school of engineering systems engineering program emis department systems engineering approach to...

School of Engineering Systems Engineering Program EMIS Department

Systems Engineering Approach to Analysis of the Control/Communications Security

Systems of the United States Critical Infrastructure with Emphasis on

New Technology of the U.S. Ports

Susan Vandiver, P.E.

Gerard Ibarra

Dr. Jerrell Stracener


Contents of Presentation

• Systems Engineering Objective• Systems Engineering Process• Problem Statement

– Background Information– Defining the Critical Infrastructure– The Port of Houston

• Investigate the Alternatives– Security Technology – USCG– Security Technology – CBP– Security Technology of the Highway Transportation

System

• Conclusion


Objective

The objective of this paper is to apply systems engineering processes to the analysis of new U.S. port control/ communication security systems.

The ports are viewed as a subsystem of the critical infrastructure of the United States.

This research is for the benefit of the stakeholders and society.


Systems Engineering

Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary process that ensures that the customer’s needs are satisfied throughout a system’s entire life cycle. The process is comprised of the following seven tasks:

1. State the problem,

2. Investigate the alternatives,

3. Model the system,

4. Integrate,

5. Launch the system,

6. Assess performance,

7. Re-evaluate (INCOSE, 2005)


1. State the Problem

a. The problem is to determine the best system to mitigate the risk due to terrorism of the ports and the U.S. critical infrastructure.

b. The critical infrastructure can be viewed as a system-of-systems in which the infrastructure subsystems that compose it are highly interconnected and mutually dependent in complex ways.


1. State the Problem (cont.)

c. Identifying, understanding, and analyzing the interdependencies among infrastructure systems has taken on increasing importance in the last few years.


What is Systems Engineering?

• A system is:– An integrated composite of people, products,

and processes that provide a capability to satisfy a stated need or objective

• Systems engineering is:– an interdisciplinary process that ensures that

the customer’s needs are satisfied throughout a system’s entire life cycle.


Systems Engineering is Multi-disciplined and uses Multiple Viewpoints

• Engineering• Management• Logistics• Reliability• Maintainability• Usability• Human Factors• Integrated Risk

Management

• Systems Engineering is from the viewpoint of the stakeholders:– Port Authority– Coast Guard– Customs and Border

Protection– Pilots– Workers– Shippers– Plus many others


Public Law 107-56 Oct. 26, 2001USA Patriot Act

Section 1016 - Critical Infrastructures Protection Act of 2001

Definition of Critical Infrastructure

Systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters.


Critical Infrastructures Protection Act of 2001 (cont.)

• Private business, government, and the national security apparatus increasingly depend on an interdependent network of critical physical and information infrastructures, including telecommunications, energy, financial services, water, and transportation sectors.

• This national effort requires extensive modeling and analytic capabilities for purposes of evaluating appropriate mechanisms to ensure the stability of these complex and interdependent systems.

• It is the policy of the US that any physical or virtual disruption of the operation of the critical infrastructures of the US be rare, brief, geographically limited in effect, manageable, and minimally detrimental to the economy, human and government service, and national security of the US.


The National Strategy for Homeland Security - 2002

Ensuring the security of global trading system is essential to our security and world commerce. Some 16 million shipping containers enter the US each year; roughly two-thirds come from 20 “mega” seaports. The US will work with its trade partners to increase security in these ports, establish greater controls over containers, pre-screen containers before they arrive in America, and develop technologies to track in-transit containers.


Maritime and Transportation SecurityAct (MTSA) of 2002

• US Facility and Vulnerability Assessment • Vessel and Facility Security Plans• Automated ID Systems (AIS)• Foreign Port Assessments• Enhanced Crewmember ID• International Seafarer ID• Transportation Security Cards• Port Security Research and Development Grants• Technical Amendments to the Trade Act of 2002 • Performance Standards


The Container Security Initiative (CSI)

• Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers are deployed to work with host nation counterparts to target all containers that pose a potential threat for terrorism.

• Its purpose is to protect containerized shipping from exploitation by terrorists.

• CBP uses intelligence to screen information on 100% of cargo entering our seaports, and all cargo that presents a risk to our country is inspected using large x-ray and radiation detection equipment.


Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)

• C-TPAT is a cooperative program between CBP and members of the international trade community in which private companies agree to improve the security of their supply chains in return for a reduced likelihood that their containers will be inspected.

• Over 5,000 participants


International Ship and Port Security Code

• Risk Management Concept embodied in the ISPS– Ship requirements

• Ship security plans• Ship security officers• Company security officers• Certain onboard equipment

– Port facilities requirements• Port security plans• Port security officers• Certain security equipment

– In addition, ships and ports requirements• Monitoring and access control• Monitoring the activities of people and cargo• Ensuring security communications are readily available


GAO Homeland Security Testimony before Congress Preliminary Observations of

Cargo Containers

“A terrorist incident at a seaport, in addition to killing people and causing physical damage, could have serious economic consequences. In a 2002 simulation of a terrorist attack involving cargo containers, every seaport in the United States was shut down, resulting in a loss of $58 billion in revenue to the U.S. economy, including spoilage, loss of sales, and manufacturing slowdowns and halts in production.”


U.S. Critical Infrastructure

PDD-63 (May 1998)Patriot Act (October

2001)National Strategy for Homeland

Security (July 2002)

National Plan for Research and Development in Support of

Critical Infrastructure Protection (2004)

Telecommunications Telecommunications Information and Telecommunications TelecommunicationsBanking and Finance Financial Services Banking and Finance Banking and FinanceTransportation Transportation Sectors Transportation Transportation SystemsEnergy Energy Energy EnergyWater Systems Water Water WaterEmergency Services Public Health Public Health and Healthcare

Chemical ChemicalFood Agriculture and FoodAgriculture Postal and ShippingPostal and Shipping Defense Industrial BaseGovernment Emergency ServicesDefense Industry Information Technology

Key Assets Key ResourcesHistoric Attractions National Monuments and IconsNational Monuments DamsIcons Government FacilitiesEvents Nuclear Reactors

Materials and Waste


Infrastructure System Block Diagram

Critical Infrastructure System – Transportation Interdependencies/

Connectivity Layer

Agriculture & Food

GovernmentTransportation

Telecom

Banking & Finance

Energy Water

Emergency Services

Chemical

Electrical Power

Inputs to Transportation

Outputs from Transportation

Outside Effects on Transportation:Stakeholders

EnvironmentalTerrorist

AccidentsOther


Infrastructure - Example of Interdependencies

Aluminum(Russia)

Port ofTacoma

Machine Shop

Refinery

Port ofHouston

EnterpriseFuel


2. Investigate the Alternatives


22ndnd largest petrochem facility in largest petrochem facility in the worldthe world

7600 deep draft vessel arrivals 7600 deep draft vessel arrivals annuallyannually

Over 700 vessel transits dailyOver 700 vessel transits daily

40 Liquefied gas tanker 40 Liquefied gas tanker movements per weekmovements per week

Passenger cruise ships weeklyPassenger cruise ships weekly

#1 port for U.S. ship arrivals#1 port for U.S. ship arrivals

#1 port for U.S. foreign tonnage#1 port for U.S. foreign tonnage

53 mile Houston Ship Channel53 mile Houston Ship Channel

180 designated waterfront 180 designated waterfront facilitiesfacilities

50% U.S. gasoline refined in 50% U.S. gasoline refined in portport

Courtesy of USCG

Description of the Port of Houston


MARSEC One“New Normalcy”

Intel & PartneringHarbor Patrol

Air Surveillance

MARSEC Three“Incident Imminent”

Physical Control

MARSEC Two“Heightened Risk”

Targeted Control

Maritime Security Conditions

Courtesy of USCG


MSO Houston-Galveston

VTS Houston

AIRSTA Houston

Air National Guard

Auxiliary Station

CG small boats (Harbor Patrols)

Ship Channel Patrol Boat Helicopter

Vessel boardings

Lightering ZoneGroup

Galveston

MSU Galveston

Comms Site

CCTV

Radar

USCG Shore Unit

USCG Afloat Assets

CG small boatHarbor Patrols

Galveston Bay Ports

Security Measures

Maritime Domain Awareness

- Coastal (i.e., lightering zone)

- Approaches (i.e., at-sea vessel boardings)

- Port (I.e., tracking of commercial vessel transits by Vessel Traffic Service)

Active patrolling (boat/car/air) w/focus on highest risk petrochemical plant concentrations

Courtesy of USCG


• Vessel Traffic Service (VTS)Vessel Traffic Service (VTS)

• Harbor & Shore PatrolsHarbor & Shore Patrols

• Sea MarshalsSea Marshals

• Off-Shore BoardingsOff-Shore Boardings

• Aircraft SurveillanceAircraft Surveillance

• Industry / Pilots – “Eyes & Ears”Industry / Pilots – “Eyes & Ears”

U.S.C.G. Security Measures

Courtesy of USCG


Current Coverage(monitoring 31 vessels)

Courtesy of USCG


Antenna mounted between 150’ - 200’

Courtesy of USCG


2 AIS base stations (existing)

AIS base stations on existing Petrocom- satcom from GA 301

Initial Build Out

AIS base stations on existing Petrocom- satcom from HI A270

Courtesy of USCG


LOOP

East and West Flower Gardens

Lightering

Prohibited

Lightering

Courtesy of USCG


CBP – Smart and Secure Tradelanes

• Operation Safe Commerce– Advanced software– RFID – Electronic seals– Sensors– Satellite communications

• Study by the – Port of Seattle/Tacoma– Port of LA/Long Beach– Port of NY/NJ

• Implemented across the globe


Highway Transportation from the Port of Houston

Port of HoustonWaterways

Disconnects in the Highway Infrastructure


• Mitigating the affects highway disconnects have on the ports through communications systems– Track the vehicles from the port via GPS

• Helps reduce the complexity of making deliveries• Allows shippers to coordinate with customers• Keeps track of sensitive cargo

Highway Transportation from the Port of Houston


Conclusions

• The system for security of the U.S. critical infrastructure and the ports requires an integrated analysis of people, processes and products over the life of the system - systems engineering.


Future Plans

• SMU research will continue the process of applying systems engineering to analyze the interdependencies of the U.S. critical infrastructure.

• My research applies systems engineering principles and practices specifically to the interdependencies of container shipping and the U.S. critical infrastructure resulting a mathematical model and simulation.

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