school psychology ©2008, national association of school psychologists a career that makes a...
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School Psychology
www.nasponline.org ©2008, National Association of School Psychologists
A Career That Makes a Difference
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“Being a school psychologist means providing equitable education for all students and supporting their social, emotional, and academic needs.”
— Wendy Scott, EdS, NCSP
School Psychologist, Vista, CA
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If you want to…
• Help children reach their potential
• Promote children’s mental health
• Work collaboratively with others
• Develop interpersonal and communication skills
• Have a variety of career options
then …
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School Psychology could be the career
for you!
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What is a School Psychologist?
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School Psychologists understand that all children learn when given:
• Adequate supports and resources
• Recognition of their individual needs
• Connection to and trust in adults
• Opportunities to achieve
• Acceptance and encouragement
• Cooperation between school and home
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School Psychologists link mental health to learning and behavior to promote:
• High academic achievement
• Positive social skills and behavior
• Healthy relationships and connectedness
• Tolerance and respect for others
• Competence, self-esteem, and resiliency
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When Do Children Need A School Psychologist?
• Learning difficulties• Behavior concerns• Attention problems• Problems at home or with peers• Fears about war, violence, terrorism• Depression and other mental health issues
• Coping with crisis and trauma• Poverty, violence, or life changing events
• Advocacy of their learning and mental health needs
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What Is the Role of a School Psychologist?
• Assessment• Consultation for student and systems-level change
• Prevention• Intervention• Staff, parent, and student education
• Research and program development• Mental health care• Advocacy
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Assessment
School psychologists work with children, parents and staff to help determine a child’s:
• Academic skills
• Instructional level
• Learning aptitudes, strengths, and weaknesses
• Personality and emotional development
• Social skills and behavioral concerns
• Learning environment
• School climate
• Special education eligibility
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Consultation: Child-Centered
School psychologists: • Provide knowledge to help improve student learning and mental health outcomes
• Implement and manage academic and behavioral interventions
• Help teachers, parents, and other professionals understand a child’s development and learning
• Meet or communicate with others involved with a child to determine the best way of managing or improving a particular concern
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Consultation: Consultee-Centered
School psychologists: • Collaborate with teachers to help them identify classroom-based problems and implement data-based interventions
• Support implementation of effective instruction and behavior management at the classroom level
• Assist parents to develop skills to help their children succeed at home and in school
• Collaborate with the principal and other school personnel to identify systemic concerns and promote systems-level change
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Prevention
School psychologists: • Implement programs to build positive connections between students and adults
• Support early identification of potential academic skill deficits and/or learning difficulties
• Design and implement programs for at-risk children
• Foster tolerance and appreciation of diversity
• Create safe, supportive learning environments
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Intervention
School psychologists: • Work directly with children, teachers, administrators, and families
• Develop individualized classroom, and school-wide interventions for learning and adjustment
• Design and implement crisis response plans
• Provide counseling, social skills training, academic, and behavioral interventions
• Develop strategies for modifying instruction to optimize student progress
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Education
School psychologists provide teachers and parents training in:
• Teaching and learning strategies and interventions
• Parenting and disciplining techniques• Classroom and behavior management
techniques• Working with exceptional students• Strategies to address substance abuse,
risky behaviors, or mental illnesses that affect students
• Crisis prevention and response
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Research and Program Development
School psychologists: • Recommend and implement evidence-based programs and strategies
• Conduct school-based research to inform practice
• Evaluate effectiveness of programs and interventions independently and as part of a school-based consultation team
• Contribute to school-wide reform and restructuring
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Mental Health
School psychologists:
• Deliver school-based mental health services such as group, individual and crisis counseling
• Coordinate with community resources and health care providers to provide students with complete seamless services
• Partner with parents and teachers to create healthy school environments
• Promote mental health in the school setting
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Advocacy
NASP and state professional associations are dedicated to advocacy. School psychologists encourage and sponsor:
• Appropriate education placements• Education reform• Legislative involvement• Community services and programs• Funding for adequate resources• Employment of highly qualified school personnel
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“I enjoy building trusting and caring relationships with students, which I strongly believe promotes learning and positive choices in their future.”
— Claudia Gomez
School Psychologist, Huntington Beach, CA
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Where Do School Psychologists Work?
• Public and private schools
• Private practice
• Colleges and universities
• Community mental health centers
• Institutional/residential facilities
• Pediatric clinics and hospitals
• Criminal justice system
• Public agencies
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Who Are Today’s School Psychologists?
• 74% are women
• 47.5% are over 50 years of age
• Employed:» 83.1% work in public schools
» 5.2% work in private schools
» 6.5% work in universities
» 4.1% work in independent practice
» 7.0% work in other
(Curtis et al., 2006)
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Ethnicity of School Psychologists
Ethnicity %
White/Caucasian 92.6
Hispanic/Latino 3.0
Black/African-American 1.9
Asian-American/Pacific Islander 0.9
American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.8
Other .8
Source: 2004-2005 NASP membership survey
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Ethnicity of the U.S. PopulationEthnicity %
White/Caucasian 70.7
Hispanic/Latino 12.5
Black/African-American 12.3
Asian-American/Pacific Islander 3.6
American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.9
Source: 2000 U.S. Census
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Linguistic Diversity
• 17.9% of the U.S. population over the age of five speaks a language other than English at home
• Approximately 11% of the U.S. population is foreign born
For example, more than 90 foreign languages are spoken by students in the Los Angeles Unified School District in California.
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Demographic Variation
• 26-61% of the population in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, South Carolina, and D.C. is African American
• 25-42% of the population in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas is Hispanic
• Only 5% of school psychologists are African American or Hispanic (Curtis et
al., 2006)Source: 2000 U.S. Census
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“As a Diné (Navajo) school psychologist, I am working back in my ancestral homeland with my people, using my cultural knowledge and indigenous language to provide a diverse service delivery. I am making a difference by being accessible.”
— Elvina Charley, EdS School Psychologist, Chinle, AZ
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Career Opportunities
• Pending retirements have lead to shortage of qualified practitioners
• Current shortage of qualified university faculty in school psychology
• Wide gap between ethnicity of practicing school psychologists and students served
• Serious need for more ethnic and linguistic diversity in the field
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A Great Career Choice
• Work with children who need you
• Help parents and educators
• Enjoy a flexible school schedule
• Have a variety of responsibilities
• Receive training in useful skills
• Choose from a variety of work settings
• Have confidence in the stability of your position
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Rise to the Challenge!
• Children in difficult situations need solutions to difficult problems
• Parents need ideas for managing children’s behavior and mental health
• Teachers need help working with students’ varied educational needs and behaviors
• Society needs mentally healthy, well-educated children
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“I wanted a career that focused on youth advocacy in the schools but would allow me to integrate my passion for cultural awareness, equity and diversity into the school community.”
— Cristina Noel
School Psychologist, Dartmouth, MA
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So how do I become a School Psychologist?
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Undergraduate Training
• Must complete a Bachelor’s degree• Consider an education, psychology or related field
• Take courses in» Child development» General and child psychology» Statistics, measurement, and research» Philosophy and theory of education» Instruction and curriculum» Special education
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Graduate Training
• Education Specialist» In most states, certification as a school psychologist requires training at the specialist level.
» Specialist-level training includes 60 graduate semester credits in school psychology
» Specialist-level degrees can be identified by several acronyms including; Educational Specialist (EdS), Masters (MA, MS, MEd) and Certificate of Advanced Graduate Studies (CAGS/CAS) etc.
- or -• Doctorate (PhD, PsyD or EdD)
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Graduate Training- Program Length
• Specialist-level: 3-4 years (60+ semester credit hours) of full-time training including a 1200-hour internship*
• Doctorate: 5+ years or more (90+ semester credit hours) of full-time training including a minimum 1500-hour internship*, and dissertation
» *At least (600) hours of the internship must be completed in a school setting.
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Graduate Coursework
• Learning theory • Psychological assessment and
intervention• Consultation skills• Diversity and multiculturalism • Normal and abnormal development• School organizational systems• Counseling theory and practice• Statistics and research• Applied behavior analysis
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Choosing a Graduate Program
• Specialist vs. Doctoral degree• NASP approval/alignment and/or APA
accreditation• Size of cohort and location of program• Department of Education or Psychology• Theoretical orientation• Specialties (e.g., early childhood,
low incidence, urban, rural, bilingual etc.)
• Research opportunities• Financial support
(assistantships/fellowships)
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Applying to a Graduate Program
• GRE: Graduate Record Exam» Some programs may require the GRE—Psychology
• Undergraduate transcripts
• Letters of recommendation
• Personal statement(s)
• Practice or research interests
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“School psychology is a career that uniquely offers daily challenges and rewards, all within a collaborative setting.”
— Allison Nebbergall, Graduate Student University of Maryland –College Park
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Questions?
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Job Outlook?
• Excellent both at present and long-term!
• Not enough graduates to meet demand• Retirement will soon open many positions
• School Psychology was named one of the “best careers” for 2008 by US News and World Report
www.usnews.com/articles/business/best-careers/2007/12/19/school psychologist-executive-summary.html
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What types of salaries do School Psychologists receive?
• Median salaries range from $47,880.00 to $67,070.00, while top salaries can exceed $100,000.
• Mean per diem salary for practitioners at the specialist level is $287.00 and $350.00 at the doctoral level.» However, many school systems do not make salary distinctions between doctoral and non-doctoral school psychologists.
• Salaries for school psychologists vary by state and region.
(Curtis et al., 2007)
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FAQ: How does a School Psychologist differ from a school counselor?
School Counselor School Psychologist
At least 2 yrs grad school At least 3 yrs grad school
Trained in ed./counseling Trained in ed./psychology
Individual and group counseling addressing a variety of issues, career
planning, and course scheduling
Assessment, consultation, behavioral/academic intervention, crisis
prevention/intervention, individual /group
counseling, and program evaluation
Employed in public schools and university
advisement centers
Employed in public/private schools, private practice, mental health centers, and
universities
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FAQ: How does a school psychologist differ from a child psychologist?
School psychologists focus on how social emotional issues, family problems, neurological factors, and mental illness affect learning
Child clinical psychologists:
• Usually work in a hospital, mental health center, private clinic, or university setting
• Are not typically trained in education, instruction, or classroom management
• Do not focus primarily on the multiple factors that affect learning
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“In School Psychology I found a way to indulge my interest in schools, psychology, sociology, leadership, and team work.”
— Ryan Estrellado School Psychologist, Chula Vista, CA
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References/Resources
Curtis, M. J., Lopez, A.D., Batsche, G. M., & Smith, J. C. (2006, March). School psychology 2005: A national perspective. Paper presented at the annual convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, Anaheim, CA.
Curtis, M. J., Lopez, A. D., Batsche, G. M., Minch, D., & Abshier, D. (2007, March). Status report on school psychology: A national perspective. Paper presented at the annual convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, New York City.
Fagan, T. K., & Wise, P. S. (2007). School psychology: Past, present, and future 3rd Ed. Bethesda: NASP.
Hosp, J. L., & Reschly, D. J. (2002). Regional differences in school psychology practice. School Psychology Review, 31, 11-29.
Thomas, A. & Grimes, J. (2008). Best practices in school psychology V. Bethesda: NASP.
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For more information, contact: National Association of School Psychologists(301) 657-0270 www.nasponline.org