school of distance education aebmf kmln-x-y-]-cn-nb of distance education common course in malayalam...

$: School of Distance Education aebmf kmln-X-y-]-cn-Nb of Distance Education COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM For ... -ÿm-\-Øn-te°v Bth-i-tØmsS Abmƒ tN¿∂Xv A°m-e-Øp-Wv. ... AXp-S-™p-t]mIpw$
1 aebmf kmln-X-y-]-cn-Nbw

School of Distance Education

COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM

For

B ComII SEMESTER

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

10CALICUT UNIVERSITY.P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA,INDIA – 673 635

2

aebmfaebmfaebmfaebmfaebmfkmln-X-y-]-cn-Nbwkmln-X-y-]-cn-Nbwkmln-X-y-]-cn-Nbwkmln-X-y-]-cn-Nbwkmln-X-y-]-cn-Nbw

110



UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIALB ComII Semester

COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM

Malayala sahithya parichayaM

Prepared by:Dr. P. I. Radha,Department of Malayalam,Unity Women’s College,Manjeri

Edited and Scrutinised byDr. K. M. Priyadarsanlal,‘Swathi’, Malapparamba,Kozhikode - 673 009

Layout & SettingsComputer Section, SDE

©

Reserved



CONTENTS

Ddq_v ........ Bcm[\ - - - - - - - -

hn. sI. F≥ ........ hnhml∏nt‰∂v 7 - 9

am[hn°p´n ........ Xcnip\new 10 - 12

Fw. apIpµ≥ ........ Z¬ln 1981 13 - 14

hfftØmƒ ........ Fs‚ `mj 15 - 16

sshtem∏nffn ......... Du™men¬ 17 - 18

]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\mb¿ ......... am™p-a-d™ ]q°mew19 - 20

A≥h¿ Aen ......... ag°mew 21 - 22

aebm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ ........ thcp-Iƒ 24 - 31

]n. ]fl-cm-P≥ ........ s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew 32 - 38

5 - 6



Ddq_v (]n.kn.Ipń°rjvW≥ ˛ 1951 ˛ 1979)

a\pjysc kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpambn°≠ FgpØpImc\mWv Ddq_v. hncq]ßfpw

hn[zwkIßfpamb ]h¿Ø\ßfnte¿s∏Sptºmƒt∏mepw hnImtcmjvafamb lrZbßsfs°m≠v

Ddq_ns‚ IYm]mXßƒ kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpamIp∂XpImWmw.

apJyIrXnIƒ

DΩm®p, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, AΩnWntbSØn, Npgn°p]ntºNpgn, cm®nbΩ (IY)

kvt\lØns‚ c≠phIt`Zßƒ inhZmkns‚ PohnXsØ iq\yam°p∂Xmbn Bcm[\ F∂ IY

Bhnjv°cn°p∂p. t]meokns‚ ASntb‰p hoW Abmsf \ndIÆpItfmsS Xmßn hońseØn®p

]cnNcn°p∂ casb Abmƒ kvt\ln®pt]mbn. Xs‚ PohnX]¶mfnbmhm\mWv AbmfhtfmSv

A`y¿∞n®Xv. F∂m¬ cabpsS kvt\lsØ Abmƒ Bcm[\ F∂mWphnfn®Xv. `‡≥

Bcm[\mhnKsØImWptºmse Np‰pw ]cnthjtØmsS Abmsf AI∂p\n∂p ]cnthjtØmsS

Abmsf AI∂p\n∂p ]cnNcn°m\pw ImWm\pamWv Ahƒ XømdmbXv. Bcm[\bpw Bchhpw

Bbmƒs°t∏mgpw e`n®p. e`n°mØXv kvt\lambncp∂p. kvt\l\jvSw Abmsf Hcp sXm≠m°n.

acWwhscbpff e£yan√mØ k©mcambn Abmƒ°p PohnXw, inhZmkv Bcm[y\mbntØm∂n.

F∂ BJymXmhns‚ ]cma¿iw it≤bamWv. Bcm[\ F∂ ]Zw BZcWobsa¶nepw AXv

PohnXØnse iq\yXbpw a\pjy_‘ßfpsS AI¬®bpw Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂p F∂v IY

\nco£n°pIbmWv.

Bcm[\

h¿Æi_famb Hcp kmbmlv\w bmXbmhp∂Xp t\m°ns°m≠v ]IrXnbpw Xs∂t∏mse

Hm¿ΩIfn¬ abßn\n¬°pIbmhWw F∂p k¶ev]n°pIbmWv IYbpsS XpS°Øn¬ BJymXmhv.

NnßamkØnse t]m°pshbnepw IhnƒØpSp∏ncń® ]Xn‰Snap√Ifpw t\m°nbncns°

Zo¿LImb\mb Hcp hncp∂pImc≥ hmXnen¬ apń ]thi°p∂p BapJw. B Hcp cmXn hoń¬

A`bw sImSp°Wsa∂Xmbncp∂p BKXs‚ Bhiyw. Xms\mcp k©mcnbmsW∂pw t]cv

inhZmkmsW∂pw Abmƒ ]d™p. \mSphnń v tFsd°meambn. Npcp´phen®p ]pIhn´psIm≠ncns°

Abmƒ a™n≥NpcpfpIfm¬ aqSnb Hcp h∑et]mse ImWs∏´p. Abmƒ k\ymknbmhmw.

kqXimenbmb ]n®°mc\mhmw. GXmbmepw AXnYn ho´pImcyØn¬ h√msØmcSp∏ap≠m°n.

inhZmkv FXtbm Imeambn Xs‚ IqsSØs∂ D≠mbncp∂p F∂v ho´pImc\ptXm∂n. IqSpX¬

Bcm™t∏mƒ hoi∏pw shdp∏pw thZ-\-bp-sa-√m-ap-ff km[m-\-W-a-\p-j-y-\mWv Xms\-∂v. Abmƒ

anSp-°-\mb hnZym¿∞nbm-bn-cp-∂p. hońse Hma-\-∏p-X-\m-bn-cp∂p; tPmen sNtø-≠n-bn-cp-∂n-√.

alm-fl-Pn-bpsS \n -l-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\-Øn-te°v Bth-i-tØmsS Abmƒ tN¿∂Xv A°m-e-Øp-Wv.

Hcp hntZ-i-h-kvX-jm∏v ]n°-‰vsN-øp-∂-Xn-\nsS t]meo-kv]n-Sn-IqSn Hcp]mSp a¿±n-®p. C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS

ASn-tb‰v Im¬sh-f-f-bn¬ \n∂v tNmc-sbm-gp-In. GIm-¥-amb ÿe-tØ°v Abmsf FSp-sØ-dn™v

t]meo-kp-Im¿ t]mbn. \nd-™p-Xp-fp-ºp∂ IÆp-I-tfmsS ca Abm-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn-te°p h∂Xv

A∂m-Wv. \S-∂p-Iq-SmØ Abmsf Ahƒ Xmßn-∏n-Sn®v hoń-se-Øn®p. ]am-Wn-bmb Hcp t]meokv

C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS aI-fm-bn-cp∂ ca; Hscm‰ ASn°v k©n-bn¬ \n∂pw Ih-Sn-sNm-cnbpw t]mse IÃ-Un-

bn-se-Sp-Ø-hs‚ ]√p-Iƒ ASn-®p-sIm-gn-®n-cp∂p Hcmƒ. s]≥j≥ ]‰n-b-Xn-\p-tijw At±lw Xo¿∞-

ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ bmX sNbvXp-I-gn-®p-Iq-ń. acn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm¨sh‚ v kvIqfn¬ ]Tn®

aIƒ ca tkh-\hpw [ym-\hpw `‡n-bp-sa-√m-apƒs°m-≠p-h-f¿∂p.

]Xn-\-©p-Zn-hkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ t]meokv inh-Zm-kn-s\bpw ca-sbbpw Ad-Ãp-sNbvXv Pbn-ep-I-

fn-te-bv°-b-®p. AØ-hW Pbn¬hmk-Øn-\nsS inh-Zmkv ca-sb-Øs∂ Hm¿Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. c≠p

\£-X-ß-sf-t∏mse Ah-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ Abm-fpsS Df-fn¬ Bi-zmkw ]I¿∂p. aq∂p-h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw


School of Distance Educationho≠pw Ahsf I≠p-ap-´p-tºmƒ Abmƒ kzm-X-¥y ka-c-tk-\m-\n-sb-∂-\n-e-bn¬ ]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp-

∂p. Ah-fp-sSbpw Abm-fp-sSbpw AΩ-am¿ acn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. F√m A\m-Y-X-z-Øn\pw ]cn-lm-c-am-bpw

Pohn -X-Øn-\¿∞-ambpw Abmƒ casb I≠p. Ah-fpsS Bflmhv A∂-Øq-h¬t]mse

shfp-Ø-Xm-bn-t∏mbn F∂-XmWv X\n-°p-]-‰nb A]-I-S-sa∂v inh-Zmkv ]d-bp-∂p. Xs‚ kvt\lwt]mepw

AXn-semcp Idp-Ø-]m-Sm-bn. ca inh-Zm-kns\ Bcm-[n-®p; Hcp hn\o-Xinjy-sb-t∏mse ]cn-N-cn-®p.

"Aßv Hc-Xn-am-\p-j-\mWv' F∂mWv Ahƒ ]d-™-Xv. "Aßsb Rm≥ Bcm-[n-°p∂p' F∂-hƒ

]d-™-t∏mƒ Abmƒ tImcn-Ø-cn-®p-t]m-bn. c≠p-aq-∂p-X-h-WsØ AdÃpw Pbn¬hm-khpw Ign-™-

t∏mƒ B¿Øp-\n∂ Hcp ]pcp-jm-c-amWv Abmsf hc-th-‰-Xv. F∂m¬ B P\-Øn-c-°-h-km-\n-®-t∏mƒ

Abm-fpsS lrZbw ho≠pw iq\-y-am-bn. casb I≠-t∏mƒ Xs‚ kvt\lw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

hnhm-lm- -y¿∞-\-\-S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nepw Ahƒ ]mºns\ Nhn- n-b-t]mse \Sp-ßp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

Xm\-bmsf Bcm-[n-°p-∂p. B al-X-z-]-cn-thjw XI¿°-cpXv F∂mWv ca ]d-™-Xv. tIm¨sh‚ v

hnZ-ym-`-ymkw Ahsf as‰m-cp-X-c-Øn¬ hm¿sØ-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. hnhm-lPohnXw Nmb-am-sW∂p

hni-z-kn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse s]mń-°-c-™p-sIm≠v Ahƒ Abm-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-t]m-bn.

Bcm-[-I-∑m¿°v £ma-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. kvt\ln°p∂ a\p-j-y-Po-hn-sb, kvXosb, X\n-°p-Iq-´mbn

thW-sa∂ inh-Zm-kns‚ BKlw shdp-sX-bm-bn. Bflm-hns‚ ASn-bn¬ \n∂p-]p-d-s∏´ Hcp

timI-\mZw ]Xps° D-b¿∂v ]pg-t]mse i‡-ambn Ah-cn-cp-h-scbpw th¿Xn-cn-®p. Xs‚ Pohn-Xw

apgp-h-\mbn B ]W-b-\-jvS-tØmsS Hen-®p-t]m-b-Xmbn inh-Zm-kn-\p-tXm-∂n.

ho≠pw ]e-t∏mgpw I≠p-ap-ń-sb-¶nepw ]n∂o-sSm-cn-°epw Ah¿ B hnjbw kwkm-cn-®n-√.

]n∂oSv kz¥w cmjvSob ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬t∏mepw i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°m≥ inh-Zm-kn\p Ign-™n-√.

a\- nse iq\-yX Abmsf shdpw sXm≠m-°n. AXp-S-™p-t]mIpw hsc Abmƒ bmX XpS¿∂p

-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. "Bcm-[-\m-]m-X-am-bn-Øo-cpI AXmWv G‰-hpw henb im]w. \nßƒ \nßƒ°p

\jvS-s∏-Sp∂p temI-Øn\pw F∂ inh-Zm-kns‚ hm°p-Iƒ BJ-ym-Xm-hns‚ a\- n¬ ]Xn-[-z-\n-®p.

Abm-fpsS \o≠-Xm-Sn-bn¬, Hcp hr≤-I-\-y-I-bpsS tIi- m-c-Øn¬ NqSnb ]qPm-]p-jv]-ßƒt]mse c≠p

hmSnb \oe iwJp-]p-jv]-ßƒ k¶¬∏n-°-sh, inh-Zmkv Bcm-[-y-\m-sW∂v BZn-tX-b\pw tXm∂p∂p.

temI-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ G‰hpw Bcm-[-y-\mb Hcmƒ ˛ ]pd-ta-\n∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ Abmƒ

`mK-y-hm-\m-Wv. F∂m¬ inh-Zm-kns‚ Pohn-XsØ iq\-y-am-°n-bXv B Bcm-[-\-X-s∂. ]I¬

Bc-h-ß-fn¬ Ign-®p-Iq-´p∂ Bcm-[-\m-]m-X-Øn\v iq\-y-ambn GIm-¥-X-bpsS \nan-j-ß-fmWv _m°n.

Abmƒ°p-th-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv kvt\l-am-bn-cp-∂p. kpJZp:-J-ßƒ ]¶p-sh-bvIm-hp∂ ]Xv\n-sb-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

ca-bpsS \jvSw, Abmƒ°v Xs‚ kI-e-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw \jvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚

apgp-h≥ \jvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ s]mf-f-bmb lrZ-b-Øns‚ sXm≠p-Sbpw hsc-bp-ff A\n-›n-X-bm-X-bmbn

B PohnXw amdp-∂p.

eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1. "A∂-sØ-am-Xncn i≤-bn-√msX Rm≥ `£Ww Ign-®n-ń-√.' ˛ kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

2. "F\n°p hni∏pap-≠v, Zml-ap-≠v, shdp-∏p-≠v, thZ-\-bp≠v, ]s£ Cu temI-Øn¬ CsXms°hni-z-kn-°m-X-h-cmWv A[n-I-sa-∂-XmWv Fs‚ \n¿`m-K-yw' ˛ hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

3. "PohnXw Hcp ac-°-j-Ww-t]m-se-bm-bn-t∏mIpw ˛ i‡n-X-cw-K-ß-sfm∂pw ]ns∂ AhnsSGip-I-bn√' ˛ Cß-s\-bm-°p∂ kml-N-c-y-ta-Xv?

4. "Fs‚ Im¬sh-f-f-bnse amwkw apgp-h≥ NΩ- n-sIm≠v \°n-sb-Sp-Øm¬ _nójv kmam-P-y-Øn\vChnsS \nev°m≥ ÿe-am-sb-∂p-tXm∂pw B C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS hmin-I-≠m¬' ˛ h‡m-hm-cv?kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

5. ca-bpsS kz-`mhw cq]o-I-cn® ]tX-y-I-km-l-N-c-y-ta-Xv?

6. "Aß-bpsS Np‰p-ap-ff ]cn-thjw aßn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xp-t]mse F\n-°p-tXm-∂p∂p' ˛ h‡m-hm-cv?

7. "\nßƒ \nßƒ°p-\-jvS-s∏-S-p∂p; temI-Øn\p' inh-Zmkv Cß-s\-]-d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v?

D]-\-ym-k-am-XrI

1. "A∂-Øq-h¬t]mse shfp-Ø-Xmbn Ah-fpsS Bflmhv F∂-XmWv F\n°v ]‰nb A]-ISw'˛ h‡m-hns‚bpw ca-bp-sSbpw kao-]-\-ß-fnse hy-X-ymkw Ah-cpsS Pohn-XsØ am‰n-a-dn-®-

sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hni-Z-am-°p-I?


School of Distance Educationhn.-sI.-F≥ (1932-˛2004)

hSs°-Iq-´me \mcm-b-W≥Ip-ń-\m-b¿ ]e-X-e-ß-fn-ep-ff \¿Ωw, Bt£-]-lm-k-yw, kmaq-l-y-hn-

a¿i\w F∂n-hbv°v tIƒhn-tI´ ssi-en-bpsS DS-a-ÿ≥.

IrXn-Iƒ (t\m-h-ep-Iƒ)

Btcm-lWw (Bovine Bugles F∂ t]cne Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w hn.-sI.-F≥ Xs∂ sNbvX-Xv)

]nXm-a-l≥

A[n-Imcw

A\-¥cw

Akp-c-hmWn

s]¨]S

Imhn

P\-d¬ NmØ≥kv

a©¬

kn≥Un-t°‰v

sNdp-I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ

]ø≥ IY-Iƒ

k¿ NmØp-hns‚ dqfnwKv

lmPn-bm¿

am\m©nd sSÃv

hn.-sI.-F≥ IY-Iƒ

Aøm-bn-chpw tIm∏pw

\mWzmcv

]ø≥

aµ-lmkw

]øs‚ kacw

]øs‚ cmPmhv

tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv ˛ Btcm-l-W-Øn\v 1969

tIµ kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv ˛ ]ø≥ IY-Iƒ°v 1982

ap´-Øp-h¿°n Ahm¿Uv ˛ ]nXm-a-l\v 1997

hnhm-l-]n-t‰∂v

h[p-hns‚bpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw kvt\lm-[n-Iyhpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw kz-Im-c-y-X-bn-te-°p-ff

IS-∂p-I-b-‰-tØm-f-sa-Øn-b-t∏mƒ hnΩná\p-`-hn-°p∂ \h-h-c-\mWv hnhm-l-]n-t‰∂v F∂ IY-bnse

\mb-I≥. hnhm-l-]n-t‰∂v BI-bm¬ Abmƒ°v BtcmSpw ]c-k-y-ambn FXn-cn-Sm≥ hø. Abm-fpsS

Aa¿Ønb ]Xn-tj-[-ß-fpw ]Xn-tcm-[-ßfpw a‰p-f-f-h¿°v a\- n-em-Ip-∂p-an-√. HSp-hn¬ `m¥≥

Imc-W-h-cpsS apºn¬ `m¥-`n-\-bn®pw s]mń-®n-cn®pw Abmƒ Bfl-c£ tXSp-∂p. AtXmsS Dt±-iyw

ên-®p. ]n∂oSv `mc-y-sbm-gnsI a‰mcpw Abmƒ°v ]ndsI h∂n-√.

cmXn-]-Xn-s\m∂v aWn°v aplq¿Ø-am-I-bm¬ hc≥ AXn-Yn-I-sf-bm-X-bm-°n-b-t∏m-tg°v

aWn c≠m-bn. Xte-∂m-fsØ Dd-°hpw _m°n-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ Bscbpw ImØp-\n-ev°msX Abmƒ Dd-ßn.

h[p ]n∂oSp h∂Xpw Dd-ßn-bXpw t]mb-Xp-sam∂pw Abm-f-dn-™n-√. Xpd-∂p-In-S-°p∂ hmXn-en-eqsS

H∂n-\p-]n-dsI H∂mbn FØn-t\m-°nb Ipń-Iƒ "Gt´.....'-F∂v tImd- n¬ hnfn®v Abmsf Aº-cn-∏n-®p.

Bdpw A©pw \mepw hb- p-amXw ]mb-ap-ff B Ipń-Iƒ°v H´pw kt¶m-N-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS


School of Distance EducationIev]-\-tI- mWv h[p Im∏n-bp-am-bn-h-∂-Xv. tPy-jvT-∑m-cmcpw C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ sN°-∑m¿°v Afn-b-t\mSv

henb ASp-∏-am-sW∂pw AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ ]‰n-°q-Sp-∂-sX∂pw Ahƒ ]d-™p. CXp-Iq-SmsX

he-y-Ω-bpsS a°-fmbn A©p-t]¿Iq-Sn-bp-s≠-∂-dn-™p Abmƒ sImSp-ß-√q-c-Ωsb hnfn-®p-t]mbn.

Ahƒ hnf-tIƒ°p-∂-a- n-emWv "Dw F¥mWv' F∂p tNmZn-°p-∂-Xv. ac-ymZ hnNm-cn-s®-¶nepw Ahƒ°n-

Øncn e÷-Im-Wn-®p-IqtS F∂-bmƒ Nn¥n°p∂p. anen-‰-dn-bntem at‰m t]mbn NsØ∂v hnhcw

Inńb ¿Ømhv Poh-t\msS Xncn-®p-h-∂-t]m-se-bmWv Ahƒ Xt∂m-Sn-S-s]-Sp-∂-Xv. e÷-sbm-gn® F¥pw

Ah-f-`n-\-bn-°pw. Abmƒ°m-I-s´, Ahƒ Aev]w e÷-Im-Wn-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂mWv tXm∂¬.

Fcp-a-∏m¬ kar-≤-am-sbm-gn-®p-≠m-°nb shń-bm¬ apdn-bmØ Im∏n hb¿Ip-ep-ßp-∂X Abmƒ°v

IpSn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. hnhm-l-∏n-t‰∂v BZ-y-ambn apJm-apJw I≠ h[q-h-c-∑m¿ ]c-k-y-ambn Ie-ln-t°s≠∂p

Icp-Xn Ahƒ ]d-bp-∂-sX√mw Abm-f-\p-k-cn®p XpS¿∂p Abmƒ knK-c-‰p-h-en-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

I™nbpw shf-fhpw sN√msX Fep-º-\m-bn-´p-s≠∂v Ahƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

shdpw ]¥-≠p-a-Wn-°q¿ amXw ]n∂n´ Zmº-X-y-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Ah-sf-Sp-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

Abmsf A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ibpw ipWvTn-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `¿Xripiqjbn¬ aXn-h-cmsX

acn-®p-t]mb ioem-h-Xn-bpsS ]p\-c-h-Xmcw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp°pw Xs‚ ]nb-]Xv\n F∂-bmƒ Dd-∏n-®p.

Hcn°¬ sImfp-Øn-bm¬ ]n∂oSv shf-f-sam-gn-®mepw sISmØ knK-c-‰p-t]mepw sI´p-t]m-b-tXmsS

Abmƒ°p-d-∏m-bn: ]mXnhXyi‡n t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Ønb c≠mw ioem-hXn Xs∂ Ahƒ. Pme-hn-Z-y-°mcs‚

]mh-t]mse Abmƒ Ahsf \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v ]n¥p-S¿∂p. Xe-\n-d-s®-Æ-bp-ambn Ipfn-°m-\n-dßpw

hgn Xf-Øn¬ Ah-fpsS _‘p-°-sfms° hcn-h-cn-bmbn ImØp-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Xte-Zn-hkw Ah-c-bmsf

\√-hÆw I≠n-√-sX. Hcp tai-tbm, Ãqtfm hcp-Øn-bm¬ AXn¬I-bdn \nev°m-sa∂pw \n¿_-‘n-®m¬

Xm≥ \rØtam kwKo-Xtam Hs° sNøm-sa∂pw Abmƒ ]cn-lm-k-tØmsS ]Xn-I-cn-®p. Xs∂

ImWm≥ \nc∂p \n¬°p-∂-hsc I≠v acwtIm®p∂ a™nepw Abmƒ hnb¿Øp.

"Hcp-hn[w Ddßn' F∂p ]d-™-tXmsS IÆp-an-gn-b-Wn-ey Iºnfn sImSp-Ønt√ F∂mbn AΩm-a≥.

hnh-c-am-bn, hnkvX-cn®v Dd°w ]‰n-sb∂v AtXmsS IYm-\m-b-I≥ kXyw sNbvXp.

]√p-tX-°epw Ipfn-°-ep-sams° Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-bmbn apt∂-dn. F√m Zn\-Ir-X-y-ßƒ°pw ]Øn-cp-]Xv

ImWn-Iƒ. Hcp Nqep-≠m-°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ \m°p-h-Sn-°m-\p-ff Cu¿°n¬, ]√p-tX-°m≥ Xnf®

NqSp-ff shffw ]pXnb sNcn-∏n-´p-s]m-ńb Imen¬ \n¿_-‘-ambn ho≠pw sNcn∏v ˛ Cßs\ AanX

]cn-K-W-\-bpsS ho¿∏p-ap- ¬ IYm-\m-b-Is\ ]n¥p-S¿∂p. Ipfn-°m-\n-d-ßnb hc-s\m∏w \me-©m-fp-Iƒ

shf-f-Øn¬®mSn F∂ cwKw Xam-i-kr-jvSn-°p-∂p. ]cn-K-W-\-Iq-Sn-b-tXmsS Hcp-hI hmin-bn-embn

hcs‚ Zn\-N-c-y. Xs‚ ImWn-Isf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ [mcmfw tZmibpw NSvWnbpw Hcp

IpSw Im∏n-bpw Abmƒ AI-Øm-°n. XpS¿∂v Nmcp-I-tk-c-bn¬ Ncn-™p-In-S-∏mb hcs\

C‚¿h-yq-sN-øm≥ Hcp kwLw kvXoI-sf-Øn. tPmen, iº-fw, sNe-hv, _m°n Iøn-en-cn-°p-∂Xv

F√mw Ah¿ IrX-y-ambn At\-z-jn-®p. D®-bm-b-tXmsS DuWp-I-gn-°p∂ hnZ-ybpw hc≥ Ah¿°v

ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂p. t]£-I¿ Xr]vX-cm-bn.

DuWp-I-gn™v ssIIgp-In-Xn-cn-™-t∏mƒ Idp-Øp-cp≠ Hcp Imc-W-h¿ hcs\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®p

]kw-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-I-≠p. hcs‚ acn-®p-t]mb hen-b-Ωm-as\ Adn-bp-sa∂p ]d-™m-bn-cp∂p XpS-°w.

CS-bn¬ IS∂v hc≥ Hcp ]`m-jWw \S-Øn. ]c-ip-cm-a-\p-tijw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠mb k¿∆-Im-c-W

-h-∑m-scbpw Xm\-dnbpw F∂v hc≥ Dd-∏n®p ]d-™p. ASp-Øp-ff ]Øp-]d ]p©-°-≠-Øn¬ sh®v

Xms\m-cp-s]m-Xp-tbmKw hnfn®p Iq´p-∂p-s≠∂pw X\n°p ]‰p∂ ]√p-tX-∏v, Ipfn, DuWv, knK-c-‰p-hen

apX-emb Cµ-Pm-e-ßƒ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-sa∂pw At±lw ]J-ym-]n-®p. Dds° s]mń-®n-cn® hcs‚ IqsS-

Im-c-Whpw IqSn. "At±-l-Øn\p `m¥mWv'F∂ ]cm-a¿i-Øn-eqsS ImWn-I-fn¬ Xm\p-≠m-°nb `m¥ns‚

]Xo-Xn-IqSn hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p.

ImWn-Iƒ kvX_v[-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. hnhm-l-∏n-t‰∂v cmhnse DW¿∂XpapX¬ Xms\mcp t\m´-∏p-

f-fn-tbm, ImgvN-h-kvXpthm Bb-Xnse hcs‚ hn]-Xn-]-Øn-b-Xbpw Aßs\ shfn-s∏-´-tXmsS Ah¿

]Xps° Hgn-™p-t]m-bn. AXn¬∏ns∂ `mc-y-b-√msX `mc-y-ho-´p-Im-cmcpw hcs\ kao-]n-®n-ń-√. Ah¿

`b-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-cn-°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ Imc-W-h-sc-t∏mse Aev]w `m¥v hc-\p-apt≠m F∂pw

kwi-bn-®n-cn-°-Ww. GXm-bmepw Cu \mS-Io-bX \¿Ωw krjvSn-°p-∂p.



Xs‚ hy‡n kzm-X-¥yw ]cn-K-Wn-°mØ ]cn-N-c-Whpw ssZ\w-Zn-\-Ir-X-y-ß-fpsS kz-Im-c-y-X-bn-

te-°p-ff IS-∂p-I-b-‰hpw hen-sbm-cp-]-cn-[n-hsc hc≥ kln-°p-∂p. Abm-fpsS ]Xn-tj-[hpw ]cn-lm-

khpw \nd™ DØ-c-ßƒ hnet∏mIp∂n-√. hnhm-l-∏n-t‰-∂m-I-bm¬ ]c-k-y-amb Ie-l-Øn\v \nhr-Øn-

bp-an-√. ImWn-Isf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Ønb A -ym-k-ßƒ°p-ti-jw, `m¥-\mb Imc-W-h-tcmSv sFI-y-Zm¿Vyw

]I-Sn-∏n-°pw-t]mse s]cp-am-dnb hc≥ Xs‚ s]mXp-tbmKw ]J-ym-]n-®-tXmsS ie-y-ß-sf-√m-sam-gn-

™p. hcs‚ ]Xn-tj[w \nd-™-k-l-\hpw \m´n¬]p-dsØ h[q-_-‘p-°-fpsS BImw-£bpw tNmZyw

sNø-ep-Ifpw IY-bnse \¿Ω-ap-lq¿Ø-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. PohnX kµ¿`-ß-fn¬\n∂v kz-ta-[bm

D≠m-hp∂ \¿Ω-amWv ChnsS ImWm-hp-∂-Xv.

eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1. "sImSp-ß-√q-ctΩ' F∂v \h-h-c≥ AI-a-en™p hnfn-®p-t]m-b-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?

2. e÷-sbm-gn®v _m°n-sb¥pw Ah-f-`n-\-bn°pw ˛ kµ¿`w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

3. Xs‚ ]Xv\n ioem-h-Xn-bpsS ]p\¿÷-∑-am-sW∂v hc-\p-tXm-∂m≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v?

4. "\me-©m-fp-Iƒ shf-f-Øn¬ NmSn. AXns‚ cl-kyw F\n-°p-a-\- n-embn' ˛ F¥m-Wp-c-l-

k-yw?

5. "]pcm-X-\-tdm-anse Iqc-hn-t\m-Z-ß-fmWv F\n-t°m¿Ω-h--∂Xv' ˛ kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

D]-\-ymkw

1. Xs‚ kz-Im-c-y-X-bn-te-°p-ff IS-∂p-I-b-‰-ßsf ]c-am-h-[n-k-ln® hc≥ AXn-s\m-cp-hn-cmaw

ka¿∞-ambn \n¿∆-ln-®-sX-ß-s\?

2. hn.-sI.-F≥ ssien-bnse \¿Ωw



am[-hn-°pń (1932-˛2009)"]ISam°m\mhm-Ø-kvt\lw \nc¿∞-I-am-Wv, ]nip-°s‚ ¢mhp-]n-Sn® \mW-y-ti-J-cw-t]mse

D]-tbm-K-iq-\-yhpw' (\o¿am-Xfw ]qØ-Im-ew) F∂phniz-kn® Fgp-Øp-Im-cn. kZm-Nm-c-t_m-[-ßsf

kvt\lsØ F√m-tIm-WpI-fn¬ \n∂pw kao-]n-°m≥ ian-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ:

IS¬ abq-cw, Nµ\ ac-ßƒ, am\-kn, Fs‚ IY (B-fl-I-Y), \jvS-s∏´ \oemw-_-cn, ]£n-bpsS

ac-Ww, sXc-s™-SpØ sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ

H‰-b-Sn-∏mX

\o¿am-Xfw ]qØ-Imew kvac-W-Iƒ

_me-y-Im-e-kva-c-W-Iƒ

Cu Pohn-Xw-sIm≠v CX-amXw

Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

`bw Fs‚ \nim-hkvXw

tIc-f-k-©mcw bmXmhn-h-cWw

Aam-hmkn (sI.-F≥.taml-\-h¿Ω-hp-ambn tN¿∂v Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.

AIta kvt\l-Øns‚ ]mcm-hmcw Cc-ºp-tºmgpw A\-ysct∏mse PohnXw sIm≠p-\n¿Ønb

]Wbn-I-fp-sS, Xcn-ip-\n-e-amb a\- p-Iƒ IYbv°p hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p. Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw \nµn-®pw

HSp-hn¬ Im¬°¬ho-Wp-I-c™pw Ahsf kvt\l-]m-X-am-bn-°≠ Abmƒ, ssIh∂ Pohn-X-Øn\v

X∂nse GIm-¥-Xbvt°m kvt\l-Zm-l-Ønt\m Xcnºpw ]cn-lm-c-am-Im≥ Ign-™n-s√∂p IcpXn

]q¿∆-]-W-bsØ ho≠pw kao-]n-°p∂ Ahƒ IY t]cn-√mØ Cu Ccp-h-cn¬ XpS-ßp-∂p. th¿]n-cn-b-en\p

tijw FX-amXw GIm-In-I-fm-bmWv Ccp-hcpw aS-ßp-∂Xv F∂v NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. izmkw apń-°p∂

GIm-¥-Xsb iz-kn®v kvt\l-\-jvSsØ ac-W-am-bn-I≠v Ahƒ ]Xps° HSp-ßp-I-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

Xcn-ip-\new

kt\lsa∂Xv hen-sbmcp \mS-y-am-hp-tam? kvt\l-an-√mØ a\- p-I-fpsS Xcn-ip-\n-ew-t]dn

HSp-ßp-∂-h¿ Hcp-]m-Sp-≠m-hmw. kvt\l-Øns‚ hnØpw hnXbpw sImbvØp-an-√msX GIm-¥-X-bpsS

]mgv\n-e-ß-fmbn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-h-cpsS I≠p-ap-épw th¿]n-cn-b-ep-amWv Xcn-ip-\new F∂ IY

Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

F´p-sIm-√ßƒ°p tijw, apsºm-cn-°¬ kvt\ln®ncp-∂-h-cpsS \mS-y-Øn¬ Abmfpw Ahfpw

I≠p-ap-ń. Ah-fpsS Bh-i-y-]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p B kam-K-aw. Zo¿L-Im-esØ kvt\l-Øn\pw I≠p-

ap- -ep-Iƒ°pwsamSp-hn¬ Hcn-°¬ Abmƒ AsX-√mw-shdpw Ipń-°-fn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v Fgp-Xn-b-tXmsS

F√mw ASn-h-c-bn-´-h-km-\n®p t]mbn-cp-∂p. kvt\l-hm-I-y-ßƒt°m ]I-S-\-ßƒt°m i‡n-bn-√msX

Ahƒ ]X-dn-t∏m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-fpsS Nncn°v Ic-®nens‚ Omb-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-I-≠n´pw apJw

amdmsX Abmƒ \n∂p.

Hcn-°epw Ah-km-\n-°p-I-bn-s√-∂p-I-cp-Xnb Ah-cpsS t]a-_-‘sØ \n m-c-am-°n-s°m≠v

Abmƒ F¥n\p kz-X-¥-\mbn F∂-hƒ°-dn-bn-√. ho≠pw ImWp-Ibns√∂ ss[c-y-sØm-sS-bp-ff

hXm-\p-jvTm\w C∂p apS-°p-∂Xv shdpsX H∂p ImW-W-sa-∂p-ff Ah-fpsS Bh-i-y-]-Im-c-am-Wv.

Imc-y-am-X-]-k-‡-\mbn Abmƒ tNmZn-°p-∂p: Xm≥ h∂p, C\n F¥p-th-W-sa-∂v. Abmƒ `b-s∏Spw

t]mse Xm≥ Ic-bp-Ibpw Bh-em-Xn-s∏-Sp-I-bp-an-s√∂v Ahƒ ]d-bp-∂p. F´p-sIm-√w-ap-tº, Ah-cpsS

Pohn-XsØ c≠mbn ]IpØ B IØp-Inńbt∏mƒ Ign-®-XmWv B Ic-®n-e-X-bpw.

IS¬Øo-cØv c≠p ivaim-\-°-√p-Iƒ°p-aosX Ahƒ Ccp∏pd-∏n-®p. ]-W-b-Øns‚ ivaim\w

Ah-cpsS a\- nepw D≠m-Imw. Xt∂m-Sp-ff kvt\lw shdp-∏mbn ]cn-W-an-®pthm F∂ Ah-fpsS

tNmZ-y-Øn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn Abmƒ Iqc-ambn s]mń-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ahƒ `m¥p-]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv,

]g-b-t∏mse AXm¿°pw a\- n-em-hn√ F∂mWv Abm-fpsS ]£w. F∂m¬ ap´p-Ip-Øp∂

Bflm-`n-am-\-tØmsS Ahƒ Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xv Abmƒs°-¶nepw AXv a\- n-em-h-W-sa-∂m-Wv.



Ah-fpsS F√m-`m-¥p-I-fpw Abmƒ a\- n-em-°-W-sa∂v Ahƒ BK-ln-®p. \nµn-°p-Ibpw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I-bpw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS kvt\l-Øns‚ kz-`mhw. kZm Xs∂-Øs∂ shdp-Ø-Xp-

sIm-≠m-hWw Ahsf shdp-°p-hm≥ Abmƒ Imc-W-ßƒ tXSn-s°m-≠n-cp -∂p. F∂m¬

F√m\n-µ-Iƒ°p-sam-Sp-hn¬ Ic-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ah-fpsS Imev°¬hoWv kvt\lw-sIm≠v aqSpI

Abm-fpsS ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

arZp-hmb kvt\l-hm-°p-Iƒ°v th≠n Zmln-®p. kuµ-c-yw, [\-ÿn-Xn, a\:-ÿnXn F√mw Ahsf

ho≠pw ho≠pw GIm-In-\n-bm°pI-f-bmWv sNbvXXv. Ahƒ Abmƒ°p-am-Xta a\- n-em-Iq

F∂vt]mepw Ah-sfm-cn-°¬ hni-z-kn-®n-cp-∂p. tPmen-Øn-c°pw a\-»-e-y-ß-fp-ambn \S-∂n-cp∂

c£n-Xm°ƒ Ahsf a\- n-em-°n-bn-√. Ah-fpsS kz-]v\-ßƒ, hnhm-l-Po-hnXw H∂pw Ah¿

At\-z-jn-°p-Itbm Adn-bp-Itbm sNbvXn-√. AI-Øp-\-´p-h-f¿Ønb sNSn-t∏mse Ah-fpsS Df-fnse

GIm-¥-X-h-f¿∂p, ]qhn´p Imbv®p. am[-hn-°pń Fgp-Xp-∂p "\\-hn-√mØ, ]in-a-bn-√mØ, Xosc

ê-]p-jvSn-bn-√mØ Hcp Xcn-ip-\n-ew-t]mse \·-ambn InS°pI-bm-bn-cn-°pw Ah-fpsS lrZbw.'

Ah-fpsS a\ v `mKyw sI´ kz¥w lrZ-bsØ Cßs\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

IS-en-s\bpw Nµ-s\bpsa√mw t\m°n Ah¿ ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Imh-ym-fl-I-hm-I-y-ßƒ,

Ah-cpsS sshIp-t∂-c-ßƒ ˛ H∂pw Xncn-®p-h-cns√∂v Ahƒ Hm¿°p-∂p. "\ap-°n-ßs\ kvt\ln-®p-

I-gn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂nt√' F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn\v Abmƒ DØcw ]d-bp-∂n-√. XSn® tZl-tØmsS ssIbn¬

hnhm-l-tam-Xn-c-a-Wn™v as‰m-cm-fmbn Abmƒ Ccp-∂p. F√mw ad-°m≥ Ign™ Abmƒ `mK-y-hm-\m-sW∂v

Ahƒ ]d-bp-∂p. Abmƒ adp-]Sn ]d-™n-√. Ah-fpsS \n -lm-b-X-sb-°mƒ `bm-\-I-amb

\n m-lm-b-I-X-bmWv Xs‚sX∂v B kvt\lsØ ad∂p Ign-™m¬ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hcp

t\´tabns√∂pw H∂pw ]d-™n-√. Ah-fpsS kvt\lsØ ad-∂p-I-gn-™m¬ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬

t\ -ß-sfm-∂pw-an-s√∂pw Ah-tfm-Sp-ff kvt\lm-Zn-I-y-Øm-emWv th¿]n-cn-™-sX∂pw mc-y-bpsS apJØv

Xm≥ k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xpw ImWp-∂Xpw B apJ-sØ-bm-sW∂pw F√m-am-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS a\ v

]d-™p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kvt\ln-°p-hm≥ ss[c-y-an-√m-Ø-h-\mWv Xms\-∂-bmƒ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p.

Ah-fpsS kvt\lw Abmƒ°v Agn-I-fp-ff IqSm-bn-cp-∂p. As√-¶n¬ ]mgvN-ß-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

kvt\l-Øns‚ G‰hpw at\m-l-c-amb ImeØpw Abmƒ Aßs\ ]d-™p-sIm-≠n--cp-∂p. As∂m-s°,

Abmsf kw_-‘n® Xs‚ kvt\l-sØ-°p-dn-t®m¿Øv Ahƒ kt¥m-jn-®p. HSp-hn¬ B

IqSp-X-I¿Øp Abmƒ kz-X-¥-\m-bn.

C∂v, Ahƒ Hcp Ip‰-k-Ω-Xw-t]mse ]d-bp∂p ˛ ho≠pw Abmsf _‘-\-Øn-em-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p

Ah-fpsS iaw. Abm-fp-tSXpw Ah-fp-tSXpamb Hcp Ipń F∂-hƒ k¶-ev]n-®p-t]m-bn. AXp-tI-s´-

∂p-\-Sn-°msX Ah-sf-ssI-]n-Sn-®p-bmX-bm-°m-\mWv Abm-sfm-cp-ßn-b-Xv. Abm-fn¬ \n∂pw c≠W

_nkv°-‰n-\m-bn-hmßn Ahƒ Ccp-ń¬ ad-™p.

kvXobpsS \jvS-t_m-[sØ Gsd Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ IY s]Sp-∂s\ ]pcp-j-\n-te°v

ZrjvSn-]mbn°p∂p. Ahƒ ad-bp-∂-Xp-t\m°n Abmƒ \n»-_vZ-\mbn Ic-™p. Z¿i-\w-X-∂-Xn-\p-

tijw A]-X-y-£-bm-hp∂ tZh-X-sb-s∏mse Ahƒ ad-bp-I-bm-Wv. Zp:-J-Øns‚bpw GIm-¥-X-bp-sSbpw

apg-°-ap-ff B Icn-¶¬t£-X-Øn-te°v adbpw apsº Ahsf Xncn-®p-hn-fn®v B Im¬ hnc-ep-I-fn¬

Npw_n®v Ic-bm≥ Abmƒ BK-ln-®p. \S-∂-I∂ Ahƒ Ccp-´p-aq-Sp∂ Zri-y-Øn-te°v Zmln-°p∂

IÆp-I-tfmsS ]n¥n-cn™p t\m°p-∂p; Abmsf Hcn-°¬°qSn ImWm≥.

Ah-fpsS apdn-bn¬, a\- n¬ hf¿∂p hep-Xmb GIm-¥-X-bpsS Im´p-acw hf¿∂v Xń-t\mfw

Db¿∂Xpw cmXn-bpsS hnj-hm-bp-hn¬ iz-tkm-—-zmkw sNbvXXpw tI´p-In-S∂v ac-W-Øn-te°v

C©n-©m-bn Ahƒ IS-∂p-sN-∂p.

ap≥[m-c-W-Itfm kaq-j-Øns‚ ]X-y-£tam ]tcm-£tam Bb C-S-s]-S-ep-Itfm ImcWw

AI-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ lrZ-b-ß-fpsS A\m-Y-X-zhpw kvt\l-Zm-l-hp-amWv IYbv°v hnj-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kvXo

e÷-hn´v AXp-]-I-S-am-°p-∂p; kvt\lw ss[c-y-sa∂p Ipcp-Xp-∂-hfpw AXns‚ apºn¬ Bflm-`n-am\w

t]mepw ASn-b-d-sh-bv°p-∂-h-fp-amWv Cu IYm-]m-Xw. ]pcp-j\pw Xpe-y-amtbm AXn-e-[n-Itam

\n -lm-bX ]¶n-Sp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Abm-fXp ka¿∞-ambn aqSn-sh-bv°p-∂p. temI-Øns‚ ImgvN-bv°p-

ap-ºn¬ am\-y\pw kvt\l-hn-j-b-Øn¬ DZm-ko-\-\p-ambn \ne-sIm-f-fp-∂p. F∂m¬ kvt\l-Øns‚

at\m-lm-cnX \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-tXmsS Ccp-h-cpsSbpw lrZ-b-ßƒ Xcn-ip-\n-e-ß-fm-bn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

PohnXw, Xoh-kvt\-lw-X-s∂-bm-bn-°-cp-Xnb Ahƒ kvt\l-cm-ln-X-y -sa∂ ac-W-Øn-te°v

A]-X-y-£-bm-Ip-∂p.



eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1. "\nßƒ°pw a\- n-em-hn-t√?' F∂v Ahƒ tNmZn-°m-\n-S-bmb kml-N-c-yw.

2. Xcn-ip-\n-e-Ønse kvXoI-Ym-]m-XsØ a‰p-f-f-h-cn¬ \n∂pw AI‰n GI-bm°n \n¿Øn-bn-

cp∂ LS-I-ßƒ.

3. "Bcpw Ah-tfmSp tNmZn-®n-√. Ahƒ°p kt¥m-j-apt≠m F∂v' ˛ hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

4. "Z¿i\w X∂-Xn-\p-tijw A]-Xy£bmhp∂ Hcp ssZh-sØ-t∏mse Ahƒ ad-bp-I-bmWv' ˛

IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ at\m-KXn hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

D]-\-ymkw

"\\-hn-√m-Ø, ]in-a-bn-√mØ Xosc ^e-]p-jvSn-bn-√mØ Hcp Xcn-ip-\n-ew-t]mse \·-ambn InS-

°p-I-bm-bn-cn°pw Ah-fpsS lrZbw' ˛ "Xcnip \neØnse \mbn-I-bpsS Cu Zb-\o-b-amb GIm-¥-Po-

hnXw IY-bn¬ FX-tØmfv ]Xn-^-en-°p∂p F∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.



Fw. apIp-µ≥ (1942˛ )\ho-\-sN-dp-I-Ysb kº-∂-am-°nb Xe-ap-d-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n. AZ-a-yhpw Xoh-hp-amb

Pohn-X-Xr-jvW-Iƒ sIm≠p-\-S-°p∂ bphm-°-fmWv apIp-µs‚ an° apJ-y-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fpw. B[p-h-\n-

Im-\-¥-c-c-N-\-Ip-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IqSn Dƒs°m≠ IrXn-Iƒ.

IrXn-Iƒ

tIi-hs‚ hnem-]-ßƒ

\rØw

Z¬ln

aø-gn-∏p-g-bpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬

Bhn-em-bnse kqtc-ym-Zbw

Cu temIw AXn-sem-cp-a-\p-j-y\pw

Iq´w sX‰n-ta-bp-∂-h¿

lcn-Z-zm-dn¬ aWn-Iƒ apg-ßp∂p

koX

cmhpw ]Iepw

Infn-h∂p hnfn-®-t∏mƒ

\·-\mb Xºp-cm≥

ssZh-Øns‚ hnIr-Xn-Iƒ

BZn-X-yXpw cm[bpw a‰p-Nn-ecpw

Hcp ZfnXv bph-Xn-bpsS IZ-\-IY

IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Ønt\m am\-hn-I-X-bvt°m-bm-sXmcp aqe-yhpw Iev]n-°msX AXn-km-[m-c-W-ambn

AXn-I-a-ßƒ s]cp-Ip-∂-Xns‚ t\¿°m-gvN-bmWv U¬ln 1981. tamj-W-Øn\pw AXn-I-a-ßƒ°pw

in£-Imew lk-z-amWv. Ip‰-ßƒ ho≠pw ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°m-tfsd Ah.

Hcp P\¬ImgvNtbm Ne-®n-X-tam-t]mse Bk-z-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv IY Bhn-jv°-cn-°p∂ BLmX

Xpe-y-amb A\p-`hw F¨]-Xp-I-fnse Cu IYm-Zr-iyw FXtbm aS-ßmbn s]cp-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v

IYbpw Pohn-Xhpw C∂pw km£-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Z¬ln 1981

ssaXm-\-Øp-IqSn \S-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Hcp kwXr-]vX-Ip-Spw_w AI-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xp hfsc

Xmev]-c-y-tØmsS I≠p-c-kn-°p∂ cmPo-µ¿]m-sfi, Intim¿em¬ F∂n-h-cpsS P\¬°m-gvNI-fn-eqsS-bmWv

IY Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. ÿesØ ][m\ sXΩm-Sn-I-fmb cLp-hodpw \m\-IvNµpw ]nSn-®p-]-dn°pw

kvXoIsf ie-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw ]e-X-hW Pbn-en¬ InS-∂-h-cm-Wv. Xmsg Ah-scm-cp-an®v ]pI-h-en-

®p-sIm-s≠z-´p-I-√n-en-cn-°p-∂Xv ]msfi i≤n-°p-∂p. a™-km-cn-bp-SpØ kpµ-cn-bmb bph-Xnbpw

sNdp-∏-°m-c\pw Ip™p-a-S-ßp∂ IpSpw_w ]Xps° ZrjvSn-bn¬sX-fn-bp-∂-tXmsS Xmsg sh´p-I-√n-en-cp∂

cLp-hn\pw \m\-IvNµpw Fs¥m-s°tbm ]≤-Xn-bn-Sp-∂p. c≠mw \ne-bnse P\-e-cn-In-en-cp∂ ]msfi

AtX-ap-dn-bnse Xma-k-°m-c-\mbn Intim¿em-en-s\-°qSn ImgvN-Im-Wm≥ ]nNn-°p-∂p. Xpcp-Xpsc

knK-c-‰p-h-en-®p-sIm≠v Hcp kn\n-aIm-Wp∂ DtZ-z-K-tØmsS Ah¿ Xmtg°v i≤n-°p-∂p. ssaXm\w

Hgn™p InS-°p-I-bm-Wv. ASp-Øp-ff XI¿∂ ih-Ip-So-c-Ønse ]mhp-Iƒt]mepw \n»-_vZ-cm-Wv.

Xnf-bv°p∂ shbn-en¬ Xe-aq-Sn-h-cp∂ bph-Xn-bpsS a™-kmcn ]nSn-®p-\o°n \m\-IvNµv Ah-fpsS

apJw I≠p. Iøn¬ Ip™pff sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ £a \in®psh¶nepw X¬°m-esØ \n -lm-b-X-

t_m-≤-y-s∏´v Abmƒ Bhp-∂Xab-Øn¬ Xßsf t]mIm-\-\p-h-Zn-°m≥ At]-£n-®p. XS™

cLp-ho-dns\ Abmƒ ]l-cn-®p. AtXmsS \m\-IvNµv IØn-h-en-®q-cn. cLp-ho¿ hen-sbmcp Icn-¶√v

sNdp-∏-Im-cs‚ Xe-bv°p-ap-I-fn¬ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p \nev]m-bn. bphXn BsI Xf¿∂p.


School of Distance EducationssaXm-\-Øns‚ A‰Øv ]X-y-£-s∏´ a≤-y-h-b-kvIp-I-gn™ am\-y≥ bph-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-fn-tI´v

HmSn-h-cm≥ ian-®p-sh-¶nepw cLp-ho-dns‚ Iønse Hmßnb Icn-¶√pw \m\-IvN-µns‚ IØnbpw I≠v

]n∑m-dn. `mcn® ico-chpw _o^v tIkp-ambn HmSn-a-d-bp∂ Abm-sf-I≠v P\-e-cn-In¬ ImgvN ImWp∂

]msfibpw Intim¿emepw Xe-b-d™p Nncn-®p.

aq¿≤m-hn¬ Icn-¶-√p-sIm-≠-Sn-t-b‰ sNdp-∏-°mc≥ hoWp. Abm-fpsS Acn-In-en-cp-∂p-I-c-bp∂

sNdp-∏-°m-cnsb _e-ambn Fgp-t∂-ev]n®v \m\-IvNµpw cLp-hodpw ih-Ip-So-c-Øn-te°v \bn-®p.

\ne-hn-fn-°p∂ ssI°p-™ns‚ hmbn¬ Ah¿ Xqhm-e-Xn-cp-In. IpXdn HmSp∂ bph-Xnsb Ah¿

I_-dn-te-s°-Øn®p "Bcm-bn-cn°pw BZyw' F∂-XmWv Intim¿emepw ]mfibpw BImw-£-tbmsS

N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv.

B \nanjw cmPo-µ¿]m-sfi-bpsS apdn Hcp h≥\-K-c-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v IYm-IrØ

Fgp-Xp-∂p. am\w ap´p∂ sIń-S-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ cmPo-µ¿]m-sfibpw Intim¿emepw Aº-Ø-©p-e£w

hcp∂ henb P\-X-bm-bn-am-dp-∂p. thZn-I-fnse l¿-jm-c-h-ßƒ°nS-bn¬ t\Xm-°-fpsS ]kw-K-ßfpw

tImô-lu-kp-I-fn¬ _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS X¿°-ßfpw apg-ßn-t°ƒ°mw. \K-c-Ønse Aº-Ø-©p-

e£w P\-ßƒ ImgvN-Im-Wp-I-bm-Wv. sskz-c-Po-hnXw XI¿°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw kvXoIƒ _em-’wKw

sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Ip™p-ßƒ \n»_vZcm-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Xam-i-°-Y-t]mse I≠v Hcp P\X Pohn-°p-∂p.

F¨]-Xp-I-fnse Cu Z¬ln-®nXw ]n∂oSv C¥-y-bm-I-am\w h-ym-]n-°p-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp-∂p.

sXcp-hp-I-fn¬ A]-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kvXoXzw as‰-∂-sØ-°mfpw òj-W-amb ]iv\-ambn hf¿∂Xv

\mw ]X-hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ hmbn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm s]Ïp™pw hf¿∂p-h-ep-Xm-hp-∂Xv Cu sXΩ-am-Sn-Ø-Øns‚

apƒap-\sb `b-s∏-´p-sIm-≠m-Wv. c£n-°m≥ k∑-\- -h-ti-jn-®-h¿, ssaXm-\Øp ]X-y-£-s∏´

am\-y-s\-t∏mse òj-Wn-I-fm¬ ]X-dn-am-td-≠n-h-cp-∂p. t\Xm-°tfm _p≤n-Po-hn-Itfm km[m-c-W-

P-\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Zpc-¥-ß-fn-te°v FØp-∂n-√. I_-dns‚ Ccp-fn¬ \n∂v ]d-∂p-h∂ Hcp sIm®-cn-]mhv

Xs‚ Cfw sIm°p-sIm≠v \m\-IvN-µns‚ aq¿≤m-hn¬ sImØp-∂-Xmbn IYm-IrØv NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

ISpØ A\o-Xn-bpsS t\¿°p-ff Zp¿∫-e-am-sbmcp ]Xn-tj-[-am-Wn-Xv; Ah-ti-jn® \∑-bpsS ]Xn-tcm-[hpw.

]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \ns∂-¶nepw Aßs\ H∂p-b-cmsXhø F∂v IYm-IrØv Nn¥n-°p-∂p.

eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1. P\-e-cn-In¬ \n¬°p∂ ]msfibpw Intim-dpw Xe-b-d™p Nncn-®-sX-¥n-\v?

2. "Hcp CuÃvam≥ kn\n-am-kvtIm-∏p-NnXw ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ah¿ ssaXm-\n-bn¬

t\m°n-\n∂p' kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

D]-\-ymkw

1. "B \nanjw cmPoµ¿]m-sfi-bpsS apdn Hcp-h≥ \K-c-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp∂-∂p-˛-P-\-X-bpsS

\njvIn-b-Xzw IY-bnse Cu k¶-ev]-Øn¬ FX-tØm-f-sa∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

2. "Z¬ln 1981' F∂ IY-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-]-k‡n ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.


School of Distance Educationhf-f-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ (1878-˛1958)

Imev]\n-I-`m-hm-¥-co-£hpw B¿j-]u-cm-WnI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ [\-y-X-Ifpw Ihn-X-bn¬

ktΩ-fn-®p. tZio-b-Xbpw kzm-X-¥-y-t_m-[hpw B IhnX kzm- m-hn-I-ambn Dƒs°m-≠p. Be-k-y-Øn-em≠p

InS∂ P\-Xsb I¿tΩm’ml-Øn-te°pw kz- m-j, kz-tZiw F∂n-h-sb-s®m-√n-bp-ff D∂-X-t_m-[-Øn-te°pw

hf-f-tØmƒ°-hn-X-\-bn-®p.

apJ-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

hmevan-In-cm-am-bWw (hn-h¿Ø-\w), _[n-c-hn-em]w NnX-tbmKw (a-lm-Im-h-yw), Zfi-Im-c-W-yw,

KW-]Xn, _‘-\ÿ\mb A\n-cp-≤≥, inj-y\pw aI-\pw, kmln-X-y-a-RvPcn 11 mK-ßƒ, aKvZ-e-\-a-dn-bw,

A—\pw aIfpw, sIm®p-ko-Xv, _m∏q-Pn, kz-]v\-hm-k-h-ZØw (hn-h¿Ø-\w) A`n-⁄m\ imIp-¥fw

(hn-h¿Ø-\w) EtK-z-Z-kw-lnX (hn-h¿Ø-\w).

1931 ¬ tIc-f-I-em-a-fiew ÿm]n-®p.

Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥, `mc-X-kvXo-IƒX≥ `mh-ip-≤n, Infn-s°m-©¬, Hcp-tXm-Wn-bmX, amXr-h-µ-\w,

I¿Ω-`q-an-bpsS ]n©p-Im¬ XpSßn ]i-kvX-amb H´-t\Iw Ihn-X-Iƒ

]pcm-W-k-µ¿`-ßƒ°v hf-f-tØmƒ D≠m°n angnhv A\-ym-Zr-k-am-Wv. \mS-Io-b-X-sIm≠pw

IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS khn-tij hy-‡n-X-zw-sIm≠pw inj-y\pw aI-\pw, A—\pw aI-fpw, _‘\-ÿ-\mb

A\n-cp-≤≥ F∂o-Ir-Xn-Iƒ \ncp-]I i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰n-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

amXm-hn-t\m-sS-∂-t]mse amXr- m-j-tbmSpw a\p-j-y\v \nd-™-I-S-∏m-Sp-≠v. AΩn-™-∏m-ep-\p-I¿∂

Np≠p-sIm≠v \mw BZ-y-£-c-ß-sfbpw cpNn-°p-∂p. Icp-tØmsS hfp-cp-hm≥ ape-∏-se-∂-t]mse

amXr-`m-jbpw XpW-bm-hp-∂p. hf¿∂v A\-y-`m-j-I-f-`-y-kn-®mepw \ap°v amXr-`m-j-bmWv s]‰-Ω.

A\-y-`m-j-Iƒ hf¿Ø-Ω-am¿ amXw. a‰p-`m-j-I-fnse kºØv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ AXv tIc-fn-b¿°p-

th≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn-t≠-Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS `mj-bpsS Xd-hm-ńse kzØpw hn⁄m-\-k-ºØpw h¿≤n-∏n®v

IrXm¿∞-cm-hm\pw amXr-`m-j-bpsS Im¬°¬ Ipºn-Sp-hm\pw Fs‚ `mj \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.

Fs‚ `mj

1. sXm´Sp-Øp-ff alm-k-ap-Z-Øns‚ Kmwò-c-y-am¿∂ ssienbpw kl-y-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ ASn-bp-d∏pw

tKmI¿Æ--t£-Øns‚ \n¿hr-Xn-Zm-b-I-X-zhpw I\-ym-Ip-am-cn-bpsS ]k-∂-Xbpw tIc-f-Øn\v KwK-amb

t]cm-dns‚ hnip-≤nbpw Cf-\o-cns‚ am[p-c-yhpw Nµ-\w, Gew XpS-ßnb Zh-y-ß-fpsS kuc-`-yhpw

kwkvIr-X-`m-jbpw HmP pw Xan-gns‚ kuµ-c-yhpw HØp-tN¿∂ `m-j-bmWv ae-bm-fw. A`n-am-\ta

aZn-®p-sIm-f-fp-I.

Kmwò-c-y-am¿∂ ssien, ZrU-amb hym-I-c-W-h-y-h-ÿ, `mh-`w-Kn, hnip-≤n, am[p-cyw, kuc-`-yw,

HmP v F∂o KpW-ß-sf√mw XnI™XmWv ae-bm-fw. A`n-am-\n-°p-hm≥ \ap°v as‰-¥m-Wp-th-≠-Xv!

ae-bm-f-\m-Sns‚ AXn¿Øn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]IrXn-`w-Knbpw kºØpw kº¿°-`m-j-I-fpsS

kz-m[o\hp-sa√mw k¬Kp-W-ß-fmbn `mj-bn¬ HØp-tN¿∂n-´p≠v F∂-Xn¬ \ap-°-`n-am-\n-°mw.

2. kwkm-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßm≥ ian-°p∂ Cfw-Np-≠p-I-fn¬ AΩn-™-∏m-tem-sSm∏w "AΩ' F∂

c≠-£-c-amWv BZ-y-ambn ktΩ-fn-°p-∂-Xv, FX al-ØmWv B amXr-`m-jm-]-Zw! B AΩ-bpsS

ÿm\w-X-s∂-bmWv amXr-`m-j-bv°p-ap-f-f-Xv. a‰-`m-j-Iƒ a\p-j-y\v hf¿Ø-Ω-am-cm-Wv. s]‰Ω

amXr- m-j-X-s∂. amXm-hns‚ hm’-e-y-am-Ip∂ ]m¬ \pI¿∂mte ss]X-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-h-f¿®-t\-Sp-I-bp-f-fq.

AΩ Xs∂ ]I¿∂p-X-∂mte \ap∂v km£m¬ AarXpw Aar-Xm-bn-tØm-∂p-I-bp-f-fq.

"AΩ' F∂ hm°n¬ \n∂mWv Hmtcm ]n©p-Ip-™ns‚bpw `mj-W-Øns‚ XpS-°w. amXr-`mj

amXm-hn\pw Xpe-y-bm-Wv. at‰Xpw `mj-I-f-`-y-kn-®mepw Ahbv°v hf¿Ø-Ω-am-cpsS ÿm\-ta-bp-f-fq.

AarXpw AXm-bn-tXm-∂-W-sa¶n¬ AΩ ]I¿∂p-X-c-Ww. GX-\p- -hhpw lrZ.yambn Dƒs°m-f-f-W-sa-¶n¬

amXr-`m-j-bn¬ tIƒ°-Ww. amXr-`m-j-\p-I¿∂-h¿t° Icp-tØmsS hf-cm-\m-Iq.

3. thZ-im-kvX-ß-fm-bmepw Imh-y-am-bmepw Ah lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ amXr-`m-j-bpsS

apJ-Øp-\n-∂p-Xs∂ tIƒ°-Ww. amXr- m-j-bpsS Hmtcm ]Zhpw CuWhpw Dƒ∏q-hn¬ tX\m-bn-t®-cp-∂p.

a‰p- m-jm-]-Z-ßƒ a\- m-Ip∂ ]qhns‚ CX-fp-I-fnse an∂n-\n¬°p∂ a™p-Xp-f-fn-Iƒ amX-am-Wv. a\ v

Hcp ]qt]mse hncn-bp-tºmƒ Df-fn¬ tX\m-bn-\n-d-bp-∂Xv amXr-`m-jbpw AXns‚ kwkvIm-c-hp-am-Wv.

a‰p `mjm-]-Z-ßƒ B ]qhns‚ ]pd-Øp-]-Xn™ at\-m-lm-cn-X-Itf Bhp-I-bp-f-fq.



4. cmam-b-W-a-lm- m-c-X-ßfpw \nXn-im-kvXhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-sa√mw kz¥w \m´p-Imsc ]mSn-t°ƒ∏n®

ae-bm-f-`mj Ak-a¿∞-bm-sW∂v Bcm-Wp-]-d-bp-I? Imºp‰ CXn-lm-k-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw

ae-bm-f-`mj A¿∞-apƒs°m≠v Bhn-jv°-cn-®p. ae-bm-f-Øn\v AX-bvs°m∂pw tijn-bn√ F∂p

Icp-X-∂-h¿ CtXm¿t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

5. \m\m-hn-Nn-¥-\-ß-fpsS \qep-Iƒ (a-lZv KŸ-ßƒ) sIm≠v kz-`m-jbv°v \nd-hp-\-evIm-Ø-

]£w A⁄-X-bpsS Ccpƒ°p-≠n¬ \n∂v Ib-dm≥ \ap°v thsb-sb-¥mWv Bi-bw? `mj

hnI-kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ temI-sØ-]-i-kvX-amb cN-\-Ifpw hnNn-¥-\-ß-fp-sa√mw ]I¿∂p Inń-bn-cn-°-Ww,

`mj hnkn-®mte P\-ßƒ°pw A`n-hr-≤n-bp-f-fq.

IcpØpw hnim-e-Xbpw ]Nm-c-hp-an-√mØ `mj-kw-km-cn-°p-∂-hcpw AXp-t]mse Ai-‡cpw

A]-i-kvX-cp-am-bn-cn°pw. `mj-bpsS IpcØpw ]Nm-chpw ]i-kvXn-bp-sa√mw AXp kwkm-cn-°p-∂-

h-cp-tS-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

6. tZh-`m-j-bmb kwkvIrXw \ΩpsS ae-bm-f-Øn\v ]t≠ D‰-tXm-gn-bm-Wv. a‰p-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬

t]mbn hnZ-ym-[\w t\Sn-b-h-cmbn FXtbm \√ a°ƒ ssIc-fn-bv°p-≠v. F∂n pw \ΩpsS mj Zcn-Z-bm-sW∂v

Fßs\ ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw? kwk-Ir-X-`m-j-bpsS D‰ kulr-Zhpw hntZ-i-`m-j-I-fpsS kº¿°hpw

\ΩpsS `mjsb hf¿Øm≥ ]c-ym-]vX-amWv F∂n-cns° ae-bmfw Zcn-Z-bm-sW∂v ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.

7. A\-y -`m-jm-k-ap -Z -Øn¬ B≠p-apßn [\-y -cmb ae-bm-fn -Iƒ Acp-sIm-≠p-amXw

Hu∂-X-y-am¿÷n-°p-∂n-√. IjvS-s∏-´p-t\-Snb cXv\-Xp-e-y-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ AΩ-bmb ae-bm-f-Øn\v

ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. k¬K-Ÿ-]m-cm-b-W-Øn-\m-bp-ff kz¥w Ip™p-ß-fpsS hni∏v ian-∏n-°m≥

\nhr-Øn-bn-√msX Zp:-Jn-°p∂ Zcn-Z-bmWv \ΩpsS `mj C∂pw. A\-y-`m-j-]m-fin-X-y-ap-f-f-h¿

t\Snb hn⁄m\w amXr-`m-jbv°v ]I¿∂p \¬In kz-k-tlm-Z-c-ßƒ°v DX-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mtg

`mj a°-fpsS PRm-\-Zm-l-a-I-‰m≥ Ign-bp∂ [\-y-am-Xm-hm-hp-I-bp-f-fq.

8. amXr-`m-j-tbm-Sp-ff ]pX-[¿Ωw ad-°p-∂Xv e÷m-I-chpw Zp:-J-I-c-hp-am-Wv. AΩ-bpsS

]mZ-Zm-kyw \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-ht\ A`-yp-∂Xn ssIh-cq. kz-`m-j-bpsS Im¬°¬Ip-\n-bp-∂-ht\

Xe-s]m-°n-\n-ev°m-\m-Iq. kz-`m-j-bpsS Xd-hm-ń¬ kz-Ø-h-f¿Øm-\mWv ae-bm-fn-Iƒ _p≤-]m¿∆w

ian-t°-≠-Xv. s\‰n-hn-b¿∏n-\m¬ Be-k-y-Øn\v DZ-I-Inb sNø-Ww. (`m-j-bpsS Xd-hm-´p-k-zØv

s]men-∏n-°m≥ ITn-\m-≤-zm\w sNøp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°Ww ae-bm-fn-Iƒ).

9. Fsd ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√. ]mfin-X-y-`n-£-bv°mbn ssIc-fn-bpsS ho´p-ap-‰-sØ-Øp-∂-hƒ C\n

`mfiw \nd-®p-am-Xta bmX-bm-hp-I-bp-f-fq. DZm-c-Xbv°v ]i-kvX-cm-Wt√m tIc-fo-b¿.

aebm-f-`m-j-bpsS kº-∂X h¿≤n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-°-Ww. Adn-hns‚ `n£-bv°mbn hcp-∂-h¿

kº-∂-cmbn Xncn-®p-t]mIpw ań¬ ChnsS ⁄m\-k-ºØv kar-≤-am-IWw F∂v Ihn k¶-ev]n-°p-∂p.

tNmZ-y-ßƒ, eLq-]-\-ym-k-am-XrI/Jfin-Im-cq-]-Øn-ep-ff DØ-c-ßƒ

1. "aØm-Sn-s°mƒI-`n-am-\ta \o' ˛ Ihn Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?

2. a‰p-ff `mj-Iƒ tIh-ew-[m-Xn-am¿

a¿Ø-y\p s]‰Ω X≥`m-j-Xm≥ ˛ hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

3. A\-y-_n-µp-°tfm, X¬ _ln¿`m-Kta

an∂n-®p-\n¬°p∂ Xqap-Øp-Iƒ ˛ Bibw hni-Z-am-°pI

4. tIc-f-Øn\v Ccpƒ°p-≠n¬ \n∂v Ib-dm-\p -ff ]nSn -°-b¿ F¥m-sW-∂mWv Ihn

k¶-ev]n-°p-∂-Xv?

5. "Be-k-y-Øn∂p \nhm-]mw-_p-\¬Ip-hn¬ ^me-Øn-temepw hnb¿∏n\mte'-˛-B-ibw

hni-Z-am-°p-I.

D]-\-ym-k-am-XrI

1. kz-`m-j-bpsS al-X-zhpw Nmcp-Xbpw DZ-t_m-[n-∏n®v mjsb hf¿Øp-hm≥ Bl-zm\w sNøp∂

Ihn-X-bmWv "Fs‚ `mj' ˛ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.



sshtem-∏n-ffn io[-c-ta-t\m≥ (1911-˛1985)

"kz-ÿn-Xn-bpsS adp-]p-d-a-t\-z-jn-°p∂ Z¿i\w Ihn-Xbv°v khn-ti-j-amb ]I-z-X-\¬Ip-∂p.

]Ir-Xn-bnse AXn-c-‰-hm-’-eyw A‘amb Iqc-Xbpw Ihn Hcp-an-®p-Im-Wp-∂p. kuµ-c-yhpw sshcq-]-yhpw

Hcp-an-®p-Im-Wm-hp∂ ka-Z¿i\w sshtem-∏n-f-fn-°-hn-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. Ib-dp-sIm≠v

Dbn-cn-\p-sIm-e-°p-Sp-°p-≠m-°mw, Du™m-ep-ap-≠m-°mw. c≠m-a-tØ-XmWv Pbw. Zp -z-]v\w-t]mse

bp≤hpw £mahpw IÆocpw Pohn-XsØ Zpcn-X-a-b-am°n IS-∂p-h-∂mepw Xncp-hm-Xn-c-Ømcw ]ns∂bpw

hcpw. amhp-Iƒ ]q°pw. Pohn-X-a-[p-amkw hm¿≤-I-y-Øn-\p-t]mepw Xncn-®p-In-´pw. a\p-j-y¿ ]c-kv]cw

kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw hnl-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂ ip`m-]vXn-hn-i-zmkw Ihn-X-bn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p.

IrXn-Iƒ

I∂n-s°mbvØv

iotcJ

IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬

HmW-∏m-´p-Im¿

Ip∂n-a-Wn-Iƒ

hnØpw ssIt°mSpw

IS¬°m°-Iƒ

Ibv]-h-√cn

hnS

aI-c-s°mbvØv

an∂m-an∂n

]®-°p-Xnc

apIp-f-ame

Imh-y-\m-S-I-ßƒ

Ei-y-irw-K≥

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿

Du™m-en¬

"Hcp sh‰ne \qdp-tX-®p-X-cn-I; Xmw_q-e-]n-b-bm-Wt√m Cu Xncp-hm-Xnc cmXn. a™psIm≠v

X-Wp-Øp-Nq-fn-t∏m-bmepw Cu `qan a[p-c-ambn Nncn-°p-∂p. hm¿≤-I-y-Øn-se-Ønb \Ωfpw Nncn-°p-I.

amºq-a-W-taevs° Hm¿Ω-Iƒ apc-≠p-W-cp-∂p. \mw ho≠pw Pohn-X-a-[p-c-amb -bu-h-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-I-bm-Wv.

ap∏-Xp-sIm-√-ßƒ°p-ap-ºv, ]p©n-cn-Xq-Ip∂ Cu BXn-c-cm-hp-t]mse \obpw at\m-l-cn-bmbn \n∂-

t∏mƒ CXp-t]msemcpXncp-hm-Xn-c-cm-hn¬ a™pw shfn-®hpw a[phpw C‰p-ho-W-ap-‰sØ amhn≥tNm-

ń¬ Bcpw ImWmsX \mw Du™m-em-Sn-bn-t√? \qdp-sh-‰n-b-Xn∂p XpSpØ ]pe-cn-hcpw hsc AXp-

\o≠p (\-h-h-[q-h-c-∑m-scm-cp-an®v \qdp-sh-‰ne apdp-°p-I, ]pe-cn-hsc Dd-°-sam-gn-°p-I, Du™m-em-SpI

F√mw Xncp-hm-Xn-c-bpsS NS-ßp-I-fm-Wv. ]pe-cnbpw \pdp-sh-‰n-e-\n-∂p-Np-h-∂-Wp-h-c-sa∂p k¶-ev]n-°p-∂p.)

\sΩ-t∏mse hm¿≤I-y-ØnseØnb amhv C∂pw ]q°m-t\m¿Ωn-®p. DÆn-bpsS Xmev]-c-y-

a-\p-k-cn®v AXn-sem-cp-™mepw sIń DÆn C∂v t\csØ Dd-ßn-tbm? Nncn-®p-X-f-fp∂ _meyw

Nn¥m-t¢-i-an-√msX Dd-ß-s´, am¶-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v amºq-hn-te-s°-Øn-t®-cm≥ ]q¶n-fn-bmb Iuamcw

CØn-cn-Im-e-sa-Sp-°pw. (am-ºgw Xn∂m≥sIm-Xn-°p∂ Ime-Øp-\n∂v amºq-hns‚ aWw cpNn-°p∂

irwKm-c-c-k-]-[m-\-amb Ime-tØ-°mWv Iuamcw sas√ ISp-∂-h-cp-∂-Xv) Ae-b-Sn-°p∂ Cu \nem-hns‚

hio-I-c-W-i-‡n-bm-em-Imw, F\n-bvs°m-cm-i-tXm-∂p-∂p. ap≥s]-∂-t]mse \o Du™m¬∏-Sn-bn¬

h∂n-cp-°p-I. Ae-am-esb sX∂-se-∂-t]mse Rm≥ \ns∂ B´mw. ""Ahƒ Nncn-s°, buh-\-Øns‚

a[p-c-kvtacw Ahƒ°v ssItam-iw-h-∂n-ń-s√∂v Hm¿Øp-t]m-Ip-∂p. Abm-fpsS \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v


School of Distance Education]Xv\n Du™m¬∏-Sn-bn¬ Hcp sNdp-sh-f-fn-Øm-e-b-t]m-se-bn-cp-∂p. (hm¿≤-I-yhpw ip`-h-kvXhpwBWv Ahsf sNdp-sh-f-fn-Øm-en--bm-°p∂Xnse HuNn-X-yw). a°ƒ°-Ω-bmbn Ahƒ°v XS-Iq-Sn; F¶nepwIri-amb Abm-fpsS ssIIƒ°v apsº∂t]mse C∂pw Ahsf Du™m-em-´m-\m-hp-∂p. A-h-cpsSaIƒ C∂v IpSpw-_n-\n-bmbn hen-b-\-K-c-Øn-te°v tNt°-dn-sb-¶nepw Xncp-hm-Xn-c-s∏-Æn\v \rØ-am-Sm≥Aºn-fn-hn--f-°p-I-Øn-®p-sh® BbncwIm¬a-fi-e-am-Ip∂ Cu Kmaw Ahƒ Zqsc-bn-cp∂v kz]v\wImWp-∂p-≠m-Ipw. Gsd Zp:-J-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw Pohn-tXm-√m-k-Øns‚ thcp-d∏v Chn-S-sØ-t∏mseas‰-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw ImWp-tam?

]mgva-™n¬ Nqfn-t∏m-bmepw £ma-Ømepw Zmcn-Z-Ømepw hnd®mepw ]mh-ß-fmb Ab¬°m-cn-IƒXncp-hm-Xn-c-∏m-´p-]m-Sp-∂Xp tIƒ°p-∂n-t√? t]mcns‚ th´-∏-£n-t]mse apI-fn-eqsS ]mdn-t∏m-Ip∂bp≤-hn-am-\hpw Hcp Zp -z-]v\w-t]mse am™p-t]m-Ipw. F∂m¬ Xncp-hm-Xn-c-\-£Xw Xo°-´-t]msean∂p-I-X-s∂-sN-øpw. (-bp-≤m-¥-co-£-ßfpw B]¬ò-Xn-Ifpw Xmev°m-en-I-am-Wv; ÿmbn-bm-bXvkam-[m-\w-X-s∂). amhp-Iƒ Ime-sa-Øp-tºmƒ ]q°pw, am\Øv Aºnfn ip`-]-Xo-£-t]msehnI-kn-®p-\nev°pw a\p-j-y¿ ]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-°pw, B\-µn°pw.

Ib-dp-sIm≠v Dbn-cn\v sIme-°p-Sp°pw Xo¿°mw, Du™mepw Xo¿°mw. Du™m-em-°m≥Ign™m¬ AXmWv Pbw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ a\- ns\ \rØ-tem-e-am-°p∂ B Xncp-hm-Xn-c-∏m´v \o]mSp-I. IW-z-am-ap-\n-bpsS aI-sf-∏-‰n-bpff B ]m v Df-fn¬ A\p- q-Xn-bpsS temIw Xo¿°p-∂p. ]mńs‚Cuc-Sn-Iƒ Du™m-ep-I-fm-bn. lrZbw AXn¬ Du™m-em-S-th, Ahƒ sh¨\-c-Nq-Snb apØ»nb√,IW-z-am-ap-\n-bpsS I\-y-bmb iIp-¥-f-bm-sW∂v \mb-I\v tXm∂n. ]q\n-em-h-Wn™ ap‰-a√ AXv,lnam-eb ]¿∆-X-]-tZ-isØ at\m-lc amen-\o-Xo-c-am-Wv. Nµ\pw \£-X-ßfpw NnX-dnb BIm-i-a√ImWm-hp-∂-Xv, Ah-fp-sS Hma-\-bmb ap√-h-ffn h\-tP-ym’v\ ]qØp-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. amhn≥tNm-ń¬ImWm-hp-∂Xv \ng-e-√; Ah-fpsS am≥Ip- n-bmb Zo¿Lm-]mw-K≥ hni-an-°-I-bm-Wv. "]mńs‚ Du™m-en¬lrZbw BSn B\µw sImƒI-th, Xm≥ Zpj-y-¥\pw Ahƒ iIp-¥-f-bp-am-bn. AhnSw IW-zm-i-a-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-ff amen-\o-\-Zo-Xo-c-am-bn; ]qØ h\-tP-ym-’v\bpw hni-an-°p∂ Zo¿Lm]mw-K\pw ImW-s∏-´p,"Pohn-Xa[pamkw' ]qIp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. k¿∆mfl\m Pohn-XsØ kvt\ln-°m≥ ]Tn® \ΩpsSB\-µsØ ip -amb hkvX-Øp-ºn¬ s]mXn™p kq£n-°p∂ Cu A]vk-tcm-h-[p-hmb Xncp-hm-Xn-c,bmX-bm-hp-tºmƒ ]nt‰∂v \m\m-Ir-X-y-\n¿∆-l-W-ß-fn¬ apgp-Inb \ΩpsS ]I¬ I≠v Df-fn¬ e÷n-°p-tam?

As√-¶n¬ F¥n\v e÷n-°-Ww? a\p-j-ym-bp- n¬ Nne-ap-¥nb kµ¿`-ßtfm \nan-j-ßtfmamX-ta-bp-f-fq. Ah-bn¬ NneXmWv \man-t∏mƒ ]n∂n-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp ]m´pw IqSn ]mSn \n¿Øp-I.

eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ: kµ¿`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI

1. ]q¶n-fn-Iu-am-c-Øn˛

∂nØncn Imew thWw

am¶n-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂p

amºq-hn-se-Øn-t®-cm≥

2.Pohn-tXm-√m-k-Øns‚

thcp-d-∏n-hn-sS-t∏m¬

°mWptam thsd-ßm-\pw?

3.Dbn-cn≥ sIme-°pSp

°m°mhpw Ib-dn-s\˛

bpgn-™m-em-°n-Øo¿°m≥

Ign-™-Xt√ Pbm

4.sh¨\-c-I-e¿∂-h˛

f√ \osb≥ IÆn\p

I©-am-ap-\n-bpsS

I\-y-bm-am-tcm-a-emƒ

D]-\-ymkw

1. sshtem-∏n-f-fn-°-hn-X-bnse ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw Du™m-en¬ F∂ Ihn-Xsb Bk-v]-Z-am°n

hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.



]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿ (1905˛1978)hnc-l-th-Z-\bpw Krlm-Xp-c-Xbpw XpSn-°p∂ IhnX Imh-y-tZ-h-X-bpsS ]km-Z-a-t\-z-jn-®p-ff

\nc-¥-c-amb Xo¿∞-bm-X-bm-bn-cp∂p Ihn-bpsS Pohn-Xw. apSn-b-\mb ]pX≥, P∑-`q-an-tbmSp

\µn-bn-√mØ ]uc≥, ]pØ≥ ]cn-jv°m-c-Øn-e-I-s∏-´p-t]mb B[p-\n-I≥ Ch-cpsS at\m-h-y-Y-Iƒ

]n.-bpsS ]e-I-hn-X-I-fnepw Bhn-jv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hmMva-b-Nn-X-ß-fpsS tLmj-bm-X-bmWv ]n. bpsS

Ihn-X-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I.

][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ:˛ hmk-¥n-∏q-°ƒ, aWn-ho-W, ]qºm-‰-Iƒ, A¥n-Øn-cn, A\-¥≥Im-ń¬,

`ZZo]w, Ifn-b-—≥, Xma-c-tØm-Wn, ]q°fw, Nnesºmen, ctYm-’-hw.

ssIhn- p-t]mb ]Wbw A\p-kva-cn-°p∂ Ihn-X-bmWv am™p-a-d-™-]q-°m-ew. HmWw, ]q°mew

F∂nh lrZ-b-Øn-\m-Àm-Z-ap-≠m-°p∂ F√m A\p- -h-ß-sfbpw ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ Imh-y-_nw-_-ß-fmbn

Ihn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂p. HmW-\n-em-shm-fnbpw ]Sn-°se ]qØ sNº-Ihpw IXn-cn-´-]m-Shpw

]W-b-kva-c-W-Isf Krlm-Xp-c-am-°p-∂p. Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS ae-cp-Iƒ a\- ns‚ Ce-°p-ºn-fns\

kpc-`n-bm-°p-tºmgpw \jvS-t_m-[hpw Hcn-°¬°qSn ]W-bn-\nsb ImWm-\p-ff IÆp-I-fpsS Zmlhpw

_m°n-bm-hp-∂p-sh∂v "am™p ad-™-]q-°mew' NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

am™p-ad™ ]q-°mew ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

Xs‚ Ce-°p-ºnƒ ]q°-fm¬ \nd-bv°p∂ B s]mt∂mW\mƒ C\n Xncn-®p-h-cn-I-bn-√. cmXn-bpsS

GIm-¥-X-bn¬ a\ v aßn-t∏mb NnX-Øn\v ho≠pw Nmbw sImSp-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]q°m-ehpw ]gb

Hm¿Ω-Isf DW¿Øp-∂p. ]qhn-cn-bp∂ Cfw Ipe-Iƒ \o´p∂ amhn-en-cp∂v ]mhp-Iƒ Ipdp-In.

BZn-bp-a-¥-hp-an-√mØ BIm-iØv ]mb -hn-cp-Ønb h©n-I-sf-t∏mse taL-ß-f-e-™p.

ta®n¬∏d-ºn¬ CS-bs‚ HmS-°p-g¬hnfn apg-ßp-∂p. Kma-ßƒ Id-hp-I-gn™p Ib-dq-cn-hn´

]-ip-°-fm-bn. \ocn¬apßn Nnd-Ip-Ip-S™v Xfn¿®n-√-bn-en-cn-°p-I-bm-sWm-cp-s]m-∑. (k-z-—-µ-amb Kma-

Po-hn-X-Nn-X-ß-fmWv Ch-sb√mw. ae-\m-Sns‚ ]IrXn wKn-tbm-Sp-ff Ihn-bpsS ]tX-y-I-amb BI¿j-Ww,

at‰-Xp-I-hn-X-bn-e-sa-∂-t]mse "am™p-a-d™ ]q°m-e-Ønepw ]I-S-am-Wv.)

Hcp aI-c-Ønse a≤-ym-”-th-f-bn¬ BZ-y-ambn Ah¿ I≠p-ap-ń. Im‰ns‚ Xtem-S-en¬

XΩn-e-[-c-ßƒ Iqń-bp-cp-Ωp∂ ae-cp-Iƒ t]mse AX kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bmWv B Imap-Io-Im-ap-I¿ HØp-

tN-c-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv B‰n≥I-c-bnse B∏o-kn¬\n∂p Xoh-≠n-tI-dnb Ah¿ \oe-a-e-I-fm¬ Np‰-s∏´

]´Ww I≠p-c-kn-®p. kmbm-”-Øn¬ Ahƒ BZ-y-ambn "Ie-ym-W-ame' sb∂ Ne-NnXw I≠p.

aI-c-\n-em-∏m-en¬ apßn-°p-fn-®p-X-WpØ B cmXn Ahfpw Hm¿Ω-bn¬ kq£n-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw.

Ge-ßƒ ]q°p∂ sX∑-e-°m-ńse tNme-Iƒ \o¥n-°n-X-bv°p-∂-h-fmWv B cmXn. Ge-°m-Sns‚

kpK-‘hpw tNme-I-fpsS XWp∏pw aI-c-\n-em-∏mepw Cfw Iqºp-hn-cn-bp∂ sNº-I-∏q-t]m-se-bp-ff Ahfpw

B cmXnsb Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-°n.

]Ir-Xn-bn-seßpw ]Wbw amX-am-sW∂v Imap-I\v tXm∂n. ]qhn´-am-hnse Nn√-bn¬

Infn-IƒsIm°p-cp-Ωn. \oem-Im-ihpw shÆn-em-hns‚ ]´q¿∂ cmXnbpw k¿∆hpw ad∂v ]pW¿∂p-d-ßn.

Nnd-bnse Bdm´pw D’-h-Zo-]-ßfpw Ah-fpsS Hm¿Ω-bnepw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw. ]q∏p-e-cn°v

kqc-y≥ s]m≥I-k-hp-]m-hp-\¬Inb ka-bØv hrµm-h-\-cm[ Benw-K\w sNøp∂ Im¿ap-In¬ h¿Æs‚

t£Xw Ah¿ kµ¿in-®p. IqØp-am-Shpw Imhnse ]qc-\n-em-hp-hn-cn-bp∂ cmXnbpw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-

ß-fmbn. kz¥w Ce-°p-ºnƒ kvac-W-I-fm¬ \nd-bv°p∂ B s]mt∂m-W-\mƒ C\n-sb-cn-°epw

Xncn-®p-h-cn-I-bn-√. lrZbw Fs∂-t∂-bv°p-ambn c≠m-bn-∏n-f¿∂p. C\n-sbm-cn-°epw Ah¿ I≠p-ap- p-I-bn-√.

sIń∏n-Sn®p Npw_n®v th¿s]-´p-am-dnb Xnc-I-sf-t∏mse Ah¿ s]mń-Ø-I¿∂p-t]m-bn. ap√-∏q-°ƒ

NnX-dnb apSn Aev]-a-gn™pw am¿Ø-S-ap-e™pw at\m-l-c-amb angn-t°m-Wn¬ sXfn-an-∂¬ an∂nbpw

Aºn-fn-°o-dp-t]m-se, kz]v\w t]mse Ahƒ ImØn-cp∂ sshim-J-k-‘-y-Iƒ C∂v \jvS-s∏´

at\mlm-cn-X-Iƒ amX-am-Wv. hm\n¬∏-S-cp∂ Im´p-ap-√-Iƒ ]q°p∂ ˛ \£Xw ]q°p∂ ˛ GIm-¥-

cm-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. H∂v B lrZ-b-Øns‚ Ihm-Shpw Xpd°ptam F∂v Imap-I≥ A∂v

]SnXp-d-s∂-Ønb A-h-tfmSv tNmZn-®p.



s]m≥Nn--ß-Øns‚ IXn-cp-]m-SØv ho≠pw HmW-\n-emhv ]msem-fn-]-c-Øn. B IXn-cn- -]mSw ho≠pw

hncp-∂n\p hnfn-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂mepw Gsd-b-I-∂p-\n¬°p-I-bmWv Ah¿, c≠p-h-gn°v ]d∂ ]d-h-I-sf-t∏mse

Ft∂m Ah¿ ]nW-ßn-∏n-cn-™p-t]m-sb-¶nepw A¥n°v NºIw ]qØ-]-Sn-°-te°v F¥n-t\m-th≠n

IÆp-Iƒ Zmln-®p-sN-√p-∂p. Ce-°p-ºnƒ ]q°ƒsIm-≠p-\n-d-bv°p∂ B s]mt∂m-W-\mƒ

C\n-Xn-cn-®p-h-cn-I-bn-√.

eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (kzmc-kyw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I)

1. NnØ-ta, cmhn-te-Im-¥-Øn¬ aßnb

NnX-Øn-s\-¥n-\p-Nmbw sImSp∏q \o?

2. X∂n-e-°p-ºnƒ ae-cm¬ \nd-bv°pam ˛

s∏mt∂m-W-\m-fp-Xn-cn-®p-h-cn-√n\n

3. ae-\m-S≥ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS tNtXm-l-c-amb NnX-ßƒ "am™p-a-d™ ]q°m-e-Øn¬ FX-tØmfw

]I-S-am-Wv?

4. kam-K-a-Øns‚ am[p-c-yhpw \jvS-]-W-b-Øns‚ hnjm-Zhpw ]n. bpsS Ihn-X-bn¬ FX-tØm-f-sa∂v

]mT-y-`m-KsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.



A≥h¿ Aen (1966˛ )]pXp-ap-d-°-hn-I-fnse i‡-\mb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥. IhnX `mj-bv°p-f-fnse `mj-bm-Wv F∂p

hni-z-kn-°p∂ B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-c-I-hn. "tSmt´m-Nm≥' ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-ń-≠v.

ag-°m-ew, BSn-bm-Sn-b-e™ ac-ßtf F∂o-c≠p kam-lm-c-ßƒ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

kmaq-l-y-hn-a¿i-\-Øns‚tbm Bfl-]-cn-lm-k-Øns‚tbm kq£-a-k-z-c-ß-fp-ff Cu Ihn-X-Iƒ

hmb-\-°m-cpsS Im-h-yq -\p-io-e\w Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. _ml-y-tem-I-Øns‚ ]X-y-£

-h-y--Y-I-sf°mtftd Ah-\-hs‚ AIsØ temI-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-h-y-Y-I-fmWv A≥h¿ Aen°v

IqSp-X¬ hnj-b-am-bn-´p-f-f-Xv.

ag°mew

AΩbpw Ip™pw XΩn-ep-ff kw`mjWØns‚ cq]-amWv Ihn-X-bv°p-f-f-Xv. Ip™ns‚

ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ ag-°mew ]pf-fn-°pS \nh¿-Øm-\p-f-f-Xm-Wv, ag-tØm¿® Ifn-°m-\p-f-fXpw. AΩ-bpsS

hm°p-I-fn¬ ag-°mew IÆo-cnt‚Xm-Wv. IpS-Ø-W-en-√msX A\m-Y-amb Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn-\p-ta¬

sNøp∂ Zpcn-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv.

AΩ ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv: ag-°m-eamsW∂v ad-°-cp-Xv, a\ v Cu¿∏w ]nSn®v alm-tcm-K-sam∂pw

hcp-Ø-cp-Xv. CXv NXn-bpsS Imew IqSn-bmWv. XW-se-∂p-I-cpXn Ib-dn-\n-e-°p-∂n-SØv ac-s°m

-f-fn-ho-gmw. _p≤n°pw Nn¥bv°pw ]cp-°p-]-‰mw. Pz-en-°p-∂-Im-e-Øns‚ _en-t®m-c-bmWv Cu

ag-®m-‰¬ t]mepw. Ce-®m¿Øp-t]mepw Ipep-°-cp-Xv. AtXsd s]bvØp-≠m-°pw.

Ip™v AΩ-tbmSv shdp-sX-bn-cp∂v aSp-sØ∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Cd-º-Øn-cp∂v Ifn-°m≥ hnfn-°p-I-bmWv

Ic-n¶m°. Ifn-°m≥ s]mb-t°mt´ F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn\v AΩ-bpsS DØcw XX-z-Nn-¥m-]-c-am-Wv. Cu

aÆn¬ P\n-®-\mƒ sXm´v Idp-ºn-bmb Im°bv°v CW-®n-d-Ins‚ IpS-°m-h-ep-≠v. IpSbpw Imh-ep-an-√m-

Ø-h-cmWv Xßsf∂ kqN\ CXn-ep-≠v. ag-hn-√p-t]mse Nph-∂pw-Nn-cn®pw hnS-cp∂ IpS X\n-°p-

ap-≠t√m F∂mbn Ip™v. ]t£ IpS \nh¿Øpw aptº ag Hfn-®p-I-fbpw ]pe¿®bbv°v DW-ßnb

IpSbp-amtb t]mIm¬]-‰q. IpS-°-ºn-sb√mw Xpcp-ºn-®p-t]m-sb∂pw ]q®-sb-b-Sn-°m≥ Xms\-Sp-sØ∂pw

AΩ ]d-bp-∂p. A—≥ \nh¿Øp∂ IpS \Sp-ap-dn-bn¬ \\-™n-cn-∏nt√ F∂mbn Ip™ns‚ At\-z-j-Ww.

aW¬°m-‰p-Xm≠n ]Sn-™m-tdm-´p-t]mb A—≥ CXp-hsc Xncn-®p-h-∂n-√. B \Sp--°p∂ IY Ip™v

Adn-™n-ń-√. Ah-cpsS IpS-˛-Xmßpw XWepw ˛ \-jv-s∏-´p. Ah¿ IÆo-cns‚ s]cp-a-g-bn-te°v

he-s®-dn-b-s∏-∂Sp∂p. Imew ag-tØm¿® sIm≠p hcpw hsc ImØn-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-W-h-cpsS

\ntbm-Kw. a\-t°m-´-Iƒ shdp-sX-bm-bn.

"a\-t°m´ sIń˛

ØSpØn´ shffw

]pgp-Øp-f-fn¬ \n∂pw

Xpdn-®p-t\m-°n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v BiI-sf√mw shdp-sX-

bmb NnXw AΩ hc-bv°p-∂p. C\n Dbn¬sØ-Wo-∏n-°m-\m-Im-Ø-hn[w Bi-Ifpw a\-t°m-´-Ifpw

XI¿∂p.

IÆo-cns‚bpw Ai-c-W-X-z-Øns‚bpw ag-°m-e-amWv Ah¿°v. AΩbv°v Ip™pw Ip™n-\-Ωbpw

amXw. "ItÆ, \o aSn-bne InS-°p-I, AΩ \n\°v ag-tØm¿®-bmhmw' F∂v AΩ Ip™n-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p.

X\n-®m-bn-t∏mb AΩ-bpsS GI-a-[pcw Ip™m-Wv. Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Nh¿∏p-hcpw aptº Dd-ßp-I. GXp

a[p-chpw Ime-I-a-Øn¬ Nh¿∏mImw. AXp-hsc Ip™n\v AΩ agtØm¿® Xs∂.

Dd-°-Øn-em-hmw, bYm¿∞ambpw ag-tXm¿∂-sXmImw a\- m¿Z-amb Hcnfw Xmcw aXn-`m-¥n-tedn

Idp-Ø-cm-hq¿∂v Fgp-∂-f-fn. ]Xo-£-bpsS Cfw Xmc-Øns‚ shfn®w Idp-Ø-cm-hns\ Du¿∂v apdn-°p-∂p.

AXv shdpw kz-]v\-hp-am-Imw. Ip™p-tNm-Zn-°p∂p ˛ ag-t°m-fp-amdn C\n Ifn-°m≥ t]mI-s´? AΩ

A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw IqsS ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-\-evIp∂p. ag-t°m- -sI- m≥ ]S-®-h\v s]cp-Øp-t\cw th≠.

GXp t\cØpw Xe-bv°p-aosX ag-s]-ømw. Hcp-]-S-t®m-dn\p th≠n ˛ kz¥w A∂-Øn-\p-th≠n ˛

amXw Pzcw ]nSn-t®m-Sp∂ a\p-jy-cmWv C∂pf-f-Xv F∂v ad-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.



CXp ag-°m-e-am-Wv. a\- p-sIm≠v \Ωƒ \n\-bv°m-Ø-X-Xbpw sImSp-¶m-‰p-t]mse hcp∂

Ime-am-Wv. ad-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Dd-°-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-s´, \nX-y-ap-d-°-Øn-em-bn-cn-°s´ F∂

hcn-I-fne \nX-y-amb Dd-°-Ønte F√mw ad-°m≥ Ignbq F∂ kqN-\-bmWpff-Xv.

eLp tNmZ-y-ßƒ

kmc-k-yhpw kµ¿`hpw hni-Z-am-°pI

1. Pz-e¬°m-e-sam-∂n≥

_en-t®m-c-bmWo

ac-®m-‰p-t]m-epw.

2. ag-tØm¿®-sbØpw

hsc-°m-Øn-cnt∏

\ap°p c≠mƒ°pw

hn[n-®p-f-fp-Im-ew.

3. X\n-®m-sbm-cΩ ˛

bv°\n-∏mb \ns∂ ˛

®h¿°p-∂-Xn≥ap˛

ºpd-ßp-sI-∂pt∏

4. ]S-t®m¿°p-th-≠n˛

®cn-°p-∂-tem-I˛

Pz-c-ß-fm-Wn-∂n≥

a\p-j-y¿ \mw Ipt™

ad-°m-Xn-cn°

D]-\-ymkw

Zpcn-X-Im-e-Øns‚ Bi-¶-Ifpw klm-\p-`q-Xn-bn-√-bvabpw "ag-°m-e-Øn¬ FX-tØmfw

]I-S-am-Wv?



ae-bm-‰q¿........ thcp-Iƒ

]fl-cm-P≥.......-s]-cp-h-gn-b-ºew



aebm‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ (1527 ˛ 1997)

Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥, Im¿´q-Wn-Ãv, s]bv‚¿, tIcf efn-X-Iem A°m-Z-an-bpsS sNb¿am-\mbn tPmen-

sN-bvXn-´p-≠v. sF.-G.-Fkv Hmô-k¿, aPn-kvtS-‰v, h°o¬ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≠v.

_mwtÃm-°-dpsS Um°p-fbpw sj¿e-Ivtlmwkv IY-Ifpw ae-bm-I-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXn-´p-≠v. thcp-Iƒ ae-bm-‰q-cns‚ ]i-kvX-c-N-\-bm-Wv.

apJ-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

s]m∂n

b£n

b¥w

s\´q¿ aTw

AarXw tXSn

Fs‚ sF.-G.-Fkv Zn\-ßƒ (k¿∆okv tÃmdn) thcp-Iƒ \jvS-s∏´ \mK-cnI Pohn-X-Øns‚

A\m-Y-X-z-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-s\-¶nepw cLp F∂ sF.-G.-F- p-Im-c≥ Ah-ti-jn® ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb ]dºpw

hoSpw hnev°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. \K-c-Øn¬ henb hoSp-sh-bv°p-I-bm-sW-∂p-t±-i-yw. hnev]-\-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´v HcmgvN Kma-Øn¬ \ne-°p∂ Abmƒ, Xs‚ thcp-I-fmWv apdn®p hnev°p-∂-sX∂ DØ-a-

t_m-[-b-Øn¬, B i-a-Øn¬ \n∂v ]n¥n-cn-bp-I-bm-Wv. Xs∂ Xm\m°n am‰nb AΩp-ep-hn-t\mSpw

acn-®p-t]mb A—-t\mSpw \oXn sNøm≥ AtX hgn-bp-ffq F∂v cLp a\- n-em-°p-∂p.

`mKn-I-ambn Bfl-I-Ym-]-c-amWv thcp-Iƒ. 1981 se tIc-f-km-ln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv

thcp-Iƒ°v e`n-®p.

H∂v

Hmô-knse aSp-∏≥ tIm¨^-d≥kn-\p-tijw cLp-ho-ń-se-Øp-∂p. hoSns‚ tK‰v AS-®n-cp-∂p.

]pdw tPmen-Iƒ t\m°p∂ ]ø\pw hbv]p-Im-c\pw \maw sNm√p∂ AΩ-bpsam∂pw Abm-fpsS

hc-h-dn-™n-√. hna≥kv ¢∫n¬ dΩn-I-fn-bn-te¿s∏´ `mcy KoX Hcn-°epw Abm-sf ImØp-\n-∂n-√.

cmXn F´p-a-Wn-I-gn™v Ahsf Iq´m≥ cLp-Xs∂ t]mI-Ww. Ifn-bn¬tXm-s‰-¶n¬ Ahƒ an≠p-I-bn√

Pbn-®m¬ kvt\l-]-I-S\w \S-Øpw.

apI-fnse apdn-bn¬ NnX-dn-°n-S-°p∂ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Xs‚ Ipń-I-fpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-am-sW∂v

cLp-hn\p tXm\p-∂p. ASp-°n-sh-bv°m-\m-cp-an-√mØ ]pkvX-I-ß-fmWv Ah-cpw. Cw•ojv aoUnbw

kvIqfn-te°v Ah¿ AXn-cm-hnse t]mIpw. sshIn´v the-°m-e≥ Ahsc \S-°m≥ sIm≠p-t]m-Ipw.

tPmen-I-gn™v sshIn aS-ßp∂ A—\pw hna≥kv ¢∫n¬ dΩn-I-fn-°p∂ AΩbv°pw Ipń-I-sfm-∂n®p

sNe-hm-°m≥ ka-b-an-√. F´p aWn-b-Sn-®m¬ Ipń-Iƒ Dd-tß-≠-Xm-sW∂v KoX DØc hnd-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

apØ-»n-bpsS IY-Iƒ amX-amWv Ahsc Bi-z-kn-∏n-°m-dp-f-f-Xv. KoX-sb∂ b¥w c≠p sIm®p-b-¥-ß-sf

amt\gvkv ]Tn--∏n®p hf¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®p t_m[-an-√msX A—-\-Ω-am-tcmSv

A]-cn-Nn-X-X-z-tØmsSbmW-h¿ hf-cp-∂-sX∂v cLp Zp:-J-tØmsS Hm¿°p-∂p. \mńse s\ev]mSw

I≠t-∏mƒ `wKn-bp-ff tem¨ F∂mWv AP-b≥ ]d-™-Xv. s\ev]mSw F∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ Hm

Acn-in-s®-Sn-bm? F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ahs‚ tNmZ-yw. Ab-Ym¿∞-amb Hcp s]mß-®-Øns‚ A¥-co-£-

Øn-em-W-h¿ hf-cp-∂-Xv. ]pXnb _w•m-hp-Ifpw Imdp-Ifpw hmßp-∂-Xp-t]mse KoX-bpsS A—≥

Xs∂bpw hne-bvs°-SpØp F∂p cLp Icp-Xp-∂p. sF.-G.-Fkv F∂ k¿°m¿ k¿∆okv Hu∂-X-y-amWv

B hne-bvIp-hm-ß-en\v t]c-I-am-b-Xv.

Xs‚ hnhm-l-Zn-h-kw-Xs∂ AΩ-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ KoX-bpsS NnX-Øn\p Icn-]p-c-≠-Xm-sW∂v

cLp Hm¿°p-∂p. hcs‚ kwLw sNdp-Xm-bn-cp-∂p; BUw-_-c-an-√m-ØXpw h[p-hns‚ kwL-Øn¬

Imdp-I-fpsS tLmj-bm-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]´p-tN-e-I-fp-sSbpw sshc-s\-°vte-kp-I-fp-sSbpw I\Ø kz¿Æm-

`-c-W-ß-Ip-sSbpw temI-Øn-te-°n-d-ßn-s®-∂-t∏mƒ cLphns‚ ktlm-Z-cn -am¿°v h√mØ

A]-I¿j-Xm-t_m-[-ap≠mbn. hcs‚ ho´p-Im¿ sIm≠p-h∂ ]pSh DSp-°m≥ KoX Xøm-dm-bn-√.

AXp-Sp-Ønt´ Xmen-sI´q F¶n¬ Xmen-sI-t´≠ F∂p ]d-™p. A∂p-ap-X¬°n-tßm´v Ah-fpsS

CjvS-ßƒ Ahƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-s°m-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. \mń-ep-ff hkvXp-hn-‰n´v \mem-bn-cØn A™qdv


School of Distance EducationkvIz-b¿ ô‰v hcp∂ ]pXnb hoSv shbv°-W-sa-∂mWv Ah-fpsS Ct∏m-gsØ BK-lw. Btem-Nn-®p-

t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ cLp-hn\pw hkvXp-hn¬°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-s√∂p tXm∂n. k¿∆okv Ime-Øn-\p-tijw

]cn-an-X-ku-Ic-y-ß-fp-ff Kma-Øn¬ Xm≥ sN∂p Ip‰n-bp-d-∏n-°m≥ km≤-y-X-bn-√. ho-ńse kam-[m\w

]p\:-ÿm-]n-°m≥ hkvXp-hn-‰p-I-f-bm-sa∂p IcpXn Abmƒ ktlm-Z-cn-bmb AΩp-ep-hn\v IsØ-gp-Xn.

c≠v

hkvXp-hm-ßm≥ Bsf-Im-W-W-sa∂v Fgp-Xnb IØn\v AΩpep-hns‚ adp-]-Sn-h-∂n-√. t]mbmte

Imcyw \S°q F∂p Icp-Xnb cLp HcmgvN eoshSpØv \mń≥]p-d-sØØn.

\mń-se-Ønb cLphns\ s]cn-b∏m KpW-tZm-jn-°p-∂p. luknwKvtem¨ In´p-a-t√m.

As√-¶nepw AX henb hosS-¥n-\m-Wv? mc-ybpw c≠pIpńIfp-at√ Df-fq. ]gb Xe-ap-d-°m¿ t\Snb

`qan hn‰p-Xp-e-®p-Iq-Sm.

kvIqƒ ss^\¬¢m- n¬ ]Tn-°p∂ ImeØv \m≥ ]e-X-hW \S∂ AtX tdmUn-emsS cLp

Imtdm-Sn-®p. kvIqfn-te°v t]mbn-cp∂tXm¿Øp. kvIqfnse IW-°p-am-jmb cma-kp-∫-ø-cpsS

H‰-°m-f-h-≠n-bn¬ Ib-dm-\p-ff Xs‚ hn^-e-iaw t]mse ]e-I-Y-Ifpw a\- n¬ h∂p.

s]cn-bm-dn¬ sN∂p-In-S-°p∂ kpJ-a-\p-`-hns° cLp Btem-Nn-®Xv KoX-bvs°m-cn-°epw B

kpJw In´p-I-bn-√t√m F∂m-Wv. hoSpw ]dºpw hn‰m¬ X\n°pw AXp \jvS-am-Ipw.

]pg-bn¬ kml-k-_p-≤n-tbmsS \o¥m≥ ]Tn-®Xv cLp Hm¿°p∂p. Imdns‚ t_mW-‰n¬ hoW

amºgw Hm¿Ω-Isf ]ndtIm´p \bn-®p. AΩ-bpsS A—-\-Ω-am¿ t\csØ acn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. A—s‚

A—-\-Ω-am-cmWv Cu Xd-hm-ń-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AØn-ºm-tcm-sSm∏w Ipń°emØv ChnsS h∂-t∏mƒ

henb Xmev]-c-y-sam-∂p-an-√mØ kzm-KXw Inń-bXv Hm¿Ω-h-∂p. Imep-I-gp-ImsX AIØv Ib-dn-b-Xn\v

]m´m-bpsS NoØ-bmWv BZyw tI´-Xv. \S∂p Xf¿∂p h∂-t∏mƒ Hcp I∏v ]m¬In-ń. "ChnsS

Im∏nbpw Io∏nbpwsam∂pw In´p-I-bn√' F∂v ]mńbpsS hI-im-k-\bpw. tem´ Igp-In-sh-bv°Ww

F∂pw ]d-™pw. AΩp-ep-hn\pw AØn-ºm¿°p-sa√mw ]m´m-hns\bpw ]mń-sbbpw `b-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]Sn-∏pc amºgw hoW-sX√mw ]m´m-hn\v thW-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipń-bmb X\n-°p-t]mepw Xn∂m¬

ss[c-y-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

cLp-hns‚ ktlm-Z-cn-e-£van°v F∂pw ZmcnZyam-Wv. A©p-s]Ïp-ń-I-fn¬ c≠p-t]¿

hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn. AXp-Xs∂ cLp-hns‚ klm-b-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. C\nbpw aq∂p-t]-cpsS hnhmlw

\S-Øm-\p-≠t√m F∂v KoX AXr-]vXn-tbmsS ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. e£van-bpsS aqØ-a-I≥ cmap

]Xn-∂m-ep-h-b- p-f-f-t∏mƒ t]∏ń ISn®p acn-®p. henb ]Xo£I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p Ah-s\-∏-‰n. e£van°v

`mK-y-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-fpsS `¿Ømhv Imk-tcm-Kn-bm-Wv.

sNe-hp-I-gn-®p-Iq-´m≥ A—≥ IjvS-s∏-ń-cp∂ \mfp-I-fn-sem-∂n-emWv e£vanbpw AΩm-©nbpw

c≠p IpńI-fp-ambn h∂p-tI-dn-b-Xv. AΩm-©nsb tPmen-bn¬ \∂p ]ncn-®-b-®n-cp-∂p. Ft¥m-Nn-√-d-°m-cyw

ad-∂-tXmsS tImbn-Ø-ºp-cm\v tZjyw h∂p. sIm´m-c-Ønse tPmen-bpsS A¥ v Bin-Xs‚ hnt[b-

Xzw amXm-am-sW∂v Aßs\ a\- -em-bn.

A`n-am-\n-bmb AΩm-©nsb sSbv\nw-Kn-\-b®v A≤-ym-]-I-\m-°m\pw hmS-I-Iq-SmsX Xma-kn-°m-s\mcp

sIń-S-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øm\pw A—≥ D’m-ln-®p.

\mev

\mń¬ hcp-tºmƒ AΩp-ep-hns‚ ASp-ØmWv cLp-hns‚ `£-Ww. aWn-b-\-Øn-ºm¿°v

kzm-tZ-dnb Idn-Iƒ shbv°m-\-dn-bmw. AXn-te-sd, e£vansb _p≤n-ap- n-t°-≠-Xn√ F∂p Icp-Xn-°q-Sn-bm-Wv.

F´p-h-b- p-f-f-t∏mƒ ]m´m-hns‚bpw ]mń-bp-sSbpw ASp-Øp-h∂ AΩpep ho´p-th-e-°m-cn-bmbn

A≤-zm -\n -®p. Acn -sh-∏p -Im -c\pw hcp -Xn -°p-\n -e v°p-∂-h\pamb aWn-bs\ I≠p-]n -Sn®v

]Xn-aq∂mw hb- n¬ Ahsf hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®Xpw ]m´m-bn-cp-∂p. Ie-ymWw Ign™pw hoSp-]Wn

Ahƒ Xs∂ t\m°s´ F∂m-W-h¿ Ipc-Xn-bXv Fcp-a-h-f¿Ø¬ XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS AΩp-ephpw aWn-b\pw

]®-]n-Sn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. AXp-hsc ]m´m-bpsS ho´p-th-e-°m-cn-bmbn Ign-™n-cp∂ AΩp-ep-hns‚ ÿm\Øv

hmNm-ebpw kz¥w A`n-]mbw shń-Øp-d∂p ]d-bp-∂-h-fp-amb AΩpep DZbw sNbvXp. t¢i-ßfpw

Zp:-J-ßfpw kln-®p-ff Hcp ]mI-s∏-S-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. A—≥ \evInb qan-bn¬ hnSp-]-Wn-bm≥ AØn-ºmsd

t]cn-∏n-®Xv AΩp-ep-hm-Wv. Ah-fpsS ip`m-]vXn-hn-i-zm-khpw A≤-zm-\hpw ImcWw AØn-ºm¿

]W-b-`q-an-bp-sSbpw Ccp-]-Ø-b-t©-°¿ hcp∂ Ing-t°-∏-d-ºns‚bpw DS-a-bm-bn.


School of Distance EducationhoSn-cn-°p∂ ]dºv ˛ AXpw F´p-h-b- p-ap-X¬ Xm≥ Xmakn®]dºv ˛ hnev°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n

X\n-°p-ff A`n-]mbw cLp-hn\v Adn-bmw; Fgp-tX-≠-Xn√ F∂mWv AΩp-ep-]-d-™-Xv. s]cn-b

-]m-´m-K-W-]-Xn-A-ø¿ sIńb hoSpw-]-dºpw hnev°m≥ Xm≥ D]-tZ-in-°p-Itbm F∂ptNmZn®-t∏m-tg°v

AΩpep hnIm-c-`-cn-X-bm-bn.

H∂pw kºm-Zn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp∂ A—\v cLp-hn-s\-°p-dn®v \n¿∫-‘-_p-≤n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

Ft∏mgpw ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS apºn¬ ImW-Ww. ]mT-ßƒ ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn-°-Ww. Ifn-°m≥ t]mhm≥

]mSn-√. A—≥ hoń-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Rmb-dm-gvN-Isf cLp-sh-dp-°p-Ibpw b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]mK v

dnt∏m¿´v H∏n-Sp-tºmgpw A—≥ Ib¿Øp. Hcn-°epw A\p-tam-Zn-®n-√. _mUvan‚¨ Ifn-°m-\p-ff Iºw

ImcWw A—s‚ tImńs‚ Ioi-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp cq] tamjvSn®v _m‰p-hm-ßn-bXpw A—≥ Adn-™-t∏mƒ

`qI-º-ap-≠m-bXpw cLp Hm¿°p-∂p.

""\ΩpsS thcv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. \√-t]mse Btem-Nn-°msX H∂pw sNø-cpXv''˛ AΩep ]d-™p.

A©v

]≠p-Xm≥\- -sXßv Ct∏mƒ \ndsb Imbv°p-∂p-s≠∂v AΩm©n ]d-™t∏mƒ cLp-hn\v taemsI

tImcn -Ø-cn -®p. DtZ-ym -Khpw A-[n -Im-c -hp -sam-s°-bp-s≠-¶nepw Df-fn¬ Xms\m-cp -\m-ń≥

]pd-Øp-Im-c≥ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v Abmƒ°p-tXm-∂p-∂p. t\cw shfp-Øm¬ ]dºp apgp-h≥

Np‰n-°-d-ß-W-sa∂pw \´-sX√mw ImW-W-sa∂pw Abmƒ Icp-Xn.

In´p-aWn Xqßn-®-Øp, Acp-‘-Xnbpw sh¶-Sm-N-ehpw Ducp-hn- p-t]mbn Fs∂m-s°-bmWv ]pXnb

hm¿Ø-Iƒ. \mń≥ ]pdsØ hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ thZ-\bpw XI¿®bpw Zpc¥-ß-fp-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. i]n-°-s∏´

Cu CSw hn‰p-Xs∂ t]mIWw F∂pw Abmƒ Btem-Nn-°p-∂p.

ÿesØ [\n-I-\mb sh¶n-Sm-N-e-a-ø-cpsS GI-a-I-fm-bp-cp∂p Acp-‘-Xn. hnhm-l-Z-√mƒ

A-hƒ°v A -embn tNcp∂ PmX-I-ap-ff In´p-a-Wn-bpsS Btem-N-\-bp-am-sb-Øn. ÿm\-°-b-‰-ap-≠m-Ipw,

anSp-an-Sp-°-\m-Wv, cmP-Ip-am-c-s\-t∏m-se-bn-cn°pw Fs∂m-s°-tI v k¥p-jvS-\mbn Aø¿ \n›-b-Xmw-_qew

\S-Øn. At∏mƒ h∂ Du-a-°-Øn¬ In´p-a-Wn°v `m¥-s\-s∂-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. \mńse BÏp-ń-Isf

]cn-KWn-°msX Zqsc-\n∂v hcs\ tXSn-∏n-Sn-®Xv CjvS-s∏-SmØ Akq-b-°m-cpsS ]Wn-bm-hp-sa∂v Aø¿

Icp-Xn.

BUw-_-c-ambn hnhmlw \S-∂p. In´p-a-Wn-sbm-∂n®v aZn-cm-in-°p-t]mb Acp-‘Xn XpS-°-Øn¬

k¥p-jvS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. HcpsIm√w XnI-bp-∂-Xn-\p-aptº In´p-a-Wn°v `m¥n-f-In. `mcn® XpI

sNe-bm°n Aø¿ acp-a-Is\ NnIn-’n-®p. Hcp-hn[w kz-X-¥-\mbn \S-°m-sa-∂p-h-∂p. Ggmw amk-Øn¬

Acp-‘-Xn°v K¿ -a-e-kn-b-tXmsS In´p-a-Wn°v ho≠pw `m¥n-f-In. Acp-‘-Xn-tbmSv ]tX-yI hntcm-[-am-bn.

ImWp-∂-h-sc-sb√mw BI-an°pw. ItaW In´p-a-Wnsb H‰bv°p ]m¿∏n-°m\pw t\m°m≥

AN-yp-X≥\m-bsc Gev]n-°m\pw Aø¿ Hcp-ßn. "Ah≥ NmIp-∂-Xp-hsc F\n°v hcp-am-\-ambn' F∂p

Icp -Xn -bn -cp∂ AN-yp -X≥\m -b -cmWv BZyw acn -® -X v . Hcp Iq‰≥ Icn -¶ -s√ -SpØv

AN-yp-X≥\m-b-cpsS Xe NnX-dn®v In´p-aWn Xqßn-®-Øp. sXcp-hp-]-ń-bpsS ISn-tb‰p t]bn-fIn acn®

cmap-hns‚ Zb-\o-b-amb A¥yw cLp-hns‚ a\- n¬ ho≠pw sXfn-™p. t_m[w hcp-tºm-sg√mw

bmX-]-d-bp-Ibpw At∂ IpØn-sh-bv°m-am-bn-cp∂p amam F∂v hnj-an-°bpw kln-°-h-ømØ thZ-\-bn¬

t£m`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv cmap acn-®p. B Hm¿Ω-Iƒ cLp-hns‚ Dd°w sISp-Øn.

Bdv

AΩp-ephpw e£vanbpw XΩn¬ AI¬®-I-fm-Wv. AØn-ºm-dpsS ]e-N-c-°p-I-S-bn¬ \n∂pw

e£vanbpsS km[\w hmß-en¬ \n∂mWv XpS-°w. ISw-]‰v sXmf-fm-bncw cq]-bv°p-ta-em-b-t∏mƒ

AΩpep CS-s]-´p. Xs∂ hni-zm-k-ant√ F∂mbn e£van. \mń¬ thsdbpw ]e-N-c-°p-I-S-I-fp-s≠∂v

AΩm©n ]ndp-]n-dp-Øp. Ahn-sS-sbm∂pw sXmf-fm-bncw cq]-tbmfw ISw-]-‰m-s\m-°n-s√∂v AΩp-ep-Xn-cn-®Sn®p.

]n∂oSv thsd-I-S-bn¬ \n∂mWv e£van km[-\-ßƒ hmßn-b-Xv. AhnsS ISw sImSp-°-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

At∏mƒ Iøn-ep-≠m-bn´pw X\n-°p-X-∂n-s√-∂mbn AΩp-ep. A-ßs\ hntcm[w hf¿∂p.

e£van-tbmSv AΩbpw h√m-sØmcp arZp kao-]\w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Ipń-°m-etØ ho´p-the

t]dp∂ AΩpep aItfb-s√-∂-a-ń-emWv AΩ-bpsS s]cp-am-‰w. AΩp-ep-hn\v Aßs\ Ht´sd ]cm-Xn-

I-fp≠.v F∂m¬ \mhns‚ aq¿® B a\- n -\n√. e£van -bpsS aI-fpsS hnhm-l-Øn\v

k¿∆-Im-c-y-ßfpw Gs‰-Sp-Øp-\-S-Øn-bXv AΩp-ep-hm-Wv. \mń¬ hcp-tºm-sgms° Cu c≠p ktlm-Z-

cn-am-cpsS ]cm-Xn-tIƒ°ms\ cLp-hn\p t\c-ap-f-fq.


School of Distance EducationXń≥]p-d-Øp-\n∂pw cLp-hn\v ]m´m-hns‚ hSn-hmƒ In´p-∂p. Ipń-bm-bn-cp∂ Xs∂

tImcn-Ø-cn∏n®psIm≠v Hcn-°¬ ]m´m B hSn-hmƒ Ducn-°m-Wn-®Xv Abmƒ Hm¿Øp. ]W-ap-≠m-bn-

cp-s∂-¶nepw ]m´m-k-z-ÿ-Po-hn-X-a-dn-™n-´p-≠m-hn-s√∂v cLp-hn\v tXm∂n. a°ƒ°v klmbw

th≠-t∏m-sgm∂pw At±lw I\n-™n-√. a°ƒ At±-lsØ A\p-k-cn-s®-¶nepw kvt\ln-®n-√.

hm¿≤-I-y-Øn¬ kwi-b-tcm-K-Øn\pw At±lw ASn-s∏-´p. aqØ-a-I-s\bpw AΩp-ep-hn-s\bpw

aWn-b-s\-bp-sa√mw At±lw kwi-bn-®p.

Ggv

X\n-°p-f-f-sXm∂pw aIƒ°p-th-≠n-t∏mepw sNe-h-gn -°m-Ø ]m´m Ah-km-\-Im-eØv

Bfl-l-X-ym-iaw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \S-Øn-t∏m∂ Xncp-thm-W-ap´v AØ-hW

Kwò-c-am-°-W-sa∂v BbnsS ]m´m Bh-i-y-s∏-´p. ASp-Ø-X-hW \S-Øm¬ Xm\p-≠m-bn-s√-¶ntem

F∂ Nn¥-bm-hmw. X\n°v G‰hpw CjvS-ap-ff ]e-lmcw AΩp-ep-hn-s\-s°m≠v D≠m-°n®p [mcmfw

Ign-®p. Ipf-Øn-\-SpØv I√p-sh- mw-Ip-gn-bn¬ Hcp \n[n-bp-s≠∂pw Hcp sNºp-Iew \ndsb ]h-\m-W-sX∂pw

]m´m kz-Im-c-y-ambn AΩp-ep-hn-t\mSv hnkvX-cn-®p. Xs‚ ssIbnse ]n®-f-s∏ń Xpd∂v Hcp ]h≥

AΩp-ep-hns‚ ssIbn-te°v \oń Xncn-s®-Sp-Øp. ]m´m-hns‚ hnNn-X-amb s]cp-am‰w AΩp-ep-hns\

A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. cmXn-bn¬ hmXn¬ Xpd°p∂ i_vZw tI v AΩp-ephpw AØn-ºmcpw ]pd-Øp-h-∂-t∏mƒ

]m´m Ipf-Øn-\-cn-Inse t]c ac-Øn¬ ]nSn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂m-´m-bp-∂-Xp-I-≠p. I≠p ]nSn-®-t∏mƒ

]m´m AS-hp-am-‰n. aWn-b\pw AΩpephpw Xs‚ ]n®-f-s∏ń ]nSp-ßm≥ IØn-bp-ambn hs∂∂v kz-]v\w-

I≠v ]pd-Øn-dßn HmSn-b-Xm-sW∂p ]d-™p. ]m´m C\n Xß-fpsS kwc-£-W-bn¬ ths≠∂v AΩpep

Xocp-am-\n-®p. s]cn-b-∏m-hns‚ IqsS \n¿∫-‘-ambn ]m´m-hns\ ]d-™phn´p. aSn-»o-ebpw]n®-f-s∏- nbpw

FSpØv ]m´m s]cn-b-∏m-hns‚ IqsS t]mbn.

Ipd-®p-\mƒ Ign™v ]m´m-a-cn-®q∂v s]cn-b-∏m-hns‚ Iºn-In- n. cLp-hns‚ A—≥ FØn-b-t∏m-gtØ°v

ih-Zmlw Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Aº-e-°p-f-Øn¬ NmSn-®-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. sh®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°m≥ ]‰n-√m-bn-cp∂p

F∂mWv s]cn-b-∏m-]-d-™-Xv. AXp-shdpw ac-W-a-s√∂v kwkm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw A—≥ hni-z-kn-®n-√.

AXbpw Imew ]m´m-hn-s\bpw ]mń-sbbpw t\m°nb AΩpephn\v Ah-cpsS Hm¿Ω-bv°m-bn-t∏mepw

H∂pw Inń-bn-√. `mKw shbv]n¬ InńbXp-hmßnsb∂-√msX A—≥ Hc-`n-]m-bhpw ]d-™n-√.

F´v

e£van-bpsS hoń¬ CÕ-entbm tZmitbm In´ptam Bthm F∂m-K-ln® cLp-hn\v

Ah-fp-≠m-°n-sh® ]pgp-ßnb ac-®o-\nbpw IS-ebpw Gsd CjvS-am-bn.

Xs‚ hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Im-eØv, s]≥j-\mbn°gn™ A—≥ sNe-hp-Xm-ßm≥ Ign-bmsX

IjvS-s∏-´Xv cLp Hm¿Øp. AΩpep Hcp aqØ aI-\mbn Xs∂ I≠p-sIm-f-fmsa∂p ]d™v

A\n-bs‚ hnZ-ym-`-ymkw Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-X-amWv Abmƒ ]Tn-®p-b¿∂-Xv. Ahƒ "Gev°p∂p'

F∂p]d-™-Xp-sIm-≠p-am - X-amWv t_mws_-bv°p -sIm-´m≥t]mImsX Abmƒ C∂sØ

D∂-X-ÿm-\sØØnbXv. _n. Fbv°pw _n. F¬\pw ]Tn-°p-∂-Im-eØv Hscm-‰-amkw t]mepw sshImsX

]W-sa-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p.

]mgvsN-e-hp-sN-øp-I-bn-s√∂ hmKvZm\w Nne-t∏m-f-bmƒ Im‰n¬ ]d-Øn-bn- p-≠v. knK-c-‰p-h-en-®pw,

aZ-y-]m\w ioen®p \mSp-hn-t´m-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mSp-hn-Sm≥ Iq´p-h∂ cmP-∏≥ dnIq-ńßv Hmô-kn¬

t]mbn tPmen kºm-Zn®v bmX-bm-bn. Xq°w t]mcmØ cLphn\v ]n¥n-cn-tb-≠n-h-∂p. \mń-seØn

A—s‚ Ime-°¬hoWv ]T-\-Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Abmƒ \n¿∫-‘n-X-\m-bn. hoń-te°v Xncn®p

h∂-t∏mƒ A—-s\m-gn®v as‰-√m-hcpw Ic-™p. ]m›m-Ø-]n-®p, ]co-£-sb-gpXn ]m m-bn.

_m[-sbm-gn-°-en\v Ccp∂p sImSp-Øp. Aßs\ B ]Xn-k‘n IS∂pt]mbn. AΩpep sNe-hm-°nb

]WwXncn-®p-sIm-Sp-sØ-¶nepw Ah-fpsS ZrV-\n-›-b-Øn\v ]Xn-êw sImSp-°m≥ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬

km≤-y-am-hn-s√∂v cLp-hn\v tXm∂p-∂p.


School of Distance EducationH≥]Xv

]d-ºp-hn-ev°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n AΩpep H∂pw ]d-bm-Ø-Xn¬ cLp Ak-z-ÿ-\m-bn. \mem-bn-cØn

A™qdp kvIz-b¿ ô‰v hcp∂ sIńSw Hcm-K-l-am-sW-¶n¬ \S-t°≠Xt√ F∂p tXm∂n. k¿∆okv

Ime-a-Xbpw \K-c-Øn¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xm≥ Pohn-X-km-bm-”-Øn¬ C-hn-tSbv°p hcm-\n-S-bn-√. F¶nepw

a\-bv°se Imc-y-ÿ-\mb I¿Øm-hp \mń¬Øs∂ ]nSn-®p-\n∂v t`Z-s∏- -\n-e-bn-se-Ønb cLp \mSn\p

th≠-sXm∂pw sNøm≥ ian-°msX hn‰pt]mhp∂Xp icn-b-s√∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Xs‚ a\- ns‚

AKm-[-X-I-fnepw AØcw Nne-tXm-∂-ep-Iƒ C√m-Xn√ F∂v cLp Btem-Nn-°p-∂p.

t_mws_-bn¬ kpJ-ambn Ign-bp∂ s]ßƒ kc-k-z-Xn°v hn`-m-c-y-\mb \mev]-Xp-Imcs‚

Btem-N-\-h-∂-t∏mƒ IpSpw-_-tØm-Sp-sX‰n thsd hnhmlw \S-Øn-®Xv ]Xn-t\-gp-Im-c-\mbXm\mbn-cp∂p

F∂pw cLp Hm¿°p-∂p. hkvXp-hn-‰mepw kc-k-z-Xn°p tNcp∂ hnhmlw aXn-sb∂v AΩp-ephpw A—s\

t_m[n-∏n-®p. At∏mƒ cLp-hn\v AΩp-ep-hn-t\mSv apsº-ßp-an-√mØ BZ-c-hmWv tXm∂n-b-Xv.

hn[-h-bmb AΩm-bn-bΩ Imth-cn-b-Ωmƒ XpS-°-Øn¬ IjvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-¶nepw kc-k-z-Xn-bpsS PohnXw

ItaW kpJ-ap-f-f-Xm-bn.

]Øv

AΩp-ep X\n-°p-In-ńb sam´-∏-d-ºns\ H∂m-¥cw Irjn-ÿ-e-am-°n-bn-cp∂p F∂v cLp I≠p.

\√-bn\w sXßp-Ifpw PmXn-a-c-ßfpw tX\o-®-°qSpw F√mw Ahn-sS-bp-≠v. AΩp-ep-hns‚ A`n-]mbw

F¥m-bmepw Xs‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-ff ]dºp hnev°p-sa∂v cLp \n›-bn-®p. X\n°v ]Ww Inń-tb-Xo-cq.

]d-ºp-hm-ßm≥ AΩpep Bsf At\-z-jn-®n-√t√m F∂-bmƒ ]cn-`-hn-®p. At\-z-jn-®n-s√-¶ntem

F∂m-bn-cp∂p A-Ωp-ep-hns‚ adp-tNm-Z-yw. kzbw kºm-Zn-®mWv hoSp-sI-t´-≠-Xv. Hcp hoSp-hn‰ ]Ww

sIm≠v as‰mcp hoSv sIt´-≠-Xn-√.

AΩp-ep-hn-t\mSv CS™p kwkm-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xn¬ cLp-hn\pw hnj-a-am-bn. KoX-Im-c-W-amWv

\mem-bn-cØn A™q-dp-kvI-z-b¿ o‰p hoSn-\p-th≠n ]d-ºp-hn‰ ]W-a-t\-z-jn-t°≠n h∂Xv Ft∂m¿Ø-t∏mƒ

cLp-hn\v Ahsf i]n-°m≥ tXm∂n.

]d-ºn¬ cLp-\´ Kufn-]m-X-sØßv Imbv®p-\n-∂p. skan-\m-cn-∏-d-ºn¬ \n∂pw tamjvSn-®p-sIm-

≠p-h∂ kt∏m- -a-c-hp-ap-≠v. skan-\m-cn-bpsS \nb-¥-W-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n®v ]m¿∞-\m-k-a-bØv ]S°w

s]mń-®Xpw shfn®w ]c-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv aXn¬NmSn kt∏m-´-ssØ-Iƒ ]pd-tØ°v sImSp-Ø-Xp-sa√mw

Abmƒ Hm¿°p-∂p. k¿∏-°m-hn-\-SpØv Pm\p F∂ s]Ïp- n-tbmSv t]a-hp-ambn Xm≥Im-Øp-\n-∂Xpw

AØn-ºm-cpsS Adn-™p-sIm-≠-√m-Ø-h-c-hp-Im-cWw IØp-sIm-Sp-°¬ apS-ßn-t∏m-b-Xp-sa√mw ho≠pw

Hm¿Ω-bn-se-Øp-∂p.

]Xn-s\m∂v

\mń-se-t£-X-Øn¬ Ah¿Æ-sc-I-b-‰m≥ Xms\mcp t\Xmhp Na-™n-cp∂ IY cLp Hm¿Øp.

tImS-Xn-I-b-dn-b-t∏mƒ t\cn-´mWv hmZn-®-Xv. A∂v tIkv shdp-sX-hn-´p. henb ]n¥p-Wbpw Inń. B

Aº-e-Øn¬ hcp-tºmƒ In´p∂ im¥n as‰-hn-sS-\n∂pw Abmƒ°v In´m-dn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-bp-ff

thcp-Iƒ IS-]p-g-°n-bm¬ ]n∂o-sSm-cn-°epw Xm\-hnsS hcm-\n-S-bn√ F∂-bmƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p.

CXp-]-Ø-©p-sIm√w I-gn-bp-tºmƒ ico-c-Øn¬ amX-a√ a\- nepw ssSbpw ]m‚pw ImWpw. As∂m-cp-

]t£ \K-c-Po-hnXw hn´p-t]m-cm≥ a\- p-≠m-hn-√.

apdn-bn¬ I¨Sm-IvS¿ tZh- n-bpsS IØv cLp-hns\ ImØp-In-S-∂p. Abmƒ ]d-ºp-hm-ßm≥

Xøm-dm-Wv. AΩpep Bsf-Ø-∂n-s√-¶nepw X\n°v Bsf-In´pw F∂v cLp Al-¶-cn-®p. tZh- nbpw

cLphpw hoń-te°v Ibdn h∂-t∏mƒ e£van Aº-c∂p. hoSv hnev]-\-bm-hp-I-bm-sW∂v e£van

Adn-™n- n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

AΩpep Bf-b-®n-´mWv tZh n h∂-sX-∂-hn-hcw cLp-hn¬ Pmf-y-ap-≠m-°n. Ah-fpsS

klm-b-an-s√-¶nepw X\n-°m-sf-In´pw F∂v Ah-tfmSv Abmƒ hoº-Sn-®n-cp-∂p. cLphns‚ a\- p-am-dp-sa∂pw

Abmƒ ]dºp hnev°n-s√∂pw AΩp-ep-I-cp-Xn. a\- p-am-dn-s√-∂p-d-∏m-b-t∏mƒ AhƒXs∂ tZh- n°v

Bf-b-bv°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.



"hoSp-hn-‰m¬ Rßƒ Fhn-sS-t∏m-Ipw?' F∂ e£van-bpsS tNmZyw cLp-hns‚ a\- n¬

B™p-X-d -®p. aq∂p-s]Ïp-ń -I-f -S -ßp∂ B IpSpw_w Fhn-sS-t∏m-Ip -sa∂v CXp-hsc

Abm-tfm¿Øn-ń-√m-bn-cp-∂p. tZh- n-hm-ßn-bmepw Ah¿°Xv hmS-I°v e`-y-am-°mw. F∂-bmƒ

]d-s™m-∏n-®p. e£van s]mń-®n-cn-®p. "If-fp-tZ-h- n-bpsS hoSn\v NnX¬h-cmsX Rßƒ kq£n-°-W-

a-t√, hmS-I-sIm-SpØp Ign-b-W-at√' F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-\p-ap-ºn¬ cLp ]X-dn. A—-\p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬

]d-ºp-hn-ev°ptam F∂-hƒ tNmZn-®p. Hcn-°epw apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im≥ ]‰m-Ø-hn[w Zmcn-Zyw Bth-in®

B IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ÿnXn Xm≥ ad-∂p-t]m-b-tXm¿Øv cLp h√mbva A\p-`-hn-®p. t_mws_bn¬,

aI≥ cmip-hns‚ Xp—-i-º-f-Øn¬ Xßƒ IqSn-I-gn-™p-sIm-ffmw F∂v e£van Dd-∏n®p ]d-™p.

]pgp-hn-s\-t∏mse \n m-c-bmbn Xm≥ Icp-Xn-b-hƒ, ]Øn-hn-S¿Øm-Sp∂ ]mºmbn amdn-sb∂v

cLp-hn\p tXm∂n.

]¥≠v

A—-\p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂ Nn¥ A—s‚ tcmK-Im-e-tØ°pw ac-W-k-a-b-tØ°pw

cLp-hns\ \bn-®p. At±lw acn-®-t∏mƒ cLp ]co-£-®q-Sn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp ]Sp-Iq-‰≥ ssI Xs∂

hen®v A\-¥-X-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ Zriyw kz]v\w I≠v Abmƒ A∂v `b-s∏-´p-W¿∂p.

]pd-tØ-°n-b-ßn-b-t∏mƒ A—≥ tX®p-t]m∂ _em-i-z-K-‘mZn FÆ-bpsS kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb aW-hpw.

A—\v Ft¥m A]-I-S-ap-≠m-bn- p-s≠∂v cLp-hn\v tXm∂n. ]nt‰∂v _‘p-hmb cma≥ h∂Xv A—s‚

ac-W-hm¿Ø Adn-bn-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. cLp-hn\v A—s‚ km∂n-≤yw K‘-am-b-dn-bm≥ Ign™ AtX

ka-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p ac-Ww.

]pdta ]cp-°-\mb A—\v Df-fn¬ \ndsb cLp-hn-t\m-Sp-ff kvt\l-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah≥

]co-£-sb-gp-X-Ww, Pbn-°-Ww, Ahs\ hcp-Øn-°qSm Xm≥ acn®v NnXbv°v Xo sImSp-tØ≠n h∂mepw

AXv AΩpep sNbvXm¬ aXn F∂v A—≥ Ah-sf-s°m≠v kXyw sNøn-®p. A—s\ Zln-∏n-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn®

amhns‚ Ip‰n ]d-ºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-am-X-am-bn-cp∂p B Pohn-X-Øns‚ kvamc-Iw. ]co-£°v

\∂mbn Pbn-°-emWv A—-t\m-Sp-ff Xs‚ G‰hpw henb I¿Ø-h-y-\n¿∆-l-W-sa∂v cLp-I-cp-Xn. k¿°m¿

k¿∆o-knse AX-yp-∂-X-]-Z-hn-bmb sF.-G.-F-t mfw AX-bmsf FØn-®p. A—≥ Xs‚ Hmtcm

t\´-Ønepw A`n-am-\n-®n-cn -°-Ww. Al-¥-bp-≠m-h-cpXv F∂p-I-cp-Xn -bm-hWw Hcn-°epw

t]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. aIs‚ hnZ-ym-`-ymkw apS-ßm-Xn-cn-°m≥ th≠n At±lw kz¥w NnIn’

Npcp-°n. \√ NnIn-’-In- n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, At±lw _m°n-bp-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p Ft∂m¿Ø-t∏mƒ cLp-hn\v

IÆo-c-S-°m≥ Ign-™n-√.

A—≥ Hcn-°¬t∏mepw t^mt´m FSp-Øn-√. Hcp ]mh-s∏´ A—s‚ Xym-K-\n¿`-c-amb

Pohn-X-tam¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ H∂pw Xs‚ hoń-en-√. A—s\ Zln-∏n-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn® amhns‚ Ip‰n-am-X-amWv

Htc-sbm-cp-kvam-c-Iw. AXv tZh n IS-]p-g-°n-sb-dn-bp-sa∂v Xo¿®.

Btem-N-\-Iƒ AX-bpsaØnb-t∏mƒ cLp Xocp-am-\n®p ˛ G°-dn\v Aøm-bncw ]h≥

Inń-bm¬t∏mepw ]dºp hnev°p-I-bn√. AsXmcp ]d-º-√, ]mc-º-cyw IqSn-bm-Wv, ]g-b -ap-Ø»namscbpw

apØ-»-∑m-scbpw Zln-∏n-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn® amhp-Iƒ \n∂Xpw Chn-sS-bm-Wv. Xs‚ thcp-I-fp-ff Cu

]dºv hnev°m-s\m-cp-ßnb Xm≥ hnUvVn-bm-Wv. kz¥w thcp-Iƒ Adp-Øp-I-f™v X\n-s°mcp

\ne-\nev]v Fßs\ km≤-y-am-Ipw? Hcp ]f-fn-°q-S-Ønepw t]mImØ AΩp-ep-hn\v CX-dn-bmw.

D∂-tXm-tZ-ymKw hln-°p∂ X\n-°v, a\p-j-y\pw ac-Øn\pw thcp-Iƒ aÆn¬Ø-s∂-bm-sW-∂-k-Xyw

Adn-bm-sX-t]m-bn.

\mep-X-e-ap-d-I-gn-™m¬ s\¬am-Wn-Iyw ImWp-sa∂v ]m´m-hn-i-z-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Xs‚ icn-bmb

Xocp-am-\-amhmw B s\¬am-Wn-I-yw. XpS¿∂v, B ]pc hrØn-bm-°n-sb-Sp-°m\pw ]dºv ê-hr-£-ßƒ

sIm≠p-\n-d-bv°m\pw cLp a\-km-Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂p.

Xm≥ ]d-ºp-hn-ev°p-∂n-s√∂v cLp e£vansb Adn-bn-®p. Abmƒ hn‰mepw Cs√-¶nepw Ahƒ

t_mws_bv°p t]mIp-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p adp-]-Sn. Xt∂m-Sp-]-d-bmsX ]d-ºp-hn-ev°m-s\m-cp-ßnb \S-]-Sn-tbmSv

Ahƒ°v s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-™n-cn-°n-√. F√mw \√-Xn-\m-hWw F∂v cLp HSp-hn¬ Icp-Xp-∂p.

e£van-bpsS a°ƒ a‰p-f-f-h-cpsS kuP-\yw ]Xo-£n-°msX hf-cm-\n-S-bm-tb°pw.


School of Distance EducationcLp AΩp-ep-hn-t\mSv am∏p-tNm-Zn-®p. "Acn-in-s®-Sn-'sb∂v s\√ns\ hnfn-°n-∂, aÆp sXmSm-Ø-

a-°-sf-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu Xocp-am\w hsc Xm\p-sa∂v Abmƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. B aÆv kz¥w

aÆm-sW∂pw kz¥w \ne-\n-ev]m-sW∂pw t_m≤-y-s∏-Sm≥ ka-b-sa-Sp-Øp.

h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv Xs∂ tImtf-Pn-e-b-bv°m≥ AΩpep ]Z¿in-∏n® \n›-b-Zm¿V-y-Øn\v Cu

Xocp-am\w hgn Xm≥ ]Xn-êw \¬In-°-gn-™p-sh∂v cL-phn\v tXm∂n. Xncn-®p-t]mcpw hgn A-bmƒ

Xs‚ ]m´m-hns‚ hSn-hmƒ IqsS-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p.

]d-ºp-hn-ev]-\-\-S-Øm≥ HcmgvN Ah-[n-sb-SpØv \mń-te-°p-h∂ cLp Xocp-am\w am‰n

aS-ßn-s®-√p-tºmƒ `mc-y-bmb KoX `b-¶-c-ambn t£m`n-t®-°mw. ]Xn-hp-t]mse BZyw Cw•o-jn¬

Nodp-Ibpw ]cn-`-hn-°p-Ibpw HSp-hn¬ Xan-gn¬ At]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvtX-°mw. Abmƒ BZ-y-ambn

Ahƒ°v Iog-S-ßm-sX-\nev°pw F∂-bmƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. ]m´m-hns‚ ˛ ]mc-º-cyØns‚ ˛

hSn-hmfpw Dcp-°ns‚ i‡n-bpw-am-bn-´mWv Xs‚ Xncn-®p-h-chv F∂v cLp Hm¿°p-∂p.

Imdn¬ hoSns‚ BZ-ysØ ªq]n‚ v I≠-t∏mƒ Abm-tfm¿Øp. Xs‚ aÆn¬ B πm\-\p-k-cn®v

Hcp `wKn-bp-ff hoSp-sI-´-Ww; h¿jØnsemcp amkw A-hn-sS-h∂p Xma-kn-°-Ww. Aßs\ sIńSw

shbv°p-∂-tXmsS Xs‚ thcp-Iƒ Ba-Æn¬ ho≠pw Bg-Øn-tem-Spw. dΩn-I-fn-bnse Pbm-]-P-b-ß-sf-°mƒ

henb Pbw KoX-a-\- n-em-°pw. AP-b\pw kpabpw s]mbvap-J-ß-fp-t]-£n®v aÆp-am-bpw

a\p-j-y-cp-ambpw kº¿°w t\Spw. t\sc Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw Abmƒ

X\n-°p-]-cn-N-b-ap-f-f-tIm¨Sm-IvS-dpsS ÿe-tØ°v \oßp-∂p. Xs‚ aÆn¬ at\m-l-c-a-sbmcp sIńSw

]Wn-bm-\p-ff Dd-®-Xo-cp-am\w Abm-sf-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p.


School of Distance EducationeLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1. cLphns‚ IpSpw-_m-¥-co-£w.

2. \mń≥]p-dsØ hkvXp-hn-ev]-\-tbmSv cLp-hn\pw KoX-bv°p-ap-ff at\m-`m-hw`

3. "\Ω \mWp inØ-∏m-thmSp Ipń-Iƒ sibvXam-Xncn \o siø-th≠≠mw'˛s]-cn-b∏m Cßs\

]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v?

4. ]Sn-∏pc amºgw Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS Npcp-f-gn-°p-∂-Xmbn cLp-hn\v tXm∂m-\n-S-bmb kml-N-c-yw.

5. ]m´m, ]mń F∂n-h-sc-°p-dn-®p-ff cLp-hns‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ.

6. AΩp-ep, Bscbpw FXn-¿°mØ `b-s∏-Sp∂ kz-`m-h-Øn¬ \n∂v hmNm-ebpw kzm-`n-]mbw

shń-Øpd-∂p-]-d-bp-∂-h-fp-ambn amdnbsXß-s\?

7. A—-s\-°p-dn-®p-ff cLp-hns‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ.

8. Zpc-¥-ß-fpsS IY-Iƒ kar-≤-amb \mń≥ ]pd-Øp-\n∂v t]mI-W-sa∂v cLp Nn¥n-®-sX-t∏mƒ

9. cmap-hns‚ Zpc-¥-I-Y.

10. AΩp-ephpw e£vanbpw XΩn-ep-ff kvt\l-_‘w thc-‰p-t]m-b-sX-ß-s\?

11. Bfl-l-X-ym-iaw \S-°m-Xn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ]m´m-sa-∂-s™-SpØ IY.

12. "Cßs\-sb-√m-am-bn´pw _n.-Gbv°pw ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ A£-¥-h-y-amb A]-cm[w sNøm≥ Xm≥

Hcpsº´p.' F¥m-bn-cp∂p A]-cm[w.

13. ]d-ºp-hn-ev°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n \mń≥]pdsØ I¿Ømhv cLp-hn-t\mSp ]d-™-sX-¥v?

14. apsºßpw tXm∂n-bn- n-√mØ Af-hn¬ cLp-hn\v AΩp-ep-hn-t\mSv BZ-c-hp-tXm-∂n-b-sX-t∏mƒ?

15. B \nan-j-Øn¬ Imth-cn-tbm-Sp-tXm-∂n-t∏m∂ A\njvSw kl-Xm-]-ambn amdn-sb∂v kc-k-zXn

]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v?

16. "As∂mcp ]©m-b-Øp-Xn-c-s™-Sp∏p \S-∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Xm≥ hºn® `qcn-]-£-tØmsS

Pbn-t®s\' ˛ kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

17. "hoSp-hn-‰m¬ Xm¶ƒ Fs¶-t]m-thmw?' F∂ tNmZyw cLp-hns‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ B™p

-X-d-®-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?

18. e£van-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff [mc-W-Iƒ cLp Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xm-\n-S-bm-b-sX-ß-s\?

19. "Ct∏m-gn-Xm, ]pgp ]Øn-hn-S¿Øn-bm-Sp∂p' ˛ kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

20. A—s‚ ac-W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v cLp-hn-\p-≠mb hnNn-X-\p-`-hw.

21. amhns‚ Ip‰n-bn¬t\m-°n-s°m≠v cLp aqI-\mbn A—-t\mSp kwkm-cn-®-sX-s¥-√mw?

22. ]m´m-hns‚ hSn-hmƒ cLp-Iq-sS-sb-Sp-Ø-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?

23. \mń≥]p-d-Øp-\n∂p aS-ßp-tºmƒ cLp a\- n¬ Icp-Xp∂ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ.

D]-\-ym-k-am-XrI

1. thcp-Iƒ F∂ io¿j-I-Øns‚ ]k‡n ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

2. \mń≥]p-d-sØ, thZ-\bpw Zpc-¥-ßfpw Xym-K-ßfpw aÆn-t\m-Sp-ff _‘-hp-sa√mw tN¿∂v

cLp-hns‚ BZ-ysØ Xocp-am\w am‰n-a-dn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ˛ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.



]n. ]Zva-cm-P≥ (1945-˛1991)Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Øv,- kn-\n-am-kw-hn-[m-\-I≥, Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥.

]Wb-sa-∂-t]mse h©-\, sIme, Akq-b, ]Xn-Imcw F-∂n-hbpw ]fl-cm-Ps‚ IY-Iƒ°v

]e--t∏mgpw hnj-b-am-bn-°m-Ww. \-£-X-ß-tf-Im-h¬ 1972se tIcf km-ln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv t\Sn.

kz¥w Xnc-°-Y, kwhn-[m\w sNøm-\m-c- n-®Xv s]cp-h-gn-b-º--tØm-sS-bmWv (1979). s]mXp-P-\-ß-sfbpw

\ncq-]-I-cp-sSbpw i≤-]n-Sn-®p-]-‰nb kn\n-a-bm-b-cp∂p CXv.

tZio-b-]p-c-kvIm-c-ßƒ

1979: G‰hpw \√ ô®¿^nenw ˛ s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew

1986: G‰hpw \√ ô®¿^nenw ˛ Xn¶-fmgvN \√ Znhkw

kwÿm-\-]p-c-kvImcw

1979: G‰hpw \√ kn\n-a-I-fn¬ c≠m-asØ ÿm\w, G‰hpw \√ IY-bv°p-ff kΩm-\w.

s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew

Pbn¬ hmk-Øn-\p-tijw Kma-Øn¬ h∂n-d-ßp∂ ]`m-Ic-≥]nff, cma≥ F∂ Iuam-c-°m-cs‚

Pohn-X-Øn¬ ISpØ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. s]ß-∑m-tcmSv A]-a-c-ym-Z-bmbn s]cp-am-dn-b-t∏mƒ

cma\v Abm-tfm-Sn-S-tb-≠n-h-∂p. FXn¿Ø-h-sc-sb√mw ASn-t®m, IpØntbm hngvØp-∂p. ]nf-f-bp-am-bp-ff

kwL-´-\-Øn¬ Bfl-c-£-bv°p-th≠n cma≥ Abm-sf-Ip-Øn. Abmƒ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ sh®p

acn-®-tXmsS cma\v Bibw ]-e-bn-S-ß-fm-bn. hgn-b-º-e-ß-fn¬ Hfn-®p-Xm-a-kn-®-t∏m-sg√mw s]ß-∑m-cpsS

Hm¿Ω-bn¬ Ah≥ Ak-z-ÿ-\m-bn. Kma-Øn-te°v Hcp-\mƒ Ah≥ Xncn-®p-h-∂p. ]`m-I-c≥ ]nff

F∂ hnSs\ IpØn-a-e¿Ønb hoc-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cp∂ cma≥ P\-a-\- p-I-fn¬ At∏m-tg°v t]meokv

tXSp∂ Ip‰-hm-fn-am-X-ambnt∏mbn-cp-∂p. hgn-b-ºew s]cp-h-gn-am-X-ambnØocp∂ A\m-Y-h-ÿ-bn¬

A-h≥ kvX_v[-\mbn\nev°p-∂p. kn\n-a-bpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ ]`m-I-c≥ ]nf-fsb t\m´-∏p-f-fn-bm-°n-

\n¬°p∂ P\-°q-´-Øns‚ Zriyw \mw ImWp-∂p. I-Ym-¥-y-Øn¬ P\w AI-∂p-\n-∂p-Im-Wp∂-∂Xv

cm-a-s\-bmWv F∂Xv it≤bam-Wv. \∑, Xn-∑, F∂o LS-I-ßƒ°∏p-dØv Pohn-X-Øns‚

\ntj[n-°m-\m-hmØ Nne ]cn-Wm-a-K-Xn-I-fmWv ]fl-cm-P≥ ka¿∞ambn Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm

IYm-]m-Xhpw H‰bvs°m‰bv°v hy-‡n-X-z-ap-f-f-h-cmWv F∂Xv it≤-b-am-Wv.

kwKlw

Ih-e-bn¬ h∂p-\n-ev°p∂ _ n¬\n∂v ]`m-I-c≥ ]nff Cd-ßp-∂p. ImWp-∂-h¿ sR´p-Itbm

]cp-ßp-Itbm BWv. Nmb-°-S-bnse _nkv°-‰vIp∏n apgp-h≥ IS-em-kn-te°v IpS-™n´v Abmƒ

s]mXn-™p-]n-Sn-°p-∂p. Nmb-°-S-bn¬ \n∂n-d-ßn-tbm-Sp∂ ]ø≥ ]`m-I-c≥ ]nf-f-bpsS hchv apgp-h≥

P\-ß-sfbpw Adn-bn-®p-sIm≠v hnfn-®p-Iq-hp-∂p. "Chn-Sn∂v Fs¥-¶n-ep-sams° \S°pw' F∂v Hcp

]Xo-£-bmWv F√m-h-cp-sSbpw apJ-Øv.

]`m-I-c≥]n-ff \mWp-hn-s\-bmWv BZyw At\-z-jn-°p-I, t]mIp-∂Xv tIm∂-∏n-f-f-bpsS

hoń-em-bn-cn-°pw; Abmsf Ad-Ãp-sNbvXv hm\n¬ tI‰n-s°m-≠p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Xncn®p h∂m¬ BZyw

CXp-c≠pw sNbvXn-cn°pw F∂p ]d-™n-cp∂p F∂mWv \m´p-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Abm-fpsS hchv

\mń≥]p-d-sØmcp alm-kw-`-h-am-Wv. _em¬kw-K-t°-kn\v Pbn-en-S-bv°-s∏´ ]nf-f-bvs°-Xnsc

km£n ]d-bp-∂-h-tcm-SmWv ]≠pw ]nf-fbv°v shdp∏v F∂mWv \mń≥]p-dsØ tIƒhn.

\m´p-Im¿ tIm∂-∏n-f-f-bpsS hoSn-\-SpØv XSn-®p-Iq-Sp-∂p. ]mX-bpsS Atß A‰-Øp-\n∂p

]`m-I-c≥]n-ff ]X-y-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t\m-°n-bn-cn-°-bm-W-h¿. AIØv HSn-™p-a-S-ßnb ]Ir-X-ap-ff

tKmhn-µ-∏n-f-f, Ic-bp∂ aIƒ, `b∂ AΩ, sIm®p-Ipń ˛ CXbpw t]cm-Wv. sh´p-I-Øn-bn¬

]nSn-ap-dp°n Ccn-°p-I-bmWv Krl-\m-Y≥.



CS-Xp-ssI-bn¬ _nkvI-‰p-s]m-Xn-bp-ambn hcp∂ ]`m-I-c≥]n-ff hmXn¬ Nhp-ń-Øp-d-°p-∂p.

apJØp Ne-\-ß-fn-√msX Abmƒ hoSn-\-I-tØ-°p-I-b-dp-∂p. P\-°q-´-Øn-se-hn-sStbm cma-\p-ap-≠v.

hr≤-\mb tIm∂-∏n-f-f-bpsS ssIbn¬\n∂v H‰-\n-an-jw-sIm≠v sh´p-IØn ssI°-em°n ]nff \nh¿∂p-

\n-ev°p-∂p. A∂v Rm≥ Bcpw Adn-bmsX sNbvXXv C∂v \m´p-Im-cptSw \nt‚w apºn-sh®p sNøt´m

F∂v Iqc-ambn tNmZn-°p-∂p. \m´p-Im-sc-tbm, hr≤-s\tbm ]cn-K-Wn-°msX hoSns‚ Xd-bn¬

B™p-Xp-∏n-s°m≠v Abmƒ \nµ-t-bmsS ]pd-Øp-I-S-°p-∂p. Xs∂ ImgvN-h-kvXp-hm-°nb henb

P\-°q-´sØ apdn® Abmƒ H‰-bm-s\-t∏m-se, sh´p-t]m-Øn-s\-t∏mse apt∂-dp-∂p.

aq∂p-amkw ]`m-I-c≥]n-ff Pbn-en-\-I-Øm-b-Xp-sIm≠v \mń¬ sskz-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂v

]c-ap-\m-b-cpsS `mcy ao\m£n ]d-bp-∂p. ]c-ap-\m-b¿°pw ]nf-f-bpsS t\sc ISpØ shdp-∏p-≠v.

]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS mcy ac-hn-®p-\n-ev]m-Wv. ¿Øm-hp-Xn-cn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ BÀm-Z-Øn\p hI-bn-√.

tZjyw h∂m¬ IÆpw aq°p-an-√mØ ]Ir-X-am-sW∂v tPmen-°mcn Ahsc Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS Imep-b¿Øn-bp-ff ASn-tb‰v hf-f-°m-c≥ \mWp hoWp-t]m-bn.

P\-°q- sØ ]cp-j-am-bn-t\m-°n. At_m-[m-h-ÿ-bn-emb \mWp-hn-s\-hn v ]nff ho≠pw apt∂m´p \S-°p-∂p.

tPmen-°p-\n-ev°p∂ hońse the-°m-cn-bmb hk-¥bv°v ]c-ap-\m-b¿ XpW-bv°p-t]m-Ip-∂p.

]`m-I-c≥]n-ff hgn-bn¬ D]-Z-hn-t®°pw F∂ i¶-bn-em-W-Xv. ssIbn-se-t∏m-gp-ap-ff _nkvI-‰p-s]mXn

Ipń-I-fpsS ASp-sØ-Øn-t°-≠-Xp-sIm-≠v Xev°mew H∂pw sNøp-∂n√ F∂mWv Abmƒ ]c-ap-\m-b-tcmSv

]d-bp-∂-Xv. "]ntf-f-®≥ t]m, Bsf shc-´msX' F∂v `b-an-√msX ]d-bp-∂Xv ]c-ap-\m-b¿ amX-am-Wv.

kz¥w hoń¬, Dd-ßp∂ Ip™p-ßsf t\m°n-\n-ev°p∂ ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS IÆp-I-fn¬

BZ-y-ambn kvt\l-Øns‚ Xnf°w ImWmw. Abmƒ aIs\ sIń-∏n -Sn -®m-Àm-Zn -°p-Ibpw

_nkvI-‰p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw sNøp-∂p.

h∂-Xns‚ ]nt‰-∂mƒsXm v ]`m-I-c≥]n-ff Xs‚ km-£m¬ kz- mhw ]pd-sØ-Sp-°p-∂p. Abmƒ

Hcp hnSs‚ ZrjvSn-tbmsS cmas‚ s]ß-∑m-cn¬ IÆp-sh-bv°p-∂p.

tKmen-I-fn-®p-\-S-°p∂ ]mb-Øn¬ A—s‚ XW¬ \jvS-s∏-´-cm-a\v IpSpw-_-`mcw s]s´∂v

Npa-en-te-t‰-≠n-h-∂p. s]ß-∑m¿ ]ng-®p-t]m-Ip-tam, ]`m-I-c≥ ]nf-f-bpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬s∏-Sptam F∂o

`b-ßƒ Ahs\ Ak-z-ÿ-\m-°p-∂p. "A∏≥ NØp-ap-I-fnev \n¬°pIm, AXp-a-d-°-cpXv' F∂v

s]ß-∑m-tcm-Sp-]-d-™p-sIm≠v ]√n-dp-Ωp-Ibpw apjvSn Npcp- p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv Cu Ak-z-ÿX sIm≠m-Wv.

ho≠pw ]`m-I-c≥]n-ff apń-°q-Sm≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ Ah≥ ]√n-dp-Ω-temsS "\obm C∂m-ńs‚

Zpjvt]cv' F∂v t\cn-´p-]-J-ym-]n-°p-∂p. "\∂mbn \o AtXw ]d-™Xv' F∂mWv \m´p-Im-cn-sem-cmƒ

]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂Xv hoń-\-I-Øp-ff s]ß-∑msc ASn-®n´pw ]√p-Rdp-Ωn-bn´pw XocmsX HSp-hn¬ Ah≥

tXßn-°-c-bp-∂p. A—-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Ahsc D’-h-∏-d-ºn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn th≠-sX√mw

hmßn-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. Xmt\-bp-ffq Ah¿°v Ft∂m¿Ø-t∏mƒ Ahsc D’hw ImWm≥

sIm≠p-t]m-hm≥ Ah≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. `mK-yhpw e£-anbpw k¥p-jvS-cm-bn. Ahsc

lcn-°-Y-Im-Wm-\n-cpØn cma≥ shdp-sc-Np-‰n-\-S-°p-∂p. CS-bn¬ ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bp-ambn Ah\v

apJm-apJw \nevt°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. "Cu D’hw apgps° \o Im-W-ptIem' F∂ ]nf-f-bpsS sh√p-hnfn

Ahs\ Ak-z-ÿ-\m-°n. Ah≥ Hfn-°m≥ ian-®n-S-sØ√mw Abm-fpsS Xe-s]m-¥n-h-cp-∂p.

D’-h-∏dºn¬ \n∂-Ise Imf-h-≠n-°q-´-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ad-™n-cp∂ Ahs\ Abmƒ Is≠-Sp-Øp,

sIme-®n-cn-tbmsS ]nSn-Iq-Sn.]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS IØn ]nSn-h-en-°n-S-bn¬ cmas‚ aSn-bn-te°v hgp-Xn-ho-Wp.

\nhr-Øn-bn-√mØ kml-N-c-y-Øn¬ Ah≥ AsX-SpØp ]nf-fsb IpØn. ]`m-I-c≥]nf-f-bpsS Ae¿®

Ah-km-\n-®-tXmsS D’-h-∏-d-ºn¬ \n∂v Hcp Kmaw apgp-h≥ HmSn-h-cp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ccp- n¬ HmSn-tbmSn ]c-ap-\m-b-cpsS hoSn-\-Sp-Øp-ff apf¶mSns‚ ad-hn¬ Ah≥ t_m[w sI´p-ho-Wp.

]ń Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xp-tI v ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb ]c-ap-\m-b¿ Ahs\ Xncn-®-dn™v FSpØv hoń¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p.

Nmbv∏p-ap-dn-bn¬ ]eXpw Iqń-bn´ Ccp≠ Ad-bn¬ Abmƒ Ahs\ InS-Øn. Ipń-I-tfm-Sp-t]mepw

C°m-cyw an≠n-t∏m-h-cp-sX∂v Abmƒ ao\m-£nsb i´w sIń.


School of Distance Education]pd-tabv°v ]cp-°-s\-¶nepw ]c-ap-\m-b¿ AIØv Ah\v \ndsb kvt\lw Icp-Xpw. aIs‚ DSp∏v

Ahs\ [cn-∏n-°p-∂p. "kmc-an√ sNbvX-sXmcp \√-Im-c-yam' F∂v ]c-ap-\m-b¿ amX-amWv Ahs\

A`n-\-µn-°p-∂-Xv. "Cu \mó sNmtWsS Hcp sNmSn∏v BZyw ImWp-∂Xv B DW-°-s°m-f-fn-tbem'

F∂pw ao\m-£nbpw ]ntf-fcpw Cd-ßn-t∏m-bmepw c≠n-sem-∂-dnbpw hsc Ah≥ C-d-ßn-t∏m-In√ F∂pw

Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p.

BZyw shdp-Øp-]-d™ ao\m-£nbpw ItaW Ahs\ amXr-kvt\-l-tØmsS ImWp-∂p. Xm≥

Xp∂n Iod-en-√m-Xm-°nb j¿´p-an´v Dd-ßp∂ Ahs\ t\m°n-\nevs° Ah-fpsS IÆp-\n-d-bp-∂p.

"]`m-I-c≥]n-ff NØp' F∂ hnhcw cmas\ Hcp-s]m-ń-sØ-dn-tbm-f-sa-Øn-°p-∂p. sIme-]m-X-In-

bm-Wn-t∏m-f-h≥. Aß-s\-sbm∂v Ahs‚ a\- nte D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bfl-c-£-bv°p-th-≠n-bp-ff

Ahs‚ ]nS-®n-em-bn-cp∂p ]nf-f-bvt°‰ IØn-°p-Øp-Iƒ. Ahs‚ _‘p-°ƒ°v Ahs\ ths≠-∂n-

cns° B¿°p-an-√mØ _‘w ]c-ap-\m-b¿°pw th≠ Xm\ßp s]mbvt°mfmw F∂mbn cma≥. Ahs‚

A`n-am\w ]c-ap-\m-b-cpsS hm’-eyw Iq´pI-bm-Wp-sN-bvXXv. Nmbv]n¬ Ahs‚ IqsS-bn-cp∂v Abmƒ

I™n-Ip-Sn-°p-∂p. IpØp-tIkv sIme-t°-kmb ÿnXn°v Ahs\ \mń¬ \n∂p-am-‰-W-sa∂v Abmƒ

]≤-Xn-bn-Sp-∂p.

]mXn-cbv°v ]cn-N-b-ap-ff Imf-h-≠n-°m-cs‚ IqsS cmas\ Ab-bv°p-I-bmWv ]c-ap-\m-b¿. as‰mcp

Kma-Ønse ]cn-N-b-°m-c-\mb hni-zw-`-c≥ hgn°v tZh-bm-\n-bpsS hoń-em-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p ]≤-Xn. Hcp

s]Æns\ ]ng-∏n-®-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap-ff Hfn-®p-]m¿°-emWv cmat‚Xv F∂mWv tZh-bm-\nsb Adn-bn-®n- p-f-f-Xv.

AXnepw t`Zw sIm∏p-f-fn-bm-sW-∂p-]-d-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂mWv cmas‚ ]£w.

tZh-bm-\n-bpsS t\m´hpw hm°p-Ifpw Ah-\n¬ Pmf-y-X-bp-≠m-°n. "ChnsS \nev°m-s\-\n-°p-h-øm.

CsXmcp \mWw-sI´ ÿeam' F∂-h≥ ]d-™-tXmsS tZh-bm\n s]mń-sØ-dn-®p. hni-zw-`-c\pw

ipWvTn-h-∂p. "Cu kvXo ssIhn-´m¬ \ns‚ ih-am-sW-t∂m¿tØm' F∂ Abmƒ tIm]n-®p-]-d-™p.

hni-zw-`-cs\ \mń¬ \nt∂m-Sn-®Xpw Abm-fpsS `mc-y-sbbpw IpSpw-_-sØbpw \in-∏n-®Xpw

]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bm-Wv. Aß-s\-sbmcp IS-∏mSv hni-zw-`-c-\p-f-f-Xp-t]mse tXm∂pw. Xs∂

klm-bn-°p-∂-h¿scms° GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn¬ ]nf-f-bpsS iXp-°-fm-bn-cn°pw F∂v cma\v tXm∂p-∂p.

]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS Icp-Øp‰ BW-Ø-amWv Xs∂ ]i-kvX-\m-°p-∂Xv F∂v cma≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.

sshZ-y¿ Ah-s\-Xn-cn-®-dn-™-tXmsS Ah\v Ak-z-ÿ-X-bm-bn. Xm\n-cn-°p-∂nSw kpc-£n-X-a-s√∂pw

Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw IÆn¬s∏-´m¬ tZh-bm-\n-IqsS AI-Øm-Ip-sa∂pw sshZ-y-c-h\v kqN-\-sIm-Sp-Øp.

Xs‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ t]meokv s]ß-∑msc tZmln-°p-∂p-ap-≠m-Imw. Ah≥ tZh-bm-\n-tbm-Sp-t]mepw

bmX-]-d-bmsX Cd-ßn-tbmSn hni-zw-`-cs‚ IS-bn-se-Øn. hni-zw-`-c≥ ]cn-`-an -®p. X\°p

hoń¬t]m-W-sa-∂mWv cma≥ ]d-™-Xv. Ahs‚ t]m°pw ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°epw X\-°p-IqSn

hn\-bm-hp-sa-∂-bmƒ `b-s∏-´p.

cma≥ km[m -c -W-t]mse s]cp -am -dp -s∂-¶nepw temIw Ah-t\mSps]cp -am -dp -∂Xv

A]-cn-Nn-X-X-ztØmsS-bm-Wv. hmWn-b≥ Ip©qs‚ aI≥ cma\v Ct∏m-gp-f-fXv hoc-]-cn-th-j-a-√. Ah≥

sIme-∏m-f-fn-bm-Wv. t]meokv B hI-bn¬ Xßsf D]-Z-hn-°p-sa∂v Ah-t\m-Sn-S-s]-Sp∂ F√m-hcpw

Icp-Xp-∂p. Nmb-°-S-bn-en-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Ahs\ FXbpw thKw ]d-™p-hn-Sm≥ [rXn-s∏-´p. `mK-yhpw

e£vanbpw AI∂p \n∂v tXßn-°-c-bp-∂p. AI∂ _‘p-hmb hr≤, cma-t\mSv thKw ÿew

hnSm≥]-d-bp-∂p. \o \n∂m¬ Cu s]s¶m-®p-ßsf ]ns∂m-∂n\pw t\m°≠ F∂m-W-h¿ ]d-™-Xv.

]`m-I-c≥]nf-f-bpsS `mc-ybpw Ah-t\mSv t]mIm≥ ]d-bp-∂p. hmXn-e-S®v "F\n-°p-\ns∂ ImW≠m'

F∂p ]d™v Ah¿ AI-Øp-I-b-dn. amdnb P\¬hn-cn-°p-k-ao]w ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS aIs‚ Kuchw

\nd™ apJw I≠-tXmsS cma≥ h√m-Xm-bn. aIfpw Ah-s\-Øs∂ t\m°n-\n-ev]m-Wv. XpS¿∂v

]d-ºp-I-fnepw tdmUnepw ]mSØpw ]cp-°≥ apJ-ßƒ Ahs\ D‰p-t\m-°p-∂p; Ah≥ Zqsc amtd≠

sIme-∏p-f-fn am-X-am-sW∂v B t\m -ßƒ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. Xs‚ A\m-Y-Xzw Ahs\ kvX_v[-\m-°p-∂p.

Ahs‚ apºn-en-t∏mƒ s]cp-hgn amX-ta-bp-f-fq. Ah\v ]nSn-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-hcpw hsc hgn-b-ºew

s]cp-h-gn-X-s∂.



IYm-]m-X-ßƒ

Zri-ym-hn-jv°-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn Cu Xnc-°-Y-bn-ep-≠v. Hmtcm

IYm-]m-Xhpw ]fl-cm-Ps‚ Dƒ°m-gvNbv°v DZm-l-c-W-am-Ip-∂p. cma≥, ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f, ]c-ap-]n-f-f,

hk-¥, hni-zw-`-c≥, tZh-bm\n ˛ F√m-h¿°pw H‰-s∏´ khn-tij hy-‡n-X-z-ßƒ Ds≠-∂p-Im-Wmw.

hmWn-b≥Ip-©p-a-cn -®-tXmsS h√m-sØm-c-\m-Y-X-z -amWv Iuam-c-]m-b-°m-c-\mb cmas\

Bth-in-°p-∂-Xv. A—s‚ XW-en¬ D’hw I≠Xpw Aº-e-Øn¬ t]mb-Xp-sa√mw Ahs‚

a\- nse Zp:-J-kva-c-W-I-fm-Wv. C∂v tKmen-I-fn-°p-∂n-S-Øp-\n-∂v, c≠p-s]-ß-∑m-cpsS t]cp

NoØ-bm-ImsX t\mt°≠ henb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn-te°v Ah\v \S-∂p-I-b-td-≠n-h-cp-∂p.

s]Ïp-ń-I-fp-ff hoSp-Iƒs°√mw t]Sn kz-]v\-amb ]`mI-c≥]nf-f-bpsS t\¿°p-t\¿ \n∂v \obm

Cu \mSns‚ Zpjvt]-sc-∂p-]-d-bm≥amXw Xt‚Sn-bmWv cma≥. ]√p-I-Sn®pw apjvSn-Np-cp-ńbpw

s]ß-∑msc AI-Ø-S-°n-\n¿sØ≠ hnΩn´w. Ah≥ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. A—≥ sIm≠p-\-S-∂-Xp-t]mse

Ahsc D’hw ImWn-°m\pw h√Xpw hmßn-s°m-Sp-°m\pw Ah-\m-K-l-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ ]- m-I-c≥]n-ff

sh√p-hn-fn-®-Xp-t]m-sc-Xs∂ Ahs‚ D’-h-°m-gvN-Iƒ Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn \ne-®p-t]m-bn. Bfl

-c-£-bv°p-th≠n Ah≥ IpØn. ]`m-I-c≥]n-ff Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ sh®p-a-cn-®-tXmsS Ah≥ sIme∏pffn-bp-am-bn.

sIme-]m-X-I-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap-ff cmas‚ hn[n Bscm-s°tbm IqSn-bmWv \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Iqc\pw

hnS-\p-amb ]`m-I-c≥]n-ff Pbn-en-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ \mń¬ sskz-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p Nn¥n-®-\m- p-Im¿

Xev°m-e-tØ°v hmWn-b≥Ip-©phns‚ aI≥ cmas\ hmgvØn. ]nf-f-tbmSv iXp-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-

cn¬ Nne¿ Ah\v c£n-Xm-°-fmbn ]cap\mb¿, hni-zw-`-c≥, tZh-bm\n ˛ F√m-h¿°pw Ah-t\mSv

hm’-eyw tXm∂n. temI-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ \n∂pw Ahs\ kpc-£nXambn Ah¿ s]mXn-™p-]n-Sn-®p. F∂m¬

s]ß-∑m¿ Ac-£n-X-X-z-Øn¬ Ign-bp-tºmƒ Xm≥ kpJ-ambn D≠p-d-ßn-°-gn-bp∂ Ahÿ cma\v kln-

°m-hp-∂-Xnepw A∏p-d-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah≥ \mń-te°v kz-ÿ-\mbn IS-∂p-h-s∂-¶nepw \mSpw AXns‚

a\-»m-kvXhpw amdn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. hoc-]-cn-thjw sIme∏p-ffnbpsS ]cn-th-j-ambn amdn-°-gn-™n-cp-

∂p. Ahs\ At\-z-jn®v t]meokv GXp ka-bØpw hcmw. Ah≥ Xßƒ°pw _m[-y-X-bm-Wv F∂

ań-emWv F√m-hcpw s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. hnS\pw hrØn-sI-´-h\pwambn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ]`m-I-c≥]n-ff Hc-

—\pw `¿Øm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. B hoSv XnI™ Kuc-htØmsS Ahs\ ImtW-≠-Xn-s√∂v hmXn-e-S-

bv°p-∂p. \m´p-Im¿ apgp-h≥ `b-s∏´v I≠p-\n¬°p∂ ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bn-em-cw-`n® kn\n-a-bpsS Zri-y-

ßƒ, Ah-km\w AtX-ÿm-\Øv \nev°p∂ cma\nemWv sN∂p-\n-ev°p-∂-Xv. Ct∏mƒ \mSns‚ t\m´-

∏p-ffn Ah-\m-Wv. Ah-cpsS t\m´-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Itb sNømØ ]nf-f-bn¬ \∂p hy-X-y-kvX-\m-bn.

B t\m´-ß-sfbpw AXnse A]-cn-Nn-X-X-z-sØbpw IÆo-tcmsS t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv cma≥. \mb-I\pw

]Xn-\m-b-I\pw ]c-kv]cw ]cn-Wm-a-km-[-y-X-bp-ff Hcn-Xn-hrØambn s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew ]X-y-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]`m-I-c≥]n-fftbmSp-ff Kma-Øns‚ t]Sn kv]jvSam-Wv. ao\m-£n-bpsS `mj-bn¬ "Hcp

s]s¶m-®ns‚ P∑w sXme-®-Xn\v hfsc sNdnb Pbn¬hmkw ]n∂oSv Abmƒ ho≠pw \mń-te-bvs°-Øp-∂p.

\mSns‚ ZrjvSn-Iƒ Abmsf Ak-z-ÿ-\m-°p-∂n-√. Hscm-‰-bm-s\-t∏mse XnI™ Xm≥t]m-cn-a-tbmsS

Abmƒ \mihpw ]Xn-Im-chpw hnX-®p-sIm≠v apt∂-dp-∂p. Xs∂ Pbn-en-e-b-®-h-tcm-Sp-ff Abm-fpsS

]Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \mSv CS-s]-Sp-∂n-√. Ah¿ ImgvN-I-≠p-\n¬°p-I-amXw sNøp-∂p. kuµ-c-y-ap-ff

s]Ïn-S-mß-sf√mw X\n-°-\p- -hn-°m-\p-ffhcm-sW-∂-a- n¬ Abmƒ s]cp-am-dn. FXn¿Ø-h-sc-sb√mw

òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn. s]ß-∑m-cpsS am\-sØ-s®m√n CS™ cma≥ B D’hw apgps° ImWn-s√-∂-bmƒ

sh√p-hn-fn-®p. AXp ]mh¿Øn-I-am°pw apºv A]-Xo-£n-Xambn aSn-bn¬ hoW-I-Øn-sb-SpØv Bfl-

c-£-bv°p-th≠n cma≥ Xpcp-Xp-sc-Ip-Øn. apJ-y-ambpw Hcp hnSs‚ th´-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ ]nf-f-bpsS

PohnXw AtXmsS Ah-km-\n-®p. Abmsf HSp-°pI F∂Xv cmas‚ e£-y-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

]nff NØp F∂-hm¿Ø Hcm-tIm-i-tØm-sS-bmWv cma≥ t]mepw kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \m´p-Im¿ X¬°mew

cmas\ hmgvØn-∏m-Sp-∂p-sh-¶nepw sIme-]m-X-Iw, t]meokv tIkv, ]X-ym-Lm-X-ßƒ F∂n-h-tbm¿Ø-tXmsS

Ahs\ Xf-fn-∏-d-bm\pw AI-‰n-\n¿Øm\pw [rXn-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]`m-I-c≥]n-ff hm’-e-y-\n-[n-bmb Hc-—-\m-bn-cp-∂p. h∂ DS≥ Abmƒ a-°ƒ°mbn

s]mXn-™p-hm-ßp∂ _nkvI-‰v, cmXn-tbmsS a°-fp-W¿∂p ImWm-\p-f-f-Xn-c°v F√mw Abm-fpsS

kz-`m-h-Øns‚ adp-hiw ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂p. Hc-—-s\bpw `¿Øm-hn-s\bpw a\-]q¿∆-a-s√-¶nepw C√mbva

sNbvX-h-\mWv Xs\∂ t_m[-Øn\v apºn-emWv cma≥ \n -lm-b-\m-hp-∂Xv s]cp-h-gn-b-º-e-Ønse

IYm-]m-X-ß-tfm-tcm-cp-Øcpw angn-hp-f-f-h¿ Xs∂. tZh-bm\n i‡-bmb kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-am-Wv.


School of Distance EducationF√m-h-cp-ap≠mbncp∂p F∂p Zp:-J-Om-b-bn¬ ]d-bp∂ Ahƒ°v h√-t∏mgpw hcp∂ he-y-Ωbpw h∂p-

t]m-Im-\p-ff -Ip-d®p "]‰p--Imcp-'ta Df-fq. cmas‚ "NoØ-ÿew' F∂ ]cm-a¿iw Ahsf s]m´n-sØ-dn-∏n-°-∂p.

Ahs‚ Zo\-X-I≠v DS≥Xs∂ Ahƒ Aen-bp-∂p-ap-≠v. cma≥ H-fn®pXma-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff bYm¿∞-

Im-cWw Adn-™-tXmsS Ahƒ°v Ah-t\m-Sp-ff hm’-eyw IqSn-btX Df-fq. Hcp Nmbv]nepw

Xm\-hs\ AS-®n-Sp-I-bn-s√∂pw Ip∂p apgp-h≥ HmSn-\-S-∂p-sIm-f-fm\pw Ahƒ cma-t\mSp ]d-bp-∂p.

s]ß-∑m¿ ASnbpw sXmgnbpw sImf-fp-tºmƒ Xm\-hnsS kz-ÿ-ambn Ign-bp-∂-Xn¬ kpJ-an-s√∂

Ahs‚ [¿Ω-k-¶Sw Ahsf B¿Z-bm-°p-∂p.

]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-tbmSv `b-s∏-SmsX kwkm-cn-°p∂ ]c-ap-]n-f-f, "BW-Ø-Øns‚ sNmSn-Im-Wn®

Htc-sbmcp DW-°-s°m-ffn' bmb cmas\ aI-s\-t∏m-se-bmWv ]cn-N-cn-®-Xv. ]cp-°-\mb B a\p-j-y≥

IÆp-\n-d-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ahs\ ]mXn-cbv°v \mSp-I-S-Øp-∂-Xv. "\obpw ]ntf-fcpw Cd-ßn-t∏m-bmepw

c≠m-sem-∂-dnbpw hsc Ah≥ ho´n¬ \n∂n-d-ßn√' F∂p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv ]c-ap-\m-b¿ Xs‚ icn-I-fn¬

hni-z-kn-°p∂ Krl-ÿ-\mbn ]X-y-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. BZyw i¶n-°p-Ibpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nepw

ao\m£n ItaW aI-s\-t∏mse Ahs\ Icp-Xm≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂p.

]c-ap-]n-f-f-bpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw ]h¿Øn-°p∂ hni-zw-`-c≥, kz¥w kpc-£-sb-°p-dn®v

kZm t_m[-hm-\m-Wv. ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-tbm-Sp-ff iXp-X-sIm≠v IqSn-bmWv Abmƒ cmas‚ kwc-£-Wbv°p

a≤-y-h¿Øn-bm-b-Xv. tZh-bm-\n-bpsS IpSn-en¬ \n∂n-d-ßn-b-tXmsS cma≥ Abmƒ°v Fß-s\bpw

Hgn-hm-t°≠ _m[-y-X-bm-hp-∂p. ]nSn-sIm-Sp-Ømepw Ahn-sS-bp-f-f-h-cpsS t]cp-]-d-b-cp-sX-∂-bmƒ

Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂-≠v. Kma-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ bYm¿∞-Nn-Xhpw angn-hp-ff Bhn-jv°-c-W-hp-amWv

s]cp-h-gn-b-º-ew. cma-t\m-Sp-ff \m´p-Im-cpsS A`n-\-µ-\-`mhw ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS ac-W-tØmsS

amdn-a-dn-bp-∂p. acWw Bscbpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc almt\m kl-Xm-]m¿lt\m B°p-∂p-≠m-Imw.

s]ß-∑msc kwc-£n-°m≥ th≠n-bp-ff ia-Øn¬, a\-]q¿∆-a-√msX cma≥ sN∂p-s]´ sIme-]m-X-I-°p-‰w,

G‰hpw kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn s]cp-hgn amXw KXn-bm-hp∂ Ahs‚ XnI™ A\m-Y-X-z -Øn¬

Ah-km-\n-°p-I-bm-Wv.



eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ

1. "Chn-Sn-s∂-t¥-ep-sam∂p \S°pw' ˛ kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

2. "BWp-ßsf Bt£-]n-°m≥ \S-°p∂ Ae-h-emXn' ˛ h‡m-hm-cv? "BWp--ßsf'°pdn-®p-ff

Abm-fpsS k¶-ev]-sa-¥v?

3. A—≥ F∂-\n-e-°p-ff ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS hy-‡n-Xzw

4. s]ß-∑m-cp-sS-b-SpØv cma≥ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ ]nSn-hn-´p-t]m-Ip∂ kz-`m-hw.

5. "\obm C∂m-ńs‚ Zpjvt]cv' ˛ kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

6. A—-s\-°p-dn-®p-ff cmas‚ \jvS-t_m[w ]I-S-am-Ip∂ cwK-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

7. ]c-ap-\m-b-cpsS kz-`m-h-Nn-Xo-I-cWw \n¿∆-ln-°p-I.

8. "Ch\pw Hcp hb-‰o-∂p-t]m-∂-h≥X∂m' ˛ kµ¿`-ta-Xv?

9. "Cu \mó-sNm-tWsS Hcp sNmSn-∏v, BZyw ImWp-∂Xv B DW-°-s°m-f-fntbem' ˛

kml-N-c-y-ta-Xv? h‡m-hm-cv?

10. ]`m-I-c≥]n-f-f-bpsS acWw cma-\n-ep-≠m-°nb ]Xn-I-c-Ww.

11. tZh-bm-\n-cm-a-t\mSp s]mń-sØ-dn-°m≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v?

12. he-y-Ωbpw tZh-bm-\nbpw cma\p ]nb-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-Øo¿∂-sX-ß-s\?

13. "Fs‚ tam≥ Cu Ip∂p apgp-h≥ HmSn-\-St∂m' F∂v tZh-bm\n ]d-bm-\n-S-bmb kml-N-c-yw.

14. "CXns‚tSev \ns‚ Ftf-s]Æv Hcp th≠m-Xo\w ImWn®p' ˛ F¥m-bn-cp∂p th≠m-Xo-\w?

15. "F\n-°ns∏m Atß-tcm-Sm-a-Xn-∏. H∂p-an-t√epw CtXw t]sc t]Sn-∏n-®p-\n¿Øm≥ Atß¿s°m-Øt√m'

cma≥ Bsc-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p? kml-N-c-y-ta-Xv?

16. "Fs‚ I™o-∏m-‰-bn-St√' F∂v hni-zw-`-c≥ ]d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?

17. Xnc-°-Y-bpsS BZy Zri-yhpw Ah-km-\-Zr-i-yhpw Xmc-X-ayw sNøp-I`

D]-\-ymkw

1. "s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew' F∂ io¿j-I-Øns‚ ]k‡n ]cn-tim-[n-°pI

2. "s]cp-h-gn-bºe'Ønse Zri-y-`mj FX-tØmfw ka¿∞-am-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

H‰-hm-°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI

1. "b£n' BcpsS cN-\-bm-Wv?

2. 1981 se tIc-f-km-ln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv e`n® ae-bm-‰q¿ IrXn

3. ae-bm-‰q¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX ]i-kvX-IrXn

4. "Acn-in-s®-Snbm' F∂v s\√n-s\-∏‰n tNmZn-°p-∂Xv thcp-I-fnse GXp-I-Ym-]m-X-am-Wv?

5. cLp-hn\v Pohn-X-Øn¬ G-‰hpw hen-b-I-S-∏m-Sp-f-fXv Btcm-Sm-Wv?

6. ]fl-cm-P\v 1972 se tIc-f-km-ln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv t\Sn-s°m-SpØ IrXn-bmWv ............

7. 1979 ¬ G‰hpw \√ ô®¿ ^nen-am-bn-sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ ]fl-cm-P≥ kn\na

8. cma\v A`bw sImSp-°p∂ kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ t]cv

10. 1979 ¬ cmjvS-]-Xn-bpsS cP-X-I-a¬t\-Snb ]fl-cm-P≥ kn\na

11. Ddq-ºns‚ ]i-kvX-amb IY-I-fn-sem-∂mWv ................................... (cm-®n-b-Ω)

12. Ddq-ºv F∂-t]-cn¬ Fgp-Xn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ kmln-X-y-Im-c≥

13. "Bcm-[\-'bnse apJ-y-I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ t]cv

14. "DΩm®p'hns‚ -c-N-bn-Xmhv

15. "DΩm®p'hns‚ ]i-kvX-t\m-h-ep-I-fn-sem∂v.


School of Distance Education16. hn.-sI.-F≥ F∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ apgp-h≥ t]cv.

17. 1982 se tIµ kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv t\Snb hn.-sI.-F≥ IrXn.

18. "lmP-ymcv' F∂ IY-bpsS cN-bn-Xmhv

19. k¿NmØp BcpsS IYm-]m-X-am-Wv?

20. "Btcm-lWW'Øns‚ Cw•ojv ]cn-`m-j-bpsS t]cv?

21. "Nµ-\-a-c-ßƒ' Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.

22. am[-hn-°pń Fgp-Xnb bmXm-hn-h-c-Ww.

23. sI.-F≥; taml-\-h¿Ω-bp-ambn tN¿∂v am[-hn-°pń Fgp-Xnb t\mh¬.

24. "\jvS-s∏´ \oemw-_-cn-'bpsS cN-bn-Xm-hv?

25. am[-hn-°p-ń-bpsS Bfl-I-Y-bpsS t]cv?

26. "tIi-hs‚ hnem-]-ßƒ' Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-cv?

27. "Hcp ZfnXv bph-Xn-bpsS IZ-\-IY'bpsS cN-bn-Xmhv

28. "\·-\mbn Xºp-cm≥' cNn-®-Xm-cv?

29. "aø-gn-∏p-g-bpsS Xoc-ß-fnse apJ-y-I-Ym-]m-X-am-Wv.

30. Z¬ln 1981 se ImgvN-I-≠p-\n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ

31. hf-f-tØmƒ cNn® alm-Im-hyw

32. hf-f-tØmƒ Fgp-Xnb ]pcm-W-hn-j-b-amb JWvU-Im-h-yw.

33. EtK-z-Z-kw-lnX hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xm-cv.

34. "kmln-X-y-a-RvPcn' FX `mK-ß-fp-≠v?

35. ]nwK-f, IcpW F∂n-hbv°p kam-\-ambn hf-f-tØmƒ cNn® JWvUImh-y-amWv

36. "IpSn-sb-mgn-°¬' Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-cv?

37. sshtem-∏n-ffn cNn® Imh-y-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ

38. "HmW-∏m-´p-Im¿' Fgp-Xn-b-Xv?

39. \ng-e-√n-Xp-\o-sf-∏p-f-fn-bmbv amt©m-ń¬ ˛ ]ns∂ BcmWv?

40. "Du™m-en¬' F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ ]cm-a¿in°s∏-Sp-∂, iIp-¥-f-bpsS Hma-\-bmb h\-tP-ym-’

-\-bpsS t]cv?

41. "Ifn-b-—≥' Fgp-Xnb Ihn

42. "Xma-c-tØmWn' Fgp-Xn-bXv Bcv?

43. ˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ °pt-h≠n

®cn-°p∂ temI ˛

Pz-c-ß-fm-Wn-∂n≥

a\p-j-y¿ \mw Ipt™

ad-°m-Xn-cn°

45. ˛ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ sam∂n≥

_en-t®m-c-bmWo

ac-®m-‰p-t]mepw

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school of distance education aebmf kmln-x-y-]-cn-nb of distance education common course in malayalam...

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