Data BookletData Booklet

SCIE

NC

ESC

IEN

CE

SCIE

NC

E

Table of Contents

Page

1 General Formulas and Data Units and Prefixes

2 Kinematics and Dynamics Formulas Gravitational and Electric Fields Astronomy Data

3 Electricity Formulas Wave Formulas

4 Electrochemistry Geological Time-Line Thermodynamics

6 Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions

8 Nuclear Chemistry

9 Organic Chemistry

10 Solutions

11 Acids and Bases

13 Genetics

14 Scoring Descriptions for Standards Setting Cover design interpretation of matter coalescing to form planets, atoms, and DNA in the presence of electromagnetic energy by Nathan A. Smith of Alberta Education. Copyright 2007, the Crown in Right of Alberta, as represented by the Minister of Education, Alberta Education, Learner Assessment, 44 Capital Boulevard, 10044 108 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 5E6, and its licensors. All rights reserved. Special permission is granted to Alberta educators only to reproduce, for educational purposes and on a non-profit basis, this document or any of its parts.

1

General Formulas and Data Formulas and Data Distilled Water at

slope = riserun

= yx

ΔΔ

= 2 1

2 1

y yx x

−−

percent differencefrom theoretical value = experimental value theoretical value

theoretical value− × 100%

percent efficiency = ( )outputinput

100%

magnification = ( )power ofocular lens ( )power of

objective lens

Room Temperature (25 ºC) and Standard Pressure (101.325 kPa)

Volume Mass Density

1.0 mL or 1.0 cm3 1.0 g 1.0 g/cm3

1.0 L or 1.0 dm3 1.0 kg 1.0 kg/dm3

Units and Prefixes

Prefix Symbol Factor by Which Base Unit Is Multiplied

tera T 1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 giga G 1 000 000 000 = 109 mega M 1 000 000 = 106 kilo k 1 000 = 103 hecto h 100 = 102 deca da 10 = 101

Common Base Units* 1 = 100

deci d 0.1 = 10–1 centi c 0.01 = 10–2 milli m 0.001 = 10–3 micro μ 0.000 001 = 10–6 nano n 0.000 000 001 = 10–9 pico p 0.000 000 000 001 = 10–12

*metre (m), gram (g), litre (L), mole (mol)

Some Non-SI Units Used with SI

Quantity Unit Name Symbol Definition

Time minute hour day year (annum)

min h d a

1 min = 60 s 1 h = 3 600 s 1 d = 86 400 s 1 a = 31 557 600 s

Area hectare ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 10 000 m2

Volume litre L 1 L = 1 000 cm3 Mass metric ton or tonne t 1 t = 1 000 kg

= 1 Mg Pressure standard atmosphere atm 1 atm = 101.325 kPa

2

Kinematics and Dynamics Formulas

v = dt

ΔΔ

v = dt

ΔΔ

a = vt

ΔΔ

= f iv v

t

−Δ

netF = ma

netF = a f+F F

W = F dΔ

P = Wt

dΔ = ( ) 21i 2

tv t aΔ Δ+

dΔ = i f+2

v vtΔ

p = mv

pΔ = F tΔ , pΔ = f ip p−

F = f i( )m v v

t

−Δ

pE = mgh

kE = 212

mv

v = average speed (m/s)

v = average velocity (m/s)

d = distance (m)

d = displacement (m)

t = time elapsed (s)

a = acceleration (m/s2)

F = force (kg.m/s2 or N)

netF = net force (N)

aF = applied force (N)

fF = force of friction (N)

F = magnitude of a force (N)

m = mass (kg)

W = work (N.m or J)

P = power (J/s or W)

Δ = change in

F tΔ = impulse

p = momentum (kg.m/s)

pE = gravitational potential energy (J)

g = magnitude of acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

kE = kinetic energy (J)

Gravitational and Electric Fields gF = mg

g = 2

Gm

r

E = 2

kq

r

gF = force due to gravity (N)

m = mass (kg)

G = gravitational constant = 6.67 × 10–11 N.m2/kg2

r = radius or centre-to-centre distance (m)

g = magnitude of gravitational field strength (N/kg)

k = Coulomb’s law constant = 8.99 × 109 N.m2/C2

q = electrostatic charge in coulombs (C)

E = electric field strength (N/C)

Astronomy Data Mass of Earth = 5.98 × 1024 kg

Radius of Earth = 6.37 × 106 m

Mass of sun = 1.99 × 1030 kg

1 light-year = 9.47 × 1015 m

1 AU (astronomical unit) = 1.50 × 1011 m

Average acceleration due to gravity on surface of Earth = 9.81 m/s2

Average gravitational field strength on surface of Earth = 9.81 N/kg

Collisions

Hit and rebound:

1 1 2 2+m v m v = 1 1 2 2m v m v′ ′+

Hit and stick:

1 1 2 2+m v m v = ( )1 1 and 22m m v+ ′

Explosion:

( )1 2 1 and 2m m v+ = 1 1 2 2m v m v′ ′+

3

Electricity Formulas P = ,IV P = 2I R

V = IR

E = Pt

For resistances connected in series

TR = 1 2 3+ + + nR R R R…

R = resistance (Ω)

P = power (W)

I = current (A)

V = voltage (V)

E = energy (J) t = time elapsed (s)

For resistances connected in parallel

T

1R

= 1 2 3

+ + +1 1 1 1

nR R R R…

Transformers

p

s

N

N = p

s

V

V, p

s

N

N = s

p

I

I, p

s

V

V = s

p

I

I

N = number of turns

p = primary

s = secondary

Related value: 1.00 kilowatt hour = 1.00 kW • h = 3.60 × 106 J

Wave Formulas v = fλ

c = fλ

v = speed of wave (m/s)

c = speed of electromagnetic radiation in air or vacuum (3.00 × 108 m/s)

f = frequency (Hz or 1/s)

λ = wavelength (m)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

4

Electrochemistry Activity Series for 1.0 mol/L Solution at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa

Reduction Half-Reaction

Incr

easi

ng s

tren

gth

of r

eact

ant a

s an

oxi

dizi

ng a

gent

Au3+(aq)

Hg2+(aq)

Ag+(aq)

Cu2+(aq)

2H+(aq)

Pb2+(aq) Sn2+(aq)

Ni2+(aq)

Cd2+(aq)

Fe2+(aq)

Zn2+(aq)

Cr2+(aq)

Al3+(aq)

Mg2+(aq)

Na+(aq)

Ca2+(aq)

Li+(aq)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

3e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

3e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

2e–

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→ → →

→ → →

→ →

Au(s)

Hg(l)

Ag(s) Cu(s)

H2(g)

Pb(s) Sn(s)

Ni(s)

Cd(s)

Fe(s)

Zn(s)

Cr(s)

Al(s)

Mg(s)

Na(s)

Ca(s)

Li(s)

Increasing strength of reactant as a reducing agent

Thermodynamics Heat Capacities of Selected Substances at 25 °C

Compound

Specific Heat Capacity (J/g.°C) or (kJ/kg.°C)

Water H2O(l) 4.19 Ice (at 0 °C) H2O(s) 2.11 Water Vapour (at 100 °C) H2O(g) 2.08 Methanol CH3OH(l) 2.53 Ethanol C2H5OH(l) 2.44 Hexane C6H14(l) 2.27 Toluene C7H8(l) 1.71 Air mixture of N2(g), O2(g), CO2(g), and trace gases

1.01

Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Compounds

Compound Melting Point

(°C) Boiling Point

(°C) Heat of Fusion

(kJ/mol) Heat of Vaporization

(kJ/mol)

Water H2O(l) 0.00 100.00 6.01 40.66 Hexane C6H14(l) –95.35 68.73 13.08 28.85 Ethanol C2H5OH(l) –114.14 78.29 4.93 38.56 Methanol CH3OH(l) –97.53 64.6 3.22 35.21 Toluene C7H8(l) –94.95 110.63 6.64 33.18

Geological Time-Line

5

Standard Heats of Formation of Selected Compounds at 25 °C Compound Formula Δ fHº (kJ/mol)

ammonia NH3(g) –45.9 benzene C6H6(l) +49.1 butane C4H10(g) –125.7 calcium carbonate CaCO3(s) –1 207.6 calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2(s) –985.2 carbon dioxide CO2(g) –393.5 carbon monoxide CO(g) –110.5 ethane C2H6(g) –84.0

ethanoic acid (acetic acid) CH3COOH(l) –484.3

ethanol C2H5OH(l) –277.6

ethene (ethylene) C2H4(g) +52.4

ethyne (acetylene) C2H2(g) +227.4

glucose C6H12O6(s) –1 273.3

hydrogen sulfide H2S(g) –20.6

methane CH4(g) –74.6

methanol CH3OH(l) –239.2

nitrogen dioxide NO2(g) +33.2

nitrogen monoxide NO(g) +91.3

octane C8H18(l) –250.1

pentane C5H12(l) –173.5

propane C3H8(g) –103.8

sucrose C12H22O11(s) –2 226.1

sulfur dioxide SO2(g) –296.8

sulfur trioxide SO3(g) –395.7

water (liquid) H2O(l) –285.8

water (gas) H2O(g) –241.8

Note: Elements from periodic table are given a value of zero. Negative sign (–) denotes exothermic change. Positive sign (+) denotes endothermic change.

Energy Formulas

Q = mc tΔ

fus HΔ = Qn

vap HΔ = Qn

r HΔ = Σ fn HΔ products – Σ fn HΔ reactants

Q = quantity of heat energy (J or kJ)

m = mass (g or kg)

fus HΔ = heat of fusion (kJ/mol)

vap HΔ = heat of vaporization (kJ/mol)

c = specific heat capacity (J/g.°C or kJ/kg.°C)

tΔ = change in temperature (°C)

n = amount in moles (mol)

r HΔ = energy change of reaction (kJ)

Σ = the sum of

f HΔ = standard molar heat (enthalpy) of formation (kJ/mol)

57

lanthanum138.91

La

89

actinium(277)

Ac

Ac3+

actinium

La3+

lanthanum

Pa5+

protactinium(V)

Pa4+

protactinium(IV)

Ion chargeStock name (IUPAC)

Symbol of ion

Cs+

cesium

Rb+

rubidium

K+

potassium

Na+

sodium

Li+ lithium

H+

hydrogen

1

hydrogen1.01

H

3

lithium6.94

Li

11

sodium22.99

Na

19

potassium39.10

K

37

rubidium85.47

Rb

55

cesium132.91

Cs

87

francium(223)

Fr

Sr2+

strontium

Ca2+

calcium

Mg2+

magnesium

Be2+

beryllium

Y3+

yttrium

Sc3+

scandium

Hf4+

hafnium

Zr4+

zirconium

Ti4+

titanium(IV)

Ti3+

titanium(III)

22

titanium47.87

Ti

40

zirconium91.22

Zr

72

hafnium 178.49

Hf

104 rutherfordium(266)

Rf

58

cerium140.12

Ce

90

thorium232.04

Th

Th4+

thorium

Ce3+

cerium

Ta5+

tantalum

Nb5+

niobium(V)

Nb3+

niobium(III)

V5+

vanadium(V)

V4+

vanadium(IV)

23

vanadium50.94

V

41

niobium92.91

Nb

73

tantalum180.95

Ta

105 dubnium(262)

Db

59

praseodymium140.91

Pr

91

protactinium231.04

Pa

Pa5+

protactinium(V)

Pa4+

protactinium(IV)

Pr3+

praseodymium

W6+

tungsten

Mo6+

molybdenum

Cr3+

chromium(III)

Cr2+

chromium(II)

24

chromium52.00

Cr

42

molybdenum95.94

Mo

74

tungsten183.84

W

106 seaborgium(266)

Sg

60

neodymium144.24

Nd

92

uranium238.03

U

U6+

uranium(VI)

U4+

uranium(IV)

Nd3+

neodymium

Re7+

rhenium

Tc7+

technetium

Mn2+

manganese(II)

Mn4+

manganese(IV)

25

manganese54.94

Mn

43

technetium(98)

Tc

75

rhenium186.21

Re

107 bohrium(264)

Bh

61 promethium(145)

Pm

93

neptunium(237)

Np

Np5+

neptunium

Pm3+

promethium

Os4+

osmium

Ru3+

ruthenium(III)

Ru4+

ruthenium(IV)

Fe3+

iron(III)

Fe2+

iron(II)

26

iron55.85

Fe

44

ruthenium101.07

Ru

76

osmium190.23

Os

108 hassium(277)

Hs

62

samarium150.36

Sm

94

plutonium(244)

Pu

Pu4+

plutonium(IV)

Pu6+

plutonium(VI)

Sm3+

samarium(III)

Sm2+

samarium(II)

Ir4+

iridium

Rh3+

rhodium

Co2+

cobalt(II)

Co3+

cobalt(III)

27

cobalt58.93

Co

45

rhodium102.91

Rh

77

iridium192.22

Ir

109 meitnerium(268)

Mt

Fr+

francium

Ra2+

radium

7654321 98

Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions

Table of Polyatomic Ions

acetate

ammonium

benzoate

borate

carbonate

hydrogen carbonate

chlorate

hypochlorite

chromate

dichromate

cyanide

hydroxide

nitrate

nitrite

permanganate

phosphate

hydrogen phosphate

dihydrogen phosphate

silicate

sulfate

CH3COO–

NH4+

C6H5COO–

BO33–

CO32–

HCO3–

CIO3–

CIO–

CrO42–

Cr2O72–

CN–

OH–

NO3–

NO2–

MnO4–

PO43–

HPO42–

H2PO4–

SiO32–

SO42–

sulfite

hydrogen sulfide

hydrogen sulfate

hydrogen sulfite

SO32–

HS–

HSO4–

HSO3–

Note: The legend at the right denotes the physical state of the elements at 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K (25°C).

LiquidSolid

Legend for the Elements

91

protactinium231.04

Pa Symbol of the elementAtomic number

Name of the element

Atomic mass

Key

Based on 126 C

Most stable or common ion is listed above dotted line.( ) indicates mass of the most stable isotope.

4

beryllium9.01

Be

12

magnesium24.31

Mg

20

calcium40.08

Ca

38

strontium87.62

Sr

56

barium137.33

Ba

88

radium(226)

Ra

21

scandium44.96

Sc

39

yttrium88.91

Y

Seldom forms ionsGas

Polyatomic ions

ReferencesLide, D.R. 2005. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 86th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press

IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements. 2005. http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/

Ba2+

barium

6 7

Lanthanide and Actinide Series Begins

Polyatomic Elements

astatine

bromine

chlorine

fluorine

hydrogen

At2

Br2

Cl2

F2

H2

iodine

nitrogen

oxygen

phosphorus

sulfur

I2

N2

O2

P4

S8

Elements

Am3+

americium(III)

Am4+

americium(IV)

Eu3+

europium(III)

Eu2+

europium(II)

Pt4+

platinum(IV)

Pt2+

platinum(II)

Pd2+

palladium(II)

Pd3+

palladium(IV)

Ni2+

nickel(II) Ni3+

nickel(III)

28

nickel58.69

Ni

46

palladium106.42

Pd

78

platinum195.08

Pt

64

gadolinium157.25

Gd

96 curium(247)

Cm

Cm3+

curium

Gd3+

gadolinium

Au3+

gold(III)

Au+

gold(I)

Ag+

silver

Cu2+

copper(II)

Cu+

copper(I)

29

copper63.55

Cu

47

silver107.87

Ag

79

gold196.97

Au

65

terbium158.93

Tb

97 berkelium(247)

Bk

Bk3+

berkelium(III)

Bk4+

berkelium(IV)

Tb3+

terbium

Hg2+

mercury(II)

Hg+

mercury(I)

Cd2+

cadmium

Zn2+

zinc

30

zinc65.41

Zn

48

cadmium112.41

Cd

80

mercury200.59

Hg

66

dysprosium162.50

Dy

98 californium(251)

Cf

Cf3+

californium

Dy3+

dysprosium

TI+ thallium(I)

TI3+

thallium(III)

In3+

indium

Ga3+

gallium

Al3+

aluminium

5

boron10.81

B

13

aluminium26.98

Al

31

gallium69.72

Ga

49

indium114.82

In

81

thallium204.38

Tl

67

holmium164.93

Ho

99 einsteinium(252)

Es

Es3+

einsteinium

Ho3+

holmium

Pb2+

lead(II)

Pb4+

lead(IV)

Sn4+

tin(IV)

Sn2+

tin(II)

Ge4+

germanium

6

carbon12.01

C

14

silicon28.09

Si

32

germanium72.64

Ge

50

tin118.71

Sn

82

lead207.2*

Pb

68

erbium167.26

Er

100 fermium(257)

Fm

Fm3+

fermium

Er3+

erbium

Bi3+

bismuth(III)

Bi5+

bismuth(V)

Sb3+

antimony(III)

Sb5+

antimony(V)

As3–

arsenide

P3–

phosphide

N3–

nitride

7

nitrogen14.01

N

15

phosphorus30.97

P

33

arsenic74.92

As

51

antimony121.76

Sb

83

bismuth208.98

Bi

69

thulium168.93

Tm

101 mendelevium(258)

Md

Md2+

mendelevium(II)

Md3+

mendelevium(III)

Tm3+

thulium

Po2+

polonium(II)

Po4+

polonium(IV)

Te2–

telluride

Se2–

selenide

S2–

sulfide

O2–

oxide

8

oxygen16.00

O

16

sulfur32.07

S

34

selenium78.96

Se

52

tellurium127.60

Te

84

polonium(209)

Po

70

ytterbium173.04

Yb

102 nobelium(259)

No

No2+

nobelium(II)

No3+

nobelium(III)

Yb3+

ytterbium(III)

Yb2+

ytterbium(II)

At– astatide

I–

iodide

Br–

bromide

Cl– chloride

F–

fluoride

H–

hydride

9

fluorine19.00

F

17

chlorine35.45

Cl

35

bromine79.90

Br

53

iodine126.90

I

85

astatine(210)

At

71

lutetium174.97

Lu

103 lawrencium(262)

Lr

Lr3+

lawrencium

Lu3+

lutetium

2 helium4.00

He1 hydrogen1.01

H

10

neon20.18

Ne

18 argon39.95

Ar

36 krypton83.80

Kr

Xe

86 radon(222)

Rn

110 darmstadtium(271)

Ds 111 roentgenium(272)

Rg

63 europium151.96

Eu

95

americium(243)

Am

181716151413121110

C carbon

B boron

Si silicon

54 xenon131.30

Ar argon

He helium

Xe xenon

Rn radon

Ne neon

Kr krypton

* The isotopic mix of naturally occuring lead is more variable than other elements preventing precision to greater than tenths of a gram per mole.

7

8

Nuclear Chemistry Masses of Subatomic Particles and Radiation

Subatomic Particle or Radiation

Mass (10–3 kg/mol)

Subatomic Particle or Radiation

Mass (10–3 kg/mol)

positron 0+1e 0.000 549 alpha particle

(helium nucleus)

42 He or α 4.001 51

gamma radiation 00γ ––

neutron 10 n 1.008 66 beta particle

(electron)

01e− or β 0.000 549

proton 11 p 1.007 28

Masses of Selected Nuclides

Nuclide Mass (10–3 kg/mol) Nuclide Mass

(10–3 kg/mol)

barium-141 14156 Ba 140.914 41 nitrogen-15 15

7 N 15.000 11

beryllium-7 74Be 7.016 93 oxygen-15 15

8O 15.003 07

beryllium-8 84Be 8.005 31 oxygen-16 16

8O 15.994 91

boron-8 85 B 8.024 61 oxygen-18 18

8O 17.999 16

carbon-14 146 C 14.003 24 phosphorus-31 31

15P 30.973 76

cesium-144 14455 Cs 143.932 02 plutonium-239 239

94 Pu 239.052 16

fluorine-17 179 F 17.002 10 polonium-210 210

84 Po 209.982 86

helium-3 32He 3.016 03 polonium-218 218

84 Po 218.008 97

hydrogen-1 11H 1.007 83 potassium-40 40

19 K 39.964 00

hydrogen-2 (deuterium) 21H 2.014 10 radium-226 226

88 Ra 226.025 40

hydrogen-3 (tritium) 31H 3.016 03 radon-222 222

86 Rn 222.017 57

krypton-92 9236 Kr 91.926 11 rubidium-90 90

37 Rb 89.914 81

lanthanum-146 14657 La 145.925 8 ruthenium-107 107

44 Ru 106.909 9

lead-206 20682Pb 205.974 5 strontium-95 95

38 Sr 94.919 31

lead-208 20882Pb 207.976 64 sulfur-31 31

16 S 30.979 56

neon-20 2010Ne 19.992 44 thorium-230 230

90 Th 230.033 13

nitrogen-13 137 N 13.005 74 uranium-235 235

92U 235.043 92

nitrogen-14 147 N 14.003 07

Elements for Radioactive Dating

Radioisotope (Parent Nuclide)

Decay Nuclide

Approximate Half-Life(annum––a)

carbon-14 146C nitrogen-14 14

7 N 5.72 × 103

potassium-40 4019K argon-40 40

18 Ar 1.26 × 109

rubidium-87 8737Rb strontium-87 87

38 Sr 4.88 × 1010

uranium-235 23592 U lead-207 207

82 Pb 7.04 × 108

uranium-238 23892U lead-206 206

82 Pb 4.47 × 109 Energy Change Formula ΔE = Δmc2 ΔE = change in energy (J) Δm = mass converted to energy (kg) c = speed of EMR (3.00 × 108 m/s)

Decay Curve

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Number of half-lives

Par

ent

mat

eria

l rem

aini

ng (

%)

9

Organic Chemistry Homologous Series of Alkanes at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa

Name* Formula Name* Formula

methane CH4(g) hexane C6H14(l)

ethane C2H6(g) heptane C7H16(l)

propane C3H8(g) octane C8H18(l)

butane C4H10(g) nonane C9H20(l)

pentane C5H12(l) decane C10H22(l)

*Note: Italics indicate organic nomenclature prefixes.

Prefixes for Molecular Compounds 1 = mono- 6 = hexa-

2 = di- 7 = hepta-

3 = tri- 8 = octa-

4 = tetra- 9 = ennea- (nona-)

5 = penta- 10 = deca-

General Formulas and Names of Some Organic Compounds

General Formula Classification Example Formula Example Name

CnH(2n+2) alkane

ethane

CnH(2n) alkene

ethene

CnH(2n–2) alkyne H – C – C – H–– ethyne

R— O – H alcohol

ethanol

=–R— C

O

O – H carboxylic acid

ethanoic acid

R — C O

O — R′

=–

ester

methylethanoate

R — Q halogenated hydrocarbon

chloroethane

- - - ( x – y )n- - - polymer

polyethene

R usually represents a carbon group x–y represents the monomer unit R′ usually represents a different carbon group n represents a whole number Q represents a halogen (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-)

Types of ReactionsFormation (Synthesis) element + element → compound

Decomposition compound → element + element

Single Replacement compound + element → new compound + new element

Double Replacement compound + compound → new compound + new compound

Hydrocarbon Combustion hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Addition alkene or alkyne + hydrogen → alkane alkene or alkyne + halogen → halogenated hydrocarbon

Cracking large hydrocarbon → small hydrocarbon

Polymerization monomer + monomer → polymer

Esterification alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

10

Solutions

Solubility of Selected Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solutions at 25 °C

Ion

H+, Na+

NH4+, NO3

–

ClO3–, ClO4

–

CH3COO–

F– Cl–

Br–

I–

SO42–

PO43–

SO32–

CO32–

IO32–

OOCCOO2– S2– OH–

Solubility greater than or equal to 0.1 mol/L (very soluble)

(aq)

most

most most most

H+

Na+

K+

NH4+

H+

Na+

K+

NH4+

Li+

Ni2+

Zn2+

H+

Na+

K+

NH4+

Li+

Mg2+

Ca2+

H+

Na+

K+

NH4+

Li+

Sr2+

Ca2+

Ba2+

Solubility less than 0.1 mol/L (slightly soluble)

(s)

RbClO4

CsClO4

AgCH3COO

Hg2(CH3COO)2

Li+

Mg2+

Ca2+

Sr2+

Ba2+

Fe2+

Hg22+

Pb2+

Cu+

Ag+

Hg22+

Hg2+

Pb2+

Ca2+

Sr2+

Ba2+

Hg22+

Pb2+

Ag+

most

Exception:

Li2CO3 is soluble

most

Exceptions:

Co(IO3)2

Fe2(C2O4)3 are soluble

most most

Note: This solubility table is only a guideline that is established using the Ksp values. A concentration of 0.1 mol/L corresponds to approximately 10 g/L to 30 g/L depending on molar mass.

Stoichiometry and Solution Formulas

n = mM

C = nV

CiVi = CfVf

r

g

coefficient

coefficient = r

g

n

n or nr = r

gg

coefficientn

coefficient×

(% V/V) = solute

solution

VV × 100%

parts per million = solute

solution

mm × 106 ppm

n = number of moles (mol)

m = mass (g) M = molar mass (g/mol)

C = molar concentration (mol/L)

V = volume (L)

i = initial solution

f = final solution

r = required substance

g = given substance

% V/V = percent by volume concentration

11

Identification of Selected Ions Identification of Selected Metals in 1.0 mol/L Aqueous Solutions in Ionic Compounds

Ion Symbol Colour in Solution Element Symbol Colour

in Flame

chromate CrO42–(aq) yellow barium Ba yellow-green

chromium(III) Cr3+(aq) blue-green calcium Ca red

chromium(II) Cr2+(aq) blue cesium Cs violet

cobalt(II) Co2+(aq) red copper Cu blue-green

copper(I) Cu+(aq) blue-green lead Pb blue-white

copper(II) Cu2+(aq) blue lithium Li red

dichromate Cr2O72–(aq) orange potassium K violet

iron(II) Fe2+(aq) lime green rubidium Rb violet

iron(III) Fe3+(aq) orange-yellow sodium Na yellow

manganese(II) Mn2+(aq) pale pink strontium Sr red

nickel(II) Ni2+(aq) blue-green

permanganate MnO4–(aq) purple

Acids and Bases

Rules for Naming Acids

Classical System Example IUPAC System Example Molecular

Name Acid Name Formula Molecular Name Acid Name Acid Name

hydrogen –ide hydro–ic acid HCl(aq) hydrogen chlor ide hydrochlor ic acid aqueous hydrogen chloride

hydrogen –ate –ic acid H3PO4(aq) hydrogen phosphate phosphor ic acid aqueous hydrogen phosphate

hydrogen –ite –ous acid H3PO3(aq) hydrogen phosph ite phosphorous acid aqueous hydrogen phosphite

IUPAC Rules for Naming Inorganic Bases

Example

Base Name Formula Base Name

cation + anion NaOH(aq) sodium hydroxide

pH Formulas

pH = –log10[H3O+(aq)] [H3O

+(aq)] = 10(–pH) [ ] = concentration (mol/L)

12

Relative Strengths of Selected Acids and Bases for 0.10 mol/L Solution at 25 °C Acid Name Acid Formula Conjugate Base Formula

hydrochloric acid

sulfuric acid

nitric acid

HCl(aq)

H2SO4(aq)

HNO3(aq)

Cl–(aq)

HSO4–(aq)

NO3–(aq)

hydronium ion H3O+(aq) H2O(l)

oxalic acid

sulfurous acid

hydrogen sulfate ion

phosphoric acid

orange IV

nitrous acid

hydrofluoric acid

methanoic acid

methyl orange

benzoic acid

ethanoic (acetic) acid

carbonic acid (CO2(g) + H2O(l))

bromothymol blue

hydrosulfuric acid

phenolphthalein

boric acid

ammonium ion

hydrogen carbonate ion

indigo carmine

HOOCCOOH(aq)

H2SO3(aq)

HSO4–(aq)

H3PO4(aq)

HOr(aq)

HNO2(aq)

HF(aq)

HCOOH(aq)

HMo(aq)

C6H5COOH(aq)

CH3COOH(aq)

H2CO3(aq)

HBb(aq)

H2S(aq)

HPh(aq)

H3BO3(aq)

NH4+(aq)

HCO3–(aq)

HIc(aq)

HOOCCOO–(aq)

HSO3–(aq)

SO42–(aq)

H2PO4–(aq)

Or–(aq)

NO2–(aq)

F–(aq)

HCOO–(aq)

Mo–(aq)

C6H5COO–(aq)

CH3COO–(aq)

HCO3–(aq)

Bb–(aq)

HS–(aq)

Ph–(aq)

H2BO3–(aq)

NH3(aq)

CO32–(aq)

Ic–(aq)

water (55.5 mol/L) H2O(l) OH–(aq)

Acid-Base Indicators at 25 °C

Indicator Abbreviation

(acid/conjugate base)

pH Range Colour Change as

pH Increases

methyl violet HMv(aq) / Mv–(aq) 0.0 – 1.6 yellow to blue

thymol blue H2Tb(aq) / HTb–(aq) 1.2 – 2.8 red to yellow

thymol blue HTb–(aq) / Tb2–(aq) 8.0 – 9.6 yellow to blue

orange IV HOr(aq) / Or–(aq) 1.4 – 2.8 red to yellow

methyl orange HMo(aq) / Mo–(aq) 3.2 – 4.4 red to yellow

bromocresol green HBg(aq) / Bg–(aq) 3.8 – 5.4 yellow to blue

litmus HLt(aq) / Lt–(aq) 4.5 – 8.3 red to blue

methyl red HMr(aq) / Mr–(aq) 4.8 – 6.0 red to yellow

chlorophenol red HCh(aq) / Ch–(aq) 5.2 – 6.8 yellow to red

bromothymol blue HBb(aq) / Bb–(aq) 6.0 – 7.6 yellow to blue

phenol red HPr(aq) / Pr–(aq) 6.6 – 8.0 yellow to red

phenolphthalein HPh(aq) / Ph–(aq) 8.2 – 10.0 colourless to pink

thymolphthalein HTh(aq) / Th–(aq) 9.4 – 10.6 colourless to blue

alizarin yellow R HAy(aq) / Ay–(aq) 10.1 – 12.0 yellow to red

indigo carmine HIc(aq) / Ic–(aq) 11.4 – 13.0 blue to yellow

1,3,5–trinitrobenzene HNb(aq) / Nb–(aq) 12.0 – 14.0 colourless to orange

13

Genetics

Pedigree Chart

DNA Base Triplets and Their Corresponding Amino Acids

S E C O N D B A S E

T C A G TTT Phenylalanine TCT Serine TAT Tyrosine TGT Cysteine T

TTC Phenylalanine TCC Serine TAC Tyrosine TGC Cysteine C

TTA Leucine TCA Serine TAA STOP** TGA STOP** A T

TTG Leucine TCG Serine TAG STOP** TGG Tryptophan G

CTT Leucine CCT Proline CAT Histidine CGT Arginine T

CTC Leucine CCC Proline CAC Histidine CGC Arginine C

CTA Leucine CCA Proline CAA Glutamine CGA Arginine A C

CTG Leucine CCG Proline CAG Glutamine CGG Arginine G

ATT Isoleucine ACT Threonine AAT Asparagine AGT Serine T

ATC Isoleucine ACC Threonine AAC Asparagine AGC Serine C

ATA Isoleucine ACA Threonine AAA Lysine AGA Arginine A A

ATG Methionine or START* ACG Threonine AAG Lysine AGG Arginine G

GTT Valine GCT Alanine GAT Aspartate GGT Glycine T

GTC Valine GCC Alanine GAC Aspartate GGC Glycine C

GTA Valine GCA Alanine GAA Glutamate GGA Glycine A

F

I

R

S

T

B

A

S

E

G

GTG Valine GCG Alanine GAG Glutamate GGG Glycine G

T

H

I

R

D

B

A

S

E

Note: This table uses base triplets from the “complementary” (5′ → 3′) strand of DNA. *Note: ATG is an initiator codon but also codes for the amino acid methionine. **Note: TAA, TAG, and TGA are terminator codons.

DNA Nitrogen Bases

Nitrogen Base Abbreviation

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine

A C G T

Alleles

Upper case––dominant Lower case––recessive Sex linked––X ?Y or X ?X ?

Male

I

II

III

1

1

2 3 4

Female

Mating

Affectedindividuals

1 2

• Offspring listed in birth order.

• Roman numerals symbolize generations.

• Arabic numbers symbolize birth order within generation.

14

Scoring Descriptions for Standards Setting

Standard of Excellence and Acceptable Standard for Knowledge

Score Scoring Description

4Standard

ofExcellence

The response is well organized and addresses all the major points of the question using appropriate and clear communication strategies. The description of relevant scientific, technological, and/or societal concepts is explicit. Descriptions, explanations, and/or interrelationships between the concepts provided are correctand reflect a thorough understanding of the question.

2AcceptableStandard

The response is generally organized and addresses most of the major points of the question using adequate communication strategies. The description of relevant scientific, technological, and/or societal concepts is mentioned. Descriptions between the concepts provided are generally correct and reflect an adequate understanding of the question.

Standard of Excellence and Acceptable Standard for Skills

Score Scoring Description

4Standard

ofExcellence

The problem is thoroughly understood. An appropriate and practical design is presented. The data are accurately and completely analyzed. Accurateinterpretations and conclusions are made based on an analysis of the data. The evaluation of the overall study is based on a thorough understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.

2AcceptableStandard

The problem is understood. The design is generally appropriate, or a practicalprocedure with some omissions or errors is presented. The data are adequatelyanalyzed. Interpretations and conclusions are generally based on an analysis of the data. The evaluation of the overall study is based on an adequate understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.

Standard of Excellence and Acceptable Standard for STS

Score Scoring Description

4Standard

ofExcellence

The design and function of the technological device are clearly explained. The interrelationships between science, technology, and society and are thoroughly understood. Risks and benefits are thoroughly evaluated. Insightful and convincing arguments are used to support a decision or judgement, and a range of viewpoints is considered.

2AcceptableStandard

The design and function of the technological device are described. The interrelationships between science, technology, and society are generally understood.Risks and benefits are listed. Logical arguments are used to support a decision or judgement, and viewpoints are considered.

References

Lide, D.R. 2005. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 86th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements. 2005. http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty. 2002. http://physics.nist.gov

57 lant

hanu

m13

8.91

La

89 actin

ium

(277

)

Ac

Ac3

+

act

iniu

m

La3

+

la

ntha

num

Pa5

+

pr

otac

tiniu

m( V

)

Pa4

+

pr

otac

tiniu

m( I

V)

Ion

char

geS

tock

nam

e (I

UP

AC

)

Sym

bol o

f ion

Am

3+

am

eric

ium

( III)

Am

4+

am

eric

ium

( IV

)

Eu3

+

e

urop

ium

( III)

Eu2

+

e

urop

ium

( II)

P

t4+

p

latin

um( I

V)

P

t2+

p

latin

um( I

I)

Pd2

+

p

alla

dium

( II)

Pd3

+

p

alla

dium

( IV

)

N

i2+

nic

kel(I

I)

Ni3

+

nic

kel(I

II)

28 nick

el58

.69

Ni

46 palla

dium

106.

42

Pd

78 plat

inum

195.

08

Pt

64 gado

liniu

m15

7.25

Gd

96 curiu

m( 2

47)

Cm

Cm

3+

cur

ium

Gd3

+

gad

olin

ium

Au3

+

gol

d(III

)

A

u+

gol

d(I)

Ag+

s

ilver

Cu2

+

copp

er( I

I)

C

u+

cop

per(

I)

29 copp

er63

.55

Cu

47 silv

er10

7.87

Ag

79 gold

196.

97

Au

65 terb

ium

158.

93

Tb

97 berk

eliu

m( 2

47)

Bk

Bk3

+

b

erke

lium

( III)

Bk4

+

b

erke

lium

( IV

)

Tb3

+

ter

bium

Hg2

+

mer

cury

( II)

H

g+

mer

cury

( I)

Cd2

+

cad

miu

m

Zn2

+

zinc

30 zinc 65.4

1

Zn

48 cadm

ium

112.

41

Cd

80 mer

cury

200.

59

Hg

66 dysp

rosi

um16

2.50

Dy

98 calif

orni

um( 2

51)

Cf

Cf3

+

c

alifo

rniu

m

Dy3

+

d

yspr

osiu

m

T

I+

thal

lium

( I)

T

I3+

t

halli

um( I

II)

In3+

in

dium

Ga3

+

g

alliu

m

Al3

+

alu

min

ium

5 boro

n10

.81

B

13 alum

iniu

m26

.98

Al

31 galli

um69

.72

Ga

49 indi

um11

4.82

In

81 thal

lium

204.

38

Tl

67 holm

ium

164.

93

Ho

99 eins

tein

ium

( 252

)

Es

Es3

+

e

inst

eini

um

Ho3

+

hol

miu

m

Pb2

+

lea

d(II)

Pb4

+

lead

( IV

)

Sn4

+

ti

n(IV

)

Sn2

+

ti

n(II)

Ge4

+

ger

man

ium

6 carb

on12

.01

C

14 silic

on28

.09

Si

32 germ

aniu

m72

.64

Ge

50 tin 118.

71

Sn

82 lead

207.

2*

Pb

68 erbi

um16

7.26

Er

100

ferm

ium

( 257

)

Fm

Fm

3+

fe

rmiu

m

Er3

+

er

bium

B

i3+

b

ism

uth(

III)

B

i5+

b

ism

uth(

V)

Sb3

+

a

ntim

ony(

III)

Sb5

+

a

ntim

ony(

V)

As3

–

ar

seni

de

P3–

phos

phid

e

N3–

ni

trid

e

7 nitr

ogen

14.0

1

N

15 phos

phor

us30

.97

P

33 arse

nic

74.9

2

As

51 antim

ony

121.

76

Sb

83 bism

uth

208.

98

Bi

69 thul

ium

168.

93

Tm

101

men

dele

vium

( 258

)

Md

Md2

+

men

dele

vium

( II)

Md3

+

men

dele

vium

( III)

Tm

3+

th

uliu

m

Po2

+

p

olon

ium

( II)

Po4

+

p

olon

ium

( IV

)

Te2

–

te

llurid

e

Se2

–

se

leni

de

S2–

su

lfide

O2–

ox

ide

8 oxyg

en16

.00

O

16 sulfu

r32

.07

S

34 sele

nium

78.9

6

Se

52 tellu

rium

127.

60

Te

84 polo

nium

( 209

)

Po

70 ytte

rbiu

m17

3.04

Yb

102

nobe

lium

( 259

)

No

No2

+

no

beliu

m( I

I)

No3

+

nob

eliu

m( I

II)

Yb3

+

yt

terb

ium

( III)

Yb2

+

yt

terb

ium

( II)

At–

ast

atid

e

I–

io

dide

Br–

br

omid

e

Cl–

chl

orid

e

F–

flu

orid

e

H–

hyd

ride

9 fluor

ine

19.0

0

F

17 chlo

rine

35.4

5

Cl

35 brom

ine

79.9

0

Br

53 iodi

ne12

6.90

I

85 asta

tine

( 210

)

At

71 lute

tium

174.

97

Lu

103

law

renc

ium

( 262

)

Lr

Lr3

+

l

awre

nciu

m

Lu3

+

lu

tetiu

m

2 heliu

m4.

00

He

1 hydr

ogen

1.01

H

10 neon

20.1

8

Ne

18 argo

n39

.95

Ar

36 kryp

ton

83.8

0

Kr

Xe

86 rado

n( 2

22)

Rn

Cs+

ces

ium

Rb+

rubi

dium

K

+

pot

assi

um

Na+

s

odiu

m

Li

+

li

thiu

m

H

+

hyd

roge

n

1 hydr

ogen

1.01

H

3 lithi

um6.

94

Li

11 sodi

um22

.99

Na

19 pota

ssiu

m39

.10

K

37 rubi

dium

85.4

7

Rb

55 cesi

um13

2.91

Cs

87 fran

cium

(223

)

Fr

Sr2

+

stro

ntiu

m

Ca2

+

ca

lciu

m

Mg2

+

m

agne

sium

Be2

+

ber

ylliu

m

Y3+

yt

triu

m

Sc3

+

sca

ndiu

m

Hf4

+

haf

nium

Zr4

+

zirc

oniu

m

T

i4+

titan

ium

( IV

)

T

i3+

titan

ium

( III)

22 titan

ium

47.8

7

Ti

40 zirc

oniu

m91

.22

Zr

72 h

afni

um

178.

49

Hf

104

ruth

erfo

rdiu

m( 2

66)

Rf

58 ceriu

m14

0.12

Ce

90 thor

ium

232.

04

Th

Th4

+

tho

rium

Ce3

+

c

eriu

m

Ta5

+

tant

alum

Nb5

+

niob

ium

( V)

Nb3

+

n

iobi

um( I

II)

V

5+

v

anad

ium

( V)

V

4+

v

anad

ium

( IV

)

23 vana

dium

50.9

4

V

41 niob

ium

92.9

1

Nb

73 tant

alum

180.

95

Ta

105

dubn

ium

( 262

)

Db

59 pras

eody

miu

m14

0.91

Pr

91 prot

actin

ium

231.

04

Pa

Pa5

+

pro

tact

iniu

m( V

)

Pa4

+

pro

tact

iniu

m( I

V)

Pr3

+

pr

aseo

dym

ium

W6+

tung

sten

Mo6

+

m

olyb

denu

m

Cr3

+

c

hrom

ium

( III)

Cr2

+

c

hrom

ium

( II)

24 chro

miu

m52

.00

Cr

42 mol

ybde

num

95.9

4

Mo

74 tung

sten

183.

84

W

106

seab

orgi

um( 2

66)

Sg

60 neod

ymiu

m14

4.24

Nd

92 uran

ium

238.

03

U

U

6+

u

rani

um( V

I)

U

4+

u

rani

um( I

V)

Nd3

+

neod

ymiu

m

R

e7+

rhe

nium

Tc7

+

tech

netiu

m

Mn2

+

m

anga

nese

( II)

Mn4

+

m

anga

nese

( IV

)

25 man

gane

se54

.94

Mn

43 tech

netiu

m(9

8)

Tc

75 rhen

ium

186.

21

Re

107

bohr

ium

( 264

)

Bh

61 prom

ethi

um( 1

45)

Pm

93 nept

uniu

m( 2

37)

Np

Np5

+

n

eptu

nium

Pm

3+

prom

ethi

um

Os4

+

osm

ium

Ru3

+

ru

then

ium

( III)

Ru4

+

ru

then

ium

( IV

)

Fe3

+

iro

n(III

)

Fe2

+

iro

n(II)

26 iron

55.8

5

Fe

44 ruth

eniu

m10

1.07

Ru

76 osm

ium

190.

23

Os

108

hass

ium

( 277

)

Hs

62 sam

ariu

m15

0.36

Sm

94 plut

oniu

m( 2

44)

Pu

Pu4

+

pl

uton

ium

( IV

)

Pu6

+

pl

uton

ium

( VI)

Sm

3+

s

amar

ium

( III)

Sm

2+

s

amar

ium

( II)

Ir4

+

iri

dium

Rh3

+

rho

dium

Co2

+

cob

alt(

II)

Co3

+

cob

alt(

III)

27 coba

lt58

.93

Co

45 rhod

ium

102.

91

Rh

77 iridi

um19

2.22

Ir

109

mei

tner

ium

( 268

)

Mt

110

darm

stad

tium

( 271

)

Ds

111

roen

tgen

ium

( 272

)

Rg

63 euro

pium

151.

96

Eu

95 amer

iciu

m(2

43)

Am

Fr+

fra

nciu

m

Ra2

+

r

adiu

m

1817

1615

1413

1211

76

54

32

110

98

Per

iod

ic C

har

t o

f th

e E

lem

ents

an

d Io

ns

Tab

le o

f P

oly

ato

mic

Ion

s an

d E

lem

ents

acet

ate

amm

oniu

m

benz

oate

bora

te

carb

onat

e

hydr

ogen

car

bona

te

chlo

rate

hypo

chlo

rite

chro

mat

e

dich

rom

ate

cyan

ide

hydr

oxid

e

nitr

ate

nitr

ite

perm

anga

nate

phos

phat

e

hydr

ogen

pho

spha

te

dihy

drog

en p

hosp

hate

silic

ate

sulfa

te

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BO

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PO

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SO

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asta

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brom

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Ref

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Lide

, D.R

. 20

05.

CR

C H

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Che

mis

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Rat

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Pre

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IUP

AC

Per

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of t

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. 20

05.

http

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ww

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g/re

port

s/pe

riodi

c_ta

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Ba2

+

ba

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Lan

than

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and

Act

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