sci7 ch00 fm 3rd.qxd 7/16/08 8:34 am page i scienceand

P E A R S O N

7Investigating

SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY

Senior Author

Lionel SandnerScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Lead Coordinator, Pan-Canadian Science Project

Authors

Nora AlexanderRosebank Road Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Mike CarlinVice-PrincipalWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Glen FatkinNorth Surrey Secondary SchoolSurrey School District, BC

Doug HerridgeGreensborough Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Michael LattnerSpecial Assignment TeacherAlgonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board

Catherine LittleProgram CoordinatorScience, Environmental and Ecological StudiesToronto District School Board

Jim WalshInstructor, Science and TechnologyFaculty of Education, University of Ottawa

Sandy M. WohlInstructor, Curriculum StudiesFaculty of Education, University of British Columbia

Contributing Authors

Jay IngramScience JournalistDaily PlanetDiscovery Channel Canada

Sandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4–8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Senior Technology Consultant

Josef MarthaScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Northern Gateway Public Schools, AB

Sci7_ch00_fm_3rd.qxd 7/16/08 8:34 AM Page i

ii

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canadaa division of Pearson Canada Inc.

All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should beobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the PermissionsDepartment at Pearson Education Canada.

The information and activities presented in this book have been carefully edited andreviewed. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole orin part, from the reader’s use of this material.

Brand names that appear in photographs of products in this textbook are intended toprovide students with a sense of the real-world applications of science and technology andare in no way intended to endorse specific products.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-208004-0ISBN-10: 0-13-208004-4

Printed and bound in Canada

3 4 5 TC 12 11 10 09 08

PROJECT MANAGER: Yvonne Van Ruskenveld (Edvantage Press)

DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Janis Barr, David Gargaro, Susan Girvan, Georgina Montgomery,Eileen Pyne-Rudzik, Ph.D., Rosemary Tanner

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Erin Khelouiati, Ken Peck

COPY EDITOR : Moira Calder

PROOFREADERS: Maja Grip, Christine McPhee, Jennifer Hedges

INDEXER: Jennifer Hedges

PRODUCTION COORDINATORS: Sharlene Ross, Shonelle Ramserran

SENIOR MANUFACTURING COORDINATOR: Jane Schell

DESIGN: Alex Li

COMPOSITION: Carolyn E. Sebestyen

ILLUSTRATORS: Kevin Cheng, David Cheung, Crowle Art Group, Jeff Dixon, Jane Whitney

PHOTO RESEARCHERS: Nancy Cook, Rosie Gowsell, Alison Lloyd-Baker

PUBLISHER: Reid McAlpine

MANAGING EDITOR: Cecilia Chan

RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION MANAGER: Deborah Nelson

This book was printed using paper containing recycled fibre content.

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, Louise OborneS

iii

ProgramMarietta (Mars) BlochDirector, Education ServicesLet’s Talk Science

Assessment Derek TottenCurriculum Consultant York Region District School Board

LiteracySandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4 - 8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Catherine CostelloEducation Consultantformerly Curriculum Coordinator, LiteracyYork Region District School Board

Environmental EducationJane ForbesInstructor, Science and TechnologyOntario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto

Aboriginal EducationDarin CorbiereConsultant, Aboriginal EducationToronto District School Board

Differentiated InstructionKaren HumeStudent Success LeaderDurham District School Board

NumeracySue ContinelliGrapeview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Character EducationDennis CaronSt. Maurice Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

Leda OstafichukJosyf Cardinal Slipyj Catholic Elementary SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

Raymond WiersmaLord Elgin Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Combined GradesMaureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

ELL/ESLJane E. SimsEducation Consultantformerly Sir Sandford Fleming AcademyToronto District School Board

Maureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board

Safety Peter BlochNorthern Secondary SchoolToronto District School Board

Expert ReviewersRandy DumontMcMaster University

Dr. Monika HavelkaUniversity of Toronto (Mississauga)

Marina Milner-BolotinRyerson University

Steven SaduraUniversity of Guelph

Dr. Rashmi VenkateswaranUniversity of Ottawa

Unit ReviewersDaniel Birkenbergs St. Edmund Campion Senior SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Paul BosackiJohn P. Robarts Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Laura ChristianR.A. Riddel SchoolHamilton Wentworth District School Board

Consultants and Reviewers

Acknowledgements

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Acknowledgements

iv

Field-Test TeachersChris AtkinsonSt. Francis Xavier Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Jody Bonner-VickersJ.W. Walker SchoolRainy River District School Board

Anne BradleySt. James the Greater Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Helen BrownGordon B. Attersley Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Patricia Cava Sacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board

Brenda CollinsSt. Jude Catholic SchoolLondon Catholic District School Board

Joan D’EliaRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Chris di TomassoSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Jessica EgelnickRoyal Orchard Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Jody FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Heidi FergusonOur Lady of Sorrows Catholic SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

Alison FernandesSt. Sebastian Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Andy ForgraveHarmony Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Donna Forward Sacred Heart Intermediate SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board

David GillespieRoland Michener Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Jocelyn HarrisonDixon Grove Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Ian ChristieAldershot School Halton District School Board

Julie GrandoAcademic Consultant, Science and Mathematics, Grades 7-12Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Jodie Hancox-MeyerDoon Public SchoolWaterloo District School Board

Jocelyn HarrisonD.A. Morrison Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Shawna HopkinsConsultant, Science, K-12 ScienceDistrict School Board of Niagara

Stephanie InsleyChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Heather A. MaceFeatherston Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Michael J. NewnhamLearning Coordinator, 7-12 ScienceThames Valley District School Board

Bruno PullaraAll Saints and St. Christopher SchoolsDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Katherine ShawInstructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board

Micheline TamminenFive Mile Public SchoolLakehead Public Schools

Margaret WardOrchard Park Public SchoolHalton District School Board

Matthew WilsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

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Acknowledgements

v

Pat Hogan St. Francis de Sales Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Bill HrynkiwNottingham Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Nizam HussainMilitary Trail Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Matt JohnstonBirch Cliff Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Kristi Johnston BatesSt. Michael Catholic High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Irene KicakGlenview Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Heather LanningGeneral Crerar Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Jeff LauckeRosedale Public SchoolLambton Kent District School Board

Nicholas LemireHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board

Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Hugh MacLeanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Marjory MassonEarl Beatty Junior and Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Irene McCuaigLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board

Mary Sue McIntyreMonsignor Michael O’Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

Brian MurrantVictoria Harbour Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Tom RhindLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board

Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Phil SandersNorthdale Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Rey SandreSt. Mark Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

Ryan SealeSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

John StarrattMonsignor Michael O’Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

Corinna Taverna-RossiKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board

Stacy van BoxtelSt. Andrew’s SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Janice WhitonKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board

Raymond WiersmaChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Craig WinslowSt. Martin SchoolNiagara Catholic District School Board

StudentsThe authors and Pearson Education Canada would like to thank allthe students who participated in focus groups and field tests duringthe development of this book.

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Acknowledgements

vi

Michele ChomniakAbbey Lane Public SchoolHalton District School Board

Brenda CollinsSt. Jude SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

Craig CorbettRolling Meadows Public SchoolHalton District School Board

Rosalie CrossBlossom Park Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Mary CuylleHillcrest Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Kara DalgleishBellmore Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

Brett DavisQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Ian DawsonRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Veronica DeignanSt. Elizabeth Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

Sonia DiCola KopichanskiOur Lady of Lourdes SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

Nadine Dodds CormackW.H. Day Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Seana DonohueNotre Dame High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Kristy DuncanLockview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Sam FalzoneR.J. Lang Elementary & Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Julia FarewellCamilla Road Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Jodi FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Prepublication ReviewersLisa AckmanHighview Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Ann-Marie BabineauD.A. Moodie Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Savita BalagopalSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Vijaya BalchandaniNorth Kipling Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Swarnaly Banerjee-ModiTomken Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Janet BartoliniHumber Valley Village Junior SchoolToronto District School Board

Martin BeswickPrincess Margaret Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Shivani BhagriaHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Marlene BilkeyRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Tracy BridgenWestdale Park Public SchoolLimestone District School Board

Melissa BrownlowEarnscliffe Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Mahlon BryantonBeachburg Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Sukwinder BuallElia Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Shayne CampbellKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Patricia CavaSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Lenny ChiroAmesbury Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

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Acknowledgements

vii

Heidi FergusonOur Lady of SorrowsRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

Ian FischerSt. Joseph High SchoolOttawa Catholic School

Erika Fleming GillespieSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Kim FoleyPerth Road Public SchoolLimestone District School Board

Donna ForwardSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Michael Frankfort Public School

York Region District School Board

Jeff FraserRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Jennifer FreelandtImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Lorraine GaneshFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Sarah GarrettKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Krista GauthierRockwood SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Fraser GillMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Mike GlazierLondon District Catholic School Board

Kevin GoodeMinesing Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Shaunna GoodeMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Rob GreenTreeline Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Akaran GuyadinThe Elms Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Deb HearnMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Tara HewittAgnes Hodge Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

Marc HodgkinsonLorn Avenue Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Bryan HonsingerCarleton Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Wayne IsaacSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Krista JarvieHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Brent Johnston W.T. Townsend Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Kristi Johnston-BatesSt. Michael High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Darayus KangaHilltop Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Adam KellyGreenbank Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Gita KhannaFisherville Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board

Deb KiekensEarling Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Amy Kilty SchwandtOxbow Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Dr. Jean Kisoon-SinghMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board

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Thornhill Woods

Acknowledgements

viii

Elizabeth MayockHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Monica McArthur-JosephErin Centre Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Rob McBeth Baden Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Cara McCraeCentennial Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Diana McFarland-MundyQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Dave McGaghranRyerson Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

Mark McKinleyJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board

Chris McKinnonSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

Hugh McleanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Manish MehtaLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Paul MenicaninWinona Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

Cindi Mitchell Armadale Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Yvan MoiseSt. Paul High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Ginny MonaghanBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Luis MorgadinhoSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Frank MullerBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Brenda KusmenkoFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Helen Laferriere Monsignor J.E. Ronan SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

Marilyn LajeunesseMonsignor William Gleason Catholic SchoolWaterloo District School Board

Jean-Benoit LancaImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Chris LanisJohn English Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Bill LegateBeavercrest Community SchoolBluewater District School Board

Natalie LeitchJ.D. Hogarth Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Andrew LeslieHillcrest Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Steve LogueCheyne Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Lara LosetoWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Andrew LovattSt. Thomas Aquinas High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Heather MaceFeatherstone Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Jenn MacKinnonSt. Agnes Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

Tracey MacMillianHerman Street Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Art MacNeilMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Sean MathesonHighland Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board

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Acknowledgements

ix

Katie MullerGateway Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Trevor OrmerodElementary Instructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board

Johanna PastmaCaistor Central Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Steacy PetersenKortright Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Jennifer PhillipsHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board

Elizabeth PiwowarSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Julie PodestaHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Georgina PurchaseJack Donahue Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Rena RoSunny View Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Lisa RomeHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Michaeline RowberryBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Ernie SalacJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board

Shirley SaundersHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Tamara Sayers-PringleHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Ericka SchroederSt. Clemens Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

Manny Sciberras John McCrae Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Clare ShannonEgremont Community SchoolBluewater District School Board

David Shulman German Mills Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Denise StansfieldSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Trevor StarkesRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Corrina StrongLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Enzo TignanelliSt. Luke Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

John ToveyNobleton Sr. Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Brandon TseLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Dana WallaceSir Winston Churchill Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Greg WatsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Corey WellsBaxter Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Deborah WestonLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Lisa Weston TourignySir Arthur Carty SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

Annie WhiteBennetto Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

Michelle WillsonCourtland Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

Sandy WilsonHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

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A17 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Mapping Consequences 30

Science and Technology in Your World The Wainfleet Bog 31

1.0 Chapter Review 32A18 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Zoos and Ecosystems 33

Interactions in ecosystems support the transfer of energy and the cycling of matter. 34

A19 Quick Lab Recycling Paper 37

2.1 The Transfer of Energy in Ecosystems 38A20 Starting Point Representing Food Chains 38

A21 During Reading Reading like a Writer 40

A22 Quick Lab Pass It On 41

Check and Reflect 42

A23 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Holes in the Food Web 42

2.2 Cycling Matter 43A24 Starting Point Organic Wastes and You 43

A25 Learning Checkpoint Going in Circles 44

A26 Problem-Solving ActivityRedesign a Package 46


A27 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Chemicals in Food Chains 47

2.3 Interactions and Changes in Ecosystems 48A28 Starting Point Limiting Factors 48

A29 During Reading Visualizing 50

A30 Design a Lab Competition in Ecosystems 52

A31 Inquiry Activity Ecosystem in a Jar, Part 2 53


A32 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Revisiting Your Consequences Map 54

Science and Technology in Your World Foresters 55

Common-Sense Science Safety in Your Classroom xviii

Exploring Your Textbook —Investigating Science and Technology 7 xxi

UNITA 2

Interactions in theEnvironment

A1 Quick Lab Interactions and Connections 6

A2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment What Is Stewardship? 6

Ecosystems are communities where biotic and abiotic elements interact. 8A3 Quick Lab Ecosystems Are Everywhere 11

1.1 Interactions of Biotic and AbioticElements 12A4 Starting Point Living and Non-living Things in Ecosystems 12

A5 During Reading Let the Titles Guide You 13

A6 Quick Lab Interactions of Biotic and Abiotic 15


A7 Thinking about Science and the Environment Your Ecosystems Mind Map 16

1.2 The Roles of Producers 17A8 Starting Point The Year with No Summer 17

A9 Learning Checkpoint Plants and the Sun 20

A10 During Reading Reading like a Writer 21

A11 Quick Lab How an Abiotic Element AffectsProducers 22


A12 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Connections 23

1.3 Producers and Consumers 24A13 Starting Point Where Does Their Food Come From? 24

A14 During Reading Origins of Scientific Words 25

A15 Quick Lab Food Chains and You 28

A16 Inquiry Activity Ecosystem in a Jar, Part 1 29


Contents

1.0

2.0

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Elements

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2.0 Chapter Review 56A33 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Impact of Expanding Human Habitats on Other Living Things 57

We can change our actions andtechnologies to better protect the environment. 58

A34 Quick Lab Dealing with Sudden Natural Events 61

3.1 Succession, Recovery, and Renewalin Natural Communities 62A35 Starting Point What Happens to a Vacant Lot? 62

A36 Learning Checkpoint Change Over Time 65

A37 Decision-Making Analysis Managing Forests and Forest Fires 66


A38 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Declaring War on Weeds 67

3.2 The Environmental Impact of Humans 68A39 Starting Point Ecotourism 68

A40 During Writing Gathering Ideas for Writing 70

A41 Decision-Making Analysis Taking Out the E-Trash 71

A42 Problem-Solving Activity Cleaning Up anOil Spill 72


A43 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Limiting Factors and HumanCommunities 73

3.3 Sustainable Human Communities 74A44 Starting Point Too Much Phosphorus in the Water 74

A45 During Writing Considering Other Opinions 76

A46 Decision-Making Analysis What kind of car will you be driving? 78

A47 Decision-Making Analysis What do you want to do today? 79


A48 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Positive Actions for the Environment 80

Making Connections Rewilding 81

3.0 Chapter Review 82A49 Thinking about Science and the Environment Stewardship 83

Unit A Summary 84

Unit A Task 85

Unit A Review 86A50 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Can you go “carbon neutral”? 89

3.0

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Science and Technology in Your World Confederation Bridge 123

4.0 Chapter Review 124B21 Thinking about Science and TechnologyStructures and Technology 125

Good design, materials, andconstruction make structures stable and strong. 126

B22 Quick Lab Materials and Fasteners Hunt 129

5.1 Stabilizing Structures 130B23 Starting Point The Tipping Point 130

B24 Learning Checkpoint Triangular Strength 131

B25 During Reading Inferring 135

B26 Quick Lab Stability 137

B27 Inquiry Activity Structural Components and Materials 138


B28 Thinking about Science and TechnologyNews Flash 139

5.2 Elements of Design 140B29 Starting Point Bicycles Built for Two 140

B30 During Reading Inferring 142

B31 Learning Checkpoint Design and Function 143

B32 Quick Lab Supporting a Load 144

B33 Problem-Solving Activity Newspaper Bookcase 145


B34 Thinking about Science and TechnologyAn Aging Population 146

Science and Technology in Your World Beth Anne Currie, Children’sEnvironment and Health Consultant 147

5.0 Chapter Review 148B35 Thinking about Science and TechnologyCar Sales 149

UNITB 90

Structures:Form and Function

B1 Quick Lab Design a Better Desk 94

B2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Considering Form and Function 94

Designers consider the form and the function of a structure and the forces that act on it. 96

B3 Quick Lab Wind Effects 99

4.1 Classification of Structures 100B4 Starting Point Have a Seat 100

B5 During Reading Making Connections 101

B6 Learning Checkpoint Classifying Structures 102

B7 Quick Lab Building Solid, Frame, and ShellStructures 105

B8 Quick Lab Unpacking the Packaging 106


B9 Thinking about Science and TechnologyStructures in Your Lunchbox 107

4.2 Forces That Can Act on Structures 108B10 Starting Point Gravity Is a Force 108

B11 During Reading Note Taking 109

B12 Quick Lab What It Feels Like to Be a Structure 113

B13 Quick Lab Raise the Flag 114


B14 Thinking about Science and TechnologyDamaged Structures 115

4.3 Designing for Safety 116B15 Starting Point Everyday Failures 116

B16 During Reading Making Connections 117

B17 Learning Checkpoint Designing for Risks 118

B18 Quick Lab Be an Inspector 120

B19 Inquiry Activity Loads to Measure 121


B20 Thinking about Science and TechnologySafe Activities 122

4.0

5.0

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The lifespans of structures need to be considered to makeresponsible decisions. 150

B36 Quick Lab How Many Phones? 153

6.1 Determining Consumer Need 154B37 Starting Point Reading Advertisements 154

B38 During Writing Anticipating Readers’ Questions 156

B39 Design a Lab Surveying the Market 159

B40 Quick Lab Wise Choices 160


B41 Thinking about Science and TechnologyScience and Advertising 161

6.2 Lifespans of Common Structures 162B42 Starting Point Where Did It Go? 162

B43 Learning Checkpoint Everything Has a Lifespan 163

B44 Quick Lab Research a Lifespan 166

B45 Decision-Making Analysis Altering a Product Lifespan 167


B46 Thinking about Science and TechnologyProduct Disposal 168

6.3 Exploring Greener Options 169B47 Starting Point Take Stock 169

B48 During Writing Reorganizing Ideas: ARMS 171

B49 Quick Lab Personal Action Plan 172

B50 Decision-Making Analysis How Green Can We Be? 173


B51 Thinking about Science and TechnologyRe-structures 174

Making Connections A Changing Centre of Gravity 175

6.0 Chapter Review 176B52 Thinking about Science and TechnologyWhat’s in a Bag? 177

Unit B Summary 178

Unit B Task 179

Unit B Review 180B53 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentStructures and You 183

6.0

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Mixtures and solutions can beanalyzed through concentration,solubility, and separation. 210

C14 Quick Lab Making a Solution 213

8.1 Solutions: Concentration and Solubility 214C15 Starting Point Dissolving Common Kitchen Ingredients in Water 214

C16 During Reading Pause and Check 215

C17 Learning Checkpoint Components of Solutions 216

C18 Quick Lab Soluble or Insoluble 218


C19 Thinking about Science and the Environment Solutes and Solvents 219

8.2 Factors Affecting Solubility 220C20 Starting Point One Lump or Two Teaspoons 220

C21 Learning Checkpoint Using a Particle Diagram to Explain Rate of Dissolving 223

C22 Design a Lab Growing Crystals 224

C23 Quick Lab Particle Size and Rate of Dissolving 224

C24 Inquiry Activity Factors Affecting Rate ofDissolving 225


C25 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Winter Safety and Salt on Roads 226

8.3 Separating Solutions and Mechanical Mixtures 227C26 Starting Point Coffee Filter Chromatography 227

C27 During Reading Checking the Meaning of Key Words 230

C28 Problem-Solving Activity Designing a Method to Separate a Mixture 232

C29 Inquiry Activity Separating a Mixture of Nails, Salt, Sand, Oil, and Water 233


C30 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Carbon Removal and the Environment 234

UNITC 184

Pure Substances andMixtures

C1 Quick Lab Concentrating a Mixture — A Simulation 188

C2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Environmental Impact of Maple Syrup Production 188

The particle theory of matter can be used to describe puresubstances and mixtures. 190

C3 Quick Lab Animal, Plant, or Mineral 193

7.1 Classification of Matter by Composition 194C4 Starting Point Classify This 194

C5 During Reading A Hypothesis Is a Prediction 196

C6 Inquiry Activity Classifying Substances by Composition 197


C7 Thinking about Science and TechnologyClassifying Common Substances 198

7.2 The Particle Theory of Matter 199C8 Starting Point Sugar Cubes and Particles 199

C9 Learning Checkpoint Particle Theory — Points to Ponder 201

C10 Inquiry Activity Acting Out the Particle 204

C11 Inquiry Activity Melting and Freezing ofDeodorizer Blocks 205


C12 Thinking about Science and TechnologyUsing Models 206

Science and Technology in Your World Carbon Dioxide: Dry Ice and Greenhouse Gas 207

7.0 Chapter Review 208C13 Thinking about Science and Technology

7.0

8.0

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Polluted Air 209

Theory

Contents

xv

Science and Technology in Your World Careers in Consumer Products Safety 235

8.0 Chapter Review 236C31 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment What Colour Is Your Food? 237

The everyday use of mixtures and solutions has an impact on society and the environment. 238

C32 Quick Lab Sifting for Precious Metals 241

9.1 Industrial Methods of SeparatingComponents of Mixtures 242C33 Starting Point Distillation of Antifreeze 242

C34 Learning Checkpoint Fractional Distillation 243

C35 Quick Lab Using Magnetism to SeparateRecycled Metals 245


C36 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentSeparating Industrial Mixtures 246

9.2 Impact of Industrial Methods ofSeparating Mixtures and Solutions 247C37 Starting Point Industrial Methods of Separating Pure Substances and Mixtures 247

C38 During Writing Elements ofProcedural/Sequential Writing 249

C39 Quick Lab Benefits of an Air Filter on Indoor Air Quality 251

C40 Inquiry Activity Removing Carbon Dioxide from Air 252


C41 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Air Purifiers 253

9.3 Effects of Use and Disposal of Pure Substances and Mixtures on theEnvironment 254C42 Starting Point Dilution versus Pollution 254

C43 During Writing Using Procedural/Sequential Pattern 257

C44 Decision-Making Analysis CommunityTreatment of Waste Water 260

C45 Decision-Making Analysis Dealing withDangerous Disposal Practices 261


C46 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment The Cost ofGenerating Electricity 262

Making Connections The Brazil Nut Effect 263

9.0 Chapter Review 264C47 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Bottled Water 265

Unit C Summary 266

Unit C Task 267

Unit C Review 268C48 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentChanging Your Consumption Habits 271

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D17 Learning Checkpoint Identifying Heat Transfers 304

D18 Quick Lab Battling Bottles 306

D19 Inquiry Activity You’re Getting Warmer 307


D20 Thinking about Science and TechnologyHot or Not? 308

Science and Technology in Your World Phil Nuytten — Engineer and Deep-Sea Explorer 309

10.0 Chapter Review 310D21 Thinking about Science and TechnologyHeating Past and Present 311

Heat plays an important role innature. 312

D22 Quick Lab Cycling Water and Heat 315

11.1 Heat Affects the Air Around Us 316D23 Starting Point Coming Up for Air 316

D24 During Reading Question Types 317

D25 Learning Checkpoint Reflecting on the Sun 319

D26 Inquiry Activity Curious Candle 320


D27 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Mapping the Atmosphere 321

11.2 Heat Affects Water 322D28 Starting Point Wonderful Water 322

D29 Learning Checkpoint Weather and the Water Cycle 324

D30 Inquiry Activity Bottled Weather — TeacherDemonstration 327


D31 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Monitoring the Oceans — Argo 328

11.3 Heat Affects Land 329D32 Starting Point Earth’s Mysterious History 329

D33 During ReadingFacts — Questions — Responses 330

UNITD 272

Heat in theEnvironment

D1 Quick Lab Heat in Your Home 276

D2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentThe Environment in the News 276

Heat causes changes in solids,liquids, and gases. 278

D3 Quick Lab What Is Hot? What Is Not? 281

10.1 Energy Transformations 282D4 Starting Point Talking about Forms of Energy 282

D5 Learning Checkpoint Ten Terrific Forms of Energy 284

D6 Inquiry Activity Amazing Transformations 285


D7 Thinking about Science and TechnologyExciting Energy 286

10.2 What Is Hot? What Is Cold? 287D8 Starting Point Heating Things Up and Cooling Things Down 287

D9 During Reading Important versus Interesting Information 289

D10 Inquiry Activity Heating Up 292


D11 Thinking about Science and TechnologyHeat Technologies in Your Life 293

10.3 Changes of State 294D12 Starting Point Particles and Changes in Matter 294

D13 Inquiry Activity Melting Away 298

D14 Quick Lab — Teacher DemonstrationFast Change 299


D15 Thinking about Science and TechnologyKeeping the Warm Air In 300

10.4 Heat Transfer 301D16 Starting Point Thinking Things Through 301

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D34 Learning Checkpoint How Rocks and Minerals Form 334

D35 Quick Lab Colour in a Beaker 336

D36 Inquiry Activity Crystallize Your Thinking 336


D37 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment A Volcano in the Neighbourhood 338

Science and Technology in Your World Hurricane Katrina 339

11.0 Chapter Review 340D38 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Disaster Preparedness 341

Heat technologies offer benefits and require choices. 342

D39 Quick Lab Keep Your Cool 345

12.1 Energy Transformations and HeatPollution 346D40 Starting Point Go with the Flow 346

D41 Learning Checkpoint Energy Conversion 347

D42 Quick Lab Heat Transfers Between Containers 349


D43 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Extra Energy 350

12.2 Heat, Gases, and the Atmosphere 351D44 Starting Point Heat Islands 351

D45 During Writing Cause or Effect or Both? 352

D46 Inquiry Activity Make Your Own Greenhouse 356

D47 Decision-Making Analysis Reduce, Re-use, Recycle, Recover 357


D48 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Read All about It 358

12.3 Managing Heat Issues 359D49 Starting Point Sorting Things Out 359

D50 During Writing Point, Proof, Comment 360

D51 Decision-Making Analysis Cutting Energy Costs 365


D52 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment It’s Your Choice 366

Making Connections The Snake and the Squirrel 367

12.0 Chapter Review 368D53 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Take Action Now 369

Unit D Summary 370

Unit D Task 371

Unit D Review 372D54 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentTie It All Together 375

Toolkits 376

Glossary 412

Index 419

Photo Credits and Acknowledgements 425

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You will be doing many activities in thisbook. Before you begin an activity, readthrough it and watch for “Caution” notes.These notes will tell you how to take extracare as you work through the activity. Makesure you understand what the cautions mean.

When doing an activity, it is veryimportant that you follow the safety rulesbelow. Your teacher may have safetyinstructions to add to this list. As you readthe rules, discuss with a partner or note why each one is an example of common-sense safety.

Before You Begin

1. Read and make sure you understand theinstructions in the text or in anyhandouts your teacher may provide.Follow your teacher’s direction always.Never change or start an activitywithout approval.

2. Learn to recognize the warning symbolsfor hazardous materials shown inToolkit 1, pages 377–378.

3. Keep your work area uncluttered andorganized.

4. Know the location of fire extinguishersand other safety equipment.

5. Always wear safety goggles and anyother safety clothing as requested byyour teacher or this book.

6. If you have long or loose hair, tie it back.Roll up long shirt sleeves.

7. Inform your teacher if you have anyallergies or medical conditions, oranything else that might affect yourwork in the science classroom.

During the Activity

8. Report any safety concerns you have orhazards you see (such as spills) to yourteacher.

9. Don’t eat, drink, or chew gum in yourscience classroom.

10. Never taste any substance.

11. Never smell any substance directly.Instead, gently wave your hand over itto bring its vapours toward your nose, asshown in the photo below.

Common-Sense Science Safety in Your Classroom

Safety

Smell an odour by wafting it toward you.

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12. Handle all glassware carefully. If you seebroken glass, ask your teacher how todispose of it properly.

13. Handle knives and other sharp objectswith care. Always cut away fromyourself, and never point a sharp objectat another person.

14. Heat solids and liquids only in openheat-resistant glass containers and testtubes. Use tongs or protective gloves topick up hot objects.

15. When you heat test tubes, make sure thatthe open end is pointing away from youand anyone else in the room. The photobelow shows the correct way to do this.

16. When heating a substance, make sure thecontainer does not boil dry.

17. Keep water or wet hands away fromelectrical outlets or sockets.

18. Use tools safely when cutting, joining, ordrilling. Make sure you know how to useany tools properly.

19. If any part of your body comes in contactwith a chemical, wash the areaimmediately and thoroughly with water.If you get anything in your eyes, do nottouch them. Wash them immediately and continuously with water for 15minutes. Inform your teacher.

20. Treat all living things with respect.Follow your teacher’s instructions whenworking with living things in theclassroom or on a field trip.

21. On a field trip, do not disturb the areaany more than you need to. If you haveto take any plant material, take as littleas possible and remove it carefully.

When You Finish the Activity

22. Make sure you close the containers ofchemicals immediately after you use them.

23. Follow your teacher’s instructions tosafely dispose of all waste materials.

The open end of the test tube should point away from youwhen you heat it.

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24. Always wash your hands well with soap,preferably liquid soap, after handlingchemicals or other materials. Alwayswash your hands after touching plants,soil, or any animals and their cages orcontainers.

25. When you have finished an experiment,clean all the equipment before putting itaway. Be careful with hot plates andequipment that have been heated as theymay take a long time to cool down.

After Reading

With a partner or small group, think of a wayyou could share your knowledge of safety in thescience classroom through a poster or a skit. Forexample, you could create a poster about the

correct way to smell a substance or how to heata liquid in a container. Or, you could plan andpresent a skit about getting yourselves and yourworkspace ready for a science activity.

Share Your Knowledge

Follow the safety instructions outlined by your teacherand this book.

Keep an eye open for possible hazards, and reportthem immediately.

Show respect and concern for your own safety andthe safety of your classmates and teachers.

Say “Yes!” to Safety

Wear the proper safety equipment when doing science activities.

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Investigating Science and Technology 7

Exploring Your Textbook

Explore the different ways Investigating Science and Technology 7 isorganized by finding the answers to the following questions.

Titles and Organizers

1. How many units will you study in

Investigating Science and Technology 7?

List their titles. For each unit, describe what

you think it’s about.

2. Turn to the Unit Overview at the beginning

of one of the units. What information about

the unit can you find there?

3. Who is Jay Ingram? What is the title of the

page with information from him? (HINT:

look near the end of Chapter 3.)

Symbols1. What is the symbol in the upper right handcorner of a During Reading feature? What isthe purpose of a During Reading feature?2. Find an Inquiry Lab in Chapter 8 and sketchtwo of the safety symbols found in the

activity. Where can you find more informationabout the safety symbols in your textbook?

Colours1. Name three different types of activities

printed on blue backgrounds. Find anexample of each type in Unit A.

2. At the end of each chapter, there is aChapter Review printed on a yellowbackground. What are the different parts ofa Chapter Review called?

3. There is a Unit Task described at thebeginning of each unit. Find the Unit Taskfor Unit C and summarize it. Look at the endof each chapter in Unit C for the Unit TaskLinks printed on blue backgrounds. How

many Unit Task Links are there in Unit C?

Words and Skills

1. Find the list of key terms for Chapter 2.

Where can you find the definitions for all of

the key terms in your textbook?

2. You will use many different skills as you

work through this book. Find the list of skills

you will use in Chapter 7. Choose one and

describe how you could practise that skill.

3. Find an example of a Words Matter margin

feature in Chapter 7. What can you learn

about from a Words Matter?

4. Look for an activity in Chapter 4 that refers

you to Toolkit 4. Where can you go in your

textbook to find the Toolkit section? What

can you learn about in Toolkit 4?

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