FAO, are lost. Cuof total dairy7% of all mil

improved tees in Africa ar. The Soil mbe manifesteminimal ti

ce.

ricultural proulation and ioil quality is ntenance ofidly declininges of good

ale

ng page

tivation with

ge (ploughintlass in the u

ods of uplan

rice and its rthe tradition

itional meth

bstacles it is

who have lze productioat is produceated at 25% ng less hardc losses in theO, 2004]. In umulative loproduction k produced

echnical skillsand Sierra Lemanipulation,ed in good ollage and m

oduction is dits pressure essential no

f soil quality g productionfarming pra

5/73

h small

ng and upland

nd rice

related nal and

hods of

facing

limited on and ed. For of the y than e dairy Kenya, sses in during is lost,

s must eone in in the or poor modern

directly on the ot only would

n levels actices.

InGaapan

Alarstde

Acsuplfaanpr

In60

ThrafrowprcoprNericit es

Risuby75im

Gltotoim

W(Uofpr

Assessment of m

tensificationases (GHG)pproximatelynthropogenic

though therre those thaability [Lal 1egradation a

ccording to urface for thanting. Somctors in agrind Rashidi, reparation ca

Sierra Leon0% of the tot

he African Daising, fish pom forests aood, and chrocess, preseontribution tractices thatews, SIERRAce; through tas their da

specially the

ce, which is ubsistent fary most of th5% of the ricmport rate in

lobal rice imons in 2004. ons in the eamport, with a

West African US$ 0.8 billiof Africa’s ricrojected to b

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


n of agricult emission y 13% of totc emissions o

re are series t avoid the 1981 and Gnd for restor

Antapa and he purpose me of them miculture that2008]. Theran be approp

e, of the 75%tal food, han

evelopment rocessing anare predominarcoal are derve, store, ato agriculturt do not alloA LEONE, 201the use of maily food. Th55% of wom

Sierra Leonemers. Mechahese small scce productiothe country

ports have iDuring the sarly 1990s toan import val

countries shn) in early 1ce import. Abe between 6

ol Innovative Te



ural productand affecttal global anof methane (

of disadvandegradationreenland 19ring and imp

[Angen 199of crop promay need ont would affeefore for a priate for a p

% of the popdling proces

Bank (ADB)nd marketingnantly done bominated byand transporre, women iow women t12]. Therefo

minimum mechis mechanimen that are

e’s staple foanisation in cale farmerson with veryy.

ncreased bysame period,o 12 million lue estimate

how the sam990s to 8 mAnnual impo6.5 and 10.1

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



tion has beeting the wnthropogenic(CH4) and 58

tages associn of soil prop981]. Minimproving soil p

90], tillage isoduction. Difnly minimumect the soil psuccessful c

particular set

pulation invossing and sto

has found tg, and gatheby females wy males. As prt all food croin rural Sierto inherit lanore, special achasnisationsation can directly invo

ood, is mainlySierra Leones. Since the ny low yield p

y 80% ‐ from , African coutons in 200

ed at US$2.5

me increasingillion tons (Uort value exmillion tons




en an impoater balancc emissions 8% nitrous ox

ated with mperties but mum tillage pproductivity [

s any operatfferent cropm soil tillagephysical propcrop product of plant in t

olved in agricorage [J.S.Ses

that activitieering of fuelwhile cattle rpart of theirops for markra Leone arnd, leaving wattention sho, since 98% oreduce the olved in it.

y produced e, like in monumber of tper hectare (

2.5 billion tuntries increa04. This is eqbillion.

g trend of rUS$1.6 billioceeds US$2 in 2020 [F. L

Environmental S



rtant factor ce. Currentand is respoxide (N2O).

mechanisationmaintain croprovides the[Lal 1983; Pa

tion or pracps need diffee. Soil tillageperties and yction care mthe field.

culture, 55%say, 2013].

s such as cro wood, vegeraising, huntidominant reting [ADB, re disadvantwomen withould be paidof the Sierraintensive la

by small scast African cothese small s(0.5‐2.0), the

ons (grain) inased rice impquivalent to

ice import, in) in 2004‐200 million [Lançon et al

Sciences



influencing ly, agricultuonsible for a

n, appropriaop yields as e best oppoarr et al. 199

ctice taken tferent soil pe is one of tyield of crop

must be take

% are women

op farming, etables, herbing and loggrole in the cr2012]. Desptaged by preh limited prod to crop culta Leone popuabour carrie

ale farmers dountries is mscale farmerere is theref

n the early 1ports by 140about a qu

increasing fr005, accoun[JICA 2007].2002].

ale

ng page

the Green ure accounabout 47% o

te tillage prawell as ecosrtunity for h90].

o prepare thpreparation he very impps [Keshavaen as to wh

n and they pr

household pbs, fruits aning for timberop sector, wite their signevailing custoperty rightstivation, espulation depeed out by fa

described abminimally prars form morfore very hig

1990s to 4.5 0% ‐ from 5 marter of the

rom 4 millioting for two Rice impor

6/73

House ts for of total

actices system halting

he soil before portant rzpour hat soil

roduce

poultry d nuts er, fuel women nificant tomary s [IRIN pecially nds on armers

ove as acticed e than gh rice

billion million world

n tons ‐thirds rts are

Inthprraricpr

ThrehistGosc

Leinuncoafmmdu

FuMduApmar

Inpllo

Rimas

Crtoorricththyieen

Assessment of m

recent yearhe productioroductivity [Aain fed systemce land in Wroduction, w

he Green Reequired to mgher incomandards andollin, 2003]. cale farmers

ess than 5%secticides onchanged cuonstraints coffordable dueills and mecechanized teue to high pr

urthermore, Mean annual uring the raipril). Some 2uch as 500 reas limits cr

creased proant growingng as it exist

ce yield gaanagement ssociated wit

rop (includino increased wrganic carboce yield loss he savannah hat competiteld reductionvironmenta

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


rs, rice produn increase dARC, 2007 Nms, particulaWest and Cewhich is expec

evolution tauake them gres and lowd sustainableBut many rein particular

% of farmersor motorizedultural practommercializie to low ecochanics to enechnologies.rices and lack

the absencerainfall is any season (i20 –50 percemm per annop and anim

oduction of r where mants in a locatio

ps were attin intensifieth yield redu

g rice) intenweed infestan (C) contenin the fores[M. Becker ion of weedn to the tunal factors at t

ol Innovative Te



uction in Afrdue mainly tNational Ricearly in two ecentral Africacted to incre

ught us thatow ‐ can briner food prie economic gemain trappe.

s in the agrd farm equiices, adversng smallholdonomic returnsure that f. Fertilizer uk of commer

e of irrigatioaround 2500i.e. May – Oent of the tonum in som

mal productio

rice has bee does not won or situatio

tributed to ed systems. ction, which

sification‐indtion (72% mnt and nitrogst area (explaand D.E. Jo

ds with uplanne of 80‐100the time of c

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



rica has beento land expae Developmecosystems, (a. Africa cultease by 7% p

t technologing enormousces. This vigrowth has ed in subsist

ricultural sepment. Widsely affects rder productrns from comfarmers can se at 4kg.harcial markets

on infrastruc0 mm but dOctober) andotal annual re agro climaon activities d

n reported twant it to be.on where it i

weeds and Increased c

h was largest

duced yield lmore weed bgen (N) supaining 65% oohnson, 199nd rice for m0%, dependinrop product




n expandingansion and oent StrategyThe upland ativated abouer year, surp

ical innovatis benefits tortuous cyclelifted milliontence agricul

ector have adespread userice producttion. Higher mmodities. Tbenefit froma‐1 compareds for fertilizab

cture significistribution i water deficrainfall is “loatic regions.during the p

to be hamp Almost anys considered

nitrogen, bcropping inte at the sites

loss was aboiomass) andply. Weeds of the yield 8]. Conversemoisture, nutng on the loion.

Environmental S



at a rate ofonly 3% beiny]. Much of tand rain fed ut 9 million passed 20 mi

on; higher y poor peoplee of rising ns of peopleture especia

access to che of unimprtion [A. Abdlevels of ag

There is a lacm sales of thd to 9kg.ha‐1

ble commod

cantly constrs not uniforcit during theost” to runof The persisteriod.

ered predomkind of plan

d undesirable

based on yiensity and rin the derive

out 25% and declining sowere the dogap) and apely, [Idem antrient and ligcal weed flo

Sciences



f 60% per anng attributedthe expansiolowland) thhectares ofillion tons.

yielding seee through enproductivitye out of povally in Africa

hemical fertroved varietdelrasoul]. Tgricultural teck of rice milheir final pro1 for sub‐Sahdities such as

rains agriculrm, resultinge dry seasonff resulting itence of suc

minantly by nt can therefe [U. Ismaila

ield responsreduced falled savannah

appeared tooil quality (aominant factppeared to pnd Showemght resultedora, growth c

ale

ng page

nnum, with 7d to an increon has been at make up 7f rice in 200

ds and the nhanced efficy, improvingerty [Evensoand with the

tilizers, herbties, coupledThere are mechnology alling facilitiesoducts, and haran Africa s rice.

ltural produg in water sn (i.e. Novemn water defich deficits in

weeds. Weefore be a wea et al, 2012]

se to researow duration.

o be related bout 20%) letor responsiblay a lesser imo, 2004],d into a subscharacteristi

7/73

70% of ease in in the 78% of 06 and

inputs ciency, living on and e small

bicides, d with

multiple re not s, feed use of is low

ctivity. surplus mber – icits as n some

ed is a eed, as .

rchers’ n were

mainly ess soil ble for role in noted

stantial cs and

Lecrfafuinadrelik

UpThAfravasyJo

Thcusyin

Thla

Yiofmotan

Thopwth

Thbe

Irrthdean20

Assessment of m

egume fallowropping systermers are lounctions in acrease retudditional harequirements kely to achiev

pland rice is he most comfrica and parange of weeariability of wystems, and ohnson, 2013

he weed floultivation wiystem. In concrease in no

he common bour intensiv

elds in farmef chemicals aay be effectther weed cond A. B. Jallo

he economicptimize profihere one orhe least costl

hus, weed coe controlled

respective ohrough theirevelopment nd productio012].

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ws and assoems in whicooking for diaddition to prns per unitrvestable profor labour ve progress

dibble, broammon methorts of Latin Aeds infest upweed speciesis depende

3].

ora in a riceth an unchntrast, whern‐tilled rice f

practice of ve and many

ers’ fields araveraged 2.5ive in weed ontrol methoh].

c benefit of wits. One way a combinaty [Fryer and

ontrol is majto prevent y

of the methor ability to and adoptioon could be

ol Innovative Te



ociated manh they are urect returns providing N;t of labour. oducts, suchand for maiin this direct

adcast, or rowod of weed cmerica uplanpland rice, ms compositioent upon ec

e field is granged cultue crop rotatfields [K. Am

weed controy a times not

re low (0.8 –5 ‐ 3.5 t ha‐1

suppressionods, improv

weed controy to achieve tion of meth Matsunaka

jor prerequisyield losses [Z

od of rice escompete f

on of improvachieved to

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



nagement pused (includon their inv; in particula They may h as food, fointenance otion [M. Beck

w seeded, thcontrol is by nd rice is typmany of whon in uplandcology, the

reatly influeural system tion is practimpong‐Nyark

ol in lowlandt satisfactori

– 1.5 t ha‐1) w. The identif and provideed varieties

ol must exceethat is to re

hods exists, a 1977, Fryer

site for imprZimdahl, 198

stablishmentfor resourceved weed m meet the d




practices muding farmersestments, lear, they alsoachieve thidder, or fuef soil fertilitker, D.E. Joh

he former behand, often pically grownich are pan rice tends tcropping sy

nced by theencourages ced, a diverko and S. K. D

d rice is hanly executed.

whilst in welfication and e a tool for ihave prove

ed the cost. educe weedand both arer 1983].

roved rice pr88, 2004].

t, weeds arees and themanagementdemands of

Environmental S



ust be consi' resource begumes in mo have to res by suppreel. Improved ty, without anson, and Z.

eing commowith the aid

n with few, if ‐tropical, into be greateystem and m

e rice culturthe build use weed florDe Datta 199

nd pulling whAs a result,

l managed redevelopmenntegrated wn well for ea

The primarycontrol cost

e equally eff

roductivity a

e a major imir impact ot technologieincreasing p

Sciences



idered in thbase and aspost situationeduce labouessing weed productivityadditional ca.J. Segda, 20

nly used in sd of hoes or f any, purchacluding the r than in themanagemen

re practicedup of weedsra will result90].

hich makes

esearchers’ nt of competweed managease of adopt

y aim of a rats. It is logicfective, the f

and producti

mpediment ton product es, improvedpopulation [N

ale

ng page

he context pirations). Bens have to per requiremes or by proy through reash investm000].

shifting cultivmachetes. Iased inputs. Agrass weede other prodnt practices

d. Continuous adapted tt. Perennial

the practice

fields with ttitive rice vaement. Conttion [S. S. H

ational farmecal, thereforefarmer will c

on therefore

to rice prodquality. Th

d rice produN. Rao Adus

8/73

of the ecause erform ents or oviding educed ent, is

vation. n Asia, A wide ds. The duction [D. E.

us rice o that weeds

e to be

he use arieties rary to arding

er is to e, that choose

e must

duction hrough uctivity sumilli,

2.

Thmplefacen

2.

Ththfie

2.

RowPr

Thwinchotth

Thacinrelat

Thre

1.2.3.

1.

Assessment of m

3 Materials

he entire reethods and anting phaseffects and imctivities can ntire researc

3.1 Pre‐plan

his involved he seeds wereld work be c

3.1.1 Comm

otebainkoh hich is locatrovince of Sie

he populatiohich Rotebavolved in agharcoal burnther develophey carry out

he rice reseaccepted to bvolve into thesearcher. Thter at the Ro

here were thesearch activ

first level second le third leve

The first lthe farmiare to:

a) clearfarm

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


and method

search workmaterials ues of the act

mpacts on thebe psycho‐sh objectives

nting phase

all the activire sown into carried out.

munity sensiti

(Figure 2.1) ed 5 Km Souerra Leone. R

on of Patebaainkoh is an gricultural acning, fresh wpment project their farm w

arch projecte carried ouhe research ahis was donotebainkoh fa

hree levels ovities. They a

; evel and el community

level commuing populatio

rly explain tmers and the

ol Innovative Te



ds

k was dividesed to carrytivities. The te other durinsocial, agricuand process

ities that wethe soil. The

ization and m

is a farminguth‐East of MRotebainkoh

ana is aboutintegrated tivities throu

water artisancts undertakwork.

t was initiallt at Rotebaias a result ofe in generalarming settle

of meetings re:

y meetings.

unity meetingon together

the aims andlarger comm

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ed into threy out the resthree phaseng and after ultural and tses.

ere carried oey can be con

mobilization

g settlemenMakeni. Makh is 2 Km from

t 1,500 inhasmall settleughout the yn fishing andken by the l

ly introducenkoh inhabitf the spelt oul meetings hement comm

held in all t

gs included twith the re

d objectivesmunity;




ee main phasearch. Thess were sequtheir implemtraditional; b

out by eitherncrete or abs

n

nt establishekeni is the rem Patebana

bitants and ement with year alongsidd sand mininarger Pateba

ed to the latants who tout objectivesheld at the Pmunity.

the research

the town chisearch team

s of the rese

Environmental S



ases based ose are the pentially carrmentation in based on th

the farmersstract but ar

d by the peegional headMarank and

their occupa populationde some othng. They areana village c

rger Patebanotally acceptes and the bePatebana co

communitie

ief, communm. The object

earch and it

Sciences



on the prodpre‐planting, ried out and the field. Th

he needs an

s or and the re relevant to

eople from dquarter tow7 Km from M

pation is main of about her economie also inevitcommunity d

na communed and exprnefits associommunity an

es before an

nity elders, wtives of the

ts conseque

ale

ng page

duction procplanting aneach has re

he impacts ofd purposes

researcher o enable the

Patebana Mwn of the NoMakeni.

inly agricultu54 people, c activities stably involveduring the y

nity but evenessed readiniated with it nd then con

nd during th

women, youtfirst level m

nt benefits

9/73

cesses, d post sulting f these of the

before entire

Marank, orthern

ure, of totally such as ed into year as

ntually ness to by the tinued

e field

hs and meeting

to the

2.

3.

Infalistothes

Assessment of m

b) enableactivities

c) be ableprocesses

The secowould likpurpose o

a) select a

b) to devamongst the field,

c) identifyfor the re

d) concrefarmers;

e) draw tthe reseathese farm

f) explainresearch paid, provagainst pcultivatedsuch as tequipmensupport o

The thirdThe purpthe farmechain of cneeded fthe farme

all these mrmers were stened to; ino understandhe conclusionssential as lo

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


e the command

e to select ts from the co

nd level meke to know wof this meeti

a leader of th

velop basic rthe farmersacquaintanc

y and select esearch by th

etely explain

he activitiesarch work tomers as they

n the differeperiod. For evision of thepests and otd. The reseathe tractor tnt or inputson the mode

d level meetiose of this mers involved command anor the smooers and or th

meetings, thegiven the ocluding the wd and share n of the entng as it follo

ol Innovative Te



munity chief

he farmers oommunity re

eting includewhat the resing is to:

he selected 4

rules or guid and the resce with socia

the requiredhe communit

n the researc

timeline of o avoid clashy have other

nt roles andexample; thee seeds they ther relatedarcher shouldto till the sos such as thrn methods

ings includedmeeting is tointo the resnd enable efoth running ohe researche

e general rupportunity twomen, youall the informtire researchwed the obj

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



and land ow

or farm famesident farm

ed the selecsearch will b

4 farmers for

delines that search team,al community

d hectares oty land owne

ch field desi

the researchh of activitieactivities to

d responsibilie farmers shhave to use d calamities d in the othoil, the fuel,e furrow mof the field a

d the leadero enable a smsearch and tfficient use oof the field ar.

ules are thato express thuths and othmation befoh work (Figuectives and d




wners accep

ilies that wiers only.

cted farmerse doing duri

r the field re

will facilitat, for examply problems e

f land for thers and the v

gn and the

h together ws during thedo during th

ities of the fhould be doinin their reseand the toer hand, pro, the paymearker, gardeactivities.

r of the farmmooth flow ohe researcheof time and ractivities and

t every memheir opinionser farmers. Tore, during are 2.2). Thisdesign of the

Environmental S



pt the use o

ll be particip

s and any oting its cours

search work

te the entiree communicetc;

e research frvillage chief;

purpose of

with the 4 fare field operahe cropping s

farmers and ng all the maearch plots, potal ownershovide for exaent of the tren lines, tap

mers and theof informatioer or researcresources in d other relat

mber of the s or ideas abThis enablednd after thes is because e research.

Sciences



of their land

pating into t

ther intereste of activitie

k;

e research wcation flow,

rom site alre

such design

rm families tations of theseason and

the researcanual field wprotection ohip of the yample; the ractor operape measure

e researcher on or commch team. Thi the passingted issues th

communitybout the resed the entire e research aceverybody’s

ale

ng page 1

d for the re

he entire re

ted person (es in the fiel

work betweetime of wor

eady being a

to the 4 se

to be involvee research w

h team duriwork withoutf the researcyield of the external resator(s), otheand the tec

or researchunication bes is to short on of informhat may pert

y and the seearch and mprocess to bctivities that s contributio

10/73

search

search

s) that ld. The

en and king in

llotted

elected

ed into work by

ng the t being ch plot crops ources r farm chnical

team. etween en the mation tain to

elected must be be easy led to

on was

2.

Thsefabe

Th50arfu

Thbe

Eaeavaea

Thm

On(ptoth

Thdrlaychfa

2.Bu

Twplco

1.

Assessment of m

3.1.2 Resear

he research selected and allow land inetter, led the

he area was 0 m tape merea that has uture after th

he researchee laid across

ach farmer aach other anariability on ach measurin

he half hectaeasuring 25

ne of the 0.pigeon peas, o be cultivatehe mechanica

he plot layourawn on the yout and its hoice of plotrmers and p

3.1.3 Soil saumbang)

wo sets of soanting of thollection patt

soil samp

Before thblock for

Each plotdepth of were all mroom tem

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


rch site iden

site was idenaccepted to nterspersed e research te

demarcatedeasure and pa definite rehe land clear

er indicated tthe gentle s

accepted to nd lying alonthe treatmeng 50 m x 10

are allotted tm x 100 m in

.25 ha was beni‐seeds aed with rice al tillage (plo

ut exercise wfloor by the work wouldt allocationslot numbers

ample collec

oil sample tehe crops andtern from th

ple collection

he planting o20 soil samp

t of 0.25 ha 20 cm usingmixed togetmperature an

ol Innovative Te



tification an

ntified at Roparticipate with savanneam to the si

d using cutlaspegs. The 3,ctangular suing and tillag

to the farmelope of the la

have an areng the same ents. Pegs w0 m as show

to each farmn each farme

used for theand sorghumand its alliedoughing and

was concreteresearcher i

d look like be in the site s was carried

ction and lab

sts were card the other e field for th

n before the

of crops a soples to be co

has two colg a shovel aher to makend 100 g was

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



nd selection

otebainkoh faon the reseanah grass ante.

sses or mach 4, 5 trianguurface area tge activities.

ers the land iand surface.

ea of half he contour be

were used town below dia

mer was further’s plot.

e traditionalm) to be brod intercrops harrowing) o

ely demonstin other for tefore startingthey selecte

d out by the r

boratory ana

rried out for r after the hhe two soil an

planting of c

oil sample mllected at a d

llection poinand a hand te a total of 8s then meas




arming settlearch exercisend trees. Th

hetes to cut ular methodo ease the la

nclination an

ectare of lanlt to avoid a indicate thegrams (Figur

her divided in

l method ofadcasted at of pigeon peof the area w

trated to thethem to haveg any field oed for the rresearch tea

alysis for the

the entire reharvesting onalysis was d

crops.

ap was desigdepth of 20 c

ts with quantrowel. The 800 g (0.8 kgsured from th

Environmental S



ement land be. The site se farmers, w

through thewas used b

ay‐outing of

nd showed h

d within theany vast diffe 4 differentres 2.3 and 2

nto two equa

mix croppinrandom, wheas, sorghumwith the selec

e 4 farmers oe an understperations. Evesearch. Dom.

e two resear

esearch procf the crops different:

gned for thecm in each co

ntity of soil 10 soil sampg). This soil whe 800 g (0.8

Sciences



by the farm selected waswho know t

e thick bush,by the reseathe plots of

how the rese

e same locatferences in tt plots of th2.5).

al parts i.e. 0

ng of rice ahile the remam and beni‐scted tractor.

on the groutanding of wvery farm faocumentation

arch sites (at

cess. One wain the field

e 2.5 ha expeollection poi

weighing 80ples collectewas dried for8 kg) homog

ale

ng page 1

families thas a four yeartheir farmin

together wrcher to crethe farmers

earch plots w

tion; all parathe topo‐seqhe 4 farm fa

0.25 ha (2,50

nd its alliedaining 0.25 hseeds in row.

nd with a dihat the entiramily made hn of the nam

t Rotebainko

as done befod. The soil s

erimental reint (Figure 2.

0 g, excavateed from the r three days genous samp

11/73

t were r bush‐g land

ith the ate an s in the

were to

allel to quence milies;

00 m2),

d crops ha was ws after

iagram re field his/her mes of

oh and

ore the sample

search .4).

ed at a 2.5 ha under

ple and

2.

2.

Thst

Thtra

1.2.3.1.

Assessment of m

placed inmacro‐nucontents.Bumbang

soil samrespectiv

At Roteb

After hartreatmeneach of thsoil from mixture awas repe6 soil sam

At Bumba

After thetreatmenby collectsamples mixture aeach wer

Tools use(Figure 2identifica

The collelocated inout. The meant to

1.3.1.4 Mech

he mechanicumps in an u

he 0.25 hectaactor machin

ploughing first harro second ha Land pre

plough eq

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


n an airtight utrients, CEC. This was dog communitie

ple collectioely.

ainkoh

rvesting of tnts of the exphe 6 treatmethe 6 treat

and a 100 g ated for eac

mples each w

ang

e harvesting nts of groundting 100 g ofrom each tand a 100 g e obtained f

ed in the coll.4), b) shovation tags and

ected samplen Lunsar whilaboratory train youths

hanical soil

cal soil tillagupland ecolo

are land surfne with mod

g; owing and arrowing. paration waquipment m

ol Innovative Te



plastic bag.C, pH range, one for bothes respective

on after ric

the rice, anoperimental bents in the 4 ments of thewas measurch of the 6 trweighing 100g

of the groud nut and jatof soil from etreatment ofwas measurfor laborator

ection proceel, c) hand d h) measuri

es were anach is a townbelongs to as in the field

tillage for m

e was done ogy.

face area wael FAIT. Thre

s done witheasuring 12

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



. The 100 g and some h the rice anely before th

ce and gro

other set ofblock. A quafarmers’ ploe 4 farmers’red out of threatments cog (Table 2.1

nd nuts in Stropha (JIG) each treatmf the 4 plotred as in thery analysis.

ess are: a) thtrowel, d) sing tape.

lyzed in then located 50 an agriculturof Agricultu

modern meth

in a land th

as prepared fee soil tillage

h the same t0 cm wide w




soil was takphysical feand the jatrophe planting o

und nut ha

f 6 soil samntity of 100ots making a ’ plots was that quantity ontained in tbelow).

September, sand jatrophent in each ts were thene case of Rot

e soil samplespring balanc

laboratoryKm away froral vocationaral Science in

hod rice and

hat was left

for seed plane operations

tractor throuwas used in

Environmental S



ken to the stures such apha researchf the desired

arvesting at

ples were cg of soil wastotal of 400 thoroughly mas the sampthe 4 experim

soil samplesa without grof the 4 plon mixed togtebainkoh. T

e collection mce, e) polyth

and results om Makeni wal centre own Sierra Leon

its intercrop

fallowed fo

nting throughwere carried

ughout the pthe ploughin

Sciences



soil laboratoas texture ah locations atd crops;

t Rotebainko

collected fros collected f0 g per treatmmixed to maple for laboramental plots

s were collecround nut (JSots (Table. 2gether, makiTwo different

map of the ehene bags, f

recorded. Twhere the rewned by thene.

p planting.

r 4 years wi

h the use of d out as follo

processes ofng process w

ale

ng page 1

ory for analynd organic mt Rotebainko

oh and Bum

om the 6 difrom the fieldment. The 40ake a homogatory analysis, making a t

cted from thSC). This was2. 1). The cong a homogt samples of

experimentaf) plastic she

he laboratosearch was ce Catholic M

ith thick gra

a four wheeows:

f soil tillage.which was th

12/73

ysis for matter oh and

mbang

fferent d from 00 g of genous is. This otal of

he two s done llected genous f 100 g

l block eet, g)

ry was carried

Mission,

ss and

el‐drive

A disc he first

2.

3.

2.

Thsuex

Thm

Thon

Assessment of m

land prepof the mawas doneof the nat

The tractinformati

The plougwith 3 podiameterone disc was 225 k

The harro

The disc one with kg to 140

The level m2 (25 m The time were recoThe time by the remachine The first harrow eThe quanof the encompletefarm fam

The secoequipmenparamete

3.1.5 Resear

he 2,500 m2

ubdivided intxperiment. T

he entire expeasuring 2,5

he 6 treatmenly (MTRR), M

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


paration procachine was de with the natural vegetat

tor used wasion about the

gh used wasoint linkage was 0.63 mand anotherkg.

ow was an Ita

harrow had diameter of

00 kg and its

of the fuel px100 m) plotaken to comorded. taken for thsearch teamduring the tiharrowing wquipment wntity of fuel itire 2,500 me the entire 0ily plots of thond harrowinnt used for ers such as fu

rch treatmen

(0.25 ha) mto 5 equal pThese treatm

perimental p500 m2 (0.25

ents were alModern trea

ol Innovative Te



cess for the done againstatural vegetation was req

s an Italian me tractor use

an Italian tywhich can b

m, with each r was 0.55 m

alian off‐set

a hydraulic f 0.7 m with width was a

put in the tats. mplete the p

he tractor tom members dillage operatwas done witith a dimensn the tank o

m2 plot surfac0.25 ha area he experimeng was alsothe first ha

uel consump

nts lay outin

echanically carts, each ments were ea

plot of each ha) and 5 mo

ll labelled asatment with

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



modern met the gentle sation incorpquired or carr

model with ed in this res

ype called Nbe adjusted v implement

m; making a t

type, with a

lift control. spacing of 0bout 2.30 m

nk of the tra

ploughing of

o plough a giduring the pltion in the upth the same sion of 230 cof the machince areas of e of each farmental block.o carried ouarrowing in ption, depth

ng in the mod

cultivated (pmeasuring 50ach separate

farmer was odern treatm

s follows: Trrice and pige




ethod of the slope or alonorated or plried out here

double tractearch.

ardi, with 3 vertically or (disc) a lengtotal width o

brand name

It had 11 no0.23 m. The .

actor was rec

2,500 m2 (0

ven length ooughing exepland ecologtractor that m (2.3 m) wine was againeach farmer’smer’s plot w

t using the the respecand width of

dern method

ploughed and00 m2 (25 m ed from each

having 6 trements each m

aditional treeon peas as

Environmental S



rice cultivatng the contooughed togee in the mod

tion. See (Ta

discs. It washorizontallygth of 0.56 mof work of 1.

e Gherardi.

otched frontentire weigh

corded befor

.25 ha) and t

of 30 m was rcise to calcugy of the resewas used toide. n recorded bs plot. The das recorded.

same tractotive farmersf harrowing.

d of rice cult

d harrowed)x 20 m) as oh other by a m

eatments; nameasuring 50

eatment (TT)intercrop (M

Sciences



ion. The ploours of the laether into thdern plots of

able 2.3) for

s a 1.55 m loy. The disc hm and then .10 m. The m

t discs and 1ht of the im

re the ploug

the depth an

recorded reulate the aveearch site. o plough, us

before and adepth, width . This was re

or and the s’ plots; rec

tivation and

) plot of eacone treatmemeter.

amely, a trad00 m2 (0.05 h

), Modern trMTRP), Mode

ale

ng page 1

ughing orienand. The soil he soil. No bthe farmers

detailed tec

ong flat steel as a profile distance be

mass of the p

11 rear discsplement wa

ghing of each

nd width of p

epeatedly 10erage speed

ing the off‐s

fter the harrand time ta

epeated in al

same soil hcording the

its intercrop

h farmer waent of the re

ditional treatha).

reatment wiern treatmen

13/73

ntation tillage

burning .

chnical

frame whose etween plough

s, each s 1300

h 2,500

plough

0 times of the

et disc

rowing aken to ll the 4

harrow tillage

ps

as now search

tment,

th rice nt with

beMsuth

Thlin

Ththal

2.

Thusdemtowthth

2.

2.w

Thfaon

Ingetatra

Thbaqurequ

Ththflaso

Assessment of m

eni‐seeds asModern treatuffixes were he entire bloc

he lay outingnes together

he farmers whe respectivelowed to par

3.1.6 Traditi

he 0.25 ha (2sing traditioependants (Fowing tall eo dry for oneere cleared hrough the rahe place was

3.2 Planting

3.2.1 Traditiwith small hoe

he traditionarmers’ plotsn the 24th of

connection ermination pken into coaditional loc

he seed rice,alance for euantities weesearcher wiuantities hav

he traditionahe other cropat floor wheorghum wer

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


intercrop (ment with radded to eack (Figure 2.5

g exercise w with the far

were allowede treatmentsrticipate acti

ional metho

2,500 m2) tranal tools suFigure 2.6). lephant grase week and tagain using andom broadadequately

g phases

ional mix croes)

al and mods. In plot 1, tMay; plot 2

with seeds percentage oonsideration al methods g

, pigeon peaeach treatmere given baith the quanve been used

al method ofps they intenre the rice wre added an

ol Innovative Te



MTRB), Modice, pigeon pach of the tre5).

as done usinrmers.

d to know whs in all the plively in all th

d of land cle

aditional plouch as cutlasThe processss of the fouthen burnt bcutlasses todcasting metdry and tem

opping (rand

ern methodthe planting on the 27th M

used in this on both the as every f

generally ap

s, beni‐seedent of the ack to the ntities of sed in all the tre

f mixed cropnded to sow was spread and physically

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



dern treatmpeas, beni‐seatment lab

ng a 50 m ta

hat a meter ilots by the rhe processes.

earing (Slash

ot of each farsses and bigs was carrieur‐year fallowby the farmeo create a clthod. This la

mperatures w

dom seed br

d treatmentsof both the May, plot 3 o

experiment,rice and th

farmer treatplicable in th

ds and sorgh4 experimefarmers to eeds remaineatments inc

pping was doin the farmand the othy mixed tog




ment with riceeds and soels for plots

ape measure

is and using gresearch tea.

h and burn m

rmer was cleg hoes by ted out by cuw land. The ers. The remear soil surfnd clearing w

were high, 35

roadcasting

s were all ptraditional aon the 30th M

, there was ne intercropsted his or hheir farming

um of the 4 ental plots aplant. Afteing and thecluding the t

one by the f. A plastic sher crops sucgether. This

Environmental S



ce and Sorghorghum as in1, 2, 3 and

e, pegs, lay‐o

garden lines m members,

method)

eared off thethe farmers utting down cut and mowaining vegetace suitablewas done ma‐40°C.

seed rice an

planted simand modern May and plot

no pre‐testins. Also, the pher own seeecology.

farmers weand the wer planting, ese were reraditional on

farmers whoheet or any sch as the pigs seed mixt

Sciences



hum as intentercrops (M4 to distingu

out design o

s to measure, in which th

e natural vegand their f trees, othewed vegetattative debrise for the intrainly by the

nd other cro

ultaneously method tre4 on the 2nd

ng for viabilipurity of theeds in acco

re first weigeights recordthe farmerseweighed to nes in the 4 f

o mixed the suitable sheegeon peas, bture was pl

ale

ng page 1

ercrop (MTRMTTC). The nuish plots 1

or plan and g

the dimensihey (farmers

getations mafamily relatier vegetationtions were aand some sroduction ofmen in Apri

ps) and plou

in each of atments was June, 2013.

ty to ascertaese seeds wrdance with

ghed using a ded. The wes returned tknow how

farmers’ plot

rice togetheet was spreabeni‐seeds aaced into s

14/73

S) and umber to 4 in

garden

ions of s) were

anually ves or ns and llowed stumps f seeds l when

ughing

the 4 s done

ain the was not h their

spring eighed to the much ts.

er with ad on a nd the smaller

cobral10deth

Thofdeacgeexbl

2.

Thtreexsodr

Thdiwroaninbemanap

Thofinde

2.

2.

Inaf

Assessment of m

ontainers tharoadcasted tlied seed mix0 cm wide wepending on he soil surfac

hese smallerf about 0.6‐0epending onccomplish twerminated orxercise was ock.

3.2.2 Moder

he modern eatments plxperimental orghum) werrawn by the f

his furrow mstances. Theheels is 1 molls round, mnd 1m aparttercrops of etween the anually pullend 2 rows bypart between

he farmers thf about 5 to dented by tepth of abou

3.3 Post plan

3.3.1 Crops

this researcfter the crop

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


at could bethe seeds intxture on thewere used tothe exertede, soil moist

hoes used t0.90 m for mn the height wo purposesr remained orecorded in

rn row plant

method of lot was donblock. Like inre introducedfarmers afte

marker was me machine ham. A point waaking a distat of the two pigeon peatwo metal ed by the fay the metal wn rows and a

hen drilled th10 cm and che metal whut 5 to 7 cm a

nting phase

(Rice and int

ch, the procps have com

ol Innovative Te



easily carrito the clearee soil surfaceo scratch an force of theure, texture

to plough thmostly womeof the user

s; to cover ton the soil suevery tradit

ting of rice a

seed rice, ne in the aln the traditiod into the fuer being taug

made by the as two metaas made on ance of 1 mewheels, cres, beni‐seedwheels, sparmer; creatinwheels for thabout 0.015 m

he seed ricecovered the heel punch cand covered

tercrops) pop

ess of rice apletely germ

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ied with theed 0.25 ha t, smaller hoend cover thee person usinand structur

e soil surfacen and childrr (Figure 2.7the seeds sourface after ttional plot o

and intercrop

pigeon peasready demaonal methodurrows createght by the res

researcher tal wheels thathe metal w

eter on the geating a spacds and sorgaced at 0.02ng 3 furrow he planting om between r

into the furrseeds with created at a with soil by

opulation den

and its interminated and




e hands by traditional ples made up oe sown seedng the hoe, sre.

e manually wren or long w). The traditown in the fthe clearing of the 4 farm

ps

s, beni‐seedarcated tread, the weigheed by the fusearcher (Fig

to enable that were spacwheel to crearound. This rce of 1 m x hum. The fu25 m (Figurmarks with of the intercrows, while t

rows createdthe soil. Thedistance of the farmers

nsity assessm

rcrops populwell establi

Environmental S



the farmerslot. After theof metal blads to a depthsurface debri

were made owooden handtional seed pfield and to process. Themers of the

ds and sorghtments of ted seeds (ricerrow markergure 2.8).

e seeds beinced 1 m aparate an imprerolling of the1 m (1 m2 ),urrow markee 2.8). The the metal pcrops. The ricthe intercrop

d by the furroe intercrops w1m apart. T.

ment

ation densitshed in thei

Sciences



s who rande spreading de with diamh of betweeis, weed pop

of either shodles of abouplanting meremove thee time taken research in

hum plantinthe 4 plots e, pigeon per machine w

ng planted inrt. The circuession in thee metal whee, which was er has threefurrow ma

prongs for thce seeds weps were spac

ow marker’swere also soThe intercrop

ty assessmenir respective

ale

ng page 1

omly scatteof the rice a

meter of aboen 3 to 5 cmpulation den

ort wooden ht 1‐1.5 m fothod was doe weeds thato accompli the experim

ng in the mof the 4 fa

eas, beni‐seewhich was ma

n precise rowmference ofe soil as the el which is 1mused to plae metal prorker machine seed rice dre spaced 0.ced 1 m2.

s prongs at aown into theps were sow

nt was carriee stands or h

15/73

red or and its ut 5 to

m deep sity on

handle r men, one to t have sh this mental

modern rmers’ ds and anually

ws and f these wheel m long ant the ongs in ne was drilling .025 m

depth e holes wn at a

ed out hills; in

thsq

On

Thmpoex

Thbo50exusm

ThreTh

Th

Thmtodo

2.

ThThse7 di

Gr

Riwmdaplhein do

Inth

Assessment of m

his case 30 dquare (1 m2)

ne meter sq

he 1 m2 quadodern methopulation dexperimental

he central porderline eff00 m2 for thxperimental sed with 4 saking a one‐

he researcheepeated 5 timhe results we

he head coun

he populatioethods by thotal number one 30 days

3.3.2 Crops g

he seeds planhe rice seedseeds which gdays after fferent perio

rowth respo

ice crop: thehilst the 3rd, tape measuays after planants or staneights measu the differenone in all the

tercrops: thhree crops (p

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


days after pquadrate an

uare (1 m2) q

drate methoods, (Figureensity of the block.

oint situatedects and mine modern mtreatment omall pegs. T‐meter squar

ers then coumes in each ere recorded

nt method

on density ashe head couin the entireafter plantin

growth resp

nted during s germinatedgerminated aplanting (DAods of their g

nse observat

first growth4th and 5th w

ure or 1 m plnting respectnds were seured. The exnt treatmente treatments

e intercropspigeon peas,

ol Innovative Te



lanting (DAPnd the individ

quadrate me

d was used t 2.9) whilst intercrops (

d away fromnimize variatmethod and of the researcThe 4 pegs wre.

unted the ritreatment a

d in all the tre

ssessment ofnt method. e treatment. ng (DAP). The

ponse assessm

the experimd at 5 days aat 5 to 6 daysAP). The assgrowth.

tions and ass

h assessmentwere carriedastic ruler wtively and thlected at raercise was rts. No width of the entire

s growth respbeni‐seeds

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



P). The two dual stand he

ethod

to assess thethe individuPigeon peas

m the bordetions on the of the 2,500ch plot. A diwere driven i

ice seedlingsand in each eatments fo

f the intercrThis involveThe physicae results of t

ment

mental periodafter plantings after plantsessment of

sessments o

t of rice in te out at 60, 9

was used to mhe data recorandom in thepeated eveh or numbere experimen

ponses wereand sorghum




main types ead count m

e populationual stands he, beni‐seeds

er of each trdata collect

0 m2 for the tistinctive yelinto the gro

s in the quafarmer’s plor the entire b

ops was doned the physical head counthese intercro

d germinatedg (DAP), closing (DAP) anf the growth

n:

erms of vertic90 and 120 dmeasure the vrded. In eache central 25ery 30 days tr of leaves ontal plots of t

e also assessm). This was

Environmental S



of assessmeethods.

n density of read count mand sorghu

reatment waed. A 250 mtraditional trlow colored und at a dis

adrate and tot and the eblock of the f

ne in both thcal counting t of every intops in all the

d at differentsely followedd lastly sorgh responses

cal height wadays after plavertical heigh treatment i50 m2 portioto obtain theof the rice wthe research

ed based on done at two

Sciences



ent used we

rice in both tmethod was m) in all the

as selected. m2 was selectreatment rerope, measu

stance of 1m

the result reentire farmefarmers.

he traditionaof the desirtercrop in eae treatments

t periods bad by the pigeghum which g of these c

as done 30 danting (DAP)ght of rice at in the experon of the tree respective was counted. block.

n the height o intervals o

ale

ng page 1

ere the one

the traditionused to asse treatments

This was toted centrally spectively inuring 4 m lonm with a 90°

ecorded. Thrs’ research

al and the mred crop to gach treatmes were record

sed on their eon peas andgerminated rops was do

days after pla) respectively30, 60, 90 animental plot,eatment andheights of th This exercis

and canopy of 90 and 12

16/73

meter

nal and ess the of the

o avoid of the

n every ng was angle,

is was block.

modern get the nt was ded.

types. d beni‐at 6 to one at

anting, y. A 50 nd 120 , 5 rice d their he rice se was

of the 0 days

afmdaev

Grrethspnuricprth

2.(L

Thfarefaco4 tre

2.

Wculitonon

Yieswgrprimfuesm

1.

Assessment of m

fter planting easure or 1 ata collectedvery farmer’s

rowth respoesponse of rihe centrally pecified centumbers recoce panicles oroduced panhe selection o

3.3.3. AssessCC)

he use of a srmers in all esponse of rirmers. Five olour readingfarmers witeatments to

3.3.4 Weeds

Weeds and Wultivated in dttle or no mon crop produn crop yields

eld reductiostimated to eeds in theirow after weroduction). Tmprove farmuture gains inssential to inost of the sm

Weed pre

Weed preestimatinenterpris

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


(DAP). In alm flat plasti

d for both hes plot in the

onse assessmice in terms located 250 ral zone of torded. Thereonly and resuicles at 120 dof the rice st

sment of nit

tandard leafthe treatmeice with respdifferent ricgs were recohin the sam avoid differ

s assessmen

Weeding aredifferent cropodern innovauction, espec and the am

ons in rice cabe from 44 r rice fields. eed control. There is consers’ weed con rice yield investigate thmall scale far

evalence and

evalence is tng the popue. This conc

ol Innovative Te



l the crops tic ruler in eaeight and widexperimenta

ment of rice of its tillers m2 portion he treatmenafter, the saults recordeddays after plands used w

trogen conte

f colour charents. The wapect to the ce stand leavorded (Figuree day. A sinences based

t and weedin

e key farminp cultivation ations have bcially with smount of labo

aused by uncto 96%, depWorldwide,These lossessiderable varontrol practn many counhe weed prerming popula

d population

he amount oulation denscept is signif

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



the height anach treatmendth of the inal block and

on tillers anand panicleof the treatnt. The tillersame countedd. The exerclanting. Rice was purely at

ent through

rt (LCC) was as done durinitrogen conves were obe 2.11). This ngle person dd on the varia

ing

ng aspects tecologies inbeen adaptemall scale farour intensity

controlled wpending on t, some 10% s can amounriation in yieices. Improvntries [Kwesevalence in tation is enga

density asse

of weeds preity that exisficant in any




nd width of nt at the centercrops weresults recor

nd their repr production tment. This s were physicd tillers werecise was carrstands affec random usin

the rice crop

carried out ding 60 days ntent in the bserved by twas done indid all the leations of diff

that have dn the world. Id to control rmers. This hinvolved in i

weed growthhe rice cultuloss of rice nt to 46 milleld loss to wved weed msi Ampong‐Nthis researchaged in Sierra

essment

esent in a pists in the fy crop produ

Environmental S



5 plants werntral 250 m2

re recorded.rded, (Figure

roductive poability, 20 rselection wacally countede observed aied out whected by pestsng normal st

p growth res

during the reafter plantinrespective tthe researchn all the 24 treaf colour referent individ

diverse effecn Africa andthe tremendhas thus had ts managem

throughouture. In practyield can beion tons (ba

weeds amonganagement Nyarko, Surajh, especially a Leone.

ece of cultivield of cropuction ventu

Sciences



re measured portion of t. The procese 2.10).

otentials: to rice stands was done at rd in each of and recounten the rice has were comptands among

sponse using

esearch in alng (DAP) to treatments oher in each treatments oeadings of tduals.

cts on the yd Sierra Leondous negativ tremendou

ment.

t a cropping tice, almost e attributed jased on 1987g countries. will contribujit K. De Daty in the upla

vated crop lap cultivated ure because

ale

ng page 1

d using a 50mthe treatmens was replica

assess the gwere selectedrandom withthe stands ated the tilleras fully tassepletely avoidegst the crops

g Leaf Colour

l the 4 plots assess the gof the plots treatment anf the 4 plotshe entire re

yields of all e in particulave effects of s negative im

season haveall farmers cjust to weed7 world rougThere is a nute significatta]. It is theand ecology

and. It is knoin an agricit has agro

17/73

m tape nt. The ated in

growth d from hin the nd the rs with eled or ed and s.

r Chart

of the growth of the nd the of the search

crops ar very weeds mpacts

e been control ds that gh rice eed to ntly to erefore where

own by ultural nomic,

2.

2.

Pepe[NreSiefa

Thtre

1.

Assessment of m

environmthe weedquadrateweed pre

The 1m2

experimeaverage n2.12).

The quadweeds prthat meawas doneresearch,the cropsafter wee

Weeding

Weeding the field.Science tprocess dreproducfarmers dhoes (Figtwo monother witthe crops

Labour inthe treatm

3.3.5 Pests i

ests are anotests of rice Nacro et al, esource poorerra Leone. rmers’ activi

his research eatments an

Insect pe

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


mental and ed prevalence method. In evalence befo

quadrate iental treatmenumber of w

drates Q1 toresent in thesured 2,500 e two mont there was os. This was toeding among

is the intent Weeding cechnology adone by thetion. It can did the weedure 2.12). Eaths after plathin the sams in the treat

ntensity assements of the

identification

ther big chalcan cause y1996; Ukwr farmers (RPThe processities during t

focuses on tnd what kind

sts observat

ol Innovative Te



conomic effe, the weedthis researcore and afte

s used in eent. The weweeds per m

o Q5 represe treatment m2 to get thths after sowonly one weo investigate gst the respe

tional removan be done nd economifarmer to palso be donding physicalach farm famanting. The fe period in Jment.

essment of we farmers tog

n and contro

llenge in croyield losses fungwu et aPF) of the ups of pest idethe productio

the qualitativof impacts t

ions

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



fects on the d populationch a one mer weeding in

every treatmeeds in eachmeter square

ented the 5was assessehe average nwing the croeeding done the weed pctive crop co

val of the unin diverse wic levels. It cprotect the ne through aly or manualmily used its family engagJuly. The we

weeding in thgether with t

ol

op productiofrom 10–100al, 1989]. Thpland ecologentification on season.

ve identificathese can ca




farmer invo density mueter square qn the respect

ment in the meter squae in all the r

5 quadrates ed. This was number of wops and oneduring the revalence beombinations

wanted planways by diffcan be a mecrops from appropriate lly with theirown labour ges each ploteds were pla

he respectivethe time take

n in Africa a0% in farmehis can be agy who formand control

ation of the duse in relatio

Environmental S



olved in thatust be calcuquadrate (1 ive treatmen

e centrally lare were courespective tr

spaces in thalso appliedeeds in those and half mperiod of thefore weedincalled treatm

nts that growferent farmechanical, chebeing dominagronomic pr hand and loof four to sixt and weedsaced in space

e treatmentsen to accom

nd Sierra Leers’ fields in a dramatic l majority of form a crit

different peson to their co

Sciences



t productionulated througm2) was usents in the res

located 250unted and rreatments as

he treatmend for the trase treatmentmonths aftehe entire repng and the wments in this

w within the ers based onemical, biolonated in terpractices. In ocal tools sucx people to s the treatmes there wer

s was also replish the tas

one in particsome Westloss to farmf the food prtical and cru

sts’ prevalenontrol and cr

ale

ng page 1

process. Togh the use ed to calculasearch block

0 m2 zone oecorded to s shown in (

nt from whiditional treats. The assesr weeding. production cyweed re‐emers case.

crops cultivan their agricogical and pms of growtthis researcch as cutlassremove the ents one aftre not occup

ecorded in ek.

cular. Majort African coumers especiaroduction seucial aspect

nce in the difrop yield rat

18/73

o know of the ate the k.

of the get an (Figure

ch the atment ssment In this ycle of rgence

ated in ultural hysical th and ch, the es and weeds ter the pied by

each of

insect untries lly the ctor in of the

fferent es.

2.

2.

Hath

Assessment of m

Insects arSierra Leoafter planon the croat differeinsects wobservation differe

Bird and r

Birds anddifferent

Birds: In observedchestnutsbirds andthe treatwere obseventual

Bird scarmaturity.by erectideployedballs (Figharvestinexperime

Rodents: These rosorghum,On the brodent pefrond rouhosting trodent perodents oinner cortcomplete

3.3.6 Yields

arvesting is ahe end of on

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


re one of theone. The pronting due toop plants. Thent times of were seen tions were ment crops in a

rodent pests

d rodents arestages of gro

the upland e were birdss weavers), d the red billements durinserved to havproducts of

ing was car It took 30 dng farm gard for the birdure 2.13). Tng. Two youental plots an

Amongst thdents were , during theirbid to protecests, a fenceund the expthe pests anests until haon the rice antex as food (e the fence w

assessment

a critical farmn‐farm activit

ol Innovative Te



e major pestominent effe the signs anhe identificatthe day. Theto be activade and no nall the treatm

s’ observatio

e macro pestowth and rep

ecology whes. The birds bush fowls, ed quelea (Fng the seedinve some desthese crops

ried out madays after tasrrets with hd scaring tashis activity luths were ind the days i

e rodents obobserved tor vegetative ct the rice ae was constrperimental bnd the crop arvesting of tnd sorghum Figure 2.15)

were recorde

and harvest

m operationties. It is a v

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ts are widespcts of insectnd symptomtion of insece identificative on the cnumerical daments in exp

on and contro

ts that inflictproduction.

ere this studyexisted in dguinea fow

Figure 2.13). ng (seed sowstructive effeat fruit bear

ainly after thsselling for thheight of absk stood to asted for oninvolved in t took for th

bserved durio be very astage by cutand sorghumructed with block; creatincultivated sthe crops wplants by cu. The numbeed.

ting of the cr

n in crop provery high de




pread in eves were main

ms of the damt pests was cion was doncrops in soata were colperimental pl

ol

t damage on

y was condudifferent spewls, pigeons, These were wing) and paects of eatinring stage.

he tassellinghe rice to maout 2 metesling the birne month i.ethe scaringe rice to mat

ing the reseactive in destting down thm crops whibush sticks,ng a temporsite. This m

was done. Houtting the sucer of men inv

rops

duction sincterminant th

Environmental S



ery crop ecolly observed mages and vcarried out ine in the mome of the lected. Diffelots (Figure 2

the crops cu

cted, prominecies such aAfrican collamongst thanicle bearinng the rice se

g or panicle ature for harrs above grds with stone. onto wheg exercise fture for harv

arch were thtroying the he stems andch were theropes, maturary barrier inimized theowever, destcculent vegevolved in this

e it represenhat surmoun

Sciences



ogy especiain the treatmvisible appean all the 6 diorning hours treatments

erent insect p2.14).

ultivated in a

nent amongas weavers (lared doves,e prominentng stages of eeds sown in

bearing perrvesting. Birdround level nes and or mn the rice bfor the twovesting it we

he cane rats, crops especd eating the e main cropure elephanbetween the destructivtruction wasetative stemss activity and

nts an imponts the quan

ale

ng page 1

lly in the uplments at 2 marances theyfferent treatwhen most . Only qualpests waged

all ecologies

st the macro(black heade, sparrows, t ones identithe rice. Alln the field a

riod of the d scaring wawhere the ymolded hardecame matuo hectares ore recorded

rats and Squcially the ricinternal softps attacked t straws andhe peripherae activities s inflicted bys and removid the time ta

rtant step tontity and qua

19/73

land in months y make tments of the litative attack

and at

o pests ed and bishop ified in l these nd the

rice to s done youths d earth ure for of the as 30.

uirrels. ce and t parts. by the d palm al bush of the y these ing the aken to

owards ality of

yiebeprpocafa

1.

Assessment of m

eld obtainede harvested,rocesses of tost harvest areful instrucr used durin

Crops yiea) Rice

The In emedcent(Figupolytthe eacquweigeachplastsqua

b) BeniThe after250mtied idenbunddaysallowplatefrom(Figu

The openplast

c) SorgSorgmatuharv

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


d in any crop, method, tothe yield untactivities. Inctions to theg the entire

ld assessmeyield assessrice yield asach treatmeium size knifrally locatedure 2.16). Eathene bag aeasy detachmuire a moistught of rice peh of the 4 fartic bags, 1 litare quadrate

‐seed yield abeni‐seed plr planting. Tm2 centre loctogether in tified centradles as 5 sams after harvew all the bened winnowem the 20 planure 2.17).

materials usn plastic or tic bags.

ghum yield asghum was mure panicles vesting was d

ol Innovative Te



p since it invoools used toil it reaches n this researfarmers so acultivation p

nt ment sessment waent, the matfe of about 2d 250m2 portach bundle nd placed unment of all thure content oer each metermers plot inter polythen.

assessmentlant was matThe beni‐seecation of eaa bundle anal portion omple spaces st. Each drieni‐seeds to far to avoid thnts bundle w

sed in harvemetal bowl,

ssessment matured in Dwere harvesdone by cutti

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



olves variouso harvest, hthe final conrch greater as to know tprocess.

as carried outure rice pa20‐30cm lontion of the tof the harvnder open she grains froof about 14%er square of tn the experimne bags, winn

tured in Noved yield wasch treatmennd taken to of the treatmwere separed bundle wall off their che beni‐seedwas then we

esting the be bush ropes

December, 3sted using kning only the




s parameterhandling of nsumer or thattention wthe yield or o

ut using the anicles wereg. This is repreatment tovested 1m2

hade; to be om the straw%. The driedthe treatmenmental blocknower, sprin

vember, 25ths assessed bnt with beni‐the farm homent, with ately dried u

was vigorouslcapsules. Thes from escapighed using

eni‐seeds wes, plastic she

0, 2013. It tnives that wepanicles from

Environmental S



s such as thethe harvestehe store or mas paid to toutput of the

quadrate me harvested peated five ti make 5 samrice paniclesthreshed aft

w. The threshd grains werent. This was k. The materng balance, id

h, 2013. It toby harvestin‐seed as inteouse. This weach 20 plaunder the suy shaken tilte seeds wereping into thea spring bala

ere a 30cm leets, spring b

took 212 toere used for m the entire

Sciences



e time a parted materialmarket is whthe harvestieir labour an

ethod in thein the 1m2

imes in 5 difmple spaces s was carefter three dahed rice was e then weighdone in all trials used wedentification

ook 180 to 1ng 20 beni‐sercrop. The

was repeatedants makingun in clean pting the bune then winnoe ground. Thance and th

long knife obalance, win

o 217 days athe harvestcrop stand.

ale

ng page 2

ticular crop s etc. The fat is referredng operationd the resour

e mature ricequadrate u

fferent spotsin each treafully placed ys. This is todried for 3 dhed to acquhe 6 treatmeere the knifen tags and a

183 days to mseed plants 20 plants wd 5 times frog a bundle. plastic sheetndle downwaowed with a e winnowede weight rec

r small cutlannower and

after plantining of the ric

20/73

should further d to as n with rces so

e field. using a s in the atment into a o allow days to ire the ents of e, fiber meter

mature in the

were all om the The 5 s for 6 ards to neatly

d seeds corded

ass, an 1 liter

g. The ce. The

2.

Assessment of m

In asmod(2,50harvsorgeachprocusingpestwinnthe w

Matesprin

d) PigeoPigeoplanalmosplit planthe eTo arepecentplanharvand sampwinnrepebalaweig

Harvestina) Harv

HarvLeonjoy asettlmemyearfamiwhile

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ssessing thedern plot (5000 m2) plot vested and tiehum each ch separatelycessing. The g a mortar ale. With thnowing. The weights reco

erials used ing balance an

on peas asseon peas mating. Like soost dry in theopen throut. The farmeentire plant iassess the yeated 5 timesral portion ots were collvested pods wrelease the ple were genower was ueated for evence, the cleghed and res

ng and procevesting of ricvesting of ricne. Culturallyand happineements. In fmbers for ev. Simply putly member e (1‐2 mont

ol Innovative Te



yield of so00 m2). The were identied to make aontaining 5 y placed in sorghum graand pestle. Ee use of a grains, whicorded (Figure

n the procend plastic bo

essment atured in theorghum, thee field. Howegh a naturaers used a biinto this bowield rate of s to make 5 of the treatmected and pwere furtherseeds out.

ently poundeused to sepaery sample teaned seedsults recorde

ssing of ricee e is an impoy, it is the seess. It reunfact harvestivery croppingt, it is a seasand the entths) and the

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



orghum, 5 sosame numbified and haa bundle. Thstands of ta plastic coains were coEvery 5 standwinnower

h have alreae 2.18).

ss included owls.

e January, 1e crop is haever, over drl explosive mig and open wl and pulledpigeon peasamples for ment to avoplaced in a pr dried for thWith the used to allow arate the pigto obtain cles of every sd (Figure 2.1

ortant stage eason and faifies lots ofng is observg season aftson of excitetire communwhole villag




orghum stanber of standarvested. In is was repeahe plants inontainer anmpletely sepds sample wall the chady dried in t

knives, mort

15th, 2014. arvested wherying in the fmechanism; metal or pla

d out all the fas, 5 plants each treatmid borderlineplastic contahree days to se of a wooall the see

geon pea seean seeds nesample (Sam19).

of the post parming activif families anved to be a ster a tediousement and jnity. This perge commun

Environmental S



nds were has in the ceneach treatmated 5 times every treatd taken to parated fromas placed in affs were sehe field, wer

tar, pestle, w

It took 230 en the podsield was totaa means of astic bowl tofruits from thwere select

ment. Again te effects. Thainer for furtensure everoden mortards to be reeds from theeded to be mples: 1, 2,

planting phaty that is obnd relations sign of peaces and hard woy since theriod will howity is seen t

Sciences



arvested in tntral portionment, 5 sorgto make 5 dtment. The tthe farm

m the strawsa mortar aneparated frore weighed i

winnower, 5

to 245 days are compally avoided f natural seeo harvest thhe numerouted as 1 samthe plants whe pods of erther processry pod was dr and pestle emoved fromhe rest of thweighed. W3, 4 and 5

se of farm observed to bbetween a

e and rewardwork for theere is enougwever last foo return to

ale

ng page 2

the 250 m2

of the tradghum standsifferent buntied bundleshouse for fs of the panicnd pounded om the gran each samp

500ml plastic

ys to matureletely matursince the poed dispersal e pods by bes branches.mple and there selectedevery 5 pigeosing at homry enough tothe pods o

m the pods he chaffs. ThWith use of a ) were sepa

operations inring a lot of and amongstd for all the e whole seagh to eat foror only for athe usual st

21/73

in the ditional s were dles of s were further cles by with a ins by ple and

c bags,

e after re and ods can by the ending

is was in the on pea e. The o open of each and a

his was spring arately

Sierra family t rural family son or r every a short tate of

Assessment of m

foodpeop

HarvcertacolleconsserieTheyeithe

In thpartirice matuof ricfield

The that holdthe smak

The dryin

In alby threfercontof th

In thof lobecaactiv

The singlthere(Figu

b) ThreThrewho

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


d inadequacyple.

vesting is thain period ofection of thesumption, saes of other py vary from oer the farme

his research, icipated in this fully driedure and ripe ce at just the by the man

harvesting inwere abouing the rice straws just be rice bundle

dried rice bung, saving it f

l of these acthe farmers drred to as fitrol these loshe farmers’ t

his research tosing high quame aware, vities were to

fairly dried ble pile. This re will be enure 20.20).

eshing of riceeshing is don physically s

ol Innovative Te



y (hunger) w

e physical cf investmenteir farm proale and or stpost harvestone crop to r or another

rice harvest he field wor in the field,with a seed e ripe or matual human h

n the treatmt 25 to 30cstems at a cbelow the paes which wer

undles werefrom field pe

tivities thereue to the moeld post‐harsses, hence total yield in

the attentionuantities of thence were

o be treated

bundles werrice pile is alough labour

e ne by using lswindle thes

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



which makes

collection oft into the venoduce at maorage purpot processes another basr end user.

is a major fak. Unlike the, traditional o moisture coture stage isharvesting.

ments was docm long. Theconvenient hanicles. The cre left in the

e then collecests and for e

e are a lot ofovements ofrvest losses. they form adany product

n of the farmthe rice yielde conscious during and a

re collected lowed againr to do the

long woodense sticks on




s life unbear

f the yield onture. With taturity periooses. Harvestto accomplised on the d

arm operatioe mechanicaor manual hontent of abos to avoid the

one traditione rice panicheight abovecut rice strawe field for thr

ted by the feasy access w

f losses of thef the rice froThere is vedditional maion season.

mers was drad per hectarabout how

after harvest

and taken ton to stay therthreshing of

n sticks obtathe piled ri

Environmental S



rable and su

of an agricuthe traditiond for furtheting of any csh the objecdesired need

on that was cl harvesting arvesting is dout 40% (Fige grains from

nally or manules were coe the groundws with the ee to 5 days

armers and when thresh

e rice grains m one positiry little or njor factors r

awn to thesere of their law the rice hting in their p

o a site prepre for a weef the rice bu

ained from tce bundles

Sciences



ubsistent, es

ultural farminal small scaer processingcrop is seen ctives of prod of that cro

carried out bwhich is cardone when tgure 2.20). Thm being imm

ually throughollected by td that could panicles wes to dry.

put in a singhing is to be c

been experiion to the otnothing the responsible f

e factors to aabour. This mharvests andplots.

pared withink or more dundles in the

he bush by in a circle r

ale

ng page 2

specially for

ng activity ale farmers, itg for either to be followoducing thatp and its uti

by the farmerried out whthe rice is juhe early harvmensely shed

h the use of the harvesteallow them re tied toget

gle pile for fcarried out.

ienced in thether. This is wfarmers canfor the low r

avert the incmade every fd the post‐h

n the plots pepending one pile as sho

strong younound the ric

22/73

young

after a t is the direct

wed by t crop. ility by

rs that en the st fully vesting in the

knives ers; by to cut ther to

further

e fields what is do to returns

idence farmer harvest

ut in a n when own in

g men ce pile

2.

2.

This

Assessment of m

(Figugrouthe pthe s

c) WinnWinnthe pprocsepawinnTheytreesseparice and the cthe csack

Howthresadeqfungavailthat Chinpoormostecolothe fprobchemsecuwithreseecolofor g

4 Results an

4.1. Pre‐plan

he results obbeing invest

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ure 2.20). In und where thprocess. Thespot) or carrnowing and nowing is anproduction ccessing for earation of thnower. This y use a devics. It is a circarated from in the devicstraws) mixecentre (Figurcorrect moiss or fiber pla

wever, some shing in tradquate fire usgus attack orlability of stoare importea, India etc.r environment of the activogy safe andfood securitblems for thmicals such rity situation the introduarch and extogically friengenerations y

nd discussion

nting phase

btained fromtigated.

ol Innovative Te



some cases,he rice bund threshed ricied to the vildrying of ricenother imporcycle of rice. eating or fohe rice graioperation, lie called winular device tthe chaff ore. This created with the re 2.21). Theture contentastic bags an

upland farmditional rice bsing fire woor easy insectorage facilitied together In all thesental facilitiesvities withoud friendly buty in the couhe growing as pesticiden in the couction of modtension of rendly environmyet unborn.

ns

this researc

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



, for exampledles were place was sepallage by the fe rtant post‐haThe winnowr sale as huns from theike many otnower whichthat can holr straws by ctes an air prrice to fly oe winnowed t of about 14d stored in d

mers keep thbarn. The ricod to allow t pests attacies in the cowith the cle

e processes ts available tout chemicalsut the indiscuntry which population

es might creuntry. This cadern agronoesearch resulment to enh

ch are both q




e in this reseaced to minirated from tfarmer to be

arvest operawed rice can usk rice or e chaffs or her farm oph is made oud about 6 kgcreating an oessure that out of the wirice was dri4% for storagdry places ins

heir rice togce should bethe rice panck on the grountry, especeaned rice fthere are treo farmers an. Although tcriminate prmight prec

n. Thereforeate a vast pan be even momic skills tots to increashance the co

qualitative a

Environmental S



earch, a tarpmize the wahe straws ane winnowed.

ation that sigbe used in dstored for fstraws. It i

perations is mut of canes frg of rice, deposcillatory upmakes the linnower, leaed again forge. The driedside the hou

gether with e dried by henicles to dry rains. This iscially with thfrom the Weemendous lod the traditihis may haveoliferation oipitate econe, the minimpositive diffemore feasibl the farmersse the yield pntinuation o

nd quantitat

Sciences



paulin sheet astage of thend winnowe

gnifies the fiiverse ways future use. is done mamainly carrierom either rapending on p and downighter weighaving the hear at least thrd rice grains se.

the harvesteating it throto a point ts rarely donhe advent ofest or Asian osses of the onal methode an advantaof pests migomic, socialmum use oerence in imle and effects through fieper farm famof the food p

tive based o

ale

ng page 2

was spread e rice grains d either in‐s

nal field actisuch as for fWinnowing nually by ued out by waffia palms oits size. The movement ht materials avier rice graee days to aare placed i

ed straws wough the setthat will note now due f fiber plasticountries srice grains dd used to carage of keepiht militate a and physioof machinermproving thetive if it is coeld‐based scimily and creatproduction p

n what aspe

23/73

on the during itu (on

ivity in further is the

using a women. or palm rice is of the (chaffs ains at acquire n jute,

without ting of t allow to the ic bags uch as due to rry out ng the against ological ry and e food oupled ientific ting an process

ct that

1.

2.

ThrestlaamreIncoThcoThopThto

2.

1.

Assessment of m

CommunThe commof this wcommunicompletioprocessinFrom theresearchenecessaryof commuand the r

ResearchThe reseresearchemeasuredduring thone hectfarmers uThe initiaThis lay‐othat was inapproplay‐out as

he data anaegarding all treamlined inbour, key issmount paid esearch work terms of monsumed wehe total cosonsumables ahe work capperation per he entire prootal income.

4.1.1 Mecha

PloughingThe use oin enablin

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ity sensitisatmunity sens

work. It formity and the on and achieng by both the meetings her while they for the enhunication stresearcher. site identificearch site wer. The size d together we exercise. Tare (100 x 1using tape ml experimentout was howengaged thriate equipms shown in (F

lysis of this he field activnto three catsues such as in hours wek such as seemachinery, thre calculatedst of each oand machinepacity of evearea per dayoduction pro

anical soil til

g of tractor in ng the soil to

ol Innovative Te



tion and mobitization anded the solidspecific parevement of the researcheheld there w researcher hancement orategy was d

cation and sewas identifieof the plotswith the farmThey (the far100 m) in theasure and ptal plots werever changehat could noment. The alrFigure 2.5) w

research wvities in the etegories, nathe numberere considerds and equiphe cost of thd. operation wery. ery operatioy. ocess was an

llage in mod

soil tillage ino become su

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



bilisation d mobilizatiod basis for thrticipants ofthe entire rer and farmerwas the selealso links uof the researesigned and

election ed by both s intended tomers side byrmers) were e field as thpegs. re laid as shoed during theot perform tready first pwith the use o

as done usientire crop pmely: labourr of people inred. With repment were he use of th

was obtained

on was also

nalyzed by ob

dern method

nvolves lots ouitable for sa




on has beinghe enhancemf the researesearch, ranrs. ction of farmup with the rch work thr used by bot

the farmero be cultivaty side learninable to knowhey participa

own in the fire ploughing othe task weploughed ploof another tr

ng the comproduction pr, consumabnvolved in thespect to cocalculated. e machine (

d by summ

calculated t

btaining the

d plots

of parameteatisfactory c

Environmental S



a fundamenment of propch work thaging from si

mers’ leaderfarmers throroughout theth the farme

rs participatted by the fng the use ow roughly thted in meas

rst part of thoperations dll as a resulot was changractor of the

plex systemprocesses webles and mache activity (ieonsumables,

(rent), the m

ing up the

to show the

difference b

rs that will nrop perform

Sciences



ntal aspect fper planningat has lead ite selection

r who commough him foe research pers participat

ting in the farmers for tof the 50 mehe size of a hsuring all the

he (Figure 2.5due to a probt of its low ged which re model FIAT

m in which vere used. Thechinery. For es), number oall the mat

machine ope

three para

e quantitativ

between the

necessitate itmance. Such f

ale

ng page 2

for the compg with the gto the succ to harvestin

municates wior any informeriod. A cleating in the re

research anthe researcheter tape mealf (50 x 100e plots of th

5). blem of the thorse powe

esulted to th780.

arious parame parameterthe componof hours speterials used

erator and th

meters of l

ve effects o

total cost a

ts accomplisfactors range

24/73

pletion general cessful ng and

ith the mation ar flow search

nd the h were easure 0 m) or he four

tractor er and he new

meters s were nent of ent and in the

he fuel

abour,

f each

nd the

hment e from

2.

Assessment of m

the powconsumpResults ofThe work

ploughing1) while in

168 hha‐

This showMethod. On the e1,419,580The averoutput wThe timeimplies it The averploughingThe widthIt was obof fuel coexperimedexterity (Figure 2.

Harrowina) First

The t

The 2.96

The fimpland

The reco

b) Seco

The

The reco

The

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


wer of the tion and timf this experimking time fo

g and harrow

n the Traditi‐1 for manuaws that the

economic as0 Le.ha‐1 (Figage work caas recorded taken to cotook 7.6 h.hage speed og of 0.25 ha wh and depth bserved fromonsumed, thental plots asof the trac.22). ng harrowing

total cost of

average wo83 ha.day‐1.

fuel consumies the total2.8 h.ha‐1.

depth and wrded to be 5

ond harrowin

data shows t

average worded to be 4

average wid

ol Innovative Te



machine, soe. ment show:or seed‐land

wing (1st and

ional Metho

l hoeing (C =re was appr

spect of theure 2.23). apacity of thto be 1.1538omplete the ha‐1 was usedof the machwas 10.3 dmof plough w

m the data thhe speed of ts a result of fctor operato

the first har

ork capacity

ption to coml fuel consum

width of harro5.1 km.h‐1 (Fig

ng

that the tota

rk capacity o4.5956 ha.day

th and depth

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



oil conditio

d preparatio

d 2nd harrowi

d‐ it took 12

= 0.006 hah‐1

roximately 8

e mechanica

he machine 8 ha.day‐1. ploughing od. hine was 2.4m3; this implieere recordedhat there wethe tractor afactors suchr, the topog

rrowing was

of the mac

mplete the 0mption and

ow were 18 gure 2.22).

al cost of the

of the machy‐1.

h of harrow w




n, topograp

n (land clea

ing) took 49

28 hha‐1 to d1). 88% of time

al ploughing

was 0.13 h

of 0.25 hect

4 km.h‐1 whies 40.2 dm3.hd to be 113.0re some varand the time as the soil cgraphy of th

recorded as

hine was 0.3

.25ha was 3.time taken t

and 230 cm

e second harr

hine was 0.5

were 230 an

Environmental S



phy of the

ring and so

hha‐1 (i.e. ado the land

e saved by

g, the avera

ha.h‐1 (Table

tare was rec

le the fuel cha‐1 of fuel w0 and 31.9 cmiations in thee taken to ccondition (tehe land and

506,640 Le.h

37ha.h‐1 whi

.0 dm3, whileto complete

respectively

rowing was 3

57 ha.h‐1 whi

d 11.5cm re

Sciences



land, tract

oil tillage), in

a work capac

clearing (C =

the farmers

age cost wa

2.4) while

corded to be

consumptionwas used. m respectivee depth of pcomplete theexture and wthe natura

ha‐1 (Figure 2

ile the total

e the time tae the hectare

y, while the a

316,700 Le.h

ilst the total

spectively.

ale

ng page 2

tor operator

n Modern M

city C = 1.078

= 0.008 hah

s through M

as recorded

the average

e 1.9 hours;

n to comple

ely. ploughing, que exercise inwater capacitl vegetation

2.23).

work outpu

aken was 0.7e were 12 dm

average spee

ha‐1 (Figure 2.

l work outpu

25/73

r, fuel

Method

8 hah‐

‐1) and

Modern

to be

e work

which

ete the

uantity n the 4 ty), the cover

ut was

7h. This m3.ha‐1

ed was

.23).

ut was

2.

Inpi

Th

Th

Th

2.

2.

In

Sixtim

It pl

2.

Insous

An

Th

Inin

Assessment of m

The dm3,

This the h

It cafuel and

The 1st aeven

Therleast

4.1.2 Traditi

the traditioece of one h

he total cost

he data show

his means th

4.2 Planting

4.2.1 Traditi

this exercise

x people weme involved

can be obseoughing (Le

4.2.2 Moder

the modernowing in the sed to accom

n average of

he work capa

terms of se the modern

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


fuel consum, 6.2 km.h‐1 a

implies the hectare were

n be observeconsumptiosecond harro

work capacind 2nd harrontually affect

re was more t in 2nd (8 dm

ional metho

onal land cleahectare 4 peo

of such activ

ws that the w

e total outpu

g phase

ional random

e some cons

ere engagedwas 42 h.ha‐

erved that m438,386) wa

rn method of

n method of 0.25 ha usin

mplish the mo

1,165, 640 L

acity was (0.0

eed application (1,165,640

ol Innovative Te



mption, speedand 0.4 hours

total fuel coe 8 dm3.ha‐1 a

ed from the n, speed andowing in the

ty of the mawing (0.37 ated the spee

fuel consumm3.ha‐1) harro

d of land pre

aring exercisople were en

vity was 240,

work capacity

ut of the peo

m seed broad

umables we

to accompl‐1, while the

more labour aas more expe

f manual row

seed plantinng an averageodern metho

Le.ha‐1 was u

01 ha.h‐1) for

on in the traLe.ha‐1) and

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



d and time tas respectivel

onsumption and 1.6 h.ha

data that thd time takene land prepar

achine was land 0.57) resd and fuel co

med in plougowing.

eparation in

se there werngaged and t

,000 Le.ha‐1(

y of the labo

ople involved

dcasting and

ere used such

lish the seedtotal cost w

and time weensive than l

w planting o

ng 6 people e of 48 hourod of row pla

used to accom

r this exercis

aditional and(192 h.ha‐1)




aken to comly.

and time ta‐1.

here are varin to accompration of the

lowest in plospectively, duonsumption

ghing (40.2 d

n the plots (b

re no consumthey spent 12

Table 2.2).

ur involved i

d in this task

d ploughing

h as the rice

d applicationas 438,386 L

ere spent in pand clearing

of seed rice a

were involvers to completanting per he

mplish the p

se.

d modern methan in the

Environmental S



mplete the ha

ken to comp

ations in thelish the tillagexperiment

oughing (0.1ue to the conof the mach

m3.ha‐1) mor

brushing/slas

mables and m28 hours in t

n this exerci

will be 0.064

(mix croppin

and mix crop

n exercise pLe.ha‐1.

ploughing thg (Le 240,000

and the inter

ed in the actte the exercectare (Table

lanting task (

ethods, mortraditional (4

Sciences



arrowing of t

plete the se

e cost of tillage activities .

4 ha.h‐1) whnditions exphine (Figure 2

re than in 1s

sh and burn

machinery inthe exercise.

ise was 0.008

4 ha.day‐1.

ng) in the pl

p seeds.

per hectare.

han in land c0).

rcrops

tivity of rice ise. This impe 2.10).

(Table 2.10).

re cost and t438,386 Le.h

ale

ng page 2

the 0.25 ha w

cond harrow

age, work caof ploughin

en comparepressed abov2.22).

st (12 dm3.ha

method)

nvolved. To c

8 ha.h‐1(Tabl

lots

The average

clearing. Even

and the inteplies 192 h.ha

.

ime were inha‐1) and (42

26/73

were 2

wing of

pacity, g, first

ed with ve. This

‐1) and

clear a

e 2.2).

e total

ntually

ercrops a‐1 was

volved h.ha‐1)

mtra

2.

2.

Ri

1.

Assessment of m

ethod. This aditional.

4.3 Post plan

4.3.1 Seed r

ce seed rate

Rice seed

The rice

plantsm‐

Method w

This imptraditiona

The reasothe traditthe modebirds, rats

a) Rice The plotsAn aplot treatseed

It cato plkg.ha

The treat

b) Rice

Accodiffe

The highkg.ha

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


implies see

nting phase

rate and crop

e, germinatio

d rate and po

plant popul

‐2; the seed

with a popul

lies there ial (Figure 2.2

ons might betional; (ii) beern than the s, crickets, e

seed rates. data shows vs of the expeaverage of 6while an atment with pd rate was hig

n be observelant into thea‐1) and the a

table showstments of th

germination

ording to therent rates of

data shows er average a‐1.

ol Innovative Te



ed planting

p population

on ability and

opulation den

lation densi

rate in this

ation density

s better se24).

e due to (i) better water atraditional mtc in the mo

varying quaneriment. 0 kg.ha‐1 of average of pure rice (Mghest with 9

ed from these treatment waverage of th

s the seed e experimen

n ability and

e rice popuf rice seed ge

different ricrice seed ra

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



in the mo

n density

d population

nsity

ity was obse

s treatment

y of 150 plan

eed germina

better seed pand temperamethod anddern method

ntities of see

seed rice wa55 kg.ha‐1 w

MTRR). The d0 kg.ha‐1 (Fig

se data that with only riche modern t

rice rates ant (Table 2.5)

population d

ulation densermination i

ce plant popate of 60 kg




dern metho

density

erved to be

was 55 kghntsm‐2 but 6

ation capac

placement inature contac(iii) better pd than the tr

ed rice sown

as sown intowas used inata further gure 2.24).

the highest ce (MTRR) wreatments (M

nd the resp).

density in the

ity per metn the treatm

pulation in tg.ha‐1 than th

Environmental S



od is more

higher in th

ha‐1 when c

60 kgha‐1;

ity with the

nto the soil ict to stimulatprotection ofraditional.

into the trad

o the hectarn the modeshows that i

quantity of hilst the tradMT_Ave) (55

pective costs

e treatments

er square itments.

he traditionhe modern t

Sciences



labour inte

he Modern

compared w

e Modern

in the modete germinatf the seeds f

ditional and

re of the traern treatmein the pure

seed rice (90ditional trea5 kg.ha‐1).

s per hectar

s

t can be se

al treatmentreatments

ale

ng page 2

nsive than

Method wit

ith the Trad

Method tha

rn method tion in the sefrom pests, s

modern trea

ditional treants excludinrice treatme

0 kg.ha‐1) watment (TT) g

re in the dif

en that the

t (TT) which(MT_Ave) w

27/73

in the

th 178

ditional

an the

than in eeds in such as

atment

atment ng the ent the

as used got (60

fferent

ere are

h has a with 55

2.

Hodespinin

Th

Thfo

Wapth

Bala

Ondicoon

Itso

Inus

Assessment of m

Thera low150

Intercropa) Inter

Unlikeachin thsorgwith0.39quanbeniTable

b) InterThe experand

owever, witetermine thepacing of eactercrop in thtercrops we

his makes it e

he results shollowed by be

With the indpplication, thhe modern th

ased on thesrgely depend

ne of the profferent seedommunity stne of the rea

t was also dowing; this co

terms of thsed hence m

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


re is higher rwer seed ratplants.m‐2 w

p seed rate, grcrop seed rake rice whichh other in tehe traditionahum were 0 only each o kg.ha‐1 respntity of seed‐seeds and se 2.6).

rcrops germigerminationeriment espedom and plou

th the introe number of ch intercrop whe respectivere introduce

easy to estab

how an oveeni‐seeds wi

dividual treahe data showhan the tradi

se germinatident on the g

oblems idends have diffeored their inasons for the

etected thatould also be

e duration oight not be t

ol Innovative Te



ice populatiote of 55 kg.hith a higher s

germination ates in the dh was of therms of weighal treatment 0.91 kg, 0.07of these 3 intectively. In td rate was asorghum we

ination abilitn percentageecially in thughed into th

duction of stands of thwas 1m2, it we treatmentsed there were

blish the per

erall averageth 22% and 2

atments of ws that the gitional metho

on percentagermination

tified was thrent storagentercrop see poor germin

t the farmeranother fact

of seed storathe problem

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



on density ina‐1 than in tseed rate of

ability and pifferent treae same varietht, physiologthe average

7 kg and 0.11tercrops in tthe modern tlmost the saere 0.64 kg,

ty and popule of intercrohe traditionahe soil.

a definite she intercropwas easy to es with only oe 3,333 stan

rcentage germ

e of 37% ge21% for sorg

both the tgermination od (Figure 2.

ges it can be percentage

he poor seede conditions eds in much nation of the

rs did not vator that migh

age, they conof poor germ




n the modernhe traditiona60 kg.ha‐1.

population detments. ty and qualitgical and moe mix crop s1 kg.ha‐1 resthe treatmentreatment wame as in th0.08 kg and

ation densityops has beeal method w

spacing in ts in each treestablish thaone intercropds of each in

mination rat

ermination oghum.

raditional apercentage o.25).

e seen that tof the seeds

d managemein other to mthe same wese intercrop

ary the planht have affec

nfessed thatmination if th

Environmental S



n treatmentsal treatment

ensity

ty, the 3 inteorphological seed rates ofpectively. Wnt the seed rwhere all the he traditiona0.13 kg.ha‐1

y. en very diffiwhere the s

he modern eatment. In tat a hectare cp. In the modntercrop in th

e in the trea

of pigeon pe

nd modernof all the int

the intercrops (Figure 2.25

nt by the farmaintain the

way like they ps seeds in th

nting depths cted the germ

the previouhe above con

Sciences



s with 178 plts with a pop

ercrops werefeatures. Thf pigeon pea

While in the mrates were 13 intercrops

al treatment.1 respectivel

icult to deteseeds were

treatmentsthe modern contains 10,dern treatmehe treatmen

atments.

eas being th

n methods otercrop seed

ps populatio5).

rmers in theeir viability, tdid for the he treatmen

of the diffemination.

us year’s harnditions wer

ale

ng page 2

lants.m‐2 whipulation den

e all differenhe data showas, beni‐seedmodern trea1.9 kg, 0.25 s were applie. The pigeony (Figure 2.2

ermine durinjust scatte

s it was easmethod, sin000 stands oent where alt.

he highest, c

of intercrops is much be

on densities w

e communitythe farmers rice. This cots.

erent seeds

vested seedsre satisfied.

28/73

ich has nsity of

nt from ws that ds and atment kg and ed, the n peas, 25 and

ng the red at

sier to nce the of each ll the 3

closely

p seed etter in

will be

y. Since in this

ould be

during

s were

2.

Thth10Thwtre1.

2.

Assessment of m

4.3.2 Crops g

he growth pehe Traditiona08 cm in Modhe tillering aith an averaeatment the Vertical h

The dataexperime

The rice g(Figure 2.with (107

The growthe pigeo

On the avwas seen(108 cm)during th

The growin the diff

The resulrate (38 cafter plan

In the trewithin thsecond m

This was intercrop

Tillering a

The tillerthe total (NPBT).

The data It furtherproductio

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


growth resp

erformance al. The averadern and Traand panicle age of 5 or 6ere was averaheight growt

a analysis sents.

growth in te.26), whilst t7 cm) during

wth rate of rion peas, whil

verage, the g to be the be, while the e same life c

wth of rice taferent treatm

lts of the grocm) in 30 danting whilst i

eatment intee period (90

month after p

also true wps (MTTC), th

and panicle b

ing capacity number of t

shows that tr shows thaon of 4 rice p

ol Innovative Te



ponse assessm

of rice was bge height (maditional Mebearing of t6 tillers per age of 5 stanh response o

hows some

erms of heigthe least groits life cycle

ce intercrope the rice wi

growth rate e better whemodern trecycle of the c

kes place at ments.

owth responys in the tret experience

rcropped wi0‐120 days)planting.

with the treae pure rice (

bearing asses

of the rice tillers (TOT),

the rice variet not all thepanicle per st

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ment

better in termeasured 12thod, respecthe rice stanstand with

nds with 2 wiof rice

growth res

ght is highestwth is obtainof 158 days.

pped with soith the beni‐

of rice in then comparedatment withcrop.

different pe

nse of rice seatment inteed the minim

ith beni‐seedafter plantin

atments wit(MTRR) and t

ssment of ric

variety usedthe panicle

ety used hase tillers aretand in all th




ms of height0 days after ctively (Figurds was also a tiller withithout rice p

sponses of

t (122 cm) inned from the.

rghum (117 seeds closely

e modern md with the grh purely rice

eriods during

how that thrcropped wi

mum growth

ds (MTRB), tng whilst it

th sorghum the tradition

ce

d in the expebearing tille

s an average capable of he treatment

Environmental S



t and tillers iplanting) wa

re 2.26). seen to be

hout rice pananicles (Figu

rice in the

n the treatme modern tre

cm) was obsy followed.

method treatowth rate ine showed th

the 158 day

e rice respoth pigeon perate at the s

he rice growattained the

(MTTRS), thnal treatment

eriment was rs (PBT) and

tillering capproducing

ts.

Sciences



in the Modeas recorded

better in thenicle, whilst ure 2.27).

different t

ment with pieatment wit

served to be

tment (MT_An the traditiohe least grow

ys of its life c

onded with teas (MTRP) asecond mont

wth rate was e least grow

he total comt (TT) (Figure

s assessed usthe non‐pan

acity of 5 to panicles. Th

ale

ng page 2

rn Method tto be: 116 c

e Modern Min the Trad

treatments

geon peas (h rice only (

e second to t

Ave) with (11onal treatmewth rate (10

cycle after pl

he highest gat the third th (24 cm).

highest in 3wth rate duri

mbination of e 2.26).

sing 3 paramnicle bearing

6 tillers per here is an av

29/73

than in cm and

Method ditional

of the

MTRP) MTRR)

that of

16 cm) nt (TT) 07 cm)

lanting

growth month

30 days ng the

f the 3

meters; g tillers

stand. verage

3.

Assessment of m

In all the not prodpanicles (

The figurepanicles a

Growth r

The grow2 parame

This was

The (Figupigeon pe

At 120 daand cano

The figurcm respe

In the moseed plan

The pigeobeni‐seed

In spite oof this ca

It is evidetheir effe

The canoshade onlaterally canopy o

Comparintreatmencm) is greone of th

In the trecm) are n

With the and 58 cm

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


modern treuce rice pan(Figure 2.27)

e shows thatand 1 withou

esponse of i

wth responseeters; the he

done at two

ure 2.26) shoeas (MTRP) i

ays after planpy spread of

e further revctively.

odern treatmnts at 120 da

on had the hds plants (Fig

of the pigeonnopy was ob

ent that the ects on the ri

py of pigeonn its undernoriented leaf beni‐seed i

ng the heighnts, it is evideatest and coe reasons w

eatment withnot much diff

sorghum asm) when com

ol Innovative Te



atments (MTnicle while i.

t an averageut in the mod

ntercrops

of the 3 inteight and can

strategic int

ows that thes highest tha

nting, the mf pigeon pea

vealed the h

ment of rice ys after plan

ighest heighgure 2.28).

pea plants hbserved to ha

canopy shapce growth co

n pea crop hneath, while aves that cas fairly conic

t of rice andently shownovers the hehy there was

h beni‐seed ferent from t

s intercrop, ampared with

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



TRR, MTRP, in the tradit

e of 5 tillers wdern treatme

ercrops (pigeopy of the c

tervals of 90

e vertical groan in the trad

odern treatms are 180 an

height and ca

and beni‐senting (DAP) w

ht and most s

having the have some ad

pe of the 3 iould also be

has an umbre the canopyan allow adcal (Figure 2.

d the height n that the heeight of the rs less rice yie

as intercropthat of the r

although theh the height




MTRB, MTRStional treatm

were obtainent of rice in

eon peas, berops.

and 120 day

owth responditional and

ment of rice d 71 cm resp

anopy sprea

ed (MTRB), twas 127 and

spread cano

ighest heighdverse effect

ntercrops indifferent.

ella shape wy of sorghuequate sunl.29 b), thus c

of the 3 inteight and carice (122 cmeld rate in th

p, the heightice (112 cm)

e height andof rice (117

Environmental S



S, MTTC) thement (TT), th

ed per rice stercropped w

eni‐seeds and

ys after plant

se of rice inthe other mo

and pigeon pectively.

d of sorghum

the height a42 cm respe

py, followed

t and most ss of the grow

n the experim

with thick florm, being a ight penetracasting very s

ercrops andnopy of the ) completelyis treatment

t and canopy.

d canopy of t7 cm), the la

Sciences



ere is at leashere are 2 t

stand of whiwith pigeon

d sorghum) w

ting (DAP).

n height in todern treatm

peas (MTRP

m at 120 day

nd canopy sectively.

d by sorghum

spread canowth of rice.

ment were d

ral leaves, camonocotyleation on itssmall shade

d their canoppigeon pea y (Figure 2.2t (Figure 2.34

y of the inte

the intercroteral orienta

ale

ng page 3

st 1 tiller thatillers witho

ch 4 producepeas.

was assessed

he treatmenments with r

) shows the

ys was 159 a

spread of the

m and the lea

py, the orien

different, the

asting tremeedonous plas underneaton its under

pies in the mplant (180 a9 a). This co4).

ercrop (127 a

p are greateation of the

30/73

at does ut rice

ed rice

d using

nt with ice.

height

and 59

e beni‐

ast was

ntation

erefore

endous nt has h. The neath.

modern and 71 ould be

and 42

er (159 leaves

2.

Thth

Thcy4. otav

2.

ThwreM

Thw

Inw

Thtre

Ho2.

It pratsu

Intre

An15

Thcogr

Pe

Assessment of m

allows mgrowth.

4.3.3 Assess

he nitrogen ahe average re

hese numberycle. The high This impliesthers, whilst vailable for t

4.3.4 Weeds

he weed popeeds.m‐2 whesources (timMethod.

he average peeds.m‐2 and

the moderneeding and 5

his shows theatments.

owever, the 30).

is also evidrevalence ofttributed to uppressing w

relation toeatments th

n average o50,000Le.ha‐

he most comoinyzoides (grass), Pennise

est identifica

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ore sunlight

sment of nitr

availability iesults indicat

rs on the tabhest numbers there was mthe treatmehe use of the

s and weed p

pulation denhile in the Tme and energ

population dd 64 weeds.m

n treatment 53 weeds.m‐2

hat the weed

level of wee

dent that thf 21 weeds.mthe ability

weeds (Figure

o the cost oan the mode

of 240,000 L‐1 was used in

mmon weedsgoat weed), etum pupuer

ation and co

ol Innovative Te



on the rice

rogen availa

n the soil wated in Table

ble show ther was found wmore nitrogeent with ricee crops in th

prevalence a

nsity was recTraditional Mgy) were ne

density of wm‐2 2 months

(MT_Ave) th2, 2 months a

ds populatio

ed prevalenc

e treatmentm‐2 before wof pigeon p

e 2.29 b).

f weed conern ones due

Le.ha‐1 was n the moder

s identified inMimosa purum and Rot

ntrol

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



crop beneat

ability in the

as assessed 2.14.

e nitrogen cowith the treaen available fe only (MTRRis treatment

assessment

corded to beMethod it weded to con

weeds befores after weedi

he weed popafter weedin

on density w

ce in the diff

t of rice inteweeding and peas’ rapid

trol the date to the high

used to conrn treatment

n these plotsudica (sensitittboellia coch




th it, thus ad

soil through

through the

ontent that satment with for the use oR) had the nut.

e lower in thas 60 weedntrol the wee

e weeding iing.

pulation denng.

was less durin

ferent treatm

ercropped w22 weeds.mgrowth, he

ta shows ther weed infe

ntrol weeds t (Figure 2.31

s were: impeive mimosa)hinchinensis.

Environmental S



dequate pen

h the rice leaf

e use of leaf

supported thpigeon peas

of the rice in umber 2, me

he Modern Ms.m‐2 beforeeds in the T

n then tradi

nsity was 51

ng the first 2

ments was ob

with pigeon m‐2 2 monthsnce providin

at there is estation in th

in the trad1).

erata cylindr), paspalum

Sciences



netration wa

af colour cha

colour chat

he growth ofs as intercrothis treatmeeaning there

Method withe weeding. Traditional th

itional treat

weeds.m‐2 in

2 months be

bserved to b

peas showes after weedng canopy t

higher cost he former.

ditional trea

rica (langlangssp, cynodo

ale

ng page 3

s enhanced

art (LCC)

(LCC) show

f rice during ps (MTRP) went than anye was less nit

h an averageThis implieshan in the M

tment (TT) w

n 2 months

efore weedi

be different (

ed the leasting. This mithat is capa

in the trad

tment, whil

g grass), Ageon dactylon(

31/73

during

ed the

its life which is y of the trogen

e of 51 s more Modern

was 60

before

ng the

(Figure

t weed ght be able of

ditional

e only

eratum (carpet

Thm

Thth

Ththpr

Th10

Thh.

Sowgrqusepe

2.

Th2.

Th

1.

2.

Assessment of m

he cost of rodethods, whil

he rodents ahe young and

his shows thahe upland ecrocess.

hese farm op00% losses o

he two pest ha‐1 and 960

ome insect pere: The shrasshoppers,uantitatively eed plants wests 3 month

4.3.5 Yields

he yield rate20 t.ha‐1 in t

his implies th

Harvestin

The analym2 was d

In terms the traditthe rice broadcas

This showthan in th

Threshing

The data modern t

This is vetreatmen

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


dent pest cole for bird sc

te the rice ad mature rice

at pest contrcology since

perations arf the entire f

control activ0 h.ha‐1 respe

pests were idhort horned leaf wormscalculated bhich were hihs after plant

assessment

e of rice was the Tradition

here is bette

ng of rice

ysis shows thone within t

of cost, it totional Le 240planted in rted in the fie

ws that harvhe traditiona

g and winnow

shows thattreatment th

ery likely thant than in th

ol Innovative Te



ontrol was rearing it was

nd sorghume grains of th

rol is one of it incurred

e very cruciafarm produc

vities; fencinectively in the

dentified dud brown ans and leaf bebut they causghly susceptting when th

and harvest

2.34 tha‐1 (nal Method.

r yield retur

hat 1000 m2

he same per

ook Le 150,00,000 was sprows was eaeld in which

vesting of ricl.

wing

more monehan in the tra

t there was e traditiona

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ecorded to be1,800,000 Le

m vegetative he plants.

the major chthe highest

al in small sccts by these t

ng and bird se production

uring the vegnd grey graeetles (Figursed some tretible to their heir damage

ting of crops

14% moistur

rns per hecta

2 was harvesriod per day

000 to harveent per hectasier to hanmore time is

ce is easier,

ey (240,000aditional (150

more quantl. However,




e 720,000 Lee.ha‐1 for eac

parts mostly

hallenges in t single oper

cale farmingtwo types of

scaring also n process (Ta

getative stagsshoppers, re 2.14). Theemendous dattacks. Theeffects were

s

re content) i

are with the

sted in one din the tradit

est a hectaretare (Table 2ndle and cuts needed to g

faster and l

Le.ha‐1) was0,000 Le.ha‐1

tity of rice hthe amount

Environmental S



e.ha‐1 in eachch of the trea

y in the field

the productration cost p

g because if pests.

consumed thable 2.10).

ge of the crolong horn ese pests, thamages on te crops seeme seen to hav

n the Moder

Modern Met

day in the mional treatm

e of rice in th.10 and Figut by the farget the straw

ess costly to

s spent in th1).

arvested to t of money s

Sciences



h of the tradiatments (Fig

while the bi

ion of rice aper hectare

not well ma

he highest h

ops. Prominebrown grashough their dthe crops, esm to be resistve subsided.

rn Method a

thod.

modern methments.

he modern ture 2.33). Thirmers than tw together b

o o in the m

he threshing

be threshedspent in the

ale

ng page 3

tional and mgure 2.32).

irds damage

nd its intercrin the prod

anaged can l

human time

ent amongstss hoppers, damages wespecially withtant to these

as compared

hod while on

treatment wis is very likethe one ranbefore cutting

modern treat

of the rice

d from the mwinnowing

32/73

modern

d both

rops in duction

ead to

of 384

t them green

ere not h beni‐e insect

to the

nly 625

while in ely that ndomly g.

tments

in the

modern of the

3.

Yi

ThInra

Hoyie

Thanre

Comthhiof

The

Yi

Ththofth

Thw

Thbecloyiet.h

Hobe1) 2.

Assessment of m

rice in bo(Figure 2.

Harvestin

The data modern t

eld rates an

he rice yield terms of siate per hecta

owever, in teld rate of 2

he average ynd the data espectively (F

omparing thodern treatmhe least (2.19ghest (2.339f 2.203 t.ha‐1

he costs of ectare (Figur

eld rates an

he yield ratehe experimenf intercroppihe traditiona

he yield ratehich eventua

he income veni‐seed shoosely followeeld rate of 0ha‐1 (Figure 2

owever, in tecause of its despite its lo37).

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


oth the trad.33).

ng and proce

shows that treatments (6

d income of

rates in the ngled out trare (2.535 t.h

he modern .105 t.ha‐1.

yield rate of shows the mFigure 2.34).

e traditionaments with 99 t.ha‐1) yie9 t.ha‐1), clos.

the yields ore 2.35 and T

d income of

es of the intent; the traditng rice with l method tre

es of the intally led to th

value of the owed the higed by the pi0.343 t.ha‐1, 2.36).

terms of maquantity anow yield of 0

ol Innovative Te



ditional and

ssing of inte

less cost was60,000 Le.ha

rice

respective treatment, thha‐1).

treatment o

rice in the tmodern treat

l (TT) moderintercrops (eld, while thely followed

of rice wereTable 2.8).

intercrops

ercrops varytional and mpigeon peas

eatments (Fig

ercrops are ese plant po

intercrops ihest market geon peas aclosely follow

arket valuesd not its cos0.042 t.ha‐1. S

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



modern tre

ercrops

s involved ina‐1) than in th

reatments she one of ric

of rice and p

traditional (Ttment with

rn treatmenMT_Ave), thhe modern md by the mod

e expressed

y markedly bmodern meths, beni‐seedsgure 2.36 an

highly affecopulation den

n the treatm value despiand lastly thewed by sorg

s of these yt per kilograSorghum ha




eatments wa

n the harvesthe traditiona

how varied pe intercropp

pigeon peas,

TT) and mod2.339 t.ha‐1,

t with rice ohe data showmethod treadern treatme

in consonan

based on thehod treatmes and sorghud Table 2.9).

cted by the gnsities in the

ments varieste not havine sorghum. Hghum with 0

yields, pigeom, while bend the least in

Environmental S



as the same

ting and procl (135,000 Le

performancesped with sor

the rice yie

ern (MT_Avwhile in the

only (MTRR) ws that the tatment with ent with rice

nt with the y

e two main mnts. The inteum showed h.

germination e treatments

s largely basg the highesHowever, th.248 t.ha‐1 a

n peas has ni‐seed had ncome of 49

Sciences



e per hectar

cessing of the.ha‐1) (Table

s. rghum show

eld was seen

ve) treatmene traditional

and the avetraditional t intercrops e only (MTRR

yield rates p

methods of ercrops in thhigher yield

rate of the (Figure 2.25

sed on the mst yield rate ie pigeon pend lastly ben

the highesthigher value95,787 Le.ha‐

ale

ng page 3

re (60,000 L

he intercropse 2.10).

s the highes

n to have the

ts were comit was 2.199

erage of thereatment (T(MT_Ave) hR) with a yie

per treatme

cultivation uhe modern mperformanc

seeds in th5).

market pricein this experas had the hni‐seed with

t (799,659 Le of (622,875‐1 (Figures 2.3

33/73

Le.ha‐1)

s in the

st yield

e least

mpared 9 t.ha‐1

e other TT) had ad the ld rate

ent per

used in method ce than

e field

es. The riment, highest h 0.042

Le.ha‐1) 5 Le.ha‐

36 and

FieTh

h

Th

ho

(3

re

Thcoan

Thhem

Intraw

Onfa

LoLe

Thfapstrapr

2.

ThagitsThto5%fa1.2.

Assessment of m

eld operatiohere was les

ha‐1) compa

he total cos

owever highe

,948,386Lehesults are: 35

he work caonsumables nd its intercr

he data showectare of ricethod was (1

spite of thisaditional meith 1.175 ha.

n the contrar less costly

ooking at thee.ha‐1) yields

he cost‐benevorable for sychological aditional merocess (Table

5 Conclusion

he results ogronomic pras allied interche minimumo saving 6% (% (210,000 rmers can le increase t creating r

better ca

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ons summaryss time spen

red to Tradit

st of produc

er (5,183,870

ha‐1; 745 €h54 and 326 €

pacity, the used are esops in the up

ws that thee and its int1960 h.ha‐1)

s amount of ethod (0.142.h‐1 in the ric

ary, the averthan in the m

e economic more financ

efit relationsthe traditionbenefits ob

ethod as expe 2.10).

n

of the reseaactices have crops as wel mechanisat40 h.ha‐1) of Le.ha‐1) of tead to positivthe men’s enroom for wore of the soc

ol Innovative Te



y nt to comple

tional Metho

ction (both

0 Leha‐1; 97ha‐1 approxi

t‐1 for Mode

human timsential compland ecolog

total amoutercrops is gin the upland

time spent 2 ha.h‐1) i.e. e cultivation

age cost of pmodern met

value of theial returns th

hip of the trnal method btained in thpressed by th

arch show tsome releval as on the livtion practicethe time of he labour cve contributingagements omen and chcial welfare o

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ete the enti

od (2000 hha

for the rice

8 €ha‐1 appmately); exp

ern and Trad

me spent, tponents to gy using the t

unt of humagreater in thd ecology.

in the field t142 m2.h‐1 i

n activities in

production ihod (5,183,8

e profit marhan the mod

raditional anthan the mhe modernhe farmers t

that the intant socio‐ecoves of the smed through pthe farmers cost of the fions to the binto other eildren especof the young




ire productio

a‐1).

e and three

roximately) w

pressing the

itional Meth

the machineevaluate thetraditional a

an time expee traditiona

to cultivate ais very smal the upland

n the traditi870 Le.ha‐1 ≈

gin, it is eviddern method

d modern modern methmethod by hemselves a

troduction oonomic impamall scale farploughing anthat would farmers. Thibetterment oeconomic actcially to be abones and so

Environmental S



on process

intercrops)

when compa

cost of pro

hod, respectiv

ery used, te various prnd modern m

ended to acl method (2

a hectare, thl when com(Figures 2.41

onal method€ 978) (Tabl

dent that th (3181 Le.ha

methods is cleod (Figure 2the farmer

and the resu

of minimumacts on the prmers. d harrowinghave been sps increase iof the lives oftivities apart ble to have aome domesti

Sciences



in the Mode

in the Mod

ared to the T

oduction by

vely (Figure

he labour roduction intmethods.

ccomplish th2000 h.ha‐1),

he human wpared to the1).

d (3,948,386le 2.14).

he traditionaa‐1) (Figures 2

early expres2.42). Howevrs’ far surpalts of the da

m mechanisaproduction p

g of the farmpent in the fin the time f farmers sucfrom just cuadequate timic chores and

ale

ng page 3

ern Method

dern Metho

Traditional M

Euro per to

2.14).

involved anterventions

he cultivatiowhile the m

ork capacitye modern m

6 Le.ha‐1 ≈ €

al method (82.38 and 2.39

ssed as beingver, the sociasses those ata of the re

ation and mprocess of ri

m land has refarms and reavailability ch as: ultivating riceme to rest and

34/73

(1960

od was

Method

on, the

nd the of rice

n of a modern

in the method

745) is

894478 9).

g more ial and in the search

modern ce and

esulted ducing to the

e; nd take

3.

Theslo

Ththco

Thpecrus

Geecmhi

Hfamadco

Evpsenyiepr

Ththas

Th4

safaso

Thvamfa

Assessment of m

enabling physiologdiseases a

he high levestablishmentw work capa

his effect canhe farm actiompletion.

he higher leverformance orops on timese of the eda

enerally, altconomically ethod per hegh cost of th

However, thisrmers durinodern methdditional finommunities.

ventually, thsychological nable them ield per hectroblems in th

he number ohreshold withs basic mech

he manual mhours per h

ave will dramrmer and hisocial welfare

he same equalue of the eachine and rmers.

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


adequate timgical and heand the adve

el of work cat of bigger faacity of (0.14

n lead to notvities as a

vel of field of the cropse, hence creaaphic and cli

though therthe results oectare whenhe use of ma

s economic bg the produhod can leanancial retu

he introductigains but amprove theitare and lookhe field.

of hours (20h the Moderanical seedin

modern methectare by us

matically incrs family to hin their com

uipment can equipment duthe equipm

ol Innovative Te



me to rest frealth status erse environ

apacity (1.17arms by the42 ha.h‐1) (Ta

t only the estresult of th

work capacis since thereating an enamatic condit

re is higherof this resean compared wchinery.

benefit cannction seasond to familierns through

ion of modealso exposesr farming cak out for las

000‐1960 = rn Method, bng (Tables 2.

hod of seedinsing a seed s

rease from 4have some exmmunity.

also be useduring the cu

ment and ev

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



rom the inteof the ruramental or cl

75 ha.h‐1) ine farmers whbles 2.10 an

tablishment e speedy ra

ity with the e is the possabling condittions for the

r yield per arch show thwith the mo

not be compan. Quite apaes engagingh the profit

ern method s the farmerareer by adopsting solution

40 h) is notbut can be im11 and 2.12

ng took 192 sowing equip

40 to approxtra activitie

d to sow othltivation seaventually the




nsive field dal poor farmimatic condi

n the moderhen compared 2.11).

of bigger farate at which

modern meibility for thetions and enir growth an

hectare thrhat there is hdern method

ared with thrt, the use ointo other table ventu

approach drs to new spting new syns or answe

t convincing mproved fur).

hha‐1 in thispment with t

ximately 228es in their liv

her seeds sucason. This wie entire farm

Environmental S



rudgery on tmers by buitions.

n method aed with the

rms but alsoh the field a

echanical mee farmers tovironment fod reproduct

rough the uhigher incomd approach (

e social and of the time aeconomic ares they u

does not onkills, knowleystems of prors to their d

at this momrther by enga

s experimentthe same tra

8 hha‐1. Thises and also r

ch as millet ill improve thming profita

Sciences



the farm, helding up be

approach cantraditional m

o the timely aactivities we

ethod can ao complete tor the cropstion.

use of the me returns w(Figure 2.13)

health retuand energy activities thandertake in

nly create soedge and teoduction to ay to day fa

ment to reaaging additio

t. If this timeactor, the tim

s is a converest to secur

in another fihe economicbility during

ale

ng page 3

ence improvietter resistan

n also lead method that

accomplishmere carried

also lead to the planting s to realize t

modern mwith the trad). This is due

rns enjoyed saved throuat can yieldn their resp

ocio‐economchniques thhelp increasarming activi

ach an econonal activitie

e is reduced tme the farm

nient time fre their heal

eld; increasic value of bog the year f

35/73

ing the nce to

to the t has a

ment of out to

better of the he full

ethod, ditional to the

by the gh the them pective

mic and at will e their ties or

omical es such

to 3 or mer will

for the th and

ing the oth the for the

Fig

FigVig

Fig

Assessment of m

gures

gure 2.1. Typicgano].

gure 2.2. Comm

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


cal rural comm

munity organisa

ol Innovative Te



munity settleme

ational structure

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ent (left) and

e for research.




community res

Environmental S



search organis

Sciences



sational meetin

ale

ng page 3

ngs (right) [Sou

36/73

urce: C.

FigVig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.3. Identigano].

gure 2.4. Soil sa

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ifying, selecting

ampling map of

ssp 3

ssp 8

½ Hect

ol Innovative Te



g and lay‐outing

f the research a

ssp 4

ssp 6

2 He

Soil samp

tare

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



g the experime

area.

ssp 2

ssp 9

250m

ectares experime

pling map




ental plots with

ssp 5

ssp 7

ental site

p for expe

ssp = s

Environmental S



the farmers in

ssp 1

ssp 10

erimental Key

soil sample point

Sciences



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200m

analysis

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e research. [So

200m

37/73

ource: C.

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.5. Exper

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


imental treatm

TT1

½

¼ ha

100m

5

Farm

First

Plot 1

ol Innovative Te



ment lay‐outs fo

Field TT1

MTRR11

MTRP12

MTRB13

MTRS14

MTTC15

TT2

hectareKey

a25 m

50m

20m

mer 1

Rt lay‐out before plo

1 Plot 2

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



or the field rese

Research T

MTRR22

MTTC21

MTRP23

MTRB24

MTRS25

TT2

TT3

y: TT=Traditional treatme

MTRP=Modern treatmrice & pigeon peas

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Plot 3 Plot 4




arch.

Treatment

MTRR33

MTRS31

MTTC32

MTRP34

MTRB35

TT3

TT4

ent MTRR=Modern trea

ment MTRS=Modern trea&sorghum

mental site lNew and fina

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Plot 4

Environmental S



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MTRR44

MTRB41

MTRS42

MTTC43

MTRP45

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atment only riceMTRB=M& beni‐s

atment rice MTTC=Mtotal com

ay outal lay‐out during plo

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Sciences



Modern treatment rice seeds

Modern treatment mbination

oughing

Plot 3

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38/73

Fig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.6. Tradit

gure 2.7. Types

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


tional land clea

s of hoes used b

ol Innovative Te



ring method wi

by the farmers i

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ith cutlass and

in traditional so




hoe (slash and

oil tillage for se

Environmental S



burn) [Source:

ed planting [So

Sciences



C. Vigano].

ource: C. Vigano

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o].

39/73

Fig

Figmo

Assessment of m

gure 2.8. Plant

gure 2.9. The odern methods

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


spacing and us

one meter squs.

ol Innovative Te



e of the furrow

uare quadrates

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



w marker for spa

s showing the




acing in rows fo

rice plant pop

Environmental S



or rice and inter

pulation densit

Sciences



rcrop planting

ty assessment

ale

ng page 4

[Source: C. Viga

in the traditio

40/73

ano].

onal and

Fig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.10. Asse

gure 2.11. Soil n

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


essing the grow

nitrogen conten

ol Innovative Te



wth rate in heigh

nt assessment u

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ht and width of

using leaf colou




f the intercrops

ur chart (LCC) w

Environmental S



s in the experim

with the rice.

Sciences



mental plots.

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41/73

Fig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.12. Wee

gure 2.13. Dam

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ed population d

ages caused by

ol Innovative Te



ensity assessm

y birds on rice (

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ent design and

left) and a slin




weeding exerc

ng to control bi

Environmental S



cise in the plots

rds (right).

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s.

ale

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42/73

Fig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.14. Som

gure 2.15. Som

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


e common inse

e common rod

ol Innovative Te



ect pests identif

ent pests (squir

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



fied in the field

rrel, cane rat an




d of rice cultivat

nd rat) of cerea

Environmental S



tion together w

als and the dam

Sciences



with its intercrop

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ps.

amaged plots.

43/73

Fig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.16. Rice

gure 2.17. Stage

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


yield assessme

es of growth an

ol Innovative Te



ent process from

nd reproduction

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



m the treatmen

n of beni‐seed




nt in a farmers p

(sesame).

Environmental S



plot.

Sciences



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44/73

Fig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.18. Grow

gure 2.19. Grow

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


wth and reprod

wth and reprod

ol Innovative Te



uction stages o

uctive stages o

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



of sorghum plan

of pigeon peas.




nt.

Environmental S



Sciences



ale

ng page 4

45/73

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.20. Field

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


d activities befo

ol Innovative Te



re and during t

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



threshing of rice




e.

Environmental S



Sciences



ale

ng page 4

46/73

Fig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2. 21. Win

gure 2.22. Mini

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


nowing of rice

mum soil tillag

ol Innovative Te



grains during m

e parameters fo

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



milling [Source:

or ploughing, 1




M. Fiala].

1st harrowing a

Environmental S



nd 2nd harrowi

Sciences



ing in modern t

ale

ng page 4

treatment plots

47/73

s.

Fig

Figse

Assessment of m

gure 2.23. Show

gure 2.24. Riceeds in the diffe

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


wing total time

e seed rate anderent treatment

ol Innovative Te



and money spe

d rice stand pots.

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ent in tradition

opulation densi




al land clearing

ity per meter

Environmental S



g, seed sowing a

square based o

Sciences



and ploughing i

on the germina

ale

ng page 4

in the tradition

ation rate of th

48/73

al plots.

he applied

Fig

Thtreseeint

Assessment of m

gure 2.25. Inter

he intercrop seeeatment, TTS = eds with rice itercrops combin

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


rcrop seed rate

ed rates in the dSorghum in train modern treaned, MTTCB = B

ol Innovative Te



, germination p

different treatmaditional treatmatment, MTRS Beni‐seeds in al

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



percentage and

ments (TTP = piment, MTRP = o= Only sorghumll 3 intercrops co




d plant populati

igeon peas in tronly pigeon pem with rice in ombined and M

Environmental S



on density in th

raditional treatas with rice in modern treatm

MTTCS=Sorghum

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ng page 4

eni‐seeds in trament, MTRB=On= pigeon peas rops combined)

49/73

aditional nly beni‐in all 3 ).

Fig

TTtrebeint

Assessment of m

gure 2.26. show

T = Traditional eatment with reni‐seeds only, tercrops combin

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ws the growth r

treatment withrice only, MTRPMTRS = Modened and MT_Av

ol Innovative Te



rate of rice in th

h rice mixed wiP=Modern treatern treatment ve= Average res

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



he different tre

ith all the 3 alitment with ricewith rice and sults for moder




atments.

en crops of pige and pigeon psorghum only

rn treatments.

Environmental S



geon peas, benipeas only, MTRy, MTTC = Mod

Sciences



i‐seeds and sorRB = Modern trdern treatmen

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ng page 5

rghum, MTRR=reatment with rnt with rice an

50/73

=Modern rice and d the 3

Assessment of m

Figure 2.27treatments.

PBT = Panicl

Figure 2.28.

TTP‐Traditiosorghum, Mwith sorghuMTTCS‐Sorg

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


. Shows the t

le bearing tillers

Shows the heig

onal treatment MTRP‐Modern trm, MTTCP‐Pigeghum with all 3

ol Innovative Te



tillering and pa

s, NPBT=Non pa

ght (H) and can

with pigeon preatment with peon peas with aintercrops com

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



anicle bearing

anicle bearing t

nopy (C) of the i

peas, TTB‐Tradipigeon peas, Mall 3 intercrops

mbined.




capacities of

tillers and TOT

intercrops in th

itional treatmeMTRB‐Modern t combined, M

Environmental S



the rice varie

= Total number

e treatments.

nt with beni‐sereatment with TTCB‐Beni‐seed

Sciences



ety (Pakiamp)

r of tillers in the

eeds, TTS‐Tradbeni‐seeds, MTds with all 3 int

ale

ng page 5

used in the d

e stand.

ditional treatmeTRS‐Modern tretercrops combin

51/73

different

ent with eatment ned and

Figmo

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.29. Showodern treatmen

gure. 2.30. Show

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ws the height ants (left). The c

ws the weed po

ol Innovative Te



nd canopy of thanopy shapes o

opulation dens

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



he 3 intercropsof the 3 intercro

ity in the respe




s (pigeon pea, bops after 120 d

ective treatmen

Environmental S



beni‐seed and says after planti

ts in the treatm

Sciences



sorghum) and ting (DAP) (right

ments.

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he height of rict).

52/73

ce in the

Figthe

Figme

Assessment of m

gure 2.31. Showe experiment.

gure 2.32. showethods.

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ws weed popu

ws the average

ol Innovative Te



lation density a

e costs of pest

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



and cost of we

t control per h




eeding in the tr

ectare in the d

Environmental S



raditional (TT) a

different treatm

Sciences



and modern (M

ments of the tr

ale

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MT_Ave) treatm

raditional and

53/73

ments of

modern

Fig

Fig

TTpewitre

Assessment of m

gure 2.33. show

gure 2.34. The y

T=Traditional treas only, MTRRith sorghum oneatments.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

tons

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ws the cost thre

yield rate of ric

reatment, MTRRB=Modern treanly, MTTC=Mod

2.199 2.2025 2.10

TT MTRR MTR

Total rice

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eshing and winn

ce per kilograms

R=Modern treaatment of rice idern treatment

05

2.4152.535 2.

RP MTRB MTRS M

TREATMENTS

e yield in tons per he

Total yield t.ha‐1

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



nowing in the t

s per hectare in

atment with ricintercropped wt of rice intercr

435 2.3725

TTC MT_Ave

ectare




raditional and m

n the respective

ce only, MTRP=with beni‐seeds ropped with al

Tot

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modern treatm

e treatments.

Modern treatmonly, MTRS=Mll the 3 intercro

2.3725

tal rice yield in tons per

of cultiv

TT

Sciences



ments of the exp

ment of rice intModern treatmeops, MT_Ave=A

2.199

2.2025

r hectare in the 3 main

ation in upland

MTRR MT

ale

ng page 5

periment.

ercropped withent of rice interAverage of all

methods

54/73

h pigeon rcropped modern

Fighe

TTtreseeco

Fig

TTsosoSo

Assessment of m

gure 2.35. The ectare.

T=Traditional treatment with rieds only, MTRSmbined and M

gure 2.36. Show

TP‐Traditional trghum, MTRP‐Mrghum, MTTCPorghum with all

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

tons

Tr

TOTAL Y

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


yield rates and

reatment with ice only, MTRP=S=Modern treaT_Ave=Average

ws the yield rat

treatment withModern treatmP‐Pigeon peas w3 intercrops co

2

3

4

5

6

Le

reatments with intercro

YIELD RATES OF INTERC

t.ha‐

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rice mixed with=Modern treatmatment with rice results for mo

es and the inco

h pigeon peasment with pigeowith all 3 intercombined.

439800

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0

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4000000

5000000

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Rice yield

ops

CROPS IN THE TREATME

‐1

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



e yields in the

h all the 3 aliement with rice ace and sorghumodern treatmen

ome of the inte

s, TTB‐Traditioon peas, MTRB‐rcrops combine

00 4405000 4210

2.20 2.1

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rate and inco

u

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nal treatment ‐Modern treatmed, MTTCB‐Ben

0000

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me per treatm

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1

0

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1000000

1500000

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espective treat

with beni‐seement with beni‐ni‐seeds with al

070000 4870000

2.54 2.44

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t.ha‐1

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yield rates of interc

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traditional and

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ments.

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4677000

2.34

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

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2.50

3.00

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d modern meth

rghum, MTRR=ment with rice ae and the 3 in

tional treatmeModern treatmecombined and

tons

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

er hectare

55/73

hods per

=Modern nd beni‐tercrops

ent with ent with MTTCS‐

00

50

00

50

00

50

00

50

00

tons

Fig

TTtre

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.37. Show

T Traditional treeatment with b

gure 2.38. Tota

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


wing the total in

eatment with pieni‐seeds, MTR

l production co

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Leones

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ncome obtaine

igeon peas, benRS‐Modern trea

ost of rice cultiv

0

00000

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Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



d from the inte

ni‐seeds and soatment with sor

vation in the up

Income of

l income from in

MTRP




ercrops in the re

orghum, MTRP‐rghum, MTTC‐P

pland ecology u

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ntercrops per tr

P MTRB MTR

Environmental S



espective treatm

Modern treatmigeon peas, ben

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RS

Sciences



ments per hect

ment with pigeoni –seed and so

l method.

ctare

ale

ng page 5

tare.

on peas, MTRB‐orghum.

56/73

‐Modern

Fig

Fig

Assessment of m

gure 2.39. Tota

gure 2.40. Show

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


l production co

ws the time tak

ol Innovative Te



ost of rice cultiv

en to carry out

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



vation in the up

t the field opera




pland ecology u

ations in the pr

Environmental S



sing modern m

oduction proce

Sciences



method.

ess in the tradit

ale

ng page 5

ional method.

57/73

Fig

Figint

Assessment of m

gure 2.41. Show

gure 2.42. Prodtercrops or mix

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ws the time tak

duction total cox crops.

ol Innovative Te



en to carry out

ost‐benefit anal

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



t the field opera

ysis for the tra




ations in the pr

ditional and mo

Environmental S



oduction proce

odern methods

Sciences



ess in the mode

s of rice cultivat

ale

ng page 5

ern method

tion in the upla

58/73

and with

Ta

Ta

Assessment of m

ables

able 2.1. Soil sa

Plot

Number

1

2

3

4

Total

Quantity (g

needed for

lab analysis

Sub total

Quantity (g

lab a

Sub

Gran

T

Plot n

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


mple collection

g)

r

s

800

g) needed for

analysis

b total

nd total

4

Total

2

3

Jatro

number

1

400

100

3=100

4=100

R

MTRR treatme

1=100

2=100

ol Innovative Te



n pattern after h

0=0.8 Kg

100

4=100

400

2=100

3=100

pha research site s

JIG (g)

1=100

Rice research site s

ent (g) MTRP

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



harvesting of th

200 g=0.2 Kg

soil sample collect

Lo

400

100

2=100

3=100

4=100

soil sample collect

Lo

P treatment (g)

1=100




he rice and grou

MTRB

treatment

(g)

1=100

2=100

3=100

4=100

400

100

100

4=100

400

2=100

3=100

600 g=0.6 kg

tion after the harv

ocation: Bumbang

JSC (g)

1=100

tion after the harv

cation: Rotebainko

M

Environmental S



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vesting of the grou

g

400

100

2=100

3=100

4=100

vesting of rice in No

o

MTRS treatment (g)

1=100

Sciences



atropha plants

MTTC

treatment

(g)

1=100

2=100

3=100

4=100

400

100

nd nut October, 20

Comm

ovember, 2‐2013.

ale

ng page 5

in the treatmen

TT

treatment

(g)

1=100

2=100

3=100

4=100

400

100

013.

ment(s)

Com

59/73

nts.

mment(s)

Ta

Assessment of m

able 2.2. Traditi

OP_01

LABOUR

CONSU

MABLES

MACHINES

COSTS

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


onal land clear

LAND C

Plot

Area

Numbe

Employ(men/w

Human

(A) Lab

Lunche (plate

Consum

Consum

Consum

Consum

Consum

(B) Concosts

Total fu

Machin

Operat

(C) Mac

Operat (A+B+C

Work c

(area/t

ol Innovative Te



ing data analys

CLEARING (Type

er of day

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n total time

bour cost

s of rice)

mable_02

mable_03

mable_04

mable_05

mable_06

nsumables

uel consumptio

nes total time

or total time

chinery costs

tion cost C)

apacity

time)

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



sis.

TRADI

e of operation:

Unit

ha

nr

nr

h

Le

€

Le

€

on dm3

min

h

min

h

Le

€

Le

€

Le.ha‐1

€.ha‐1

ha.h‐1

m2.h‐1

m2.day‐1




ITIONAL APPRO

MANUAL)

P1 P

0.25 0

1.0 1

4 4

32 3

60,000 6

11.32 1

0.00 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.00 0

0 0

0.00 0

0 0

0.00 0

0 0

0.00 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.00 0

0.00 0

0.0 0

0.00 0

0.0 0

0 0

0 0

60,000 6

11.32 1

240,000 2

45.3 4

0.008 0

78 71 625 6

Environmental S



OACH

2 P3

.25 0.2

.0 1.0

5

2.0 40

0,000 75

1.32 14

.00 0.0

0

.00 0.0

0

.00 0.0

0

.00 0.0

0

.00 0.0

0

.00 0.0

0

0

.00 0.0

.0 0

0

.0 0.0

0

.0 0.0

0

.00 0.0

0,000 75

1.32 14

40,000 30

5.3 56

.008 0.0

8 63

25 50

Sciences



3 P4

25 0.25

0 1.00

4.00

0.0 32.0

5,000 60,000

4.15 11.32

00 0.00

0

00 0.00

0

00 0.00

0

00 0.00

0

00 0.00

0

00 0.00

0

0

00 0.00

0

0

0 0.0

0

0 0.0

0

00 0.00

5,000 60,000

4.15 11.32

00,000 240,00

6.6 45.3

006 0.008

3 78

00 625

ale

ng page 6

P_Ave

0.25

1.0

4

32.0

60,000

11.32

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0

0.00

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.00

60,000

11.32

0 240,000

45.3

0.008

78

625

60/73

Ta

Assessment of m

able 2.3. Detaile

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ed information

FIAT 780

Technical information

Years

Engine model

Cyl/Turbo/Interer

Displacement

Bore x stroke m

Rated power hpDIN/rpm

Max. Power hp DIN/rpm

Torque Nm DIN/rpm

Cab noise level

Steering

ol Innovative Te



about the tract

1975‐197

FIAT 8045

rcool4

3670

mm 103X110

p X

78/2440

262/1400

Db 89.5/82.5

hydrost

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



tor used in soil

78

5

0

0

0

5

Transmis

Synchron

Quick ‐ch

Reverser

Speeds in

Max. Spe

Hydrauli

Hydr. Flo

Hydr. Pre

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tillage.

ssion 8

nised gears

hange gear

r

n km/h 1

eed km/h

ic system

ow l/min

essure bar

city (kg)

Environmental S



+2/12+3

04‐Jun

x

x

1.4‐26.2

x

25.8

x

2400

PTO

Dimwe

We

We (D

He

Len

Wh

Fue

Tu

Tu4W

Fro

Fro(DT

Re

Re(DT

Sciences



O Speed

mensions and eights

eight kg 2WD

eight kg 4WD DT Model)

eight wcab (cm)

ngth (cm)

heelbase (cm)

el tank (l)

rning circle M2wd

rning circle m WD (mod DT)

ont tyres 2WD

ont tyres 4WD T Model)

ar tyres 2WD

ar tyres 4WD T Model)

ale

ng page 6

540

2940

3200

255

349

227

80

7.5

11.4

7.5‐18

11.2‐28

16.9‐34

16.9‐34

61/73

Ta

Assessment of m

able 2. 4. Mecha

OP_01

LABOUR

CONSU

MABLES

MACHINES

COSTS

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


anical soil tillag

PLOUGHIN

Plot

Area

Number of

Employed (men/wom

Human tot

(A) Labour

Consumabl

Consumabl

Consumabl

Consumabl

Consumabl

Consumabl

(B) Consum

Total fuel consumptio

Machines t

Operator to

(C) Machin

Operation (A+B+C)

Work capa

(area/time

ol Innovative Te



ge (on ploughing

NG (Type of ope

U

h

f day n

men) n

al time h

cost L

€

le_01

le_02

le_03

le_04

le_05

le_06

mables costs L

€

on d

total time m

h

otal time m

h

nery costs L

€

cost L

€

L

€

city h

e) m

m

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



g) data analysis

MO

eration: MECHA

Unit P1

ha 0.

nr 0.

nr 0

h 0.

Le 0

€ 0.

0.

0

0.

0

0.

0

0.

0

0.

0

0.

0

Le 0

€ 0.

dm3 9.

min 11

h 1.

min 11

h 1.

Le 11

€ 21

Le 11

€ 21

Le.ha‐1 45

€.ha‐1 86

ha.h‐1 0.

m2.h‐1 13

m2.day‐1




s.

DERN APPROAC

ANICAL)

1 P

25 0

0 0

0

0 0

0

00 0

00 0

0

00 0

0

00 0

0

00 0

0

00 0

0

00 0

0

0

00 0

0 9

10 1

8 2

10 1

8 2

14,017 1

1.51 2

14,017 1

1.51 2

56,067 5

6.1 1

14 0

364 1

10909

Environmental S



CH

2 P3

.25 0.25

.0 0.0

0

.0 0.0

0

.00 0.00

.00 0.00

0

.00 0.00

0

.00 0.00

0

.00 0.00

0

.00 0.00

0

.00 0.00

0

0

.00 0.00

.0 11.5

48 100

.5 1.7

48 100

.5 1.7

39,413 118,

6.30 22.3

39,413 118,

6.30 22.3

57,653 474,

05.2 89.5

.10 0.15

014 1500

8108

Sciences



P4

5 0.25

0.0

0

0.0

0

0 0.00

0 0.00

0

0 0.00

0

0 0.00

0

0 0.00

0

0 0.00

0

0 0.00

0

0

0 0.00

5 11.5

104

1.7

104

1.7

,583 121,257

37 22.88

,583 121,257

37 22.88

,333 485,027

5 91.5

5 0.14

0 1442

1200 115

ale

ng page 6

P_Ave

0.25

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.00

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0.00

0

0

0.00

10.3

116

1.9

116

1.9

123,318

23.27

123,318

23.27

493,270

93.1

0.13

1330

538

62/73

Ta

Ta

Assessment of m

able 2.5. Seed ri

PLO

P 1

P2

P3

P4

Ave

sd

Seed

Tota

Tota

able 2.6. Intercr

PLO

P 1

P2

P3

P4

Ave

See

sd

Totinte

Tot

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ice rate quantit

OT Unit

kg

kg

kg

kg

rage kg

d rate kg.ha‐

al cost Le.ha‐

al cost €.ha‐1

rop seed rate q

OT

1

erage

ed rate

tal cost of ercrop seeds

tal

ol Innovative Te



ty analysis and

0.25 0

TT M

14.99 4

14.97 4

14.96 4

14.98 4

14.98 4

0.01 0‐1 60 9‐1 119800 1

22.60 3

uantity analysis

Unit

TT

P

kg 0.23

kg 0.23

kg 0.23

kg 0.23

kg 0.23

kg.ha‐1 0.9

0.00

Le.ha‐1 212

€.ha‐1 0.40

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



cost.

Rice se

0.05 0.05

MTRR MT

4.52 2.75

4.51 2.75

4.53 2.75

4.53 2.75

4.52 2.75

0.01 0.00

90 55

180900 110

34.13 20.7

s.

Intercro

B S

3 0.02 0.0

3 0.02 0.0

3 0.02 0.0

3 0.02 0.0

3 0.02 0.0

1 0.07 0.1

0 0.00 0.0

21 1004 21

0 0.19 0.0




eed quantity an

SURFACE AR

5 0.05

TREATME

RP MTRB

5 2.75

5 2.75

5 2.75

5 2.75

5 2.75

0 0.00

55

0100 110080

77 20.77

ps seeds rate a

SURFACE

TREAT

MT M

RP RB

03 0.09 0.

03 0.09 0.

03 0.09 0.

03 0.09 0.

03 0.09 0.

11 1.89 0.

00 0.00 0.

2 4412 38

04 0.83 0.

Environmental S



alysis

REA (ha)

0.05

ENTS

MTRS

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

0.00

55

0 110070

20.77

analysis

E AREA (ha)

TMENTS

MTTC

B RS

01 0.02

01 0.02

01 0.02

01 0.02

01 0.02

25 0.39

00 0.00

810 781

72 0.15

Sciences



0.05

MTTC

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.75

0.00

55

110050

20.76

P B

0.03 0.00

0.03 0.00

0.03 0.00

0.03 0.00

0.03 0.004

0.64 0.08

0.00 0.00

1481 1253

0.28 0.24

ale

ng page 6

0.05

Ave.

MT_Ave

2.75

55

110060

S

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.13

0.00

250

0.05

63/73

Ta

Assessment of m

able 2.7. Cost of

MODERN AP

OP_04 RI

Tr

LABOUR N

Em(m

H

(A

CONSU

MABLES

Ri

Se

Pi

So

Fu

Taan

(Bco

MACHINES

To c

Mti

O ti

(Cco

COSTS O

(A

W

(a

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


f rice harvestin

PPROACH

ICE and INTERC

reatments

umber of day

mployed men/women)

uman total tim

A) Labour cost

ice seeds

esame seeds

igeon pea seeds

orghum seeds

urrow maker

ape measure nd garden lines

B) Consumablesosts

otal fuel onsumption

Machines total me

perator total ime

C) Machinery osts

Operation cost A+B+C)

Work capacity

area/time)

ol Innovative Te



g in the traditio

CROPS PLANTIN

Unit

nr

nr

e h

Le

€

kg

Le

kg

Le

s kg

Le

kg

Le

h

Le

s h

Le

s Le

€

dm3

min

h

min

h

Le

€

Le

€

Le.ha‐1

€.ha‐1

ha.h‐1

m2.h‐1

m2/day

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



onal and moder

NG (Type of ope

TT MTRR

0.0 0.2

0 6

0.0 9.6

0 18,000

0.00 3.40

0.00 4.52

0 9,040

0.00

0 0

0.00

0 0

0.00

0 0

200.00

80.00

80 9,040

0.02 1.71

0.0 0.0

0 0

0.0 0.0

0 0

0.0 0.0

0 0

0.00 0.00

80 27,040

0.02 5.10

540,80

102.0

0.005

52

0 417




rn methods.

eration: MANU

MTRP

0.2

6

9.6

18,000

3.40

2.75

5,500

0

0.09

210

0

200.00

40,000

80.00

80

45,790

8.64

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.00

63,790

12.04

0 1,275,799

240.7

0.005

52

417

Environmental S



A

MTRB M

0.2 0

6 6

9.6 9

18,000 1

3.40 3

2.75 2

5,500 5

0.01

150 0

0 0

0

0 4

200.00 2

40,000 4

80.00 8

80 8

45,730 4

8.63 8

0.0 0

0 0

0.0 0

0 0

0.0 0

0 0

0.00 0

63,730 6

12.02 1

1,274,600 1

240.5 2

0.005 0

52 5

417 4

Sciences



MTRS MT

0.2 0.2

6 6

9.6 9.6

18,000 18,

3.40 3.4

2.75 2.7

5,500 5,5

0.0

0 60

0.0

0 70

0.02 0.0

40 20

200.00 200

40,000 40,

80.00 80.

80 80

45,620 45,

8.61 8.6

0.0 0.0

0 0

0.0 0.0

0 0

0.0 0.0

0 0

0.00 0.0

63,620 63,

12.00 12.

1,272,400 1,2

240.1 240

0.005 0.0

52 52

417 417

ale

ng page 6

TTC P_Ave

2 0.2

6

6 9.6

,000 18,000

40 3.40

75 3.10

500 6,208

004 0.01

42

03 0.06

56

01 0.02

12

0.00 200.00

,000

.00 80.00

,730

63

0 0.0

0

0 0.0

0

0 0.0

0

00 0.00

,730 56,382

.02 10.64

274,600 1,127,

0.5 212.8

005 0.01

52

7 417

64/73

e

0

0

2

,640

Ta

Assessment of m

able 2.8. Rice ha

P1

P2

P3

P4

Average y

sd

Average y

Total rice

Total Cos

Total cost

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


arvest yield rate

yield of rice

yield of rice

e yield

t

t

ol Innovative Te



e analysis and i

Rice harvest yi

Plot TREA

Unit TT

g 240

g 210

g 200

g 240

g 190

g 200

g 180

g 210

g 150

g 250

g 200

g 240

g 250

g 200

g 200

g 200

g 278

g 300

g 270

g 190

g.m‐² 220

35

kg.m‐² 0

t.ha‐1 2.20

Le.ha‐1 4398

€̇.ha‐1 829.8

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



income.

ield rate analys

ATMENT

MTRR

200

150

240

165

250

290

250

110

220

210

300

220

190

340

200

220

200

200

250

200

220

50

0

2.20

8000 4405000

8 831.1




sis

MTRP

290

200

170

120

290

210

200

210

290

250

190

200

150

250

120

220

200

250

200

200

211

47

0

2.11

0 4210000 4

794.3

Environmental S



MTRB MTR

200 180

290 210

200 300

300 200

220 150

210 200

220 200

310 450

290 400

290 210

300 290

110 200

240 310

150 400

220 300

290 240

230 200

290 230

180 200

290 200

242 254

54 79

0 0

2.42 2.54

4830000 5070

911.3 956.

Sciences



RS MTTC

190

150

200

200

130

260

280

250

400

210

390

300

200

250

300

280

200

190

290

200

244

67

0

4 2.44

0000 487000

.6 918.9

ale

ng page 6

MT_Ave

212

200

222

197

208

234

230

266

320

234

294

206

218

278

228

250

206

232

224

218

234

59

0

2.34

00.0 4677000.0

882.5

65/73

0

Ta

Sam

1

2

3

4

5

Avekg.s

sd

Totpopden int

Totrate

Tot

Tot

Assessment of m

able 2.9. Intercr

mple Un

un

un

un

un

un

erage yield sample‐1

sa

tal pulation nsities of ercrop

ha

tal yield e

kg

tal income

tal cost €.h

Le

€.h

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


rop harvest yiel

nit

nit

nit

nit

nit

nit

ample

a

g.ha‐1

ha‐1

e.ha‐1.treatment

ha‐1.treatment‐

ol Innovative Te



d rate analysis

TREATMEN

TT

P 5Plants

B2

0.3 0

0.2 0

0.2 0

0.2 0

0.2 0

0.2 0

0.0 0

663 1

29 2

68024 3

12.83 6

t‐2 41 8

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



and income.

Intercrop

0.25

NTS

B 20Plants

S 5Pl

0.3 0.2

0.3 0.5

0.2 0.2

0.2 0.3

0.4 0.3

0.3 0.3

0.1 0.1

1545 436

22 26

324520 523

61.23 9.8

444864

83.94




p harvest yield a

S

MT

antsRP 5Plants

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.0

6 7790

343

320 799659

7 150.88

799659

150.88

Environmental S



analysis

SURFACE AREA

RB 20Plants

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.0

3775

42

622875

117.52

622875

117.52

Sciences



(ha)

0.05

MTT

RS 5Plants

P 5Pla

0.3 0.3

0.3 0.2

0.2 0.2

0.2 0.2

0.4 0.2

0.3 0.2

0.1 0.0

4427 2610

248 115

495787 2679

93.54 50.5

495787

93.54

ale

ng page 6

TC

ntsB 20Plants

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.0

0 1205

13

922 198825

5 37.51

631947

119.24

66/73

S 5Plants

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.1

1475

83

165200

31.17

Ta

LA

H

P

1

2

R

W

W

P

P

P

P

R

R

R

R

W

W

H I

H I

Assessment of m

able 2.10. Total

AND CLEARING

HOEING and SOW

LOUGHING, Me

st HARROWING

nd HARROWIN

RICE and INTERC

WEEDING, Man,

WEEDING, Man,

EST CONTROL (

EST CONTROL (

EST CONTROL (

EST CONTROL (

RICE HARVESTIN

RICE HARVESTIN

RICE THRESHING

RICE THRESHING

WINNOWING, M

WINNOWING, M

HARVESTING ANNTERCROPS, M

HARVESTING ANNTERCROPS, M

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


field operation

G, Man, Tr

WING, Man, Tr

ec, Md

G, Mec, Md

G, Mec, Md

CROP PLANTING

, Md

, Tr

(FENCING), Ma

(FENCING), Ma

(BIRD SCARING

(BIRD SCARING

NG,Man, Md

NG, Man, Tr

G, Man, Md

G, Man, Tr

Man, Md

Man, Tr

ND PROCESSINGMan, Md

ND PROCESSINGMan, Tr

ol Innovative Te



ns summary for

O

LC

L

2

3

0

0

0

G, Man, Md 3

1

2

n, Md 7

n,Tr 7

), Man, Md 1

), Man,Tr 1

1

2

2

1

6

G OF 6

G OF 1

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



r the rice cultiva

FIELD OP

OPERATION CO

LABOUR COST

C

Le.ha‐1 Le

240,000 0

315,000 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

360,000 80

150,000 0

240,000 0

720,000 0

720,000 0

1,800,000 0

1,800,000 0

150,000 0

240,000 0

240,000 0

120,000 0

60,000 0

60,000 0

135,000 0




ation in the upl

PERATIONS SUM

OST

ONSUMABLES

e.ha‐1

23,386

05,640

Environmental S



and.

MMARY

MACHINERY

Le.ha‐1

0

0

493,270

163,785

106,175

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sciences



Y TOTAL

Le.ha‐1

240,000

438,386

493,270

163,785

106,175

1,165,640

150,000

240,000

720,000

720,000

1,800,000

1,800,000

150,000

240,000

240,000

120,000

60,000

60,000

60,000

135,000

ale

ng page 6

HUMAN TIME

WOCA

TOTAL TO

h.ha‐1 ha

128 0.0

168 0.0

8 0.1

3 0.3

2 0.5

192 0.0

80 0.0

128 0.0

384 0.0

384 0.0

960 0.0

960 0.0

80 0.0

128 0.0

128 0.0

64 0.0

32 0.0

32 0.0

12 0.0

8 0.0

67/73

ORK APACITY

OTAL

.h‐1

008

006

133

371

574

005

013

008

003

003

001

001

013

008

008

016

031

031

023

063

Ta

Assessment of m

able 2. 11. Prod

LAND CLEAR

Pre‐planting

HOEING and

Planting ope

WEEDING, M

PEST CONTRMan,Tr

PEST CONTR Man,Tr

RICE HARVE

RICE THRESH

WINNOWIN

HARVESTINGOF INTERCR

Post plantin

TOTAL

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


uction activitie

RING, Man, Tr

g operations

d SOWING, Ma

erations

Man, Tr

ROL (FENCING),

ROL (BIRD SCAR

ESTING, Man, Tr

HING, Man, Tr

NG, Man, Tr

G AND PROCESROPS, Man, Tr

ng operations

ol Innovative Te



s cost summary

TRADIT

OPERACOST L

labour

240,00

240,00

n, Tr 315,00

315,00

240,00

, 720,00

RING), 1,800,

r 240,00

120,00

60,000

SSING 90,000

3,270,

3,825,

100%

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



y for the traditi

TIONAL METHO

ATION Le.ha‐1

CONSBLES

r cost

00 0

00 0

00 123,3

00 123,3

00 0

00 0

000 0

00 0

00 0

0 0

0

000 0

,000 123,3

100%




ional method.

OD PRODUCTIO

SUMA‐ MACHNERY

0

0

386 0

386 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

386 0

% 0

Environmental S



ON COST SUMM

HI‐Y

TOTAL

240,000

240,000

438,386

438,386

240,000

720,000

1,800,000

240,000

120,000

60,000

90,000

3,270,000

3,948,386

100%

Sciences



MARY

HUMAN TIM

h.ha‐1 %

128 6

128 6

168 8

168 8

128 6

384 1

0 960 4

128 6

64 3

32 1

8 0

0 1,704 8

6 2,000 1

100% 1

ale

ng page 6

ME WORK CAPAC

% ha.h‐1

6.4% 0.008

6.4% 0.008

8.4% 0.006

8.4% 0.006

6.4% 0.008

19.2% 0.003

48.0% 0.001

6.4% 0.008

3.2% 0.016

1.6% 0.031

0.4% 0.063

85.2% 0.129

100% 0.142

100% 100%

68/73

CITY

Ta

Assessment of m

able 2.12. Produ

PLOUGHING, M

1st HARROWIN

2nd HARROWI

Pre‐planting o

RICE and INTERPLANTING, Ma

Planting opera

WEEDING, Ma

PEST CONTROMan, Md

PEST CONTRO(BIRD SCARING

RICE HARVEST

RICE THRESHIN

WINNOWING,

HARVESTING APROCESSING OMan, Md

Post planting o

TOTAL

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


uction activities

Mec, Md

NG, Mec, Md

ING, Mec, Md

perations

RCROP an, Md

ations

n, Md

L (FENCING),

L G), Man, Md

ING,Man, Md

NG, Man, Md

Man, Md

AND OF INTERCROPS

operations

ol Innovative Te



s cost summary

MOD

LABOURCOST

0

0

0

0

360,000

360,000

150,000

720,000

1,800,000

150,000

240,000

60,000

S, 135,000

3,255,000

3,615,00

95%

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



y for the moder

DERN METHOD

CONSUMA‐BLES

0

0

0

0

805,640

805,640

0

0

0 0

0

0

0

0

0 0

00 805,640

653%




rn method.

D PRODUCTION

‐ MACHI‐NERY

493,270

163,785

106,175

763,230

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

763,230

Environmental S



COST SUMMA

TOTAL

493,270

163,785

106,175

763,230

1,165,640

1,165,640

150,000

720,000

1,800,000

150,000

240,000

60,000

135,000

3,255,000

5,183,870

131%

Sciences



ARY

h.ha‐1 %

7.7 0

2.85 0

1.75 0

49 1

0 192 1

0 192 1

80 4

384 2

0 960 5

80 4

128 6

32 1

12 0

0 1,676 8

0 1,960 9

96% 1

ale

ng page 6

% ha.h

0.4% 0.13

0.1% 0.37

0.1% 0.57

107.8% 0.00

10.0% 0.00

10.0% 0.00

4.2% 0.01

20.0% 0.00

50.1% 0.00

4.2% 0.01

6.7% 0.00

1.7% 0.03

0.6% 0.02

86.8% 0.09

97% 1.17

100% 825

69/73

h‐1

33

71

74

00

05

05

13

03

01

13

08

31

23

91

75

%

I

Assessment of thm

Table 2.13. Produc

Un

Total cost of production

Le.h

Income generated

Total income of production

Le.h

Total Profit/deficit

Total profit/deficit

€

School Innov

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ha‐1 3,

Rice 4

Pigeon peas

Beni‐seeds

3

Sorghum

Total

Intercrops 4

ha‐1 4

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169

r Agri‐Food and Enviroycle XXVII ph B. Tholley rof Marco Fiala

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RICE AND ITS ALLIED I

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INTERCROPS

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164,340 31.

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able 2.14. Tradi

ows that Mode

PRODUC

SEED‐LAN

SEED‐LAN

CAPACITY

PLANT PO

SEED RAT

WEED PO

AVERAGE

TILLE RIN

PANICLE

YIELD RA

YIELD RA

TOTAL

TOTAL CO

(rice and

TOTAL IN

(rice and

TOTAL PR

(rice and

TIME IN E

PRODUCT

able 2.15. Leaf c

Treatme

Level of

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CTIO PARAMETE

ND PREPARATIO

ND PREPARATIO

Y

OPULATION DE

TE

OPULATION DE

E HEIGHT

NG

BEARING

ATE OF RICE

ATE OF ALL INTE

OST OF PRODU

intercrops)

NCOME OF PRO

intercrops)

ROFIT OF PROD

intercrops)

ENTIRE PROCES

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colour chat (LCC

ent

nitrogen in the

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ENSITY p

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CTION €

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e soil

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Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



th Modern Met

sults for each pa

UNIT OF

MEASURE

hha‐1

hah‐1

plantsm‐2

kgha‐1

weedsm‐2

m

n.

n.

tha‐1

€ha‐1

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arameters, exce

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396 (100%)

0.008 machete

0.006 hoe

150 (100%)

60 (100%)

60 (100%)

1.08 (100%)

5 (100%)

4 (100%)

2.20 (100%)

0.082 (100%)

2.282 (100%)

745 (100%)

326 (100%)

914 (100%)

169 (100%)

2000 (100%)

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2

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ults obtained in

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48

e 1.

17

55

51

1.

6

5

2.

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97

35

97

1

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n the field test

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.078

78 (125%)

5 (92%)

1 (85%)

.16 (107%)

(120%)

(125%)

.34 (106%)

.422 (515%)

.762 (121%)

78 (131%)

54 (108%)

79 (107%)

(0.6%)

960 (96%)

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Assessment of m

eferences

1] A. How

2] A. Abd2013.

3] Angen

4] D. E. JWeed

5] Evens

6] FAO, 2Food S

7] Lançoand Ch

8] Fryer a

9] G. Pel

10] Josephand Re

11] K. Am

12] KeshaQualit

13] Lal 19

14] Lal an

15] M. BeSustai

16] N. RaoIn Dire

17] NacroGall MscrobiIntern101‐10

18] N.G. RFrom G

19] O.A. OOkigw

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ward, 1943.

delrasoul, APioneering H

n, 1990. An A

Johnson, 20Manageme

on and Golli

2004. The StSummit and

n T. Defoer,hange: Towa

and Matsun

lizzi and M.

h Sam Sesayecommenda

pong‐Nyark

avarzpour anty of Tomato

83; Parr et a

d Greenland

ecker and Dnability in W

o Adusumilliect‐Seeded R

o et al., 1996Midge (Orseoculatum L) Inational Rese06.

Roling et Al.Ghana And B

Opara‐Nadi, we, Nigeria.

ol Innovative Te



An Agricultu

Abigail ChildsHigh‐Yield Ri

Appraisal of C

013. Natural nt in Small H

in, 2003. The

tate of FoodMillennium

M.C.S. Wopards Rice‐Bas

aka, 1983. A

Fiala, 1996.

y, 2013. Stattions. With S

o and S. K. D

nd Rashidi, 2. World Jour

al., 1990. Con

d 1981. Soil T

D.E. JohnsoWest Africa.

i and J.K. LadRice In A Cha

; Ukwungwuolia oryzivornfested Riceearch Journa

., 2004. LinkBenin.

1991. Colle

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ural Testame

s, Jasmine Cce Productio

Conservation

Resources Holder Rice P

e State Of Fo

d Insecurity iDevelopmen

pereis, M.P.sed Food Sec

A Hand Book

Agriculture

tus of AgricSpecial Atten

De Datta 199

2008. Mulchrnal of Funga

nservation T

Tillage in Afr

n, 2000. Cr

dha, 2012. Panging World

u et al., 1989ra) H. & G.e Genotypes al of Agricul

king Science

ege of Agricu




ent, Oxford U

Clerisme, Eyron in Sierra L

n Tillage on t

Institute UnProduction in

ood and Agric

in the Worldnt Goals.

Jones, and curity in Sub‐

for Weed Co

Machines an

ulture in Siention to Rice

90. (IRRI) A H

h and Tillageal and Plant B

illage for Inc

ica; Needs a

ropping Inte

Possible Appd.

9. Effects Of (Diptera: CAt Edozhigi tural Scienc

and Farmer

ulture and V

Environmental S



University Pre

ra Dzakuma,Leone.

the Soil Prop

iversity of Gn the Tropics

culture, 2003

d. Monitorin

O. Erenstein‐Saharan Afr

ontrol in Rice

nd Mechanisa

erra Leone: S, the Countr

Hand Book fo

e Effects on Biology.

reased Crop

nd Challenge

ensity Effect

roaches for

Parasitoids OCecidomyiideIn Central Age and Soil S

rs' Innovativ

Veterinary M

Sciences



ess New Yor

, Bryan Pittm

perties and C

Greenwich C.

3‐2004.

g progress t

n 2002, Chalrica.

e.

ation.

Synopsis, Prry’s Staple Fo

or Weed Con

Yield, Yield

p Production.

es.

ts on Uplan

Ecological W

On The Seveea) in Koda gro‐EcologicScience, Volu

ve Capacity:

Medicine, Imo

ale

ng page 7

k and Londo

man, Erzen

Sequestrati

Chatham, Ke

towards the

lenges, Inno

ogress, Chalood.

trol in Rice.

d Componen

.

nd Rice Yiel

Weed Manag

rity Of Africamillet, (Pas

cal Zone of Nume 4, Issue

Diagnostic S

o State Univ

72/73

n.

Sogut,

on.

nt, UK

World

ovation

lenges

ts and

d And

gement

an Rice spalum Nigeria. e 6, p.

Studies

versity,

[2

[2

[2

[2

[2Pr

[2

[2

[2[2

Assessment of m

20] Rober

21] S. CosAfrica,

22] S. S. HLowla

23] U. IsmNigeri

24] Vikas roperties and

25] ADB, 2

26] ATPS A

27] IRIN N28] UNDP

Buildin

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


rt L. Zimdahl

sta, G. Matt, an overview

Harding and nd Rice Varie

maila, A. C. Wa through Ef

Abrol and d C Sequestr

2011. African

ANNUAL REP

News, SIERRAP. Human Inng Resilience

ol Innovative Te



, 2004. Integ

teo Crovettow of good pr

A. B. Jalloh,eties in Sierr

Wada, E. Daffective Wee

Peeyush Shation.

n Developme

PORT 2011.

A LEONE, 20dex report, e [Accessed 1

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



grated Weed

o, Stefano Bractices in Su

, 2012. Evalura Leone.

aniya2 & A. ed Managem

harma, 2012

ent Bank Gro

Science, Tec

12. Fighting 2014. Susta

10‐09‐2014]




d Manageme

Bocchi, 2013ub‐Saharan A

uation of the

U. Gbangubent Sustaina

2. An Appra

oup, Sierra Le

chnology and

for Women’aining Huma.

Environmental S



ent in Rice in

3. UniversityAfrica.

e Relative W

ba, 2012. Meable Agricultu

aisal of Con

eone Countr

d Innovation

s Right to Laan Progress:

Sciences



India.

y of Milan.

Weed Compe

eeting the Loure Research

nservation T

ry Gender Pr

for Africa De

and [Accesse: Reducing V

ale

ng page 7

Family Farm

titiveness of

ocal Rice Neh.

Tillage on th

rofile.

evelopment.

d 22‐08‐201Vulnerabilitie

73/73

ming in

f Some

eeds in

he Soil

.

14]. es and

T

The cultivation of

CHAPTER used for tlocal farm

3.1 Objectiv

3.2 Introduc

3.3 Method

3.3.1. Pre

3.3.2. Pla

3.3.3 Pos

3.4 Results

3.4.1 Pre

3.4.2 Plan

3.4.3 Pos

3.5 Conclus

Figures .......

Tables ........

References .

Scho

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f jatropha in the ugenera

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Dr. JosepTutor: Pro


Chapter 3or the productionn the rural comm

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1/64

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nergy has lehilst the resthrough the imor processingendering them

ne of the wanergy which nergy in the fgeared towtropha crop o‐fuel in speom the Wesfrica. This crfrica until latround house

he growing oeone which mpacts such a

n the aspectant when cuhe farmers.

he research elation to theethod approhall also be inf manageme

n the econoultivated as a

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ntinent of Am the richeswealthy, urnd urban porimarily kipedia.org/w

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Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



f jatrophaextractionlocal farm

10% of indiviiles in overalclass, and cng to the forhumans in_Africa#Cu

nail pace rad is taking adhe resources Africa at higd hence bran

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access to theectrical provsectors, bypagy Ministers animalsy_Usage_in_

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re a more surican continewers to achievproduce eneproduce vegee energy. Jaed to grow wy was scarcewn in Sierra

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Sciences



ology for tgeneratin

e electrical gvisioning in Aassing the rof Africa, mfor

_Africa]. Thisthe countriecy to exploit rm to the dee of the impd.

ustainable ment by local pve this objecergy throughetable oil thatropha is awell in diverely known inLeone as an

ly new phensocio‐econoenergy and f

nd reproducther crop th

er agronomi using traditeties involvedhe productio

duction of thhe farmers in

ale

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the produg electric

grid, and of Africa has genegion’s largeost agricultuenergy acute shorts in the conthe natural weveloped coupoverished p

eans of genepeople. Renective. This reh the cultivathat can be un introducerse tropical sn the continn ornamenta

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2/64

ction ity in

those, nerally e rural ure still input

tage of ntinent wealth untries people;

erating ewable search tion of sed as d crop soils in nent of al plant

Sierra chnical tion.

of the aten by

ents in modern search terms

en it is unity.

T

OnprcoshcowThbecufuac

It coinancuso

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3.

BiaptimtroEutrofir

The cultivation of

n the social roduce the nonsumption hall have onommunity. Torking togethe research eneficial to tultivation. Thuel to generctivities in th

is eminentommunities; volve in an and used locaultivated. Thocial lives to

1 Objectives

To investused to gjatropha.

To investactivities

How jatrothe use oelectricity

To investpotential

How the farmers in

2 Introducti

o fuel resoupproaches inme the comopical counuphorbiaceaeopics in Afrrewood, fen

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sphere, theneeded seedof the villagn the farminThe researchther in groupwill be direthe farmers he research rate electrice lives of the

t that the ntherefore o

activity that lly through tis may not oimprove the

s of the stud

tigate how bgenerate ele tigate the iat local comopha can be of farmers y for domesttigate the vs to reproducultivation nvolved in th

on of the stu

urce technoln productionmbined targetries [G.M. e, is a nativeica or Asia. ncing, latex,

ol Innovative Te



research wds for the prge communitng activities will also inps to producected also tofrom the rewill investigity); grounde rural comm

national eleone of the mcan enable tthe use of loonly be readir socio‐econ

y

bio fuel in thectricity by f

mpacts of smmunity levegrown to prin a specialtic consumptvarieties of uce seeds forof jatrophahe crop’s pro

udy

logy involven processes. ts of the croGiibitz]. Jate of tropicalThe crop herosion co

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



will investigatroduction ofty. The chalof the farmvestigate the the jatrophowards discoesearch activgate the inted nut (as fomunity peopl

ectricity gridmeans of acthem get a reocal resourcedily availablenomic status

he form of Pfarmers thro

such producl. roduce seedsly designed tion. jatropha thr bio‐fuel. may impacoduction in S

s the exploiThe utilizatiop, thus pottropha, a ml America, bas been use

ontrol and o




te how muchbio‐fuel thalenges or pomers that we mutual beha seeds in tovering whavities duringeractive impaod for the e.

d of Sierra cquiring susteadily availaes such as lae but also sus.

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ct the socialSierra Leone.

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ation to foo

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cultivated in

, economic

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energy that ed to genercts the prodved into thwill be sharintercrop megricultural sthe field exeproduction ond the othe

hardly reacergy is by thof energy thanal tools andhus positivel

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and agrono

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maybe needate energy fuction of jate research ed by the faethods in thekills that coercises in jatof the jatroper food culti

ch the rurahe rural pooat can be pro crops they y influencing

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on and proc

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omic status

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medicine, pesous purpose

3/64

ded to for the tropha in the armers e field. uld be tropha pha (as ivation

l poor or is to oduced can be g their

ed and called

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atropha is a p

he technologevelopmentsxperience in rop is not edfrica where t

owever, lookhrough climappropriate al

arieties of ja

tropha existost commoossypifolia (Jarefully to inostly the tra

he two variespecially in us a purgativecal tribal dia

tropha is a aintain a hei

curcas lifespnder conditiooils, especiall

hey show dihat is branchrown stains,

he root systeertically into

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atropha culti

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eties commourban comme in most comalects (Creole

tall bush oight of about

pan is in the ons of waterly in the trop

ifferent planed from belwhich are ha

em from natdeeper soil

monoecious, bunches. Jatrare about 40ossypifolia, has in every band 10 mm tseeds from dper kilogram

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bably the mo

rop with man

fancy and oway, but not projects aneen by a lot ood product

ritical situatiand the dowo these fossi

vars

nt varieties tmostly see

a L.) (Figureeir respectivthod of crop

only grown iunities. Jatrommunities ine) in Sierra Le

r shrub thatt 3 m in very

range of 50 r stress. Thispics.

t architectuow. The braard to wash

tural jatrophlayers.

with male aropha curcas0 mm long. Ehowever havranch. Jatropthick. These different prom. The weigh

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ost interestin

ny applicatio

on the verge ot much has nd has encouof food advtion is incred

on of the wownturn of cril fuels; of wh

hat are growen cultivatees 3. 2. a anve field perfcultivation,

in Sierra Leoopha curcasn Sierra Leoneone.

t can grow y good soils.

years. Theses makes it to

re, ranging fnches of theout.

ha plants is w

and female s can have Each fruit cove fewer seepha seeds lodimensions ovenances. Sht of jatropha




ng from both

ons (Figure 3.

of commercbeen realis

untered manvocators as adibly low.

orld’s fuel coude oil resehich jatropha

wn all over td are jatrond b). Thisormances ininterspersed

one serve asis also knowe. The plant

up to 6m t

e trees are do be able to

from a maine jatropha p

well develop

flowers on t5 – 20 fruitsntains 3 seeeds with smaook like blackvary within

Seed weigh ba gossypifoli

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cialisation. Eed so far. Ry initial obsta threat to e

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he world todpha curcas study shall n Sierra Leond with moder

s hedges arown as a mediis commonl

all, (J. curca

deciduous wosurvive in ad

stem with lant contain

ped, with roo

the same plas, with a shds, though oaller size butk beans with seeds from

between 0.5 ia is known t

Sciences



al and ecolo

Expectations Researchers tacles and predible food

level and theis an urgenthe answers.

day in the fi(J. Curcas look into thne in the uprn agronomi

ound housesicine used toy called “Fig

as), while (J

ood type witdverse clima

no or few b white, stick

ots growing

ant. Fruits fape resemboccasionally t can be moan average the same pland 0.8 gramto be 7500 se

ale

el for page

gical point o

are high. Thare trying troblems. Sinstuffs espec

e threat it is t need to lo

ve continentL.) and ja

hese two valand ecologyic practices.

s and ornamo cure malarg nut” in one

. gossypifoli

th leaves fallatic conditio

ranches to aky latex that

both latera

orm at the ebling an “Amone may havore numerouof 18 mm loant or provem, with an aveeds per kilo

4/64

of view

he first to gain ce this ially in

posing ook for

ts. The tropha arieties y using

mentals ria and of the

ia) can

ling off ns and

a plant leaves

lly and

end of merican ve 4 or us than ng and enance verage ogram.

T

SeansoanprGe

Inafinpr

So

LikagHecoprwwpranveim

Reconoarals

JaScin an

3.

ThcoSiehe ThprThpr

The cultivation of

eeds containnd are non‐eoft white kernd contain beresent in theermany and

normal confter 5 years. Tput. The agrogresses as

oil and clima

ke any otherge, especiallyeavy soils (conditions whroductive beetness (it beith moistureroduction). Tnd when theery dry and wmpaired [Y. Ja

egardless of onditions jatrot exceed 30re limited. Hso favourabl

tropha needcale Project Sierra Leonnd reproduct

3 Methods a

he location oommunity caerra Leone. eavily relying

his research roduction; nahe operatioroduction of

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


n various toxedible. Seedsrnel that maetween 32 ae kernel. ThEuropean St

nditions the pThis largely, ge of jatrophthe plant be

atic condition

r crop, jatropy with J. Goclay, sandy chen frequencause these ecomes watee for long pThese condite ground wawet periods an Franken a

the soil, a gropha growt0°. Jatropha cigher nutriele to jatroph

ds an averagDevelopmene, adequate tion (Figure 3

and materia

of the reseaalled BumbanThe commug on upland f

on jatrophamely pre‐plns in each the crop. Al

ol Innovative Te



ic compounds consist of aakes up 63% nd 40% of ois oil can eatandard Orga

plant will frudepends onha has tremecomes more

ns

pha needs veossypifolia. Tlay, clay loant periods osoils usually

erlogged). Heeriods (maxions occur wter table is quickly folloand F. Nielse

good pH for th is limited. can survive lnt levels in ta growth, es

ge rainfall of nt, FACT 200rain fed sup3.4).

ls

rch is 8°48’3ng. It is foununity has a farm cultivat

a crop prodlanting, planof these plthough jatro

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ds (phorbol a hard shell by weight. il, with an avasily be conanization thr

uit once a ye the genetic

mendous effee mature in a

ery good soilThe most suam, silty clayof heavy rainy have a goodeavy soils, thximum one wwhen there aout of reach

ow each otheen 2010].

jatropha lieSoil depth slow soil nutrthe soil transpecially in co

f 600‐1500m07]. Since artpport of the

36” N; 11°57nd in the Pakpopulation otion activitie

duction is cting and posphases wereopha was pe




esters, curcithat makes The dry seeverage of 34nverted into rough the pro

ear, yielding variety, agro

ects on its rage (Figure 3

s in other touitable soils y loam, and nfall are absd nutrient suerefore, areweek, whichre no periodh. Heavy soier because t

s between 5should be at rient contentslate into inoarse soils.

m of rain petificial irrigatplant will lar

7’27” W. It iki Masabong of 1700 inhs.

haracterisedst planting. e essential erceived to b

Environmental S



in, trypsin inup around 3ds have a m% [Azam M.bio‐diesel, ocess called

2–5 tons of o‐climatic coeproduction3.3).

be able to gare loam, sasilt) are onlysent. In thaupply. Jatroponly suitablh will alreads of high rainls are not suhey shrink a

5.5 and 8.5. least 45 cents, but in thacreased pro

er year [Position is hardlyrgely affect it

s 12.3 Km bchiefdom, inabitants wh

d by the thr

in accomplbe an ornam

Sciences



nhibitors, lec37% by weigmoisture cont.M, 2005]. Vimeeting thetrans‐esterif

dry seed peonditions andn process. T

grow and repandy clay loy suitable uat case jatropha cannot tole when theydy have a nnfall that leauitable undend swell and

Under morentimetres anat case growoduction. Soi

ition Paper y practiced its field perfo

by air and 14n the Bombao are predo

ree main ph

ishing the ental crop in

ale

el for page

ctins and phyght on averagtent of arouirtually all the standards fication.

er hectare ped the managhe yield per

produce at anoam and siltnder relativeopha can beolerate permy are not sategative impad to water ler conditionsd root forma

e acidic or ad soil slope

wth and prodl organic ma

on Jatrophan Africa, espormance in g

4 Km on roaali district, Noominantly fa

hases of the

managemenn Sierra Leon

5/64

ytates) ge and und 7% he oil is of US,

er year gement r plant

n early loam. ely dry e quite manent urated act on ogging s were ation is

lkaline should duction atter is

a Large pecially growth

ad in a orth of rmers,

e crop

nt and ne, the

T

sethaginThvilobca

3.

3.

AsThcuofthsoam

3.

ThreacbejatThloUsbywrereveprac

3.

Asprormjom

The cultivation of

ensitization ahe entire comgriculture acstead of perhe materials llage, such abtained locaarried out.

3.1. Pre‐plan

.3.1.1. Comm

s described ihis was to exultivate jatrof the work shrough the folid foundatimicably and

3.1.2. Resea

he acceptancesearch to bccomplished e used for thtropha is a rehe researchecation 100 msing a 50 m y the commuhich the pegesearch; makesearch site tegetation (broject must ccomplished

3.1.3. Tradit

s scheduled reparation or cutting dowember of thb like the rembers have

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


and clear expmmunity peoctivities in thceiving it to used in thisas the 50 m lly either in

nting phase

munity sensi

n chapter twxplain the opha as a croschedule andformulation ion for the successfully

arch site iden

ce of the vibe done in in one of the research aelatively perer and the fam from the vtape measuunity for thegs were useking a total otogether witrushing) wabe carried .

tional metho

by the two f the land fown of the tree project waregular meme come from

ol Innovative Te



planation of ople that its che village. Kebe a mere o research wetape measu the village

itization and

wo, communbjectives of p, the offerind work ethiof simple rucommencemover the per

ntification an

llage authorthe commu

he village meactivities for rmanent croparmers togetillage and clore the 2.5 he research prd to indicateof 2.5 ha for th the farmes to be starout in one

od of land pr

heads of thor planted wees and grasas required tmber of the m tapping the

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



this researccultivation aey emphasizrnamental pere purely loure and sprior around t

d mobilizatio

nity sensitizathe researcng of their lacs within, bules and regment of theriod of the fi

nd selection

rities togethunity land teetings. The a period to bp. ther with those to the ma land was droject. The fae 0.5 ha for the entire rers and theirted. It was e of the da

reparation o

he communitwas started wsses (slashinto be presenproject. Th

eir morning




ch shed vividas a crop muzes were laiplant as the cocal with a fng balance. the Norther

on

tion was carch, strategiesand for the rbetween andgulations by e research aeld research

er with the through theland ownerbe determine

he land ownemotor road todemarcated armers usedeach of the

research worr leaders as agreed thatays of the

of the plots (b

ty farmers towith the cleang) using cutnt or send a he work nor‘palm wine’

Environmental S



d convincing st be embrad on the recase was befoew that cannAll the toolsn region wh

rried out thros to be usedesearch word amongst ththe farmersctivities wh work.

land ownere offering os agreed to ed by the res

ers went to owards Maketogether wit

d cutlasses toe 5 groups trk. A meetinto when thet all the fieweek until

brushing/sla

ogether withring of the nlasses by borepresentatimally startsaround the c

Sciences



responses bced as an inlevance of jore the resenot be obtais and plantihere the res

ough the thrd to get the rk and the gehe farmers s themselvesich were se

rs for the jaof a small mrelease theisearcher and

identify theeni. th the farmeo create the hat were tog was immee work of clld operationthe researc

ashing and b

h the farmenatural vegeoth women aive that wass at 9: am acommunity

ale

el for page

by the farmetegral part oatropha as arch. ined aroundng materialssearch projec

ree level mefarmers acceneral organin the comms. These foreen to go th

atropha cultimoney toker land of 2.5d the farmer

e research sit

ers of the sepath way th participate ediately heldlearing the nns of the rech activities

burning)

rs themselvetation by brand women. capable to after some bushes. Palm

6/64

ers and of their a crop

in the s were ct was

etings. cept to ization munity med a hrough

ivation n was 5 ha to s since

te in a

elected hrough in the in the natural search s were

es, the ushing . Every do the of the m wine

T

is Thmofscen4 BelebethFoapwretreThbrThththThmcu

3.

AfbyPlLikdeplopcoacEvthalabw

The cultivation of

an essentialhe leaders usembers intof these groucheduled perntire group dhours for eaefore the beaders that ifeen schedulehe group, theor every fielppointed secorking perioegistering meeatment of ehis bush clearushing of thhe tools and he fresh bushhem continuehe brushed vembers of tutlasses to al

3.1.4 Traditi

fter burning y the farmersoughing invoke in the culepth of plougoughed wasperation andompetition accelerated thvery smaller hese portionsl members bsent. This oas ploughed

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


l local beversually take tho small groupups will brusriod of the wdoes not proch day, i.e. heginning of tf any membed to take ple member aud activity cacretary of thd. This helpeembers durinevery membaring operatioe 2.5 ha for materials ushes, farmerse with the exvegetation wthe group. Tlow easy acc

ional metho

and clearings. Ploughing olved the ustivation of rgh was abous subdividedd each smallamongst thehe day’s worgroup that s for further present wasperation wa.

ol Innovative Te



age from thehe lead by asps of four or sh their porwork. The woovide food duhalf man‐daythe field worber of the prlace on a genutomatically arried out bhe entire groed a lot in cong and afterer in terms oon was carrithe entire prsed were cuts were seen xercise. was allowed tThe remainicess for furth

d of land pre

g of the debrwas done bye of small hoice women uut 10 to 15cmd into smalleer group wie farmers ark to be ablecompleted iallotment us done and s consecutiv

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



e palm tree sking a memfive; dependrtion from sork normallyuring the woy. rk, a regulatroject absennerally agreeloses his or

by the groupoup and naontrolling abr work was sof equal conted out for throject (Figurtlasses, sharsharpening

to dry for a ng debris aher field activ

eparation in

ris and stumpy both men aoes as beingused the shom dependinger pieces amll engage in as to who e to completeits portion wuntil the timethose absen

vely carried o




that is usedmber of the eding on the nstart to finisy ends at aboork period; h

tion was instts him or heed day, withher memberp, registratiomes of thosbsenteeism dstrictly adhetribution to three consecue 3.5). pening stonethe cutlasse

week and thnd some stuvities such a

n the plots (p

ps, ploughingand women g done for thort handle hog on the strenmongst the its portion should come a large porwill report toe of recess frnt were notout until ever

Environmental S



by most of entire group number of fah and then out 1:00 pmhence their w

tituted by therself three out giving arship with thon of membse present wduring the fiered to by ththe work forutive times in

es and waters on special

hen burning umps were s ploughing

ploughing)

g was the nein the clearehe planting ooes while thength and skilnumber of funtil it was mplete their rtion of the fo the leader rom the worted with thery part of the

Sciences



the people to share porarmers that wmove to a

m each day. Tworking pote

he entire grotimes for thny approvede project. bers present were called eld operatiohe group leadrce of the fien three wee

r. At some in stone using

was carried cleared off using small h

ext activity thed area. of the rice ine men used ll of the farmfarmers precompleted. r portion firfield intenderesponsible rk was reacheir excuses e field intend

ale

el for page

in this commrtions amongwere presentnother durinThis is becauential lasts fo

oup throughhe work whid valid reaso

was done at the end ns. The exerders to enabld activities.ks to comple

ntervals of slg water to en

out by one the surfacehoes.

hat was carri

the upland the long onemer. The areasent for theThere was arst and rested to be ploufor the shaed. Registratof why theyded for the p

7/64

munity. gst the t. Each ng the use the or only

h the 2 ch has n(s) to

by the of the rcise of ble fair

ete the

ashing nabled

or two e using

ed out

farms. es. The a to be e day’s a keen t. This ughed. ring of tion of y were project

T

3.

AfasanTh(1jat(F ThreouThfalinanus

3.

1.

2.

The cultivation of

3.1.5. Plot d

fter ploughinssigned to a nd female) ohe entire 0.51000 m2 i.e. (tropha and igure 3.6).

he lay‐outingesearcher to ut parallel tohe use of mrmers and rnes that havnd spacing fose the 50 m t

3.1.6. Seed c

Ground nGround ndry soils lowland sand can prominennot grow The color(Figure 3varieties by the fathe seedsusing a seach plottreatmenThis was t

Jatropha The jatrodistrict frurban setReports fcollected placed inwas mainpeople w

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


design and tr

ng, the wholegroup of farf that group5 ha (5000 m(50 m x 20 mintercropped

g was doneknow the si

o each other aterials suchesearcher. Te been calibor the plantitape measur

collection an

nut seeds nut is the fiftwith only fisuch as the grow in widnt edaphic fain any water of the seed.8). The seedare normallyrmers in terms removed, wpring balanct, the remant plot. to determineseeds pha seeds wrom jatrophattlements. from peoplefrom the g either plastnly done onwho owned t

ol Innovative Te



reatment lay

e surface aremers. Each g.

m2 i.e. 50 m xm) and 0.8 hd with groun

e together wmple design measuring 1h as the 50The farmers,brated into mng of jatrophre during the

nd processin

th most impoeld capacityinland valleyde range of actor for ther logged cons of the locads used in thy used in thims of producwinnowed ace and the wining seeds

e the exact q

were collectea trees that c

e bringing orground undetic bags or o request bythe trees be

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



y‐outing

ea was dividgroup was m

x 100 m) of ea (4000 m2 ind nut while

with the farn of the treat100 m x 50 mm tape mea who cannotmeters to paha in the tree lay‐outing a

g for plantin

ortant crop y water; predy swamps dsoils; from e growth of ndition. al ground nuthis experimeis mixed maction and qund weighed weight recordare again w

quantities th

d from diffecould be fou

r selling theer the jatroppen plastic cy the researfore this res




ed into 5 plomade of 10 to

each group w.e. 50 m x 80e the 1000 m

rmers who tments and m each. asure, pegs,t read and warticipate in eatments. Evand planting

ng

widely growdominantly uring the drgravel stoneground nut

t mostly cultent were obtnner with lituality. The grfor plantingded before pweighed to k

at were used

rent sourcesund around h

ese seeds topha plant, thcontainers bcher as thessearch interv

Environmental S



ots of 0.5 ha o 11 farmers

was again sub0 m). The 40m2 was to be

were totallythe entire p

garden linewrite, therefothe measur

ventually moexercises (F

wn in Sierra Lin the uplanry season. It e loam to sais the soil be

ivated in Sietained from ttle or no coround nut po. For each gplanting (Figknow the am

d in each tre

s by differenthouses and a

o the researche epicarp refore collectse seeds wevention. Sinc

Sciences



(5000 m2) es including th

bdivided into000 m2 was te planted pu

y involved tplot. The 0.5

es, and hoesfore used lonring process ost of the farigure 3.7).

Leone. It is cnd. It can beis highly toandy clay oreing well dra

erra Leone cathe farmersncerns abouods were sheroup, the segure 3.9). Aftmount of se

eatment of th

t people in aalong hedge

cher are tharemoved anting them. Tere completce these see

ale

el for page

ach. Each plhe 2 heads (a

o two parts; to be planteurely with jat

together witha plots we

s was done ng sticks or gduring the lrmers were a

cultivated in e also cultivalerant to dror loamy. Theained since i

an be brown s’ stock. Thesut their diffeelled manuaeeds were weter the planteeds used in

he plot.

and out of Bos in both rur

at the seedsd the driedThe seed collely useless eds were co

8/64

ot was a male

0.2 ha ed with tropha

th the ere laid

by the garden ay‐out able to

friable ated in oughts e most it does

or red se two rences lly and eighed ting of n each

ombali ral and

s were seeds lection to the llected

T

3.

3.

SpThtomjatMfavaThm

Pl

Plthofdeserathspde

Thw12

The cultivation of

from diffdifferent them froplastic baThe procvariety pbecause tgrowing wknown agpeople wenough twas very This promsuppliers

3.2. Planting

3.2.1. Mode

pacing for thhe planting ogether with easure to mtropha inter

Materials suchrmers to caarieties) planhe planting waking a spac

anting of the

anting of thhe number off jatropha atebris were reeedling. The atio of 4:1 plohe same 4 mpacing proceesigned to do

he planting oithin the sam250 seeds w

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ferent peopltreatments m the owneags ready forcess was thelanted in Sithe jatrophawild in the egronomic prawho suppliedime to test tlittle time le

mpted the difrom the dif

g phase

ern method o

he planting oof jatropha the farmers

measure distcropped with as the 50 rry out the nts in the reswas commencing of 2 x 2 m

e jatropha s

e jatropha sf seeds per ht a depth ofemoved fromtwo varietieots respectiv

m2 spacing. Thess in which o the spacing

of the jatropme day whenwere planted

ol Innovative Te



e and at difgiven to th

ers (Figure 3r planting. e same for erra Leone.a plants werenvironmentsactices to had the stock the germinateft for the plarect sowing fferent locat

of row planti

of jatropha sewas done

s in the field ances of 2 xh ground (JIGm tape mea2 x 2 m spaearch plots (nced by dropm apart in ea

eeds

seeds is donhole and the f 2‐4 cm deem the spot oes of jatrophvely. Four plohis planting either the 5g by these fa

ha seeds wan the groundmaking a to

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



fferent timehem during 3.10). The se

the seeds oThe seed c

re found in is; predominandle the haplanted in ttion rate of anting seasoof seeds intions around

ting of jatrop

eeds using a moof research.x 2 m in theG) and jatropasure, pegs, gacing for the(Figure 3.11)pping a singleach treatmen

e manually depth of plaep and seedof the planteha (jatropha ots were usewas done in50 m tape marmers in the

as done usingd nut was plaotal of 6250




es, it was difharvesting, eeds collecte

of jatropha collection wirregular poiantly near orvesting, prothe researchthese seeds n to expire ao the field oMakeni.

pha seeds

odern metho. The farmere already depha as sole cgarden linese jatropha (j). e seed of jatrnt.

by the reseaanting. Each was covered seed to allcurcas and jed to plant J.n holes alreameasure was e plots (Figur

g either the anted in the 0 jatropha se

Environmental S



fficult to assprocessing ed were cou

gossypifolia as a very bnts as eitheld communitocessing andh site. On tbefore the pafter the earf research as

od of row ps were taughemarcated pcrop (JSC). and long slejatropha cur

ropha in eac

archer, who demarcateded with fine ow easy or ujatropha gos. Curcas and ady demarcaused or there 3.12).

cutlasses or treatments.eeds for the

Sciences



sess their vand storageunted, weig

which was ig challengeer purely ornty settlemend storage of tthe other haplanting intoly rains of Ms they were

planting witht on the uslots of the t

ender sticksrcas and jat

ch spot mark

demonstrat point was psoil tilth. Alundisturbedssypifolia) w 1 plot for J.ated by the fe 2 m long s

the small ho. For each pl5 plots. Plo

ale

el for page

iability due e before colhed and pla

another coe for this renamental plants. There wthese seeds and, there wo the field asMay in Sierra obtained fro

h definite se of the 50 mtwo treatme

were used tropha gossy

ked by the fa

ted to the faplanted with ll large stone emergence

were planted Gossypifoliafarmers duritick that has

oes by the faot of the 5 gots 1‐3 and 5

9/64

to the lecting aced in

mmon search ants or ere no by the was no s there Leone. om the

pacing m tape ents of

by the ypifolia

rmers;

armers a seed es and of the in the a using ng the s been

armers groups, 5 were

T

plgo

3.

Grexin plmhathwof

Ththamthin

Scthdadeth

3.

3.

Ja

Thplin

Gr

Thofanpo

3.

Thmlac

The cultivation of

anted with Jossypifolia 4:

3.2.2. Planti

round nut wxperimental the describoughed areaanner as theandled with he soil with tith fine soil tf 15 cm x 30

he depth of he ploughed mple space fhese objects.cidence of p

caring of pesheir other resays when geestruction whreshold leve

3.3 Post pla

3.3.1. Popul

atropha popu

he populatioot and the ttercrop in ea

round nut pl

he populatiof the 5 plots nd number opulation de

3.3.2. Jatrop

he growth asonth after pck of adequa

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


J. Curcas wh:1 respective

ing of groun

was planted plot. The alrbed area of a of the expe planting waone hand abthe blade whtilth (Figure cm or 15 x 2

planting ransoil surface

for the easy . The groundpests from ea

sts from the spective farmermination w

was done to tels.

nting phase

lation densit

ulation dens

n density of otal numberach plot and

lant populat

n density of of the experof ground nnsity of the g

pha growth a

ssessment olanting untilate field capa

ol Innovative Te



hile plot 4 wely.

d nut seeds

as an interceady procesthe researcperimental pas done manbout 30cm frhere the gro3.13). This p5 cm, depen

nges from 2‐ were remoemergence od nut seeds ating the see

planted grom operationswas expectethe planted

ties of Jatrop

sity assessme

the jatrophar recorded. Tresults reco

tion density

the ground riment 1 monnut plants iground nut c

assessment

of the differe the 6th monacity water t

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



was planted w

crop amongssed and weich plot. The plot. The spanually; mostlrom its bladund nut seeprocess was nding on the

‐3 cm deep. oved togetheof the youngwere prope

eds.

ound nut wass which canned to be coground nut

pha and grou

ent

a was assessThis was donorded.

assessment

nut crop wanth after plan these quacrop in the tr

ent varieties nth when thethat can supp




with J. gossy

st the jatropghed seeds oseeds wereacing of groly by the woe by the plad was dropprepeated byskill and exp

During the er with any bg ground nuterly covered

s not possibnot allow theomplete. It wseeds in the

und

sed by head ne in the two

as assessed bnting. Five dadrates wasreatments of

of jatropha e dry season port visible p

Environmental S



ypifolia, mak

pha in 0.8 haof ground nue planted usund nut seemen of the rnter and a hped with they all the planperience of t

planting probig stone ort seedlings wwith the so

le because aem to stay inwas howevee research p

counting of o different tr

by using the different quas recorded. f jatropha in

plants was eminently aphysiological

Sciences



king the ratio

a of the entut were plansing small hoeds was donresearch farmhole was cree other handnters makinghe planters.

ocess all weer stick debriswith little or oil to preven

all the farmen the researcer observedplots by thes

the germinareatments of

1 m2 quadraadrates wereThis was to

ntercropped w

carried out ffected the gl activities.

ale

el for page 1

o of J. Curca

tire 0.5 ha oted by the faoes in the ane in an estimers. The hoated by scra and then corough dime

eds germinas. This was tno obstructint or minimi

ers were busch site within that no emse pests abo

ated plants if jatropha so

ate method ie taken in eaco get the avwith ground

at an intervgrowth rate

10/64

as to J.

of each armers already mated oe was atching overed ensions

ting in to give ons by ise the

sy with n the 7 minent ove the

n each ole and

n each ch plot verage (JIG).

al of 1 due to

T

Twexpafru

Wsesupltrethac

3.

W

Wthpl

Wjatwdiww

W

Washain trewJSoure

3.

PeLeorsojatcasp

The cultivation of

wenty plantsxperimental arameters: thuits (when a

With the use elected at rauch measureants was coeatments ofhe souring drctivities in th

3.3.3. Weed

Weeding

Weeds were nhe jatropha aanting of the

Weeding was tropha and as recorded fferent ploteeded by alere each me

Weed assessm

Weeds assessssessed a moarvesting of g the field weatments ofere countedC. The methut how muchecorded.

3.3.4. Pest id

ests are majeone and Arganisms) in owing of thetropha plantaused by sompecial device

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


s were selecplots. For eahe vertical hvailable) (Fig

of a tape mndom in theements recorounted and f the 4 plots ry season whe plants.

ds and weed

noticed in aland ground ne crops by th

done manuaground nut by the farms; weeding l the farmerember was ei

ments in the

sment was conth after pground nut iwas the 1 mf each plot a and recordehod was repeh weeds hav

dentification

jor agents tAfrica at largthe fields o

e ground nuts in the fieme of these pe used to ide

ol Innovative Te



cted randomach assessmeeight (in cm)gure 3.14).

measure or me centrally lorded. The nurecord. Thiuntil Januaryhen there w

prevalence

l the two difnuts in the phe farmers of

ally using cuplants (Figu

mers’ group lthe first plars involved iither present

treatments

arried out inplanting of gin the treatmm2 quadratend with theed. This was eated in the ve re‐emerge

n and contro

hat have bege. They raof cultivatiot seeds in tld with the pests. The peentify these

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



mly in the ceent period th), number of

meter ruler, ocated regionumber of leais exercise wy when the

was little or n

assessment

fferent treatplots. Weedinf the researc

tlasses and ure 3.15). Theaders. The anted plots nto the reset or sent a re

n two stageground and ments. The pe method. F use of the done in plotsame treatmed from the

ol

een known tange from mn. In this rethe field to naked eyesests included pests. Inste




entral part ohe growth raf leaves, num

the vertical n of the treaaves, branchewas repeatevisible growno additiona

tments of JIGng was schedch project.

hand pullinge number oweeding prfollowed byearch like wepresentativ

s in the treajatropha in process used Five differenmeter squarts 1 and 2, 3 ments a mon two treatm

to have advmicro (invisesearch pestits harvest. s as there wd birds, rodeead, they we

Environmental S



of each treate was meas

mber of branc

height of thatment werees and fruitsed every 1 th of the crol water to su

G and JSC twduled to tak

g of the weedof farmers progressed wity the secondas accomplise (Figure 3.1

atments of tthe treatmeto assess thnt locations re quadrate and 4 in eacnth after thements (JIG an

erse effects ible organists have beenAlso pests h

was no devicents and insecere identifie

Sciences



atment (JIG sured using tches and nu

he jatropha e measured is (when avaimonth sincops came to upport the a

wo weeks afke place a mo

ds from the resent for thth the datesd and so onshed with th16).

the plots. Thents and onehe population were selecthe numberch of the treae ground wasnd JSC) in th

on crop prsms) to man identified have been ie used to vcts (Figure 3ed through s

ale

el for page 1

and JSC) inthe followingmber of flow

plants whichin centimeteilable) of thee June, in aa standstill

active physio

ter the planonth and hal

crops i.e. amhis farm opes of planting n. The plotshe other act

he prevalence month aftn density of cted within r of weeds patments of Js harvested te 4 plots an

roduction in cro (easily from the tidentified wierify the da.17). There wseries of visi

11/64

the 4 g plant wers or

h were ers and e same all the due to ological

ting of lf after

mongst eration in the s were tivities,

ce was ter the weeds the 2

present IG and to find d data

Sierra visible ime of ith the mages was no its and

T

phdewdi

DuinupecThSothww4

Prevgoefca

3.

Gr

Thfa

Th(Fpowea

Thgrgremof

As

ThThco

Thth

The cultivation of

hysical obseestroying groere active drectly as the

uring the grvaded the pprooting the cology at a their feeding ome protecthreshold. Howas plot 5. Thhich was conplots. Plots 1

rominent amven the stemossypifolia thffects of thearried out in

3.3.5. Harve

round nut ha

he harvestinrmers to avo

he harvestingigure 3.19). ods exposedeek to allowasy plugging

he spread grround nut poround nut pomptied into bf the ground

ssessment o

he yield of ghe process inontaining gro

he 1 m2 quadhe centre of

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


rvations on ound nut at uring the daey try to germ

rowth proceplots. Cane entire planttime. They aactivities cantive measurewever, the dhey eat all thnsequently a1‐3 were pla

mongst the ims of the jhan jatrophaese insect pethe respectiv

esting and cr

arvesting

g of groundoid the groun

g was done mThe uproote enough into

w the pods toof these pod

round nut stods from thods from thebigger plastinut were do

f ground nut

round nut wnvolved the ound nut pla

drate was usthe treatme

ol Innovative Te



the damagethe germinaay while the minate or em

ess of grounrats and pot from the sore mostly acn destroy a wes were takdamage caushe ground nuabandoned bnted with J.c

nsect pests atropha plaa curcas in tests damageve treatmen

rop yields as

d nut took pnd nut pods

manually by ed plants weo the sunligho dry and theds from the s

ems are lefte stems (Fige straw. Smac bags and cone by both m

t yield

was assesseduse of the 1nts (JIG) in e

ed with 5 raent. Every 1

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



es they causation stage icrickets and

merge from t

nd nut plantorcupine (Fioil. These arective at nighwhole farm ifken by the rsed ended uut plants whby the researcurcas while

also were tnt. They wethe experimee in the fieldnts and plots.

ssessment of

place 90 dayremaining in

uprooting there placed inht to get drye stalks attacstems.

t in the field gure 3.20). Tll containerscarried to themen and wo

d by both the1 m2 quadrateach plot.

andomly selem2 space of




sed in the fincluded guid ants were he soil or wh

ts the rodenigure 3.18)e small mamt while theyf no proper aresearcher ap destroyinghich led to thrch team. Thplot 4 was w

the grasshopere howeveental field. Td during this.

f ground nut

ys after plann the soil or r

he entire plan a single play. The spreadching the po

for a week The pluggings were used te village fromomen of the r

e farmers ante by the far

ected points f the ground

Environmental S



ield. It was nea hens, bumore activehen uncovere

nt pests callfeed on themals that livy rest in quieand timely coand farmersg one of the he aggressiveis led to the with J. Gossyp

ppers. They r seen to bThere was nos research; o

and jatroph

nting. This wre‐germinati

ants with theace, spreadind ground plads to the ste

before the fg is again doto collect them final dryingresearch tea

nd the reseamers and th

in each of thd nut plants

Sciences



observed thush fowls ane at night; aed by the pla

led cane rate young grove in groups et cold bushontrol intervs to control plots of the e growth of entire resea

ypifolia.

attacked bobe more acto device useonly visual o

ha

was done iming.

e hands togeng the strawants were lefem of the pl

farmers wenone manuallye ground nug. The harvem (Figure 3.

archer from the researche

he four plotswas harvest

ale

el for page 1

hat the pestnd squirrels, ll eating theanters.

ts and porcound nut poof 4‐6 in anyes during thventions are their activitexperimentweeds in tharch to end u

oth the leavetive with jaed to measuobservations

mmediately

ther with thws with the gft in the fieldant shrink to

nt back to ply by removit pods whichesting and pl21).

the field’s haer in the trea

s. This was dted and the

12/64

s seen which

e seeds

upines ods by y given he day. taken. ties to which e plot, up with

es and tropha ure the s were

by the

e pods ground d for a o allow

ug the ng the h were ugging

arvest. atment

one at stems

T

tietheasitfa

As

ThreHocy

Jaseafththac

Th

1.

2.

3.

Ththto

Th(Fmdr

3.

Mprplgrplm

The cultivation of

ed together he village andach 1 m2 grotuation usedrmers and th

ssessment o

he reproducteview. It has owever, the ycles.

atropha gossyet on its flowfter plantinghere were nohe plants. Sinctive growth

he yields of t

the reseafruits of t

the dry serains to sdropped through t

attack ofleaves of

he entire cuhe plants muo conserve th

he reproductigure 3.24) ost of its leary spell of the

3.3.6. Mulch

Mulching is throtect it fromant. The dryround nut onugged off thulch which w

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


to be plugged dried for 5ound nut podd by the farhe one harve

f jatropha re

tion of jatrobeen observtwo varietie

ypifolia whicwers and frui. The reprodo more rainsnce the entirrate of the c

these two jat

arch period wthe crops froeason interrsupport the all their leathe leaves (Ff the jatrophthe plants.

ltivation systst adapt a syhe water in t

tion of the fwas interrupaves as a mee season.

hing of jatrop

he spreadingm adverse cy ground nutnly. The mulche ground nuwill eventua

ol Innovative Te



ed later (Figu5 days. The dds from the rmers to ensested for the

eproduction

opha crop haved that the es show diffe

ch tends to gits 4 monthsduction procs to provide re productiocrops to a sta

tropha variet

was completm the field aupted the regrowth and ves to avoidigure 3.23) aha crops by

tem was totystem of survhe soil for its

fruits by the pted by the eans of conse

pha plants

g of any suitonditions ant straws werching involveut pods, whilly become f

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ure 3.22). Thdried quantitground nut sure there we assessment

as been the two varietieerent period

grow very fas after plantcess of theseadequate w

on process wandstill.

ties were no

ted from theafter that peeproductive reproductiod excess evaand insect pests

tally dependviving the 6 s survival du

two jatrophdry season erving the so

table maternd add to the used to med the spreach the farmfertilizer for




he 5 differenties were witreatments.were no vart purpose.

major focuses of jatrophs of reprodu

st when coming, while jae crops howwater that cowas a rain‐fe

t calculated

e field after 6riod; life cycle of ton of the croapo‐transpira

s (grasshopp

dent on the months longring the dry

ha varieties:period fromoil’s limited a

ials (soil, plahe soil’s nutulch the jatrading of the ers use as fothe growth

Environmental S



nt samples frnnowed and The procesriations in t

s of this resea can reproduction during

mpared to jatatropha curcawever came tould supportd system, its

due to these

6 months, he

the jatrophaops. In fact, iation of the

pers) in the f

natural rain g dry season period.

J. Curcas (Fm January, damount of w

ant remains,ritional valuropha crops already dry ood and the and reprodu

Sciences



rom the 4 pd weighed toss was the sahe quantity

earch duringduce within og the growth

tropha curcacas started flto a halt in t the physios recession b

e factors:

ence was un

a plants as thit was repor limited wat

field which

cycle (rain‐f by dropping

Figure 3.25) adue to the trwater for its

, or plastic) e for the usin the treatground straremains weuction of jat

ale

el for page 1

lots were tao get the weame as the nharvested

g the period one croppingh and reprod

as was obserowering 6 mJanuary whelogical activibrought the

nable to colle

here were norted that theter from t

ate the rem

fed) which ig most of its

and J. Gossyremendous survival duri

around a plse of the intment plantews that haveere used as otropha. The

13/64

ken to ight of normal by the

under g year. duction

rved to months en the ities of entire

ect the

o more e crops he soil

maining

mplies leaves

ypifolia loss of ing the

lant to tended ed with e been organic straws

T

w3.

3.

Wmwanpr

Thin

Hast

Soviabesu

Thpr

ThThthle(F

Th1.2.3.

Seim3.

Thanbe

FiPVruqu

Floin

The cultivation of

hich were al26).

3.3.7. Rural

Whilst the jaodern agronill not be comn internal coropagation to

his literature rural comm

arvested seeorage metho

ome publicatability for fue stored in duitable fibers

he period of roduction or

he extractionhe mechaniche manual mss cost and igures 3. 28

he purificatio sediment filtration flotation

edimentationmpurities to g30).

his method iny other chee slow since

ltration is thVO. This invoural communuality of the

otation in wavolves other

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ready dry w

chain to tra

tropha seednomic practicmplete withoombustion (o new plants

e review careunities in Sie

eds need to od is therefo

tions have crther plantindry places wis.

storage of tpropagation

n of PVO fromcal method ismechanical m

does not nand 3.29).

on of the Crutation; and in water.

n involves thget PVO whic

s seen to bemicals, costsit involves 2‐

he process oolves carefunities since itoil by the illi

ater is a veryr auxiliary ac

ol Innovative Te



ere spread a

nsform jatro

d productionces, the chaiout the propi.c) engine. s and b) for P

efully examinerra Leone (F

be stored beore very cruci

confirmed thng or the proth low humi

the seeds mn.

m seeds can s furthered deans is highneed any ot

ude Vegetabl

he passing och can be us

e most suitabs or the use ‐4 days in ot

f passing thel monitoring involves theterate farme

y good methtivities such

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



around the ja

opha seeds i

n has been in of the entper transformSeeds can PVO to gene

nes how seeFigure 3.28).

efore being ial in this cas

hat the storaoduction of oidity. The pr

must be preci

be done in tdivided intoly recommether electric

le Oil (CVO) t

of the CVO ised in a spec

ble for rural of energy toher to get th

e CVO throug, cleaning ae high cost oers.

od of purifyias pre‐heati




atropha plan

into Pure Veg

carefully extire process mation of thebe transformrate electrici

eds can be tr

processed asse.

age method oil [J. Moncaeferred cont

ise to maint

two differentmotorized anded since ial or mecha

to PVO can b

nto three dially designe

communitieo get the purhe desired qu

ugh series ofnd changingof the filters

ing CVO sincing, continuo

Environmental S



nts by the fa

getable Oil (

xamined usito generate ese seeds intmed into twity and other

ansformed i

s either for p

is very impaleano‐Escantainers (bags

ain the viab

t ways. It couand manual. t can be useanical energy

be done in th

ifferent tanked i.c. engine

es since it dority of the oiuality of the

f filters to obg of filters. Tand the tech

e it can remoous mixing an

Sciences



rmers with t

(PVO) and el

ing the trad electricity ato PVO whicwo major war by‐product

into electric

planting or o

portant to dendon et al., s) should be

ility of the s

uld be chemFor the pur

ed in the ruragy to carry o

hree ways:

ks to separae to generate

oes not invoil. However, PVO.

btain the deThis method hnical aspect

oval most ofnd final sepa

ale

el for page 1

their hands (

lectricity

ditional and at communitch can be useays: a) for fts.

energy to b

oil productio

etermine the2013]. Seedjute or othe

seeds for eit

ical or mechpose of this al communitout the extr

te the oil fre electricity (

lve the additthis method

sired purity is not suitabt of monitori

f the impuritaration of th

14/64

(Figure

some ty level ed into further

e used

on. The

e seed s must er local

her oil

anical. study, ty with raction

rom its (Figure

tion of d could

of the ble for ing the

ies but e PVO.

T

Thfa

Stusenthto

Thesbio

co

Coef

3.

3.

Prsmopha

3.

3.

Thconuca

3.

Poplpeis

Thcath

The cultivation of

his will creatrmers, thus

torage of thesed. The mosnsure little ohe PVO storao be used.

he PVO cansterification o‐diesel) very

ommunity us

onsequently,ffective comb

4 Results an

4.1 Pre‐plan

re‐planting amall hand hperations waa.h‐1 (Figure 3

4.2 Planting

4.2.1 Plantin

he planting oost of 680,50ut seeds (380apacity of 0.0

4.3 Post pla

ost planting ugging and der hectare. T0.047 ha.h‐1.

he total costapacity of 0.1he experimen

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


te additionait is not suita

e oil is a key st appropriator no furtherage must be

be used dreaction [K. y similar to t

se.

, the use of abustion of th

nd discussion

nting phase

activities whioes) has a as 148 h.ha‐1,3.31).

g operations

ng of ground

operation in00 Le.ha‐1. Th0,500 Le.ha‐1

026 ha.h‐1.

nting operat

operations drying of groThe total hum.

t of producti107 ha.h‐1 (Tnt.

ol Innovative Te



al use of eneable for rura

factor to enate method or reaction of carefully de

directly into Nahar, S.A. S

he gasoil. Of

a specially dehe PVO‐ is ne

ns

ch includedtotal cost o, while the w

d nut and jat

cluded the she cost of lab), (Table 3.1)

tions

or activitieound nuts. Thman time spe

ion is 2, 555Table 3.2). A

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ergy, cost al purposes to

able the effiof storing thef the oil withetermined to

special dieSunny, 2011],

f course, the

esigned engiecessary in th

the brushinof 555,000 Lwork capacity

tropha

sowing of grbor was (300). The total t

es involved his phase of tent in all the

5,500 Le.ha‐1

ll these activ




nd high teco generate e

cient performe oil is in plash its environmo avoid excee

esel engine , industrial pr

e trans‐este

ine (like, for his case for t

g, clearing oLe.ha‐1. The y of the hum

round nut an0,000 Le.ha‐1

time spent o

weeding, pthe field worese field acti

using a totavities were c

Environmental S



hnical skills electricity [W

mance of thestic containement. [F.O. Aeding its use

Cycle, withorocess develo

rification pro

example, Lishe local rura

of debris aftetotal time i

man labor inv

nd jatropha 1) and the con these oper

est observark had the hivities is 352

al time of 58carried out w

Sciences



which cannW. Rijssenbeek

e engine intoers in ambienAbulude, 20eful quality w

out going thped to produ

ocess is not

ster engine) al communit

er burning aninvolved in volved has a

seeds. This ost of the jatrations is 80

ation and coighest cost o h.ha‐1 while

80 h.ha‐1 andwithin a peri

ale

el for page 1

not be met k, 2010].

o which the nt temperatu007]. The pewith the i.c. e

hrough the uce a bio‐fuel

t suitable fo

‐that can caries.

nd ploughingcarrying all n average of

was achievetropha and gh.ha‐1, with a

ontrol, harvof 1,320,000 the work ca

d an averageiod of 7 mon

15/64

by the

PVO is ures to riod of engine

trans‐(called

r rural

rry out

g (with these

f 0.035

ed at a ground a work

esting, Le.ha‐1 apacity

e work nths of

T

3.

1.

2.

3.

ThgrcareIn(JS1.

2.

3.

4.

The cultivation of

4.3.1 Popula

Ground nThe grouexcellent makes upwas there

Jatropha Germinatgerminat2,500 staseeds and

4.3.2 Growt

he two varierowth responan reproduceeproduce see terms of theSC), differen The vertic

In all the with grouafter plancm. With cm with J

The numbIn all the when comtreatmenGossypifosame per

The brancThe brantreatmenshowed aWith the branchingwith jatro

Fruit reprWith the The data realised f

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ation densiti

nut und nut germwith 95%.

p for a spacinefore estima tion of jatropion rate of 1ands.ha‐1 wasd the poor m

th assessmen

eties of jatronses in the fie seeds at theds only aftee two treatmt performancal growth ra two varietieund (JIG) thanting, it was J. gossypifoJIG while witber of leavestwo varietiempared withnt while theolia, an averriod i.e. 5th mching and caching and cants of JIG ana better canoJ. Gossypifog and eventuopha sole croroduction jatropha goshows that

from the JSC

ol Innovative Te



ies of crops

minated 5 dThe averageng of 15 cm xted to be 26

pha was at 5 10% in this exs rather 250management

nt of jatroph

opha (J. Curield of cultivhe age of 4 mr 6 months oments of jatrces in termsate es planted, tan the ones aable to attalia, which teh JSC was ons es in the exph the JSC. Are were onage of 11 lemonth (Figurnopy spreadanopy spread JSC. Althoopy spread wolia which haually better copping (JSC)

ossypifolia wmore fruits at that age (

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



days after pe stands of x 25 cm. The6,666,667 pla

to 7 days afxperiment; h0 stands.ha‐1.before reac

ha

rcas and J. Gvation. Jatropmonths afterof planting (Fropha intercr of growth o

the jatrophaas sole cropsin a vertical ends to grownly 43 cm in

periment, thAn average only 9 leaves aves was rere3.35); d ad of the twoough Jatrophwith JIG wheas a better bcanopy spreat the 4th m

hich was ab were produ(Figures 3.33




planting in tground nut e total grounants.ha‐1.

fter planting.hence its pop. This was mhing the rese

Gossypifolia)pha gossypifr planting, wFigures 3.34ropped with of the 2 varie

a realised bes (JSC). Withgrowth heig

w faster than 5 months;

he leaf produof 16 leaveswith the tralised with J

o varieties sha Curcas is en comparedbranching abad in the tre

month;

le to reproduced with th3 and 3.34).

Environmental S



he field. Its plants per md nut plant p

. The jatrophpulation denmainly due toearcher for p

) used for tfolia can growhile jatrophaand 3.35). ground nut ties were no

etter vertical jatropha cught of 61 cm J. curcas, it a

uction rate os was obtainreatment JSJIG while the

howed muca very poor d with JSC atbility, the dateatment with

uce fruits athe JIG treatm

Sciences



germinatiometer squarpopulation d

ha seeds plannsity which wo the undefiplanting.

he experimew more rapia curcas gro

(JIG) and jatoticed.

growth rateurcas varietyin JIG whileattained a ve

of the plantsned by J. CuSC at the 5tere was only

h differencebranching vt the 5th mota showed th ground (JIG

t the 4th moment, while

ale

el for page 1

n percentagre were 26,density per h

nted had verwas expectedined source

ent have difdly in the fiews slower a

tropha as sol

e in the trea, at the 6th with JSC it wertical heigh

s was higherurcas with tth month. Wy 6 with JSC

e between thvariety, it hoonth after plahat there is G) when com

onth after plathere was n

16/64

ge was which

hectare

ry poor d to be of the

fferent eld and nd can

le crop

atment month was 35 t of 97

r in JIG the JIG With J. at the

he two owever anting. better

mpared

anting. othing

T

3.

Winsuprnurecaw(1Thnuhepe

3.

ThLetopo

7,Thimfunuintoon

3.

ThtrestmatNoatgr

The cultivation of

In summaGossypifocrop in th

4.3.3 Weed

Weed prevaleclusion of guppression orevalence assut in the jateasons why tan be seen theeding) duri174 h.ha‐1) duherefore, theutrients in thence reducinests using th

4.3.4 Groun

he average yeones per heotal cost of positive return

500,000 Le.this makes thmmediate beuel for the gutrient provicome for tho accept the ne or two ye

4.3.5 Mulch

he use of temendous braw as mulcanure to thtmosphere aovember anttributed to round as inte

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ary, it can beolia) is bettehe upland ec

prevalence a

ence was obground nut af the weeds sessments, itropha experthe rate of jahat the cost ng the singluring the proe inclusion ohe form of nng the time ae weeds as s

d nut yield r

yield of grouectare is 6,15production isns to the far

t‐1 (≈1415 €the cultivatioenefit of the generation oder, weed sue rural poorgrowing of jars for gene

ing of the ja

he ground benefits aftech, 3 monthshe jatropha around the jd encouragithe increaseercrops when

ol Innovative Te



e observed ter in the treaology.

and weeding

bserved to bas an intercrin the JIG trt was observrimental ploatropha perfof weed cone productionoduction procof ground nunitrogen to tand energy ssecondary ho

rate and inco

nd nut per h50,000 Le.ha‐

s 2,555,500 Lrmers with a‐1). on of jatropexercise eve

of electricityuppressant afarmers. Thjatropha whrating electr

atropha

nut straw tr the harvess after harveplants, supatropha, esping the actived growth on compared

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



that the geneatment with

g

be higher in rop in the creatment whved that weeots. This highformance in ntrol is high wn season. Thcess. ut as an intethe soil but spent in contosts to attack

ome assessm

hectare in th‐1 (≈1160 €)Le.ha‐1; therea profit of 3,

pha even men before thfor the rur

and source oherefore, it phich does noricity for thei

to mulch thsting of the est; has valuappressing thpecially whevities of theof jatropha (with jatroph




eral performh ground nut

the JSC thacultivation ofhen compareeds dominateher weed prthe field of cwith a total ahis farm ope

ercrop will nalso acts astrolling thesek the jatroph

ment

his research (Table 3.7 anefore the pro,594,500 Le.

ore acceptahe harvestingal people. Inof food for thpsychologicat seem to ber domestic u

he jatropha ground nut ably contribue weeds, reen it was ap macro and(J. Curcas anha as sole cro

Environmental S



mance of the t than when

n in the JIGf jatropha med with the Jed more in trevalence in cultivation wamount of 6ration consu

ot only helps weed suppe weeds andha plants.

is 0.820 t.hand Figure 3.3oduction anaha‐1. The cos

able to the g of the jatron addition the people, it lly creates a e much beneuse.

plant in thin the plots.uted to the aeducing the proaching thmicro‐orga

nd J. Gossypop (Figures 3

Sciences



jatropha cron cultivated

G (Figures 3.might have cJSC. In all thethe treatmen the JSC miwas less than652,500 Le.haumes a lot o

p in enhancipressor for td also avertin

a‐1. The cost 38). Accordinalysis will dest of ground

farmers beopha for theto ground nt also createsroom of hoeficial to the

his experime. The spreadadditional prate of wa

he dry seasonisms in thepifolia) in th3.33 and 3.34

ale

el for page 1

op (J. Curcasas a single o

37 and 3.38contributed e two sets ofnts without gght be one n in the JIG. Aa‐1 (for 1st anf the farmer

ng the addithe jatropha ng the incide

of this quanng to the daefinitely yieldd in Sierra Le

cause theree extraction ut being uses a ready soupe for the faem during th

ent showed ding of grourovision of oater lose inton in Octobee soil. This ce treatment4).

17/64

s and J. or sole

8). The to the f weed ground of the Also, it nd 2nd rs time

tion of crops,

ence of

ntity in ta, the d some eone is

e is an of bio‐eful as urce of armers he first

some nd nut organic to the er and can be ts with

T

3.

NoththGuwplenin [Nsebeww

3.

Fr4 jatthThApmsethThdufeto

3.

Alstripmimin fruhapl

Tim

The cultivation of

3.3.6 Pest ef

o numerical he effects of he jatropha duinea hens, chile the ratsugging by thnsure maxim Africa geneNielsen 2007evere damageetle has beehere it also as available

4.3.7 Jatrop

rom the datamonths aftetropha can rhat the produhe eventual pril) can vehentioned abeason, hencehis period. he cultivatiouring the raertiliser migho augment th

4.3.8. Harve

though this udies have pening charaainly done b

mpact on the the entire puits can be arvesting of taces [W. Rijs

here have mprovements

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ffects and co

data or estipests can beduring the prcane rats ans were identhe farmers. Itmum realisatierally Flea b7, Gagnaux ge than the en known incauses seveto investigat

pha reproduc

a collected, rer planting, reproduce ituction level wchange of shemently inbove, the jae becoming v

n of this croiny season tt be possiblehe nutrient c

esting and de

research didhowever shacteristics ofby hand. Thee production production pharvested

the crop takssenbeek, 20

been manys are still und

ol Innovative Te



ontrol

imates on the clearly shoroduction prod porcupinestified to eatt is thereforeon of the probeetles (Aph2008]. The golden flea

n Manica Prore damage. Tte their avail

ction state

results show while J. Cuts seeds in owas very lowseason; fromterrupt the tropha, beinvirtually dor

op thereforeto maximisee if the farmontent of th

ehulling (she

d not carry oown that haf the jatrophe harvesting costs of jatr

process. In Taby day depes about 30%010].

y attempts der developm

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



he effects ofwn from theocess. The 5s. The leavest a lot of the very emineoduction levthona spp.) yellow flea beetle, somovince in MoThese were ability and d

w that J. Gossrcas was atone cultivatiow due to the m the rainy sgrowth and

ng a broad rmant in term

e must be tie its growth mers cannot ce soil for the

elling) of jatr

out any harvarvesting of ha fruit. Due process bec

ropha oil. Haanzania andpending on % of the tota

to improve ment, howev




f pests weree physical dath plot of ths of J. Gossype ground poent that the vel of both theat the leabeetle (Aph

metimes resozambique anot experie

damages with

sypifolia was6 months a

on season (6height and aseason (Mayd reproductileaf crop, dms of active

me bound wand reprodcontinue wite plant.

ropha fruits

esting due tthe jatrophto these ripcomes a veryarvesting, the Congo, datathe populaal cost of pro

this procever, and have

Environmental S



e carried outmages causee experimenpifolia were ods uprootepests must bhe intercrop ves and thehthona dilutulting in 100nd also noticnced in this h the jatroph

able to prodafter plantin6 months) ofage of the croy‐October) tion activitiesrops almost growth and

with great cauction perfoth the cultiva

o the limitedha seeds is apening issuesy labour‐inteerefore, is ana have showation densityoduction in s

ss by meche been appli

Sciences



t in this expeed to both tnt was damaalmost eateed and packebe controlledand jatropheir larvae petipes) appea0% mortalitced in anothresearch sinha crop in th

duce its firstng. This resuf the year bops. to the dry ses of jatropht all its leavd reproducti

are in manaormance. Thation of grou

d period on a difficult ps, the harvesensive procen important wn that 50 toy of the plsome farms

hanisation. ied only in pi

ale

el for page 1

eriment. Howhe ground nged by bushn by grasshoed in the fied by the farma plants. Howenetrate thears to causey. The yelloher farm in Mnce not muce field.

t fruit at the ult confirmeut further sh

eason (Noveha in the fieves during thon of fruits

ging the crohe use of chund nut ever

the field actrocess due sting of jatroess, and has aspect to coo 60 kg of jatants. The min Africa and

These mechilot projects.

18/64

wever, ut and fowls, oppers, eld for mers to wever, e roots e more ow flea Malawi h time

age of ed that howed

ember‐eld. As he dry during

op well emical ry year

tivities; to the opha is a high

onsider tropha manual d other

hanical

T

Thdetyinsm

DefruDehise

3.

Se

Dr

Wtraca

Thhefosekil(a

St

Thgr

Thbejucuw

Thth

It sh3.

Thduis ru

The cultivation of

he dehullingehuller that rypes of dehudustrial usemall, locally m

ehulling can uit is approehulling the gher dehullieeds and the

4.3.8 Rural t

eed drying a

rying

When the seeansport the arts, bikes or

he drying proectare, perioor drying. If oeeds, which logram of seeration) and

torage

he bulk densrams per see

he design of e similar as ost like thoseubic meter cill be 1.7 m3.

he storing ofhe humidity,

has been prhows its best39).

he humidity uring the rainhowever dif

ural commun

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


g principle isresults in theullers; from s and large made types i

be done witximately 5 larger sizeding efficiencyy need to be

transformat

nd storage

eds are sepaseeds from manual. The

ocess takes pod of harvestone looks at can weigh eed, this woud or jute or o

ity of jatroped.

a storage shone used to se for maize. Yan be stored. The shed fo

f seeds for eduration, typ

roven from rt germinatio

of the storany season infficult to achnities where

ol Innovative Te



s based on e opening anmanual to volumes. Sin use, which

th fresh (yelmm thick, wd fresh fruit y than of dre separated [

ion of jatrop

arated fromthe field toe seeds requ

place for theting and thethe area ne550 to 800 uld be arounther locally a

ha seed is es

hed needs tostore maize.Yet jatrophad, the net voor a hectare s

ither furtherpe of contain

research thaton performa

age system n Sierra Leonhieve in Siersome of the

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



provoking snd coming lomotor drivmilar dehulh are made o

low) fruits owhile the shhas the advry fruit. The [T. Galema, 2

pha seeds int

m the fruit so the procesuire drying to

e individual se duration ofeeded, it is egrams, req

nd 0.25 m². Aavailable fibr

stimated at a

o have a larg It should bea seed is notolume for thshould be 1 x

r propagationer and the t

t the viabilitnce at 3 mo

must be lowne. The tempra Leone wheir houses a




slight pressuoose of the fren. Most oflers are useof local availa

or with dry (bhell of the vantage of pfruit shells 2010].

to PVO and

hells they hssing area. To 6% moistur

seeds, while f drying detestimated thauire 0.2 m² After drying re container

a cubic area

e roof and ae well aeratet eaten, so fuhe storage shx 1 x 1.7 m=1

on or oil prodtemperature

ty of jatrophonths after h

w to avert thperature mushich has an aare made up

Environmental S



ure and fricruit shells (Fif the existind for coffeeable materia

brown) fruitsdried fruit irovoking mocome out o

electricity

ave to be sransport more content (id

storage takeermine the sat one seed (average wthe seeds cas for further

of 400 kg.m‐

n open or seed and the coumigation is hed for 665 1.7m3.

duction is che of the store

a seeds is atharvest [K. J

he incidencest be moderaaverage temp of thatch, t

Sciences



ction on theigure 3.48). Tng dehullerse and peanuls, using man

s. The shell ois approximaore friction, of the dehull

stored for uodes are tradeally) befor

es place in ssize of the drequires abo

would be 140an be placed storage.

‐3. This is for

emi‐open waontainers shs not neededkg.ha‐1 estim

haracterised e.

t maximum 9Sowmya et

e of seed mate in the st

mperature of this could se

ale

el for page 1

e fruits withThere are dif are designuts. There arnpower.

of a fresh jatately 1 mmwhich resuler mixed wi

se. It is besctor carts, dre pressing.

acks. The yierying area nout 2 cm², so00 seeds.kg‐

d into woven

air‐dry seed

all structure.ould be oped. Since 400 mated in this

by factors s

9 months, wt al., 2011] (

oulding, espore (20‐25°C30 to 35°C. erve as idea

19/64

hin the fferent ed for re also

tropha thick. ts in a ith the

st is to donkey

eld per needed o 1000 ‐1). Per n sacks

d of 0.8

. It can n bins, kg per s study

such as

whilst it (Figure

pecially C). This In the l store

T

ceThthst

Thmphm

CV

BausmTelatinGrin

Thprsuw

Thdeel

Fr

1.

2.

Thth

Th19ofse

Rcoal

Th

sh

The cultivation of

entre during his could howhis period, hores.

he containeraterials [A. hysical and caintaining a

VO/PVO extr

asically, the sed for this puch practicaechnological te 1980s anstitutions, inroningen) in itiatives by j

he extractionroducing eleuch as the rehich method

he removal escribed aboectrical or m

rom theoreti

mechanic

chemical.

he mechaniche oil. This m

he manual m985]. The capf 0.918 kg.dmeeds using a

ecently, theountries has ., 2009]. Ma

he manual m

howed EXT =

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


the dry seaswever be a pence may af

rs used to pKumar et alchemical comoisture co

raction

process of gpurpose haveal experiencCo‐operationd early 19ncluding thethe Netherlatropha enth

n of CVO isctricity fromemoval of thd could be us

of the epicaove (dehullinmechanical en

cal point of v

cal and

.

al method inechanical m

method invopacity of thism3, this measingle manu

e aspect of been studiechines of thi

mechanical

= 98%.

ol Innovative Te



son since theproblem durffect the qu

lace the see., 2010]. Thintents as rentent (m.c.)

getting oil fre evolved, it e with preson) was one 90s. New se WUR (Waands. In addhusiasts have

a critical am plants. In the epicarp frsed for the e

arp can be g) for this stnergy in the

view oil extra

nvolves the uethod can be

olves compres method is lns < 1dm3.hal machine a

developingd through ths type are in

method ten

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ey maintain ing the rainyality of the

eds should bis will help teported by aof 5‐7%.

rom oilseedsstill entails tssing of jatroof the first ostudies on egeningen Udition to thee yielded int

activity that this process,rom the seextraction.

done mechtudy since it village.

action from

use of machie manual or

essing the simited to 2‐3h‐1. This impland an opera

the supply he use of man India, with

nds to show




lower tempey season becseeds if not

be fiber bagto maintain ga research in

s is as old asthe crushing opha seeds organisationsexpelling anniversity anse big reseateresting res

will determ, series of oteds, examini

anical or mdoes not inv

jatropha see

ine through tmotorised.

seeds in a m3 kg.h‐1. At a ies, in otherator, it will ne

chains foranually operaworking cap

w EXT = 65

Environmental S



eratures of 2cause they at removed to

s made up ogood status n India [S. K

s mankind. Aof the seedsto draw ups to be involvd cleaning d Research rch instituteults [P. Beere

mine the sucther related ng the mois

anually. Thevolve any ad

eds can be ca

the applicati

machine callrecovery ratto extract aeed 665/3 kg

the generaated mechanacity of 30‐6

75%, the m

Sciences



28‐32°C durire normally o corrugated

of jute or oof the seed

Karaj, and J.

Although thes to extract tpon. GTZ (Gved in jatropof jatrophaCentre) and

es, smaller, prens et al].

ccess of the activities m

sture conten

e manual mddition cost t

arried out in

ion of high p

led ram prete of 70‐80%a quantity ofg x 8 h =28 d

tion of enenical method60 kg ∙ h‐1.

motorized m

ale

el for page 2

ng the dry svery humid d iron sheet

ther suitables in terms o. Müller, 20

e means thathe oil. Thereerman Agenpha pressing started at d RUG (Univpractically or

entire procmust be carriet and determ

method is hothrough the

two ways:

pressure to re

ess [K. Biele% and an oil df 665 kg.ha‐1

days.ha‐1.

ergy in deveds [R.C. Prad

mechanical m

20/64

eason. during t (zinc)

e local of their 10] by

t were e is not ncy for g in the other versity riented

cess of ed out mining

owever use of

emove

nberg, density of dry

eloping han et

method

T

Desu

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

AtThhuprhacodoLachofpeenensuenelThsimte

W

m

Thth20

Tham

The cultivation of

espite the huch as the ra

simple str

low main

meager in

minimal s

low produ

t rural local chis is becausuman (farmeroduction prand, by one oosts 3000 kilown to an enarger capacithosen becausf the energyerfectly possngine can evngine, the enuperior oil renergy efficieectricity or fhe chemical mple to appemperature a

When the tw

echanical (

his however hat the highe011].

he net quanmount of ene

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


igher extracm press has

ructure;

tenance and

nvestment a

specialization

uction level.

community lse it does noer) effort althocesses, powor several opojoules if opnergy consumty presses, ese of their eay content of sible to coupven run on tnergy input ecovery rate ncy point offuel requiredmethod invply. There arand miscibilit

o systems w

EXT = 95.9%)

largely depeer the moistu

tity (Net extergy input co

ol Innovative Te



ction efficienthe followin

d repairs;

nd low oper

n of operato

evel therefoot involve thhough this mwer is needeperators. Capperated by 2mption of 0.8especially thase of installthe produc

ple the pressthe jatropha will be 5‐10of the expelf view the e are not avaolves the usre series of ty.

were compa

than the che

ends on the ure content,

traction efficompared wit

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ncy of the mng advantage

rating costs;

or and

ore, the use ohe use of addmay result toed. Small prepacity is the2 persons an85 kWh.dm‐3

he expellers,lation, coupled oil is uses directly to oil that it is0% of the enler this comeexpeller is prilable in manse of solventproblems be

red the oil

emical (EXT

moisture co, the more p

ciency) of oth the oil out




motorized maes that make

of the manuaditional mec low oil extraesses like then typically 3‐d roughly pr3. are engine ing, operatioed as input a diesel engs pressing. Inergy contenes down to 1referable, altny rural areats to removeetween the

extraction e

= 79.3%) [C.

ontent of thepressure is n

il extracted tput relating

∑∑

Environmental S



achined, thes it more sui

al mechanicachanical or eaction (65‐75e Bielenberg ‐5 kg seed.h‐

roduces 1 lit

driven. In gon and low cpower [P. Bine to be indn case an exnt of the pro100‐200 joulethough one s. e the oil withoil and the

efficiency wa

Ofori‐Boate

e seeds in queeded to ext

from the seto its crude

Sciences



e manual meitable for rur

al method is electric energ5%). To pres ram press c‐1. One hour tre of oil per

general, eleccost. As a rulBeerens, 201dependent oxpeller is pooduced oil [8es.kg‐1 or 0.3should keep

h a good effsolvent suc

as seen to b

eng et al., 20

uestion. Studtract the oil

eeds can beand pure sta

ale

el for page 2

echanical mral communit

most approgy rather thss oilseeds, acan be poweof press oper hour. This

ctrical engine of thumb 110]. It is, howof grid – theowered by a 8]. Because 30 kWh.dm‐3

p in mind th

ficiency, buth as the vis

be better wi

012].

dies have re[A. Kabutey

calculated ates.

21/64

achine ty:

priate. an the as in all ered by eration comes

nes are 1‐2.5% wever, diesel diesel of the

3. From hat the

t is not scosity,

ith the

vealed y et al,

by the

T

W

Thst

Te

ThHilethca

Se

Thth

Th

If 25

CV

Thif 5‐Infustbyshpofil

Thoftostfopawqu

The cultivation of

Where Ne

he seeds conandards of U

emperatures

he quantity oigher temped to increashe impuritiesan also be aff

eed maturity

he more the he CVO could

he oil extract

the seeds h5/35, the ext

VO purificati

his involves tused into t‐15% solids b addition, thurther procesringent thany cold pressihould be freeore size of 5tration prob

he impuritiesf the structuo use in enginorage. Wateormations ofarticles that ill be more duality after c

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


et extraction

ntain 30–35US, Germany

s in CVO extr

of oil extractratures are ing it hences of the oil (fected by the

y

seed are mad be.

tion efficienc

ave 35% of otraction effic

on

the cleaning he machinesby weight. Thhe circumstassing of the n when applyng does note of all partic5‐10 μm. Thblems when t

s present in jre of the oil.nes. Removaer (both freef FFA. Pro‐omight have difficult. It is leaning.

ol Innovative Te



efficiency,

% oil by wey and Europe

action

ted from seeknown to afthe quantitFigure 3.41)e maturity of

ature, the les

cy therefore

oil and the qciency will be

up of the exs or in othehis comes doances duringcrude oil. Fying the jatr require degcles > 5 μm e cleaning pthe oil was st

jatropha oil c Solid partical of these ime and intermoxidant metanot been filtherefore im

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



eight, which ean Standard

eds can also ffect the viscty of oil extr). Apart fromf the seeds [

ss the level o

can be calcu

quantity extre ≈ 0.72.

xtracted cruder purposes. own to 10‐3g pressing aFor soap‐maropha oil in agumming anto prevent cprocess shoutored under

consist of boles, FFAs andmpurities is amolecular) wals like coptered from omportant to




,

can easily d Organizatio

be influencecosity of theracted incream the tempe[Tigere TA et

of Free Fatty

ulated by usi

0.250.3

racted is 25%

de oil from seThe crude 0% by volumand the inteking and lama diesel engid neutralizatclogging of fuuld follow shunfavourab

oth dissolvedd phosphor nalso requiredwill, for examper and irooil will not amonitor feed

Environmental S



be converteon [Azam et a

ed by the tem oil by decreases. This horature, the qt al].

y Acids (FFA)

ng the formu

51135

0.72

%, then the o

eries of impujatropha oil me, dependinended applicmp fuel, the ine. In most tion. Prior touel filters. Nhortly after le storage co

d and suspenneed to be red to prevent mple, hydroln will speedaffect the oildstock (mois

Sciences



ed into bio‐dal., 2005].

mperature deasing it butowever can lquality and

(Figure 3.41

ula:

oil extraction

urities that m leaving theng on what tcation for thquality requcases, vegeo use in a diormal diesethe pressingonditions.

nded particleemoved befdeterioratiolyze the oil d up oxidatl itself but thsture level &

ale

el for page 2

.

diesel meeti

during the prt in this caselead to increquantity of

1) hence the

n efficiency

may cause de expeller cothe sedimenhe oil may ruirements atable oil proesel engine l fuel filters g process to

es that are noore the oil ison of the oil and stimulaion. Dust ohe usage of & freshness) a

22/64

ng the

rocess. e it has ease in the oil

better

will be

amage ontains nts are. require re less oduced the oil have a o avoid

ot part s ready during ate the r solid the oil and oil

T

TobaInen

Th

1.

2.

3.

Se

Seatprtemabsh

Thwelmis loqu

Fi

Thfilclesy

Thpompavababea grsuco

The cultivation of

o assure gooased on the estitute of Angines, PVO f

hree main m

sediment

filtration

flotation

edimentation

edimentationt the bottomroduction raechnology anethod becaubout a weekhown in (Figu

he tanks arehere only thiminate rubinimum timenot recommw cost, simpuality of PVO

ltration

his is a methters at diffeeaning and cystem widely

he easiest wore size! Thaterials. A narticles biggearious suppliags, for exame optimal. M5μm filter mravity filter, buitable for tonnection its

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


od PVO qualearlier ‘QualAgricultural Efrom jatroph

ethods are i

tation;

and

in water.

n

n is the simpm of the tantes of < 50 nd efficiency use little hardk with graduure 3.30) [ww

e placed in she lighter pabers) and/oe of sedimenmended in inple implemeO. The sludge

hod widely uerent levels consecutive y used in indu

ay of filterinhe capacity ominal capaer than 5μm ers, like Monmple. FilterinMake sure themay only filtband filter, fhe desired s suitability in

ol Innovative Te



ity the Germity standardEngineering, ha should co

nvolved here

plest and chek. Sedimentlitres/hr sedlosses are ledware needsal flowing. Iww.fact‐foun

sequential orart has accer a finishingntation of 2‐4ndustrial supntation, strue of the syste

used. It invoto get the dchanging of ustries. It can

ng is by usingto absorb pcity of 85% fare stoppednopoel, amang is easier ate filter cloth ter up to 20filter press, ppurpose butn the rural co

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



man DIN V 5d for rapesee Wiehenstemply with th

e:

eapest way otation is onldimentation ess importans to be purchIf necessary,ndation.com

rder; and iness to the ng filtration. T4 days, at a tpply chains. Iuctural simplem as by‐pro

olves the padesired quafilters in thennot be suita

g a cloth. Hoparticles, refor a cloth wd by the clotafilter group t lower viscois resistant t0μm.There apress leaf filtt each has ommunities.




51605 was ined oil as fuel phan. In orhis DIN V 516

of cleaning byy recommenis a preferr

nt when prodhase; only st, the procesm].

each of theext stage. SThe processtemperaturet is howeveicity, lack of oduct can als

ssing of thelity of oil ate system. Somable for rura

owever, be aferred to awith pores ofh. Special filor local supposity of the oto these temare 5 differeter and bag fits own adv.

Environmental S



ntroduced in5 / 2000’ froder to mini605 norm for

y using the ended for smred since it ducing small orage tank las can be co

em are the sometimes itis very slow

e of 20°C; forr ideal for loenergy inpuo be used as

oil throught the end. Tme of the filtl community

aware that ns the nominf, for exampltering cloth pliers. The cloil. A tempermperatures. Ifnt methods filter. They avantages an

Sciences



n Europe in 2om the Germmize the ner plant oil.

earth’s gravitmall purificathas low cosvolumes. It arge enoughompleted in

separation pt also requirw: in each tr these reasoocal communuts and the cs biogas.

h series of hThis needs cters are quity purposes.

not every texnal capacityle, 5μm meaor bag filterloth is availarature betwef not the meused in the

are all gearednd disadvant

ale

el for page 2

2007. This nman Bavarianegative effe

ty; the solidsion processest. It requireis a cheap cl to keep themultiple sta

phases of thres a pre‐filttank is provons, sedimennity becausecertainty of a

ighly standaareful monite expensive

xtile has a suy, differs bens that 85% s can be bouable in sheeteen 40‐55°C esh may widee process, nd to make thtages especi

23/64

orm is n State cts on

s settle es. For es little eaning e oil for ages as

e CVO ter (to vided a ntation e it has a good

ardized toring, . It is a

uitable etween of the ught at ts or as would en and amely: he CVO ially in

T

Flo

ThThthanpufo

PV

Theais phcabea enplsuinen

Fosthath

VeacoiinprteCowteco

Us

Byigge

Sich

The cultivation of

otation in wa

his is a methhe method che oil. Howevnd the final urification toor rural comm

VO conservat

his is the measily change being used

hosphorus, aarefully seleceen investigacertain perinvironment (astic containuitable for usdustrial resengine [www.

or a conveniorage capacas a capacityhe cost of a c

egetable oilsctivity coefficl during storcrease in frerevent instabemperature aontainer, 100ater. This memperature sondensation

se of PVO as

y nature, PVnition enginenerations d

nce some fuhanges (conv

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ater

od that is recan guarantever, this systseparation oo produce gomunity purpo

tion

thod througit status eith

d. Since the ashes, watercted to avoidated that theiod of time (the containeners [F.O. Ase within a pearchers hav.kimminic.co

ent storage ity of plasticy of 22.5 dmcontainer is 1

s contain enzcient of enzyrage as it proee fatty acidsbility and anabove 30 de00 litres) or

means water should thereis to keep th

fuel

VO generallynes. Generaiesel engines

uel propertieversions and

ol Innovative Te



elatively unknee the remoem needs auof the emulsood biodieseoses.

gh which the her physicallPVO contair, and potasd it being cone container ibecause eaer) (Figure 3Abulude, 200particular pee ascertaineom].

capacity, if tc containers wm3, then they1 Euro, this w

zymes that oymes doublesomotes autos in the oil. In increase inegrees centigother storawill be disso

efore be kepthe container

y has excellally any was have been

es of PVO dimodification

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



nown but seoval of most uxiliary activsion [W. Rijss

el for the dir

purified oil ly or chemicins certain assium oxidesntaminated tn which the ach of the a.42). Studies07]. It has aeriod of timed that PVO c

the communwhich have y require 30 will make a to

originated frs with each o oxidation oIt is thereforn FFA. Mostgrade. If the ge containeolved in thet, as much aairtight and

lent propertrm diesel edesigned an

iffer from dins) must be




eems to be vimpurities s

vities such prsenbeek, 201

rect consum

can be consal in other toadditional cs the containthrough diffePVO/CRO is

above mentis have provelso further ve such as 4 can be stored

nity is capabbeen recommplastic contaotal of 30 €.h

rom metabo10 degree ceof the oil. Thre importantt of the enzyjatropha oilrs, temperate oil, which ias possible, afilled to the

ties as fuel engine will d optimized

iesel fuel, dimade to the

Environmental S



ery approprisuch solid pare‐heating of10]. It is a coption of i.c.

erved or kepo maintain themicals suner in whicherent reactio put can largoned chemin that the beverified thatmonths afted for 12 mon

ble of producmended as tainers to stoha‐1

lic activities entigrade inchis will result to keep theymes in the is kept in ature variatiois not good at the same lmaximum [J

in diesel enrun on hefor diesel fu

ifferent conde engines in

Sciences



iate to refinearticles and f oil to 60°c, omplex indusengines. It c

pt in such a wthe safety ofuch as peroxh it should bons to changgely determiicals which est storage st the qualityer purificationths with a g

cing 665 dmthe best for ore the oil fro

during the pcrease. This st in fast coloe storage aree oil becomea drum, IBC ons can causfor the qualevel. AnothJ. van Eijck,

ngines, so‐ceated PVO. uel.

ditions mustorder to han

ale

el for page 2

e the extractother liquidcontinuous strial systemcannot be su

way that it wf engine in wxides, FFA, ibe stored mge its qualityine its qualitcan react wsystem of PVy of the oil cn. However,good quality

3.ha‐1, they nPVO. If a conom one hect

plants growtshortens theour change aea cool, in ore more activ(Internationase condensatlity of the oer way of av2010].

alled comprNevertheles

t be followendle some of

24/64

ted oil. s from mixing

m of oil uitable

will not which it iodine, ust be . It has y after

with its VO is in can be , some for i.c.

need a ntainer tare. If

th. The e life of and an rder to ve at a al Bulk tion of oil. The voiding

ression ss, for

d, and f these

T

dim

Then

1.

2.

Bocope

OnTyco

Than

Tr

Re

Than

It diSu

Coco[A

Thco

1.

The cultivation of

fferent proodification.

here are twongines:

the PVO already eother kin

the diesemaintaineregardingsuitable w

oth conditioonsumption, erformance a

n the other ypically, this ould be the P

he PVO can bny diesel eng

rigliceridi [fre

epresentatio

he releasing ny diesel i.c.

has been fuesel. This acuch differenc

omparing thontents are lA.K. Hossain,

he followingombustion:

the specif

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


perties. The

o equally im

fuel quality exist in Germds of PVO anel engine shed and in a wg the specialway (load pa

ons will secand guara

and fuel con

hand, if theis because o

PVO damage

be transformgine without

e Fatty Acids

on of the tran

of some of engine.

urther obseccounts for sces can be de

he PVO and lower in the, P.A. Davis,

therefore c

fic consumpt

ol Innovative Te



e necessary

mportant crit

should meemany for rapnd hould be sewell adjusted challenges fttern).

ure efficienntee a normsumption wh

e PVO is comof deposits os the injectio

med throughresulting to

s] + Alcool →

ns‐esterificat

the glycerol

rved that thsome of the etected in (T

the diesel, e latter, whil2012].

can be state

tion rate is lo

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



y changes t

teria to follo

et criteria sppeseed PVO,

elected as sd condition. for that exa

t combustiomal, long lihen running

mbusted ineor other waon system be

h a process cmechanical

→ Glicerine +

tion of triglyc

and the FFA

here a tremreasons wh

Table 3.3 tab

it can be ce the calorif

ed in terms

ower in the P




to the eng

ow in order

pecified in PVDIN V 51 6

suitable for In addition, ct type of en

on of the Pfetime of ton PVO will

efficiently, prys of accumecause of agg

called trans‐edamage [M.

+ alkyl esters

cerides (in th

A makes the

endous diffey PVO cannole).

oncluded thfic energy in

of the quali

PVO than the

Environmental S



ine are typ

to successf

VO fuel qua05. Similar s

PVO convewhen it’s congine. And t

PVO, minimhe engine. be compara

roblems canulating unbugressive pro

esterification. Benge, 200

he example,

PVO now s

erences betwot be used a

hat the viscon the diesel f

ties of the P

e diesel fuel;

Sciences



pically name

fully use PVO

lity standardstandards sh

ersion, and onverted, cathe engine sh

izing the eUnder thes

able to that o

n be expecteurned fuel inperties leadi

n, which can06].

with methan

uitable to b

ween PVO aas direct fue

osity, carbonfuel is highe

PVO and th

;

ale

el for page 2

ed conversi

O as fuel in

ds. Such stanhould be ma

it should bre should behould be use

missions anse conditionof diesel.

ed sooner orn the engineing to corros

now be use

nol)

e used as di

and the fossl in diesel en

n residue aner than in th

e fossil fuel

25/64

ion or

diesel

ndards ade for

e well e taken ed in a

d fuel ns, the

r later. e. Or it sion.

ed into

esel in

sil fuel ngines.

nd ash he PVO

diesel

T

2.3.4.

Cr

Hascen

1.

2.

3.

4.

Th

Thfro

Th3.(Tre

It Evel

Th

ThPE(F

Wco

Thsinas

Th‘Aelel

The cultivation of

the therm carbon em the emiss

riteria for the

aving considcope to selensure the fol

enabling level;

the use athe comm

to ensurepeople inrate of th

by creatiother com

he generatio

here are 3 tyom the jatro

he first is a o43). The speTable 3.4). Thelation to its

can be obseventually, if tectric energy

he cost of thi

he second alETTER (Englaigure 3.44 an

With this macosts 9075 € (

his machine nce it is not s Bumbang.

he third alteATG’. It is a hectric powerectrical pow

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


mal efficiencymission is lowsion of the n

e selection o

dered the chct a machinlowing:

a system tha

a machine thmunity (lowee continuousn the village he machine ang the netwmmunities.

n of electrici

ypes of macopha which a

one cylinder eed of the mhe importanload.

erved that athere is 665 y of 1922kW

is machine is

ternative is and). The dimnd Table 3.5

chine, with aLe 48,097,50

has some cocommon in

rnative is a highly portar of 2.8 kW.

wer of 1477 k

ol Innovative Te



y is lower in wer in the PVitric oxide (N

of i.c electric

aracteristicse that can b

at can be car

hat will creater power‐lesss supply of eby maintainand work of coop

ity from the

chines yet dire compared

LISTER machmachine is 1t aspect to b

a minimum cdm3.ha‐1 of

Wh.ha‐1 from t

s 3480 Euros

another genmensions are).

a capacity of00), almost tw

omplex electAfrica. Ther

machine witble machineIt has a specWh.ha‐1. It co

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



PVO than thVO than in thNo) is higher

machine

s of the PVObe used in a

rried out com

te a balances consumptionergy that isning a balanc

peration betw

selected ma

iscovered byd here.

hine with a p000 rpm/mibe considere

consumptionPVO, it will pthe jatropha

s=Le 18,444,0

nerator callee similar to th

f 350 h, usinwice the LIST

tronic controefore it coul

th the modee with less wcific consumposts 1937 € (




e diesel fosshe fossil fuelin PVO than

O in relation a small villa

mpletely incl

e between thon); s sustainablece between

ween and a

achine

y this resear

power of 12 Cin. The teched here is th

n of 0.346 dproduce (wit cultivated.

000

d LWA 10(Ahe last one b

ng the same TER generato

ol system anld not be sui

el “Multifuel weight (106 ption rate of (Le 7,828,10

Environmental S



sil fuel; diesel and in the diese

to its combge commun

uding the en

he energy ne

e, optimal anthe quantity

mongst farm

rch, specially

CV and an elnical details he specific co

m3.kWh‐1 with a full capa

) that is probut this is mo

665 dm3 it wor above.

d has some itable for the

3SP, which kg) and size 0.45 dm3.kW0) (Figure 3.4

Sciences



el.

bustibility in ity must be

nergy transfo

eeded and f

nd can improy of PVO and

mers that ca

y designed f

lectric powe of the maconsumption

ill produce 2acity of 315h

oduced by thore recent an

will produce

difficult maie village com

is a German 720 x 480 xWh‐1 with an 45 and Table

ale

el for page 2

an i.c. engin carefully do

ormation at

food produc

ove the lives d the consum

an be replica

or the use o

r of 6.1 kW (hine are shoof the mach

2.89 kWh peh) a correspo

he company nd more exp

e 2135 kWh.

ntenance prmmunity leve

n product brx 630 cm), aability to gee 3.6).

26/64

ne, the one to

village

tion in

of the mption

ated in

of PVO

(Figure own in hine in

er dm3. onding

LISTER pensive

ha‐1. It

roblem el such

randed and an nerate

T

Inevpu

Th

1s

2n

3r

It froesmco

Hapequob

It th

Th

Th

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.1011

Anavne

Thne

To

The cultivation of

consideringvaluated tecurpose.

herefore, we

t 3480 Euro/

nd 9075 Euro/

d 1937 Euro/

can be stateom that it hspecially in Sore electric ould be too s

aving examineople at theuantity of sebtained base

can be obsehe communit

he regular ne

he following

domestic domestic domestic radio stat TV station agricultur agricultur cottage in public ligh0. public fan1. communi

n average coverage specieeded, hence

he quantity oeeds sustaina

o know the h

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


g the socio‐chnically and

e look at the

/6.0 kW=570

/6.0 kW=148

/2.8 kW=692

ed here that has better mSierra Leone,potential to small to achie

ned the powe communityeeds that areed on the con

erved that thty.

eeds of the c

have been id

light; fans; water supption; n; ral irrigationral refrigeratndustries (woht (mosque ans (mosque aity centre (lig

onsumption fic consumpe the quantit

of PVO can bably, econom

hectare of th

ol Innovative Te



economic ad economica

€.kW‐1 of the

€.kW‐1

88 €.kW‐1

2 €.kW‐1.

the LISTER mmaintenance, when compbe able to sueve that.

wer of these y level was ae needed annsumption o

e use of ene

community w

dentified as

ly;

; tion; ood carving and church);and church) ght & musica

of the elecption of the ty of PVO tha

be determinemically and e

e PVO neede

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



nd technicaally to know

e three mach

machine is me opportunitpared with tupply the en

machines analso examinnd the subseof the machin

ergy varies in

were categor

key electric

and polishin; and al set/video)

tric energy machine. Tat can produ

ed by the quenvironment

ed at any giv




al aspect of w which on

hines.

most suitableties since suhe Multifuelntire village c

nd their otheed. This wilequent amone.

n accordance

rized into do

power needs

ng, tailoring,

.

can be calcuhis will leaduce such ene

antity of jatrally friendly.

ven time, the

Environmental S



the investmne is most s

e in terms ofuch machine 3SP ATG brcommunity, w

er characterl enable theunt of PVO

e with the da

mestic, socia

s of the Bum

light metal w

ulated per h to know horgy.

ropha seeds

e following ca

Sciences



ment, the 3 suitable for

f the cost (Eues are very rand and LISTwhile the for

ristics, the ene research tfrom these

ay’s activities

al or public o

mbang comm

welding);

hour of the ow much to

produced to

an be used:

ale

el for page 2

machines c rural comm

uro) per kW.common in TER PETTER.rmer with (2

nergy needs o determineseeds that c

s and the sea

occupational

unity:

day based ootal energy w

o satisfy the

27/64

can be munity

. Apart Africa . It has .8 kW)

of the e what can be

ason in

use.

on the will be

village

T

W

vS

dS

Thbefrothsa

Tno

Thhone

Ocid

So

A coa,

Th

Thco

Thco

Incoenhe

Hodmge

The cultivation of

Where A= Are

VO= Quantit

SVO= Density

he power coe seen that tom the mache future if thafely without

his howeverot of importa

he needs caouses, domeeeds that are

ccupational entified as a

ocial needs s

simulation oonsumption b, c).

he first is dom

he second hommunity du

he third hypoommunity du

hypothesis ompared witngagement oence its spec

owever, the m3 PVO for tenerate 2810

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ea (ha),

ty of PVO (dm

y of PVO,

/

nsumption lethe total powhine that hahere is any at energy stre

r has its disadance to the l

n however, estic water se critical and

public neednother prior

such as mosq

of the use oof the mach

mestic and s

hypothesis isuring the day

othesis is to uring the day

3, it can be h (Figures 3.of the electricific consump

quantity of the year. Sin05 kWh.yr‐1.

ol Innovative Te



m3),

evels are schwer needed s a 6.1 kW. dditional enss or damag

dvantage of ives of the co

be prioritizupply, radio cut across in

ds such as rity area.

que, church,

of the 6.1 kWine based on

ocial activitie

s to engagey (Figure 3.46

the providey and the con

observed fro46a and 3.46ic power (70ption is highl

fuel (PVO) unce this mac

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



∙

,

heduled as sof the entireThis makes tergy needs fge due to any

not using thommunity.

zed based oo station, schn the comm

cottage indu

community

W energy can the load th

es in the com

e all the dom6a).

power for ansumption e

om (Figure 36b.) for hypo0%) producedly reduced.

used was 82chine with th




∙

∙ %

howed in (Te village is 4.the machinefrom the comy additional l

he full poten

n their imphool and heaunity.

ustries, agri

centre were

n therefore hat is given t

mmunity (Fig

mestic and

all the activitefficiency of t

3.46c) that totheses 1 and by the mac

dm3 per dayhis load can

Environmental S



∙

∙ % ∙

able 3.7). Fro.6 kW. Theree safe to be ammunity. It aoad induced

tial of the m

ortance. Foralth centre a

cultural irrig

branded as

be made toto it during it

gure 3.46b).

occupationa

ies to be carthe machine

he specific cd 2. This is bchine into th

y. Thereforeproduce 77

Sciences



,

om the powe is a reserveable to carryalso has the d.

machine, con

r example tare amongst

gation and

another set

o be able to ts 24 hours

al and publi

rried out sime observed (F

consumptionbecause therhe activities

e this machin7 kWh.day‐1,

ale

el for page 2

wer schedule,e power of 1y additional ladvantage to

suming fuel

the lighting t the key do

refrigeration

of priorities

know the avwork (Figure

c activities

multaneouslyFigure 3.46c)

n was lowestre is more effof the comm

ne will need it t can the

28/64

, it can 1.5 kW load in o work

that is

of the mestic

n were

.

verage es 3.46

of the

y in the .

t when fective munity;

29930 erefore

T

Inthlo74kW

Incois

Core

Hyprsm

Hesh

In

In

In

Coprbe

1.

2.

3.

It sahahysain

Tfie

Inarpr

The cultivation of

hypothesis he electric mwer when c4.7 kWh per Wh for the ye

hypothesisonsumption 17520 dm3 f

omparing thequired in ea

ypothesis:‐If roduced per mooth runnin

ence, 29930/hown.

hypothesis

hypothesis

hypothesis

omparing throduced wase:

14272/10

27266/16

28105/17

can be cleaatisfy the neea respectivelypothesis 1 atisfy the neeefficient use

he cultivatioeld work and

other to marea by increractices of th

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


2, the figureachine was ompared widay was proear.

1, the speper day was for the entire

he 3 hypothech scenario,

f the total chectare is 1ng of the ma

/1754=17.1

1, 10 ha are

2, 16.6 ha ar

3, 17.1 ha ar

e kWh prods 28105 kWh

0=1427.2 kW

6.6=1634 kW

7.1=1644 kW

rly seen thateds of the coy) but the ohowever, theds of the pe of the powe

on of 17.1 hed general ma

aintain this teasing the yhe farmers.

ol Innovative Te



e shows veryminimally usth hypothesoduced. The

ecific consum48 dm3 ande year. It wil

eses in termthe followin

onsumption 754 dm3.ha‐

achine will be

ha. Using the

needed to s

re needed to

re needed to

uced in eachh.yr‐1. If 17.1

Wh.ha‐1;

Wh.ha‐1 and

Wh.ha‐1

t in hypotheommunity. Autput of kWhe area to bpeople insteaer of the mac

ectares at annagement.

type of systeyield quantit

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



y high specifsed. The quasis 3. The totamount of k

mption leve can producl therefore p

ms of the sung calculation

of the mac‐1 in this stude: ∑ (tot. PVO

e same appr

support the p

o support the

o support the

h of the 3 hha are need

eses 2 and 3Although therWh is appreciabe cultivatedad there is achine.

ny village lev

em, the firstty per hecta




fic consumpantity of PVOtal fuel needkWh to be pr

l is mid wae 39.1 kWhproduce 1427

urface area n was done.

chine per yedy, the total O dm3 consu

roach for hyp

process per y

e running of

e smooth run

ypothesis peded to produ

, higher kWre are largerable to fulfild was less ba high specif

vel is tremen

t and most imare. This ca

Environmental S



tion rate beO used was 8ded more throduced from

y between per day. The72 kWh for t

needed to

ear is 29930number of med.yr‐1)/ (T

pothesis 2 an

year.

the machine

nning of the

er hectare, iuce this kWh

h productionsurface areal the needs aut the kWhic fuel consu

ndous difficu

mportant strn be done

Sciences



ecause the p80 dm3 per dhe year will bm this hypoth

Hypothesis e total PVO nthe year.

produce the

0 dm3.yr‐1, gihectares neeTot. PVO dm3

nd 3 the follo

es for per ye

electric gene

in hypothesih, then amou

n per hectaras to be cultand desires produced cumption leve

ult and chall

rategy is to rby improvi

ale

el for page 2

ower producday, which isbe 29200 dmhesis will be

1 and 3. Itneeded in th

e quantity o

iven that theded to satis3.ha‐1).

owing result

ar.

erator per ye

s 3, the totaunt of kWh.h

re was achieivated (9.4 aof the peoplcannot adeqel that will l

enging in te

reduce the sng the agro

29/64

ced by s much m3 and 27266

ts fuel is case

of PVO

e PVO sfy the

s were

ear.

al kWh ha‐1 will

ved to and 8.7 le. The quately ead to

rms of

surface onomic

T

Thal

ThkWkW

3.

Thwot

It co

Thpopr3.wel

Thefan

Traserebasuag

It reapph

Pethsewsu

Inth

The cultivation of

he second is l of these act

he third is toW if it is avaW, thus a 6 k

5 Conclusion

he research aith a consumther regular c

further showonsumable c

he data resuositive for throduction of 8). This therhich will eveectricity in th

he data showffects on botnd 3.37).

he study hasate of seed peed productiesearcher to ased on somuch as the tgronomic pra

can be also eproduction pproaches, hysiological a

est infestatiohan jatropha eason througas no controuch as the we

terms of thehe (29930 dm

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


to improve tivities can le

o select a maailable in thekW machine

n

also shows tmable crop wcrop produc

ws that jatrorop such as g

lts show thae farmers asthe jatropharefore can sentually leadhe rural com

ws that inteth the growt

s confirmed production caion for the fcollect the d

me bibliograptype of soilactices engag

seen from thof jatrophaintensive sactivities of t

on in the forcurcas. This

gh the eatingol measures eeds from th

e power supm3) needed

ol Innovative Te



on the seed ead to increa

achine that ce market. Thcould virtual

that an averawithin the cotion activitie

opha can be ground whic

at the cost‐bs there is a ha seeds at thserve as a mto larger pr

mmunities if p

ercropping a h rate of jatr

that jatrophan be increafirst year wadata of the jahies read, thl and its feged.

he results tha (Figures 3.hedding of the crop such

rm of grasshos was especiag of all the lused during

he jatropha c

ply from jatrPVO for th

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



managemenase in the qu

can consumeis is becauselly be a wast

age of 10 farourse of thees such as ric

grown in thh the farmer

enefit relatioigh profit gehe end of evmotivating faroduction of properly man

leguminousropha (Figur

ha seeds can sed as the lias not howeatropha fruithe seed prodrtility mana

hat the chang.33, 3.34 anleaves wa

h as fruit pro

oppers was ally during tleaves includg the periodcrops.

ropha, a calce 6.1 kW m




nt in terms ouantity and q

e less PVO due in this resete of power t

rmers can cue productionce cassava, p

he rural comrs can event

onship in theenerated by tery productiactor for farthe jatrophanaged.

s crop such es 3.33, 3.34

be reproducife cycle periever calculatt production duction can gement, wa

ge of seasonnd 3.35). Asas observedoduction.

observed tohe end of thding the stemd except the

culated areamachine. This

Environmental S



of storage, exquality of the

ue to its low earch the amthat is not ne

ultivate a hecn season (onotato etc in t

munities if iually use as e

e cultivationthe ground non season (Fmers to incra seeds for m

as ground n4 and 3.35) a

ced in one cuiod of the tred as there during the prange from 0ater availabi

has an adves the dry sed which ev

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of 17.1 ha shs quantity o

Sciences



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energy prodmount of poeeded by run

ctare of jatrne year) withtheir farms.

its cultivatioeither food o

n of jatrophanut per hectaFigure 3.47 arease their amore sustain

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period under0.5 to 6 t.haility, type o

erse effects eason (perioventually af

cute with jatson whilst aplevel of the f all the pest

hould be culof fuel can p

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d purification

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and groundare, apart froand Tables 3acreage per able generat

ropha has pontrol (Figure

eason; and thes. The quanough time fr review. How‐1 based on fof variety an

on the growod with no fected the

tropha gossypproaching tinfestation.ts secondary

tivated to prprovide the

30/64

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as a 5 d is 4.6

ropped ng the

with a

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hat the ntity of for the wever, factors nd the

wth and rains) other

ypifolia the dry There y hosts

roduce power

T

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1.2.3.4.5.

The cultivation of

eeded to fulfot all the powchieve the ef

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farmers).

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


fill the most wer shall be fficient use o

troduction opoor, the

of the commoughout the d PVO by theomend the fo

ation of high the agronomg on the intetion of minimmal use of c

ol Innovative Te



desirable neused as the

of the machin

f electric pocomplete tr

munity if the year. This ise farmers usollowing:

yielding varimic practices ercropping symal mechanichemicals (f

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



eeds of the cere is a reserne but NOT o

wer is possiraditional muse and mas due to the sing the hoe

ieties of jatroof the farmeystem in theization to mifertilizers an




community fve of 1.5 kWoverstretchin

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e and cutlass

opha ( J. Gosers; form of cropnimise the dd pesticides

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for the entireW. More activng its power

an importanatropha culof this machha surface ars (slash and

ssypifolia and

p rotation bydrudgery of ts‐if easily av

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e year (Figurvities can belimit of 6.1 k

nt venture toltivation wilhine’s electrirea needed burn metho

d J. Curcas);

y the farmerthe famers available and

ale

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re 3.46c). Alte added in otkW.

o improve thl affect thecal power isfor the prodod). Therefo

s; nd affordable

31/64

though ther to

he lives e food s to be duction re this

by the

T

Fig

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gures

gure 3.1. The im

gure 3.2. Shows

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


mportance of ja

s typical Jatrop

ol Innovative Te



atropha as a cro

ha gossypifolia

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Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



op.

a (left) and Jatro




opha curcas (rig

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ght)

Sciences



ale

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32/64

T

Fig

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.3. Shows

gure 3.4. The re

gure 3.5. Cleari

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


s the relationsh

elationship betw

ng of fresh bus

ol Innovative Te



hip between jat

ween annual ra

h by slashing o

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



tropha plant ag

ainfall and yield

f natural veget




ge and yield rate

d rate of jatroph

ation with cutla

Environmental S



e.

ha plant.

asses or mache

Sciences



etes (source: C.

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Vigano).

33/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.6. Treatm

gure 3.7. Resea

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ment lay‐out fo

arch field design

1/5 x 5000 smetresSole croppingjatropha (JSC

4/5

x50

00sq.metres‐

Inter

crop

Jatrop

hawithgrou

ndnu

t(JIG)

Group 1

Research fi

80m

20m

50m

Half hectar

ol Innovative Te



or the planting o

n by researcher

sq.

g of C)

Grou

ield lay‐out for t

re

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



of jatropha.

r and farmers [S

up 2

the cultivation o




Source: C. Vigan

Group 3

of jatropha at Bu

Environmental S



no].

Group 4

umbang village‐

Sciences



Group 5

‐Bombali district

ale

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5

t.

34/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.8. The tw

gure 3.9. Weigh

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


wo common loc

hing of the shel

ol Innovative Te



cal varieties of g

led ground nut

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Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ground nut cult

t seeds by farm




tivated in Sierra

ers before plan

Environmental S



a Leone [Source

nting [Source: C

Sciences



e: C. Vigano].

C. Vigano].

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35/64

T

Figfar

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.10. Samrm in Bumbang

gure 3.11. Mod

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ples of jatrophg.

dern method sp

Modof ja

2m

Be

ol Innovative Te



a seeds harves

acing for the p

dern methatropha se

2m

2m m

easuring

stick

tween rows

2m

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



sted around the

lanting of jatro

hod of fieeeds by th

Betw

een plan

ts




e Makeni comm

pha seeds in th

ld spacinghe farmer

Environmental S



munities to be u

he experimenta

g for the prs and res

Sciences



used for planti

al plots.

planting searcher

Pegs

Garden

ale

el for page 3

ng in the exper

lines

36/64

rimental

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.12. Farm

gure 3.13. Plant

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


mers participatin

ting of the grou

ol Innovative Te



ng in modern m

und nut seeds in

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



method spacing

n the treatmen




g for the plantin

nts of jatropha w

Environmental S



ng of jatropha s

with ground nu

Sciences



seeds [Source: C

ut as intercrop [

ale

el for page 3

C. Vigano].

[Source: C. Viga

37/64

ano].

T

FigJSC

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.14. JatroC).

gure 3.15. Wee

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


opha growth a

ed prevalence in

ol Innovative Te



ssessments in

n the different t

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



height (cm), 2

treatments in t




months after

the plots of jatr

Environmental S



planting (DAP)

opha.

Sciences



in the differen

ale

el for page 3

nt treatments (

38/64

(JIG and

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.16. Man

gure 3.17. Som

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ual weeding of

e common pest

ol Innovative Te



f plots by the fa

ts observed eat

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



armers of the re

ting ground nut




esearch.

t seeds in the fi

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ield after planti

Sciences



ing.

ale

el for page 3

39/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.18. Som

gure 3.19. Man

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


e common pest

ual harvesting

ol Innovative Te



ts of ground nu

of ground nut c

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ut and jatropha

crop in the field




plants during g

d.

Environmental S



growth and rep

Sciences



production.

ale

el for page 4

40/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.20. Proc

gure 3.21. Fram

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


essing of harve

mers plugging gr

ol Innovative Te



ested ground nu

round nut pods

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ut stems immed

s from dried gro




diately after ha

ound nut stems

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rvesting.

s.

Sciences



ale

el for page 4

41/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.22. Asse

gure 3.23. Som

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


essment of the y

e of the effects

ol Innovative Te



yield of ground

s of the dry seas

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



d nut crop in the

son on jatropha




e research treat

a crops‐no artif

Environmental S



tment JIG toget

ficial irrigation m

Sciences



ther with a farm

mechanisms.

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mer.

42/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.24. Jatro

gure 3.25. Jatro

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


opha curcas set

opha gossypifol

ol Innovative Te



ting its first fru

ia setting it firs

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



its at 6 months

st fruits 4 mont




s after planting.

hs after plantin

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ng.

Sciences



ale

el for page 4

43/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.26. Mulc

gure 3.27. The

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ching of jatroph

process of Tran

ol Innovative Te



ha using dry gro

nsforming jatro

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ound nut straw

pha seeds to ru




s in the JIG trea

ural electrificati

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atment only.

on.

Sciences



ale

el for page 4

44/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.28 . Man

gure 3.29. Diffe

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


nual mechanica

erent manual m

ol Innovative Te



al (ram press) m

mechanical mach

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



method of CVO

hines for the ex




extraction from

xtraction of CVO

Environmental S



m jatropha seed

O from jatropha

Sciences



ds.

a seeds.

ale

el for page 4

45/64

T

Figele

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.30. Sediectric generato

gure 3.31. Field

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


imentation tanr.

d operations on

ol Innovative Te



ks for the puri

the production

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ification of CVO

n of jatropha an




O to PVO for g

nd ground nut a

Environmental S



enerating of el

as intercrop in

Sciences



lectricity in the

7 months.

ale

el for page 4

e rural area wit

46/64

th an i.c

T

Figan

Figjat

The cultivation of

gure 3.32. Shownd ground nut in

gure 3.33 Growtropha as sole c

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ws the total cosn 7 months.

wth features ofcrop (JSC).

ol Innovative Te



st of field opera

f jatropha curc

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ations and the t

case in the two




time and work c

o treatments o

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

Cost (Le)

Total

Environmental S



capacity of the

of jatropha inte

555000 6

Field productio

Cost of production of ja

Sciences



total productio

ercropped with

680500

132000

on operation phases

atropha and the ground

Total Cost

ale

el for page 4

on exercise of ja

h ground nut (J

00

2555500

d nut for 7 months

47/64

atropha

JIG) and

T

Figjat

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.34. Growtropha as sole c

gure 3.35. Num

8

0

5

10

15

20

25

Number of leaves

Number

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


wth features ofcrop (JSC).

mber of leaves in

8

16

8

16

Treatm

of leaves per plant of jaground nut and jatro

Avera

ol Innovative Te



f jatropha gossy

n the two varie

6

9

23

19

ments and period

atropha curcas intercroopha as sole cropping

age number of leaves in

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



ypifolia in the t

ties of jatropha

3 3

pped with

a plant (LF)




two treatments

a curcas and go

7

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

JIG

Mo

Number of leaves

Number of l

Environmental S



s of jatropha int

ossypifolia in the

89

JSC JIG

onth 1

Traet

eaves of jatropha gonut (JIG) and jatroph

Average number

Sciences



tercropped wit

e treatments o

6

G JSC

Month 3

ment and Period

ssypifolia intercroppha as sole cropping (JS

of leaves in a plant (

ale

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th ground nut (J

f JIG and JSC.

11

6

JIG JSC

Month 4

ed with ground SC)

LF)

48/64

JIG) and

T

Figcro

Figtre

The cultivation of

gure 3.36. Averop (JSC).

gure 3.37. Weeatments of JIG

44

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

JIG

Plots

Weed pop. density/m

²

Weed popjatropha w

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


rage weed pop

ed population G & JSC.

7

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Weed pop. den

sity

. m‐²

We

72

58

JSC JIG

1 and 2

Plots a

pulation density a mowith ground nut (JIG) &

Av. P

ol Innovative Te



ulation density

density in the

79

10

44

eed prevalenc

Av. Pop

73

JSC

Plot 3

nd treatments

onth after planting in & jatropha without g

op. Density.m‐²

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



y in the treatme

e treatments a

9

54

72

Plo

ce before weedin the JIG a

p. Density.m‐²

40

68

JIG JSC

Plot 4

the treatments ground nut (JSC)




ent of jatropha

a month after

83

58

73

ots and Treatme

ding and after hand JSC treatm

Av.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Weed Pop. density/m

²

Weedjatrop

Environmental S



with ground a

planting and

44

3

40

ents

harvestingof gments

. Pop. Density.

79

109

Plots 1 and 2

Plo

population density apha with ground nut

Sciences



as intercrop (JIG

a month afte

82

68

ground nut

m‐²

54

83

Plot 3

ts and treatments

a month after harvest(JIG) & jatropha with

Av. Pop. Density.m‐²

ale

el for page 4

G) and jatropha

r weeding in t

44

Plot 4

ting of ground nuts inout ground nut (JSC)

49/64

a as sole

the two

82

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.38. Grou

gure 3.39. Jatro

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


und nut yield ra

opha seed viabi

6

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Yield(t)

Y

ol Innovative Te



ate and total inc

lity and germin

0.900 0

6750000 66

P1

Yield rate and

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



come per hecta

nation potentia

0.880 0.8

600000600

p2 p

Plo

d income fromja

t.




are.

al at storage pe

8000.70

000052500

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000.820

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. ha‐1

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0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

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Income (Le)

50/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.40. Visco

gure 3.41. The r

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


osity of the oil p

relationship be

ol Innovative Te



product at diffe

tween seed ma

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



erent extraction

aturity, CVO yie




n temperatures

eld quantity and

Environmental S



s.

d FFA.

Sciences



ale

el for page 5

51/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.42. The d

gure 3.43. Moto

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


difference reac

orised LISTER e

ol Innovative Te



ctions of the mi

lectric generato

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



neral contents

or with 6.1 kW




of PVO in diffe

electric power

Environmental S



rent containers

.

Sciences



s at storage.

ale

el for page 552/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.44. Moto

gure 3.45. Moto

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


orised LISTER P

orised ATG Mu

ol Innovative Te



PETTER electric

ltifuel 3SP Gene

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



generator with

erator electric g




h 6.1 kW electri

generator with

Environmental S



c power.

2.8 kW electric

Sciences



c power.

ale

el for page 553/64

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.46 (a)

gure 3.46 (b)

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


ol Innovative Te



Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro






Environmental S



Sciences



ale

el for page 554/64

T

Fig

Figdif

Fig7 m

The cultivation of

gure 3.46 (c)

gure 3.46 (a, bfferent loads gi

gure 3.47. Showmonths in the u

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


b, c). Power simven to it at the

ws the cost‐benupland ecology

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

Le. ha‐

1

P

ol Innovative Te



mulation for a same period.

nefit relationshiof Sierra Leone

3173

0

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Produc

Production an

Production cost

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



6.1 kW electr

ip of cultivatinge.

3251

tion cost

Produc

nalysis for jatro

Prod




ric machine sh

g jatropha toge

6151160

Production incom

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2

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nd nut in 7 mo

Product

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nd nut as inter

977910

tion profit

nths

tion profit

ale

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sumption rates

crop within a p

55/64

s due to

period of

T

Fig

Fig

The cultivation of

gure 3.48. A sch

gure 3.49. Jatro

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


hematic diagram

opha seeds tran

ol Innovative Te



m of a dehuller

nsformation pro

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



r (left) and a wo

ocesses from se




oman dehulling

eed to rural ele

Environmental S



jatropha seeds

ctrification.

Sciences



s (right).

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56/64

T

Ta

Tasit

The cultivation of

ables

able 3.1. Data ate.

OP_02

LABOUR

CONSU

MABLES

MACHINES

COSTS

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


analysis on the

Plot

Area

Number of da

Employed (me

Human total t

(A) Labour co

Ground nut se

Jatropha seed

Other_consum

Other_consum

(B) Consumab

Total fuel con

Mechines tota

Operator tota

(C) Machinery

Operation cos

Work capacity

(area/time)

ol Innovative Te



total cost of pla

U

h

ay n

en/women) n

time h

st L

€

eeds k

L

ds k

L

k

L

k

L

mable_05

mable_06

bles costs L

€

sumption d

al time m

h

al time m

h

y costs L

€

st (A+B+C) L

€

L

€

y h

m

m

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



anting of groun

Planting

Unit P1

ha 0.50

nr 1.0

nr 12

h 48.0

Le 90,00

€ 16.98

kg 11

Le

kg

Le 0

kg

Le 0

kg

Le 0

0

0

Le 0

€ 0.00

dm3 0.0

min 0

h 0.0

min 0

h 0.0

Le 0

€ 0.00

Le 90,00

€ 16.98

Le.ha‐1 180,0

€.ha‐1 34.0

ha.h‐1 0.010

m2.h‐1 104

m2.day‐1 833




nd nut including

of ground nut

P2

0.50

1.0

12

48.0

00 90,000

8 16.98

23

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.00

00 90,000

8 16.98

000 180,000

34.0

0 0.010

104

833

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g labour and se

P3

0.50

1.0

12

48.0

90,000

16.98

22

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0

0

0.0

0

0.0

0

0.00

90,000

16.98

180,000

34.0

0.010

104

833

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eeds as intercro

P4 P_A

0.50 0.5

1.0 1.0

12 12

48.0 48.

90,000 900

16.98 16.

22 19.

0 0.0

0 0.0

0 0.0

0 0.0

0 0.0

0 0

0.00 0

0 0

0 0

0.0 0.0

0 0

0.0 0.0

0 0.0

0.00 0.0

90,000 90,

16.98 17

180,000 180

34.0 34

0.010 0.0

104 104

833 833

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op in the jatrop

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0

.0

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0

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0

0

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57/64

pha crop

T

Ta

Ta

The cultivation of

able 3.2. Cost an

Field opera

Pre‐plantin

Bush cleari

Debris clea

Ploughing

Pre‐plantin

Planting ph

Planting of

Planting jat

Planting ph

Post plantin

First weed

Second wee

Harvesting

Plugging of mulching

Drying of g

Post plantin

Total

able 3.3. Physica

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


nalysis of all fie

ation

g phase

ng

ring

g phase

hase

G.nut

tropha

hase

ng phase

ing

eding

ground nuts

f ground &

round nut

ng phase

al and chemica

Proper

Density

API Gra

Kinema

Cloud p

Pour po

Flash p

Calorifi

Carbon

Ash con

Carbon

Hydrog

Nitroge

Oxygen

Sulphu

ol Innovative Te



eld activities in t

Labour cost

C

150000 0

120000 0

285000 0

555000 0

180000 2

120000 8

300000 3

315000 0

337500 0

315000 0

262500

90000 0

1320000 0

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oint (° C)

c value (Kj/kg)

n residue (%w/w

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n %

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en (ppm)

n ( % w/w)

r (ppm)

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



the cultivation

TRADITION

Consumables

0

0

0

0

292500

88000

380500

0

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0

0

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ha.h‐1

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0.016

0.007

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as intercrop.

CULTIVATION

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Le.ha‐1

150,000

120000

285000

555000

472500

208000

680500

315000

337500

315000

262500

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1320000

2555500

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€.ha‐1

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53.8

104.7

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59.4

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on details.

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Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



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T

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The cultivation of

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PARAMETER

TOTAL TIME O

WORK CAPAC

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GERMINATIONGROUND NUT

HEIGHT AT 5 M

LEAVES AT 5 M

BRANCHING A (JATROPHA)

SEED REPROD(JATROPHA)

WEED POPULA

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INCOME FROM

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11 (122%)

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1160 (100%)1415 (100%)

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61/64

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SOIL FERTILITY

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nt soil conditio

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[1

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[1

[1

The cultivation of

eferences

1] A.K. HIndireJatrop

2] A. KumSeeds

3] A.M.MSome

4] A.KabCurcas

5] BredeComp

6] C. OfoMetho

7] D. HerOf Jat

8] F.O. ANut) a

9] G.M. GCurcas

10] J. MoStorag

11] J. van

12] K. J. S

13] M. BeProdu

4] M. KEnviro

15] N. S.ACurcas

16] N. Ans

17] P. BeeCount

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


Hossain, P.Act Injection pha and Kara

mar et al., 20.

M., Waris ANon‐Traditio

butey, D. Hes L. Seeds un

eson, 2007. Bression Load

ori‐Boateng ods: Solvent

rák et al. 20tropha Curca

Abulude, 200and Helianth

Giibitz, M. Ms L, Bioresou

ncaleano‐Esge and Aging

Eijck, 2010.

owmya et a

enge, 2006. uction and ot

umar; Sharonment and

A. Sunny, 20s L.) by Trans

sø, T. Galem

erens, 2007tries. Eindhov

ol Innovative Te



A. Davis, 201(IDI) Multi

anj Oils Prehe

010. Effect o

., Nahar N.Monal Seed Oi

rák, A. Sedlánder Compre

Behaviour Oding. Volume

et al., 2012And Mechan

10; Francis es L. Seeds Un

07. Storage Pus Annuus (S

Mittelbach, Murce Technol

scandon et ag.

Handling an

l., 2011. Effe

Assessment ther Uses in D

rma, P. D.;Ecology.

011. Extractios‐esterificati

ma, T. Adriaan

. Screw‐Presven Universi

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



12, Performai‐Cylinder Coeated by Jac

of Packaging

M. 2005. Prils for Use as

áček, 2011. ession Loadin

Of Different Me 57, Issue 2

2, Comparatinical Extract

et al. 2005; Tnder Compre

Properties ofSunflower).

M. Trabi. 199ogy.

al., 2013. Ge

nd Storage of

ect of Packag

of the PoteDeveloping C

; Vishal Ku

on of Biodieon Process.

ns, J. van Eij

ssing of Jatrty Of Techno




ance, Emissiompression ket Water.

Material on

ospects ands Biodiesel In

Behaviour ong. Volume 5

Moisture Co: pp72–77.

ive Energy Aion Processe

Tewari 2007.ession Loadi

f Oils Of Two

98. Exploitat

ermination R

f Oil. Fact‐Fo

ging and Che

ential of JatrCountries.

umar, 2010.

esel from a S

ck. 2010. Ap

ropha Seedsology August

Environmental S



on And ComIgnition (CI

Storability o

d Potential o India.

of Different M57, Issue 2, P

ntents Of Ja

Analyses of Jes.

. Behaviour ong. Volume 5

o Nigerian Oi

tion of the Tr

Responses o

oundation.

micals on Sto

ropha Curcas

Physical P

Second Gene

pplications of

for Fuellingt.

Sciences



mbustion ChI) Engine O

of Jatropha (J

of Fatty Acid

Moisture CoPp72–77.

atropha Curc

Jatropha Cur

of Different 57, Issue 2, P

l Seeds Jatro

ropical Oil Se

of Jatropha C

orability of J

s, (Biodiesel

Properties o

eration Ener

f Jatropha Pr

g Purposes

ale

el for page 6

aracteristicsOperating on

Jatropha Cur

d Methyl Est

ntents of Ja

cas L. Seeds

rcas Oil Extr

Moisture CoPp 72–77.

opha Curcas

eed Plant Ja

Curcas L. Se

atropha.

Tree), For E

of Jatropha

rgy Crop (Ja

roducts.

in Less Deve

63/64

s of an n Neat

rcas L.)

ters of

tropha

Under

raction

ontents

(Phisic

tropha

eds to

Energy

Seed,

tropha

eloped

T

[1

[1

[2

[2

[2

[2

[2

The cultivation of

18] S. Karof See

19] TigerePotenExplor

20] W. Rij

21] Y. Jan

22] http:/09‐20

23] http:/

24] Positio

Scho

Integrated agrfarm


raj, Joachim eds And Kern

e T.A., Gatstial of Jatroratory Study

jssenbeek, 2

Franken an

//en.wikiped14].

//www.kimm

on Paper on

ol Innovative Te



Müller, 201nels of Jatrop

si T.C., Mudpha Curcas of Makosa W

010. Options

d Flemming

ia.org/wiki/E

minic.com/oil

Jatropha an

Technology for ACyc

Dr. JosepTutor: Pro



0. Determinpha Curcas L.

dita II, ChikIn ImprovinWard.

s For Jatroph

Nielsen, 201

Energy_in_A

l.htm [Acces

d Large Scale




ation of Phy.

uvire T.J., Tng Smallhold

ha Oil Purific

10. Plant Est

frica#Curren

sed 22‐10‐20

e Project Dev

Environmental S



ysical, Mecha

Thamanganier Farmers’

cation.

ablishment a

nt_Energy_U

014].

velopment, F

Sciences



anical and Ch

i S., Mavun Livelihoods

and Manage

sage_in_Afr

FACT, June,

ale

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hemical Prop

nganidze Z., s in Zimbabw

ment.

ica [Accesse

2007.

64/64

perties

2006. we: An

ed 20‐

Chap

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4

4

4

Acron

Gloss

Inte

ter 4 ‐ Gene

1 General co

2 Conclusion

3 Conclusion

4 Recommen

4.4.1 Genera

4.4.2 Minim

4.4.3 On Jatr

nyms and Ab

sary ..............

School In

egrated agriculfarmers

G

ral conclusio

nclusion abo

on rice rese

on jatropha

ndations ......

al recommen

um mechani

ropha cultiva

bbreviations

....................

nnovative Techn

D

ltural technologs at local comm

eneral conclusion

ons and reco

out the persp

earch compo

research co

....................

ndations of t

isation, mod

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....................

....................

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Dr. Joseph BTutor: Prof M

PhD Thgy impacts on fmunity level in th

Chapter 4ns and recomme

Table of c

mmendation

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....................

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....................

....................

....................

....................

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earch ..........

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....................

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....................

page 1/13

....................

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....................

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4.2 C

1. G

Inte

pter 4 ‐ G

General conc

regards to wing were id

there was hinnovations economic an

the researchcollaborationhad concreteBeing that thbut also to commitment

the confidenfarmers are vtherefore enrelationship

there was cleto avoid misamicable woof the resear

there was aSSF were allistened to areciprocal reknowledge. T

there was adesigned plaactivities theof interests,responsibilitrather the “l

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t the perspe

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siasm from nnected withtatus;

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famers wasous of their sm together teem;

command an between ations and int

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onsistent leao be followeere engaged ers must knorcing them

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and reco

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ut in the rurscovered dur

rural Smalh their every

ant with thand the farmthe productioers have an ilies at the productive at

won througocial status awith their w

and communand amongstterpersonal

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4ndations of the r

mmendat

e research in

al communiring the peri

l Scale Farmyday’s produ

e activitiesmers. This is on season inobligation toend of evert the end of

gh respect, tand responswives and c

nication durit the farmerelationship

rt of the resow about thtions as parthe researchtion during t

the farmers e research. The time of thccept veheme researcher

ronmental Scien


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tions of th

n the rural co

ties of Roteod of the exe

mers (SSF) uction activit

of the SSF, because the n relation to o not only gery cultivationthe research

trust and hoibilities theyhildren mus

ng the resears and the rs that led to

earch team he field wort of the reseer’s new idhe research

and the resThis is becaue research. T

mently what r avoided to

nces

ith small scale one

he researc

ommunities

ebainkoh andercise:

to follow aties to impro

hence theree objectives wthe desires et new known season, thh project;

onesty. This y have in thest be done w

arch work. Tresearcher ho the success

through parrk. They appearch work. eas, skills, tand

searcher. Thuse there weTo avoid unt they shou be seen as

page 2/13

ch

d Bumbang

and learn nove their soc

e was effectwere active aof the farme

wledge and skheir efforts a

is because ir communitwith very go

his is importhence fostersful complet

rticipation. Tpreciated beThis createtechniques a

here was a were lots of otnecessary clld do as ththe “boss”

3

the

new cio‐

tive and ers. kills and

the ies, ood

tant ring tion

The eing d a and

well her ash heir but

‘Wcfaa

Tnaw

2. S

Tfi

a

b

c

d

Inte

We accepteomments marmers are rabout all farm

They said thano alternativafforded by whatever me

Some proble

The use of mield labour h

a) the costLeone a

This caninternatforeign rural res

b) the techidentifieand autappropr

Institutitrainingagricultcommu

c) the genconcernand posectors.

Good mmechan

d) the farmtilled byremovaatmospspent in

There ssedenta

School In


G

d your reseade by the freally tired wmers, especia

at they have ve to the trthe SSF due

eans, they ca

ems of minim

machines for has myriad of

t of the tracamidst the re

n be achievetional commdesigned agsource poor

hnical knowed to be a mto mechanicsriately and u

ions (both gog and equipural machinenities;

neral managn as there aror managem.

managemennisation in th

ming site lany the tractorl of bigger here for then the cultivat

should be a ary crop culti

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

earch propoarmers at Rowith intensiveally the SSF.

held on to maditional “he to their cnnot afford t

mum mechan

minimum mf challenges

ctors is high ealm of the d

d by the coumunities’ resgricultural prfarmers;

w‐how for thmajor stumbs to adequatrgently addr

overnment, pping the yery and equi

gement of the a lot tractoment ability

nt leadershie country w

nd preparatir needs to bestumps, tr

e machine, tion of a hect

gradual shifivation toget





sal becauseotebainkoh, e labour in t

manual labouoe and cutlcosts. If theto maintain

nisation with

mechanizatioas identified

to be able tdonor driven

untry develosources towarojects that d

he use and mbling block toely use and aressed.

non‐governmyouths of thipment for su

he tractors ors being miin either th

p and honith special re

ion. It was de properly prees, termiteequipment tare due to t

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4ndations of the r

we saw thwhere the ritheir farms e

ur in their culass” methoy (tractors)and run them

h small scale

on to help red from the re

to support th budget of th

oping a natioards that dirdo not reflec

maintenanceo mechanisaamend mach

mental and phe rural areustainable ex

and their rusused and ahe governm

nesty of pueference to t

discovered inrepared befoe hills and and operatothe status of

popular “shisystematic m

ronmental Scien


esearch

he tractor bce research every year. T

ltivation actid. Machinesare made am successful

farmers in S

elieve the faesearch:

he 65‐75% fahe country.

onal policy threction rathect the real ne

e of machineation. The inhines when t

private) MUSeas on the xecution of t

unning cost. bused in Sie

ment instituti

rpose mustthe small com

n this researore the exerstones to or. Tremendf the land und

ifting cultivamethod of cro

nces

ith small scale one

behind you’;took place. TThis is a fact

ivities only bs (e.g. tractavailable to lly.

ierra Leone

armers from

arming popu

hat will direcer than workeeds and as

es such as tnability of trathere are pro

ST take the ruse and m

the field ope

This needs erra Leone duions, NGOs

t be an inmmunities;

rch that the rcise. This invcreate conddous time ader tillage.

ation” to a mop rotation a

page 3/13

is one of This implies in Sierra Leo

because therors) cannot them throu

their intens

ulation of Sie

ct the local aking on alienpirations of

the tractor wactor operatoblems must

responsibilitymaintenanceerations in sm

to be of grue to ignoraor the priv

ntegral part

land site tovolves levelliducive worknd energy w

more organiand mix cult

3

the the one

re is be ugh

sive

erra

and n or the

was tors t be

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reat nce vate

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o be ing, king was

sed ure

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3. Sra

b

c

4. T

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Inte

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Some solutiorural areas wa) coopera

emphascommufor themservice

b) trainingcame frare parcommu

c) availabifarmers

Technical as

Mechanicallyareas for the

In terms of tthe modern and cutlass ifarmers.

The work camodern met

This clearly swithin a shopreparation

With the mtractor has hthe field resu

a) there w

plantsm

School In


G

ches to avertion and

ilability of Stivation periothe work frotire process riate spare p

ng the natiotic spare par

ons to improwith the SSF ative or grosised in Sienities, depem in their rewhen they ag of rural yorom them. Trt of the conities to do tility of sourcs. pects

y, there is a e SSF.

time, the usemethod wain the tradit

apacity by uthod, while in

shows that mort time duriper farm fam

inimum mechad some poults in the fie

was better se

m‐2) than the

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

t the proble

Spare parts fod. It becamom around oif appropri

parts for the

onal budget rts for the ex

ove minimu

oup farmingrra Leone. nding on theespective sitare sure it wiouths on thehis is becausmmunities ithe same woces of financ

huge advant

e of 49 hours compared ional metho

using the tran the traditio

more hectareng the seasomily.

chanisation ositive effecteld:

eed germina

e (traditional





em of heavy

for the machme extremelyor even withate measureexisting mac

and privatexisting machi

m mechanis

g is what thThis is wheeir sizes, for tes. Most ofll be done ase use of farse they affirmis less whenork and ial assistanc

tage on the

rs to cultivatewith 128 ho

od. There wa

actor to do onal method

es can be cuon of soil til

aspect as pts on the agr

tion in the a

method‐150



4ndations of the r

land clearing

hinery. This wy difficult to in the countes are not chines in the

e sector entnery in agric

sation in Sie

he farmers ere, for exaa period of f the farmers and when trm machinermed that then compared

e either in th

use of mach

e (plough anours spent toas 88% of tim

the soil tilld it was 0.006

ultivated by lage. This m

part of the mronomic aspe

area cultivate

0 plantsm‐2)

ronmental Scien


esearch

g every year

was identifieobtain sparetry. This can taken to incountry.

terprises to culture shoul

rra Leone a

of this reseample, a trtime to carrs are ready they need it;ry was anote cost of mawith bringi

he form of lo

ines (e.g. tra

nd harrow) a o do the samme saved in

age operatio6 ha.h‐1.

a farmer thray lead to b

modern metects of the re

ed by the tra

) plots;

nces

ith small scale one

r in a new lo

ed as a critice parts broklead to a toclude the p

securing apld be a matte

nd Africa in

earch suggeractor is prory out soil tito pay for ; her strong sintaining theing someone

oan, grant or

actors) in soi

hectare witme job with tthese farm a

ons was 1.0

rough the usbigger farms

thod approaesearch as d

actor (mode

page 4/13

ocation for c

al factor durken or damagotal standstilprocurement

ppropriate aer of MUST.

general in

sted MUSTovided for illage procesthe cost of

suggestion tese youths we outside th

r subsidy to

il tillage in ru

th the tractothe manual hactivities of

07 ha.h‐1 in

se of a machand better

ach, the usediscovered fr

ern method‐1

3

rop

ring ged l of t of

and

the

be 1‐3 sses the

that who heir

the

ural

r in hoe the

the

hine soil

e of rom

178

b

c

d

5. E

a

b

In suand h

The mcassaavaila

In otmann

4.3 C

The csolut

1. G

Twn

T

a

Inte

b) the weethe trad

c) the cro

mechanheight a

d) some fathe mec

Economic as

a) the cost(895,70productdue to techniq

b) some omethodthe enttime frofarmerssocio‐ec

mmary, the harrowing bu

machine couava, potato, able.

her to econoner than just

onclusion on

cultivation, pions for the

General perc

The introducwelcomed bneeds for ele

The needs hi

a) no elecproduct

School In


G

ed prevalencditional (60 w

p performa

nised modernand 2.20 t.ha

arm activitiechanised mo

spects

t‐benefit rela0 Le.ha‐1) whtion was lowthe additionues to mana

of the activitd of seed plaire farm opeom 169 h.has can use thiconomic acti

cost of produt also seed a

ld be used fvegetables,

omically reat for a single

n jatropha re

processing aprovision of

ceptions

ction of the by the Bumbectricity in th

ighlighted be

ctricity in tht (kerosene)

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

ce was loweweeds.m‐2) ho

nce, (in term

n method (1a‐1) and

es such as weodern plots th

ationship of hen comparewer in the tranal cost of tage and run i

ties will be nting. This herations. Thisa‐1 to abouts time to resivities.

duction canapplication w

or additionamaize and

lise the effetype of field

esearch com

nd use of PVrural electrif

idea of rurabang commhe communit

efore the res

heir homes, to light their





er in the tracoe and cutla

ms of grow

116 cm in he

eeding and hhan in the tr

the researched with the maditional methe machinet and

less expensas the secons could be lo4 h.ha‐1. Thst, have ade

be reduced with the use

l farm operasome other

ective utility d operation i

mponent

VO from jatrfication in th

al electrificatunity. This ty before thi

search projec

hence the r hurricane la



4ndations of the r

tor cultivatess or machet

th and yield

ight and 2.3

harvesting waditional on

h was seen tomodern metethod than inery which n

sive if they nd highest sinowered if it wis could havequate time w

if mechanisof the same

ations such ar stationary

of the tractn the produc

ropha are sehe communit

tion throughis because tis research.

ct began are

use of the amps at nigh

ronmental Scien


esearch

ed treatmenttes;

d rates) was

4 tha‐1) than

were acceptees.

o be more pohod (5,300 Ln the modereeds more s

are mechanngle activity was mechanve saved appwith their fa

sation covers machine.

as the cultivafunctions if

tor, it must ction scale.

een as a breaties of Sierra

h the use of there were

:

inadequate ht;

nces

ith small scale one

ts (51 weeds

s seen to be

n the traditio

ed to be faste

ositive with Le.ha‐1), becarn. This is hospecialisatio

nised, such cost of 1,16nised. It can proximately amilies and e

s more than

ation of othethe equipm

be used in a

ak‐through ia Leone.

f jatropha serelevant an

and expen

page 5/13

s.m‐2) area th

e better in

onal (108 cm

er and easie

the traditioause the costowever obvion on skills a

as the mod5, 640 Le.ha‐

also save so165 h.ha‐1. Tengage in ot

n just plough

er crops suchments are ma

a multi‐face

n searching

eeds was hignd fundamen

sive petrole

3

han

the

m in

r in

onal t of ous and

ern ‐1 in ome The her

hing

h as ade

ted

for

ghly ntal

eum

b

c

d

e

f

g

Hwc

St

Tce

Tmp

2. A

Tm

a

b

c

d

Ttpr

Inte

b) no elect

c) no light

d) no lightshows a

e) problemreceived

f) food wa

g) inadequproduct

However, thewere aware cultivated or

Successful sethe main foo

The results community electricity th

The productmethod usedpracticed du

Agronomic a

The introducmethods yie

a) avertedproducisupplem

b) impacte

c) positiveand

d) acquisitnut thro

The assessmthe field reseperiod for thread in the r

School In


G

tricity to cha

for children

t in their comand settleme

m of the hed from the re

astage such a

uate water stion during t

ey were espethat jatrophr use its oil to

ensitisation lod productio

show that of Bumbanghroughout th

tion processd was well iring the per

aspects

ction of groulded fruitful

d the most fng a crop tmentary crop

ed the reduc

ely affected t

tion of new ough the sim

ment of the avearch which he reproductesearch.

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

rge their mo

to study at

mmunity cenent of comm

alth centre eferral hospi

as meat and

upply for bohe dry seaso

ecially conceha seeds cano produce ele

led them to n activities.

10 farmersg has the poe year since

s of jatrophntegrated wiod of the re

und nut as anresults as fo

feared percethat cannot p (ground nu

tion of weed

the growth r

skills and knmple scientific

verage produended withtion of seeds





obile phones

night in the

ntre for sociaunity dispute

to maintainitals;

fish obtaine

oth domesticon.

erned as to hnnot be eatenectricity.

accept that

s can cultivotential to c their popula

ha seeds didwith some mesearch.

n intercrop tollows:

eption of thbe eaten a

ut) to eat or s

ds in the plot

rate of jatrop

nowledge as c use of spac

uction level in 7 monthss by the jatro



4ndations of the r

;

school or at

al activities ses (palavers)

n the cold c

ed from their

c and agricul

how such a pn, and had n

the crop can

ate a hectaultivate the ation is abou

d not involvodern techn

to jatropha a

he farmers aas food; witsell;

ts hence eas

pha in all the

to how jatrcing with tap

of the jatropwhen the cropha crop w

ronmental Scien


esearch

home;

uch as occas) at night;

chain of the

r environmen

tural activiti

roject could no idea as to

n be cultivat

are of jatro17.1 ha of j

ut 1,700.

ve any mechniques which

and the inclu

allocating allh ground nu

e of weeding

e plots that h

opha can bepe measure a

pha was not arops were stas in conson

nces

ith small scale one

sional dance

vaccines an

nt and

ies, especiall

be implemeo how such a

ted without i

pha during jatropha ne

hanisation. h the farmer

usion of mod

l their time ut as interc

g in those plo

had ground n

e intercroppeand pegs.

achieved dutill producingnant with the

page 6/13

es, video or f

nd other dr

ly for vegeta

nted when tha plant could

interfering w

the year. Teded to sup

The traditiors accepted a

dern agrono

and energyrop, there i

ots;

nut as interc

ed with grou

e to the timeg. However, e bibliograph

3

film

ugs

able

hey d be

with

The pply

onal and

mic

y in is a

rop

und

e of the hies

3. T

To

a

b

c

d

4. E

Tg

Hi

T

≈e

Ta

4.4 R

4.4.1

Cea

Abp

Inte

Technical as

The followinof the Bumb

a) the elecmeet trecomm

b) the amoyear anstudy. Tmight nfirst 5 y

c) the abicommuand

d) the purcommu

Economic as

The economgetting the r

However, thincome from

This makes e

≈ 1415 €t‐1

experiment.

The cost of and equipme

Recommenda

General rec

Community emphasised accept chang

Active particbe an integrproductivity

School In


G

pects

g were discoang commu

ctric energy dthe needs omended was

ount of PVO d the corresThis implies not be possiears;

lity to mananity with the

rification, stnity membe

spects

mic aspect of recent costs o

he agronomm the ground

economic ret1. The avera

extraction aents to be us

ations

commendati

based On‐Fain agriculturges with mod

cipation and ral componein Africa and

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

overed as tecnity:

distribution of the com6.1 kW;

(29930 dm3)sponding 17.the seed prble during t

age the seede use of a m

orage and urs when the

the researchof the manu

ic cost of p nut yield wa

turns (profit

age yield of

nd purificatised and the q

ons of the re

arm Researcre to break thdern method

respect for tent of any sd Sierra Leon





chnical issue

pattern has mmunity and

) needed to .1 hectares nroduction shhe first year

ds and extramanually ope

use of PVOrecommend

h cannot be al mechanic

production was 6,150,000

t) of 3,594,50

f the groun

ion still needquantity of j

esearch

h (OFR) and he unsubstad approach i

the intellectusuccessful ane in particu



4ndations of the r

es needed to

been schedud the pote

run the LISTneeded to bould be 4 t.

r of jatropha

act PVO hasrated extrac

can be carded LISTER e

achieved coal ram press

was calculat0 Le.ha‐1.

00 Le.ha‐1. Th

nd nut was

ds to be calcatropha seed

or Farmers ntiated mythn agriculture

ual contributpproach to lar.

ronmental Scien


esearch

be achieved

uled and kilontial power

ER generatoe cultivated ha‐1 in othea cultivation

s been obsetion machine

rried out thlectric gener

ompletely asmachine an

ted to be 2

he cost of gr

calculated

culated baseds available.

Participatoryhology of fare.

tions of farmdiscover wa

nces

ith small scale one

d for the rura

o watt needer supply of

r with 6.1kW was achieveer to achieve but gradua

rved to be e, preferably

hrough minimrating machi

s there was snd the electri

2,555500 Le.

round nut is

to be 0.82

ed on the ty

ry Research (rmers being

mers in field rays to impro

page 7/13

al electrificat

ed estimatedf the mach

W, for the whed through te this goal. Tlly through

possible in y the ram pr

mal trainingne is obtaine

still the issueic generator.

ha‐1, while

7,500,000 Le

0 t.ha‐1 in t

pe of machi

(FPR) shouldconservative

research shoove agricultu

3

tion

d to hine

hole this This the

the ress

g of ed.

e of .

the

e.t‐1

this

nes

d be e to

ould ural

Grtf

4.4.2

The s

Iot

Bs

TSef

Aopw

4.4.3

This s

Fc

I

I

p

Tf

Tgc

Inte

Good leaderesearch shotechniques cfarmers for e

Minimum m

study recomm

Intensificatioother to redtimely planti

Basic traininsuccessful m

The redesignSSF; such asessential brefarming.

A continuatiof the modepiece of landwhich dema

On Jatropha

study recom

Further idencontinued.

Improving th

Improve on t

Introductionprocessing a

The minimafarmers) sho

The procuregenerator spcompletion o

School In


G

rship skills, ould be fostcan be conseffective acc

mechanisatio

mends the fo

on of minimuduce the amoing of crops

ng of auto mmechanisation

ning or deves seeders theak‐through

on of this reern method d for 2 ‐3 yeands huge am

a cultivation

mends the fo

ntification of

he agronomi

the intercrop

n of minimalnd use of jat

l use of cheould be intro

ement of expecially desigof this resea

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

proper timtered to cresciously or eptance and

on, modern a

ollowing.

um mechaniount of timein farm sites

mechanics ann in Sierra Le

loping machhat can intefor a sustain

esearch workof rice interars is a dare mount of ene

n for the pro

ollowing.

high yieldin

c practices o

pping system

l mechanizattropha.

emicals (fertduced.

xtraction magned for therch in the ru





me and activeate active funconsciousd use.

agronomic a

isation include and energys.

nd machine eone and Afr

hines that wircrop rice wnable agricu

k to further vrcropping coneed. This wergy, time an

duction of P

ng varieties o

of the farmer

m in the form

tion to minim

ilizers and p

achine (rame use of PVOral commun



4ndations of the r

vity managefield laboratsly generate

and technica

ding seed ply spent in fi

operators irica in genera

ill suit the tywith other slture develo

verify the intompared witwill help to md cost from

PVO for rural

of jatropha (J

rs.

m of crop rota

mise the dru

pesticides‐if

p press), puO is a needeity of Bumba

ronmental Scien


esearch

ment stratetory where d and learn

al approach t

anting with eld preparat

s an essential.

ype of agroneeds at the pment for ru

ter‐play of thth the traditmodify the trathe already i

l electrificati

J. Gossypifol

ation by the

udgery of the

easily availa

urification ued componenang.

nces

ith small scale one

egies in comnew knowlent by the ru

to rice cultiv

SSF should btion and acc

ial ingredien

omic activitie same timeural small sc

he respectivtional methoaditional shifimpoverishe

ion

lia and J. Cu

farmers.

e famers in

able and aff

unit and a 6nt to practic

page 8/13

mmunity baedge, skills aural small sc

vation

be continuedcomplishing

nt in enhanc

ies practised, should be cale commun

e combinatiood on the safting cultivated farmers.

rcas) should

the cultivati

fordable by

6.1 kW eleccally realise

3

sed and cale

d in the

cing

d by an

nity

ons ame tion

d be

ion,

the

ctric the

Ttt

Inte

Training of cthe entire prthe successf

School In


G

community mroduction, prul implemen

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

members on rocessing anntation and s





the use andnd running ofsustainability



4ndations of the r

d maintenancf the electrify of the proje

ronmental Scien


esearch

ce of the maication systeect.

nces

ith small scale one

achinery andem are key p

page 9/13

d equipment re‐requisites

3

for s to

A

A

c

D

F

F

F

G

G

h

h

i.

IV

IR

JI

JI

JS

k

L

L

Inte

ADB African

ARC Agricult

Work Ca

DAP Days Af

FAO Food an

FFA Free Fat

FPR Farmers

GHG Green

GTZ Germa

h hour.

ha hectare.

.c internal

VS Inland V

RIN Integra

ICA Japan In

IG Jatropha

SC Jatropha

kW kilo W

LCC Leaf Col

Le Leone (

School In


G

Developme

ture Researc

apacity.

fter Planting

nd Agricultur

tty Acids.

s Participato

House Gases

n Agency for

l combustion

alley Swamp

ted Regiona

nternational

a Intercroppe

a Sole Cropp

att.

lour Chat.

Sierra Leone

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

Acron

nt Bank.

ch Council.

.

re Organizat

ry Research.

s.

r Technologic

n.

p.

l Information

Cooperation

ed with Grou

ing.

e currency).





nyms and A

ion.

.

cal Co‐opera

n Network.

n Agency.

und nut.



4ndations of the r

Abbreviat

ation.

ronmental Scien


esearch

tions

nces

ith small scale one

page 10/13

M

M

M

M

M

M

s

M

N

O

P

P

S

S

S

T

T

U

W

Inte

MAFFS Minist

MTRR Mode

MTRP Mode

MTRB Mode

MTRS Mode

MTTC Mod

eeds and sor

MT_Ave Ave

NPBT Non P

OFR On‐Farm

PBT Panicle

PVO Pure Ve

SSA Sub Sah

SSF Small Sc

SVO Straight

TT Tradition

TOT Total nu

UNDP United

WHO World H

School In


G

try of Agricu

ern Treatmen

ern Treatme

ern Treatmen

ern Treatmen

ern Treatme

rghum).

erage of Mod

anicle Bearin

m Research.

Bearing Tille

egetable Oil.

haran Africa.

cale Farmers

t Vegetable O

al Treatmen

umber Of Til

d Nations Dev

Health Organ

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

lture Forestr

nt with only

ent with Rice

nt with Rice

nt with Sorgh

ent with Tot

dern Treatm

ng Tiller.

er.

.

Oil.

t.

lers.

velopment P

nisation.





ry and Food

Rice.

and Pigeon

and Beni‐see

hum as inter

tal Combinat

ents.

Projects.



4ndations of the r

Security.

peas as inte

eds as interc

rcrop as inter

tion of rice

ronmental Scien


esearch

rcrop.

crop.

rcrop.

with all inte

nces

ith small scale one

ercrops (pige

page 11/1

eon peas, be

3

eni‐

A mixrando

A ‘Trea spebeing

Bolilaloose

Bush activi2‐50

Extenreseanon‐f

Farmthat tfarme

Furroseedsthe in

Interccrop

Intercpeas,the m

Inlancond

On‐Facarrie

Mangtogetcommcomm

Inte

x crop is a com broadcas

eatment’ is ecific methog conducted

and is a lowe water when

fallow is thities being cayears or mo

nsion servicearch point, iformal or inf

mers Participathe researchers own farm

ow marker iss are sown. ntercrops in

crop is a crohas been ha

cropping is t, beni‐seeds major crop is

d Valley Swition during

arm Researced out; inste

grove swamther with higmonly calledmonly found

School In


G

crop that is psting. The mi

referring to d of cultivatto collect da

w land ecologn there are le

e period in warried out inre.

es are activitnstitutions oformal metho

atory Researher or researms or elsewh

s a device uIt was fabricdefinite spac

op planted brvested.

the row planand sorghuharvested fi

wamp (IVS) most time o

ch (OFR) is tad of in an e

ps are lowlagh salt conted “mangrovegrowing in t

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

planted togeixed crop is n

an experimetion carried ata either qu

gy that can bess rains dur

which the cu that locatio

ties meant tor individualod(s).

rch (FPR) or rch institutioere during t

sed to creatcated by the ces and at a

between maj

nting togethem) in definitirst then follo

is a flat lowf the year es

the researchexclusive loca

nd ecology fent, especialle swamps” bthese ecolog





Gloss

ether with a normally har

ental piece oout and obalitatively or

become easring the year

ultivated lanon for a perio

to transmit ils to the far

Participatoron involves the exercise.

te furrows inresearcher faster rate.

jor crops in

er of a majorte spacing afowed by the

w land ecolospecially dur

h done on thation created

found along ly during thebecause “magies along the



4ndations of the r

sary

major crop rvested after

of plot with dserved durinr quantitativ

ily water logr.

d surface is od to be dete

nformation, rmers either

ry Research the farmers d

n the alreadto be able to

a definite sp

r crop such after soil tillae intercrops.

ogy found bing the wet o

he farmers od by the rese

the ocean we dry seasonangrove treee oceans.

ronmental Scien


esearch

in an irregulr the major c

defined and ng the perioely.

gged with fe

allowed to rermined by t

techniques directly or

Approach (Pdirectly into

y tilled soil o carry out m

pacing; to be

s seed rice age (ploughin

etween moor rainy seas

own farm sitearcher or re

with intermitt or when thes” are the s

nces

ith small scale one

lar spacing; crop.

definite desod the entire

ew rains but

rest without the land use

and technoindirectly; t

PRA) is a resethe activitie

in definite smanual plan

e harvested

and other crong and harro

untains withson.

te in which aesearch instit

tent water lohere are less salt tolerant

page 12/1

mainly throu

ign, allotted e experimen

can also ea

any cultivatrs ranging fr

logies from through form

earch approes, either in

spaces in whting of rice a

after the ma

ops (e.g. pigeowing) in wh

h water logg

all activities tution.

ogged conditrains. They t trees that

3

ugh

for t is

asily

tion rom

the mal,

ach the

hich and

ajor

eon hich

ged

are

tion are are

Minimof theactivi

Mix cpigeoploug

Modeactivi

Palmand tcane The psourc

Pre‐pseeds

Plantbeing

Post emer

Pure extracomb

Resotechnlevels

Riverseaso

Smalaveraneed

Tradisowinfield.

Uplanecolo

Winnwinno

Inte

mum mechae field activiities such as

cropping refon peas, benghing or hoe

ern methodities such as

m wine is a wtapping the ypipe and gopractice is mce of beverag

planting phas or plant ma

ting phase isg done by the

planting phargence of the

Vegetable Octed from thbustion (i.c) e

urce Poor Fniques, skillss in their dive

rine swamp on along the

l Scale Farmage of 0.5 tos. This farme

itional methng of seeds

nd is an ecology that is m

nowing is thower. It is m

School In


G

anisation is rities in the fploughing a

fers to the ii‐seeds and ing.

d means thesoil tillage a

white liquid eyounger partourd. The liqost predomige and mone

ase is the peaterials into

the period ie farmer.

ase is the pee crop plants

Oil (PVO) orhe seeds of vengine speci

Farmers (RPs, technologierse agricult

is an ecoloOcean’s est

mer (SSF) is ao 2 ha per ser is sometim

hod in this re(rice, sorghu

logy that doeostly rain fed

e act of sepmainly carried

nnovative Techn

D


eneral conclusion

referring to tfarm. In this nd harrowin

introductionsorghum) by

e use of mand the sowin

extracted frots of the palmuid containsnantly carrieey for the fam

eriod in whicthe soil.

n which the

eriod in whics in the field.

r Straight Vevegetable plally designed

F) are thosees and capittural engagem

ogy that sustuarine rivers

a farmer thatseason or yemes referred

esearch meaum, pigeon p

es not sustaid for plant gr

arating the d out by wom





the minimalstudy, it is rg of the farm

of a major y randomly b

achinery sucng of seeds i

om the palmm fronds wits alcohol whed out by themilies.

ch all the fie

introduction

ch all the fie.

egetable Oiants such asd for it.

e small scaletal to engagments. They

tains deep s.

t carries outear to mere to as subsist

ns the clearpeas, beni‐se

in any waterrowth and re

seeds from men and you



4ndations of the r

or less use referring to mer’s field.

crop such abroadcasting

ch as tracton definite sp

tree by menth local instrich is used te Limba tribe

eld activities

n of seeds or

eld activities

l (SVO) is ths Jatropha th

e farmers thge in large py are sometim

levels of wa

his/her cultely feed the tence.

ing of the laeeds ‐sesame

r log conditioeproduction.

the chaffs thung girls in th

ronmental Scien


esearch

of farm macthe use of m

as rice togetg them in the

or to carry opacing in the

n in Sierra Leuments sucho drink by me of the Nort

s are carried

r other plant

are carried o

he purified Chat can be us

hat do not hroduction ormes called su

ater logged

tivation in a families and

nd by using e) through r

on even duri.

hrough the uhe rural com

nces

ith small scale one

chinery to acmachine only

ther with ote field by the

out some fafarm.

eone. It is doh as cutlass, most people thern part of

d out before

ting material

out by the fa

Crude Vegetsed directly

have the rer increase thubsistence fa

condition d

small piece d their basic

machetes arandom broa

ng the rainy

use of a locammunities.

page 13/1

ccomplish my for soil tilla

ther crops (ee farmer bef

arm cultivat

one by climbchisel, bambin the counf the country

e the sowing

s into the so

armer after

table Oil (CVinto an inter

quired modheir productarmers.

uring the ra

of land withc social welf

nd hoe and adcasting in

season. It is

al device cal

3

most age

e.g. fore

tion

bing boo try. y as

g of

oil is

the

VO) rnal

ern tion

ainy

h an fare

the the

s an

lled

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