Science 8 Name:___________________ Hr: ___

Sc8 Final Exam Review Unit I: Water Systems on Earth Terms

● Atmosphere ● Hydrosphere ● Lithosphere ● Water Cycle ● Density ● Freezing point ● Salinity

● Glacier ● Global Warming ● Ground water ● Run-off ● Evaporation ● Condensation ● Precipitation

1.Draw a diagram of the water cycle. Your diagram should be labelled with the following;

a. The source of energy for the water cycle

b. The 4 water sources

c. 2 changes of state

d. Run-off

e. Precipitation

f. The lithosphere

g. Atmosphere and hydrosphere

2. Describe how periods of climate change affect glaciers. How does this affect the

environment?

3. Complete the table comparing fresh and saltwater.

Fresh Water Salt Water

Percent of water

on earth

Freezing point

Density

Salinity

4. Label the diagram.

Chapter 2: Oceans control the water cycle

Terms ● Abyssal plain ● Continental Shelf ● Continental Slope ● Ocean Ridge ● Density (Deep) current ● Ocean current ● Thermocline ● Labrador current ● Gulf stream

● Breakers ● Crest ● Swell ● Tide ● Trough ● Tsunami ● Wavelength

5. Name two currents that are important in Newfoundland and Labrador and compare their

temperature.

6. Name two types of ocean currents and compare their depth.

7.Name 3 factors that affect surface currents.

8.Name two factors that affect deep (density) currents.

9. When warm water and cold water meet, which one floats, which one sinks and why?

10.When really salty water and less salty water meet, which one floats, which one sinks and why?

11. Give two reasons why water at the bottom of the ocean is colder than water at the surface.

12.Explain the difference between the mixing layer, the thermocline, and the deep ocean.

13.Make a diagram and indicate the following parts of a wave: Trough, crest, wavelength, wave

height.

14.What causes a Tsunami?

15.Define tide. Explain how tides are caused.

Chapter 3: Bodies of water influence climate and species distribution.

Terms

● Climate ● Weather ● Convection

16.Complete the following table on the effects of depth on abiotic factors of the ocean

Abiotic

Factor How depth affects each factor.

Light

Temperatur

e

Salinity

Pressure

Dissolved

Oxygen

17.Explain why we have a lot of fog in St. John’s.

18.Explain how the wind is caused by differences in air temperature.

Review Science 8: Unit II: Fluids

Density Force Weight Mean (Average) density Hydraulic Pressure Balanced Newton Viscosity Buoyancy Pascal Flow Rate Fluid Mass

Pneumatic Unbalanced

Volume

1. ___________________________________ : a substance capable of flowing

2. ___________________________________: resistance to the flow of a fluid.

3. ________________________________: how fast a liquid flows.

4. ___________________________________: the quantity of matter in an object.

5. ___________________________________: the amount of space occupied by an object or a substance.

6. ________________________________ : the mass divided by the volume of an object or a substance

7. ___________________________________ : a push or a pull on an object

8. _______________________________ forces: two or more equal forces, in opposite directions, on an object.

9. _______________________________ forces: two or more unequal forces, in opposite directions, on an object.

10. ________________________________: the downward force experienced by an object under gravity.

11. ________________________________: the unit of measurement for Force.

12. ________________________________: an upward force experienced by an object in a fluid.

13. ___________________________________: the total mass divided by the total volume of an object.

14. ____________________________________: Force divided by the area to which it is applied.

15. ____________________________________: the unit of measure used for pressure.

16. ____________________________________ technology: uses a liquid under pressure to transmit forces.

17. ____________________________________ technology: uses a gas under pressure to transmit force.

Chapter 7: Viscosity

1. Define fluid. Name two states of matter that are fluids.

2. Define viscosity.

3. Name an example of a very viscous fluid, a moderately viscous fluid, and a non-viscous fluid.

4. A group of students completed the experiment « The Great Fluids Race » and measured the following results. Observe the table and answer the questions.

Fluid Distance

(cm) Time of flow (min : sec)

honey 10 2 :00

molasses 10 1 :45

shampoo 10 0 :45

Hand lotion 10 2 : 30

a.Which fluid runs the fastest?

b .Which fluid is the most viscous?

5. Compare solids, liquids, and gases on the following points: shape, volume, and distance between particles.

6. does the particle theory explain viscosity?

7.How does the temperature of a liquid affect its viscosity? Give an example.

8.How does the force of attraction between particles affect the viscosity of a fluid? Give an example.

9.How does the concentration of a solution affect its viscosity?

Chapter 8: Density

10.What is the difference between mass, volume, and density? 11.Draw the triangle that represents the formula, and give the formula for density, mass, and volume.

12.A student measures an unknown liquid substance and discovers that 1200 mL of liquid has a mass of 1080 g. What is the density of the liquid? Show your calculations. 13.An unknown solid has a volume of 460 cm3 and a mass of 3620 g. Calculate the density – showing your calculations. Use the table 8.1 on page 312 to identify the substance. 14.Aluminum has a density of 2.70 g/cm3. What is the mass of the 20 cm3 block of aluminum? 15.A recipe calls for 200 g of vegetable oil, with a density of 0.92 g/cm3. What is the volume of this quantity of oil? 16.Use the particle theory to explain why different substances have different densities. 17.Use the particle theory to explain how the density of a substance can change with temperature. 18.Use the particle theory to explain why salt water is denser than fresh water.

Chapter 9: Buoyancy and Pressure 19.Explain the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces, and their effect on the movement of the object. 20.Give 4 differences between mass and weight. You can use a table for your answer. 21.What is buoyancy? 22.What determines whether or not an object floats or sinks in a fluid? 23.Give examples of technology that use buoyancy. 24.Explain why a block of metal doesn’t float in water, but a metal boat will float? 25.Explain the difference between a compressible fluid (a gas) and an incompressible fluid (a liquid). 26.What is a hydraulic system? Give two examples. 27.What is a pneumatic system? Give two examples. 28.If a gas in a rigid container (the volume can’t change) is heated, what happens the pressure? Give an example. What is a possible danger of this scenario? 29.If a gas in a container capable of expanding is heated, what happens to the container’s volume? Give an example.

Unit III Review: Optics Chapter 4 Vocabulary

diffuse Wave length refraction (f)

dispersion Rectilinear propagation spectrum

frequency reflection specular

1. ___________________________: A property of light that says it travels in a straight line.

2. ___________________________: When light hits a surface and rebounds in another direction.

3. ___________________________ Reflection: occurs on a smooth surface, reflects clear images.

4. ___________________________ Reflection: occurs on rough surfaces, does not form an image.

5. ___________________________: When light changes directions in passing from one medium to another.

6. ___________________________: When the different colours of white light are separated into the colours of the rainbow.

7. ___________________________: the number of wave oscillations that occur in a second. Measured in Hertz.

8. ___________________________: the distance between two crests or two troughs of a wave..

9. Electromagnetic___________________________ :The series of electromagnetic waves in every wavelength and quantity of energy.

Questions

1. What is the speed of light, in a vacuum?

2. What travels faster, light or sound? Why is it, that when we see a flash of lightning there is a moment that passes before we hear the thunder?

3. Name the 6 properties of light.

4. Explain the difference between diffuse reflection and specular reflection, and give an example of each.

5.Explain wavelength and frequency. What is the relationship between the two?

6. Identify which property of light is best represented in each situation.

Situation Propriety of light

The light from a faraway star reaches Earth.

Light passes through air.

You see your image in a mirror.

We see a rainbow after it rains.

You see your shadow.

The colour of an apple is red.

When you observe a sheet of

paper, the light is not absorbed,

but you don’t see your image.

7. Draw a diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum that represents of the types of electromagnetic radiation from Radio to Gamma waves.

8. In the Electromagnetic Spectrum a. Which type of waves have the longest wavelength? b. Which type of waves have the shortest wavelength? c. Which type of wave has the least amount of energy? d. Which type of wave has the highest amount of energy?

Chapter 5:Reflection

Vocabulary

Principal axis Focal point normal reflection

concave incidence plane reflected

convex incident real virtual

1. ___________________________ ray: the ray that hits the mirror.

2. ___________________________ ray: the ray that rebounds off of the mirror

3. ___________________________: an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface of the mirror.

4. ___________________________ angle: the angle between the incident ray and the normal.

5. ___________________________ angle: the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.

6. ___________________________: a flat surface.

7. ___________________________: hollow, like the interior of a sphere.

8. ___________________________: bulging, like the exterior of a sphere.

9. ___________________________: The point at which the reflected rays converge, parallel to the principal axis of a curved mirror.

10. ___________________________: An imaginary line, perpendicular to the mirror, that passes through the focal point and the vertex of the mirror.

11. ___________________________ image: an image formed when the reflected rays intersect in front of the mirror.

12. ___________________________ image: an image formed when the reflected rays do not intersect in front of the mirror, but in the virtual world by extending the reflected rays.

Questions

9. What is the law of reflection?

10. Name three types of mirrors and explain two example uses for each.

11. Explain the significance of each letter in “S.P.O.T.”

12. Explain the difference between a virtual image and a real image.

13. Make a ray diagram to find the image of the sun in a plane mirror.

14. Described the two important rays that must be used when drawing a ray diagram for a curved mirror.

15. Draw the ray diagrams for the objects in the curved mirrors, below. Describe each image using S.P.O.T.

Chapter 6: Refraction Vocabulary

Convergent Divergent Lens Near-sighted Far-sighted

Refracted Refraction

1. ___________________________ ray: the ray after refraction occurs.

2. Angle of ___________________________: the angle between the refracted ray and the normal.

3. ___________________________: A curved piece of glass that refracts light to form images.

4. ___________________________ : to come together.

5. ___________________________ : to separate.

6. ___________________________: When you are able to see objects up close, but not far away.

7. ___________________________: When you are able to see objects that are far away clearly, but not as they become closer.

Questions

16. Give two examples of refraction.

17. Create a diagram to represent a ray of light that is refracting as it passes between air and water. On your diagram, include: · Air · Water · Incident ray · Refracted ray · normal · Angle of incidence · Angle of refraction

18. When a ray of light enters from air into a denser substance, in what direction is the refraction?

19. When a ray of light comes out from a denser substance into the air, in what direction is the refraction?

20. What is the effect the density of a substance has on the speed of light?

21. What colour of light is refracted the most as it passes through a prism, red or violet?

22. Use drawings to represent the shape of the following : · A convex mirror · A concave mirror · A convex lens · A concave lens

23. Draw a diagram to represent refraction in a convex lens. Label the principal axis, the incident rays, the refracted rays, and the focal point.

24. Draw a diagram to represent the refraction of a concave lens. Label the principal axis, the incident rays, the refracted rays, and the focal point.

25. What type of mirror is convergent? What type of mirror is divergent? Justify your answers with a small diagram.

26. What type of lens is convergent? What type of lens is divergent? Justify your answers with a small diagram.

Review Unit 4 : Cells, tissues, organs and systems

Chapter 10 :The microscope and cells

Definitions

cell cell membrane nucleus cell wall chloroplast mitochondria organelles vacuole cytoplasm

1. _________________________________: the basic unit of life.

2. _________________________________: parts that make up the cell.

3. _________________________________: thin film that surrounds all cells.

4. _________________________________: transparent gel that fills the cell and contains other organelles.

5. _________________________________: organelle which is hard and rigid, composed of cellulose, which surrounds plant cells.

6. _________________________________: big round organelle that contains the chromosomes in the cell.

7. _________________________________: a "bubble" in the cell; can contain water, waste, or a reserve of food. Bigger and more important in plant cells.

8. _________________________________: small organelle in the form of bean that uses oxygen to 'burn' food and release energy for the cell (cellular respiration)

9. _________________________________: Green organelle that contains chlorophyll and makes photosynthesis; exists only in plant cells.

1. Draw and label "typical" animal and plant cells and label all parts that were studied (5 parts for

animal cells and 7 for plant cells)

2. Look at the cells below. For each cell

(a) Say if it is a plant or animal cell

(b). Label all organelles you know on the diagram.

3. What are the four differences between plant and animal cells?

4. Why do animal cells not have chloroplasts?

5. Why do plant cells need cell walls?

6. What is the function of the nucleus?

7. What is the name of the gel that fills the inside of the cell?

8.What is the name of the large organelle that stores water in the plant cell called?

9. What organelle allows materials to enter and exit the cell?

10. If a cell didn't have mitochondria, what would be the problem for this cell?

Chapter 11 Review: Tissues, organs and organ systems

Circulatory Nervous Respiratory

Waste Nutrient Organ System

Digestive Organ Tissue

Muscular Cellular Respiration Excretory

1. ____________________: a group of similar cells.

2. ____________________: a part of the body made of two or more types of tissue, which has a specific function.

3. ____________________: a group of organs that work together to perform a necessary function for the body.

4. ____________________: when the cells in the mitochondria use food and oxygen to release energy, and produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products

5. ____________________: substance needed from food.

6. ____________________: substance that must be eliminated from the body.

7. The ____________________ System: the system responsible for transporting oxygen, food and waste to the different parts of the body.

8. The ____________________ System: the system responsible for bringing in oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.

9. The ____________________ System: the system responsible for absorbing nutrients from food, and eliminating solid waste.

10. The ____________________ System: the system responsible for eliminating liquid waste from the body.

11. The ____________________ System: the system responsible for controlling the activities of the body, and to detect and react to changes inside the body and in the environment.

12. The ____________________ System: the system responsible for moving the body.

Questions

11.Complete the table :

Organ system Function of the system Organs

12. Explain the connections between the following terms: cell, tissue, organ, organ system.

13.How can the cells of your intestine receive oxygen?

14.How can the cells within a muscle receive food?

15.How can the waste produced by your brain cells can be transported outside the body?

16.Complete the table below using the following terms – some terms will be used more than once!

Circulatory Respiratory Digestive

Nervous Muscular Excretory

Activity or function Organ system

Takes the carbon dioxide produced by the cells and transports it to the lungs to be eliminated

Eliminates solid waste

Makes different parts of the body move.

Receives information from the 5 senses.

Pump the blood

Digests food

Communicates the instructions from the brain to the body

Exchanges gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide

Removes liquid waste