Here are some notes to help you pull off that 95% provincials mark. This note has essentially EVERYTHING you'll need to know.

Tag anyone that's in science 10... =) 

ENJOY!

BIOLOGY

Biotic: Effected By other living things.Abiotic: Effected by Non living things.

Natural vs Artifitial Ecosystems. Natural Ecosystems form through the impact that the enviornment causes.Artifitial Ecosystems are caused by humans (man made and maintained).

Trophic Level- A feeding level in an ecosystem.First Trophic Level/ producers (plants)/leafSecond Trophic Level/ primary consumers (herbivores)/ caterpillarThird Trophic Level/ secondary consumers (carnivores)/ small birdFourth Trophic Level/ Tertiary Consumers (top carnivores)/ hawk

An autotroph is an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances. It is then eaten by a consumer if it is a plant for example.A consumer is the organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms. This is also a heterotroph.A heterotroph is an organism that cannot synthesize their own food and must obtain it ready made.A decomposer is an organism of decay. These are also called saprobes. They break down the remains of dead animals and plants, releasing the substances that can be used by other members of the ecosystem.

Nitrogen Cycle (Page 66)

Water Cycle (Page 523)

Percolation: The process where water is pulled down by gravity into the soil.

Evaporatioin: To move water upward by converting it to water vapour.

Food Chains (Page 10)

Factors that effect population:

Natality (Births): The number of offspring of a species born in one yearMortality (Deaths): The number of deaths of a species in one yearImmigration: The number of speceis moving into an existing populationEmmigration: The number of speceis that are moving out of an existing population

Carbon Cycle (Page 62)

Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis: Where plants use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars and oxygenCellular Respiration: Where living things use sugar and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water

Biodiversity: The number of speceis in an ecosystem and the variety within those species.

Population: Group of organisms of the same species populating a given area.Community: The collection of all the populations of all the species in an ecosystem; all of the organisms in an ecosystem.Ecosystem: In an area defined by ecologists, the set of relationships between populations of speceis between those populations and the abiotic (non living) factors in there enviornment.Ecotone: Ecosystems rarely have sharp boundaries and organisms can move back and fourth from one ecosystem to another. There is often a grey area between ecosystems where organisms from both ecosystems interact with eachother.

Albedo effect: This is a measurnment of percentage of light that is reflected off of an object.

Canadian BiomesTundra: Its is found in northern Canada, Short growing seasons, filled with permafrost.Boreal Forest: This is where we live, covers most of Canada, there is some places for good growing seasons (southern Canada), has a high biodiversity.Temperate Dicidouous Forest: It covers a small piece of southern Alberta. In this biome there is longer growing seasons then the boreal forest biome. It gets up to 100cm of precipitation, and there is a high amount of biodiversity.Grassland: It stretches thorugh southern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. There is good long growing seasons, there is high tempuratures most of the time.

Law of Tolerance: States that an organism can survive within (tolerant) a certain range of abiotic factor. Above and below this limit can not survive. The greater range of tolerance, the greater range of an organisms ability to survive.Law of the minimum: The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth.

Photosynthesis= 6CO2 + 6H2O -> 6O2 + C6H12O6

Cellular Respiration= 6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6H2O + 6CO2

WEATHER

Layers of the Atmosphere

The Troposphere is the first 10 km of the Earth’s atmosphere.The tropopause is the second layer, above cloudsThe Stratosphere is from 10 km to about 50 km of the Earth’s atmosphere.The Mesosphere is from 50 km to about 100 km of the Earth’s atmosphere.The Thermosphere is after the mesosphere and is the hottest of all the parts of the atmosphere, hence the name.

Weather Map Symbols: If you don’t know the weather symbols, then you should givee up now, cause thats just fucking ridiculous…

Types of Currents(Page 525)

Fast, Warm CurrentsSlow, Warm CurrentsFast, Cold CurrentsSlow, cold Currents

Causes of ocean Currents: Ocean water near the equator absorbs the direct intense solar energy, since warm water is less dense then cold water, the warm water moves northward or southward at the surface, and is replaced by cold water from below, starting a convection current.Effects of Ocean Currents: Ocean currents effect the tempurature and air pressure of the air around them. Ocean currents are responcible for coastal regions being cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter, than regions several killometers inland. Air above warm ocean currents becomes warmer and less dence, forming low pressure systems. 

Cloud Classification:

Cirus: (High Cloud) Thin Whispy cloud made of ice crystalsCirrocumulous: (High Cloud) Thin patchy cloud that forms wavy patterns.Cirrostratus: (High Cloud) Thin veiled clouds that produce the Halo’s we occasionally see around the sun and moon.Cumulonimbus: (Low-high Clouds) Large Dark CloudsAltostratus: (Adverage Height Cloud) Sheets of grey or blue; the sun and moon may apear as if they are behind frosted glass.Altocumulus: (Medium Height Cloud) Grey, white puffy cloud, usually not continuous but alternating cloud and clear.Stratocumolus: (Low Cloud) Irregular rolling or puffy clouds, usually following a passy cold front.Cumulus: (low Cloud) Rounded CloudNimbostratus: (Low Cloud) True rain clouds; dark and wet lookingStratus: (low Cloud) Low uniformed sheet clouds often with drizzle. 

North American Air Masses (See Page 546)

Factors Affecting and Determining Global and Local WeatherThe main components of the earth that influence weather are the atmosphere, the land forms, and water in its various forms (Solid, Liquid, and Vapour).

Types of Fronts and how they are Formed

A front is formed when a cold air mass and a warm air mass meet. Because of the different properties between the two masses, they don’t mix well, so a boundry, or front forms between them.The warm air mass will normally rise above the cold one, carrying moisture along with it.Warm Front: The leading edge of a warm air massCold Front: The leading edge of a cold air massOcculed Front: Formes when a warm air front is caught by the cold air front, cutting it off from the low.Coriolis Effect: The apparent change in direction of a moving object. 

PHYSICS

Significant DigitsSignificant Digits: An indication of the certainty of a measurnment; the number of certain digits, plus one estimated digit, in a measurnment.Examples:307.0 cm = 4 significant Digits61 cm = 2 significant digits0.03 cm = 1 significant digit0.5060 cm = 4 significant digits

Vectors vs ScalarsVector: A vector quantity is a quantity that involves direction, such as position.Scalar: A quantity that only involves size, no directionExample: Is someone moves from point “A” 100km, but we do not know direction then it is a scalar quantity. But if someone moves 100km [E] from point “A” then this is a vector quantity.

Speed, Distance, and Time CalculationsSpeed = Distance / Time Distance = Speed x TimeTime = Distance / Speed

Velocity: A speed along with a direction.(Sorry, it’s hard to write formulas and explain charts/graphs, but ill just write the pages in the textbook with them, so that you can read about each topic.)Formula Page 432

Displacement: A change in position; a vector quantity; the area under the line on a velocity-time graph.Formula Page 415

Resultant Displacement: Vector sum of two or more displacements; a single displacement that had the same effect as all of the individual displacements; a vector quantity.Explanation on Page 420

Acceleration: The rate of change in speed (a scalar quantity) or velocity (a vector quantity).Formula Page 386

Distance time graph InterpetationPage 362

Position time graph InterpetationPage 446

Adding vectorsPage 422

Adding Vectors on an AnglePage 426

CHEMISTRY

Ionic Compound: Metal and a non-metalNaming Ionic Compounds: When naming ionic compounds the metal is first followed by the non-metal. However the ending of the name of the non-metal changes to “ide”Example:Calcium + Iodine = calcium IodideAluminum + Sulfur = Aluminum Sulfide

Molecular Compound: Formed when two non-metals combineNaming Molecular Compounds: The names of molecular compoundsoften contain prefexis, these prefexes are used to count the number of atoms when the same two elements form different combinations.

Example:The gas you exhale is carbon dioxide (C02) while the poisonous combination of carbon and oxygen that can be formed by automobile engines is carbon monoxide (C0), the prefix di, and mono, diferentiate between two molecules.

Mono 1Di 2Tri 3Tetra 4Penta 5Hexa 6Hepta 7Octa 8Nona 9Deca 10

Generating Chemical Formulas: Cemical formulas is a combination of symbols that represent a particular compound. As you have seen ionic compounds can be represented by such formulas. The formula MgCl2 which is magnesium chloride describes a compound in which the combinding ratio of magnesium ions to chloride ions is one magnesium ion to two chloride ions.

Ions and Polyatomic IonsIon: An atom that has become charged by gaining or loosing one or more electrons.Polyatomic Ion: A group of atoms that tend to stay together and carry an overall charge.Naming Polyatomic Ions: When naming at the end of the last word put “ate”, for all polyatomic ions.

Polyatomic Ions you need to know:

Nick the Camel ate a Clam Supper in Pheonix

The first letter of each word in capital letters identifies name of polyatomic ions.So: N=stands for nitrateC=carbonate

C=chlorateS=sulfateP=phosphate

The number of consonants represents the number of oxygen atomsNICK has three consonants so the nitrates have three oxygen atoms, NO3CAMEL has three consonants and has three oxygen atoms and so on.

The number of vowels represents the valence/chargeNICK has one vowel and so nitrates have valence 1PHOENIX has three vowels so phosphates have valence 3 and so on.If there is a bracket it stands for the charge of the ion, I can’t do it on the computer.NO3(-1), CO3(-2), CO3(-1), SO4(-2), PO4(-3), OH(-1) Acids and BasesAcids: Are below 7 on the PH Scale. Examples of acids would be a lemon, the juice in your stomach, and vinegar. Acids are very SOUR tasting and water soluble.Bases: Are above 7 on the PH Scale. Examples of bases are baking soda and bleach. Bases are very BITTER tasting and are also water soluble; they are GOOD conductors of electricity.

When Acids and Bases react: They cause a NEUTRALIZATION reaction. This causes salt to form. As an acid is added to a basic solution the base is gradually consumed. When the entire base has reacted the result is a neutral solution of a salt and water. The solution is neither acidic nor basic.

Classifications of Chemical Reactions:

Synthesis Reaction: A+B= ABDecomposition Reaction: AB= A+BSingle displacement: B+C= AC+BDouble Displacement: AB+CD= AD+CBCombustion: A2B+C4D=A4D+C2D 

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds:Page 193

Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds:Page 203

Balancing Chemical Equations:When you balance a chemical equation you are making both sides of an equation equal.(The best way to study this is to practice, Just re-do sheets that we got for homework in class and stuff)Page 226

Word Equations:A word equation is one way of representing a chemical reaction. It tells you what reacts and what is produced.

All the reactants ---- All the productsReactant 1 + Reactant 2 ---- Product 1 + Product 2

Skeletal Equations:A representation of a chemical reaction In which the formulas of the reactnats are connected to the formulas of the product by an arrow.

Potassium + Chlorine = Oxygen + NitrogenK + Cl = O Ni

Factors affecting Rates of Reaction:Tempurature: If the tempurare it higher, then the rate of reacting increases. If the tempurature is lower, then the rate of reaction is slowed down.Concentration: More concentration on the reacting would cause the reaction to speed up. Less concentration on a reaction would slow down the rate of reaction (ex. Concentrated hydrocloric acid).Surface Area: The amount of area of a sample of matter that is visible and able to react. More surface area means a faster reaction, and less surface area means a slower reaction.Catalysts: This is a substance that increases the rate of reaction of a chemical reaction without being consumed. So if you were to add this substance you would speed up this reaction (ex. A catalysts substance would be tums).

Law of Conservations of MassThis law states that in a chemical reaction the mass of the reactants has to equal the mass of the products.Example: mass of A + B MUST equal the answer (AB)

Acid-Base IndicatorsIn an acid solution BLUE litmus paper turns REDFor a base solution RED litmus paper turns BLUE

PH ScaleA numerical scale ranging from 0-14 used to measure how acidic or basic a solution is.

Kinetic Molecular TheoryThis theory states that particles are constantly moving and that they are quicker at higher temperatures.

Collision ModelThis states that the rate of reaction is affected by the number of collisions of reactant molecules. 

Side notes for chemistry:

The first shell of an atom can hold 2 electrons.The second shell of an atom can hold 8 electrons.The third shell of an atom can hold 8 electrons.The atomic number of an element tells you how many protons are in the atom.In order for an atom to be neutral it has to have the same number of electrons and protons.An atom never loses protons, it only loses electrons.When a neutral atom loses an electron, it gains a positive charge and is called a Cation.When a neutral atom loses an electron, it gains a negative charge and is called an Anion.Metals such as sodium, magnesium, and calcium are found on the left side of the periodic table. Metals tend to lose electrons.Halogens such as chlorine, fluorine, and iodine are found on the right side of the periodic table. Halogens tend to gain electrons.

Oxygen gains electrons.

Nitrogen gains electrons.

Sulfur gains electrons.

Potassium loses electrons.