Science 9Science 9

Unit A: Unit A: Biological DiversityBiological Diversity

Science InActionScience InAction

Section 1.2: Pages 16-19Section 1.2: Pages 16-19

Lesson #2: Lesson #2: InterdependenceInterdependence

Learner OutcomesLearner Outcomes

I can investigate and interpret dependencies I can investigate and interpret dependencies among species that link the survival of one among species that link the survival of one species to the survival of othersspecies to the survival of others

I can identify examples of niches, and I can identify examples of niches, and describe the role of variation in enabling describe the role of variation in enabling closely related living things to survive in the closely related living things to survive in the same ecosystemsame ecosystem

What are What are Niches?Niches? Niche Niche is the is the role of an role of an

organismorganism within a within a particular ecosystem. particular ecosystem. Includes:Includes:

1. What it eats.1. What it eats.2. What eats it.2. What eats it.3. Its habitat.3. Its habitat.4. Nesting site, range and 4. Nesting site, range and

habits.habits.5. What effect it has on the 5. What effect it has on the

other populations.other populations.6. What effect it has on the 6. What effect it has on the

environment.environment.

Describe the different types Describe the different types of interdependencies of interdependencies

between and among species.between and among species. Interdependence Interdependence – ongoing – ongoing

relationship between organisms - relationship between organisms - SYMBIOSISSYMBIOSIS

CommensalismCommensalism – One benefits, – One benefits, other does not benefit or is other does not benefit or is harmed.harmed.

MutualismMutualism – Both benefit.– Both benefit. ParasitismParasitism – One benefits, other – One benefits, other

is harmed.is harmed. Interspecies CompetitionInterspecies Competition ––

Two or more species need the Two or more species need the same resource.same resource.

CommensalismCommensalism

Some examplesSome examples

Barnacles adhering to Barnacles adhering to the skin of a whale or the skin of a whale or shell of a molluskshell of a mollusk

Sea anemone and Sea anemone and clownfishclownfish

Cattle Egrets and Cattle Egrets and CowsCows

MutualismMutualism

Some examplesSome examples

Hummingbirds and Hummingbirds and flowersflowers

Bull Horn Acacia and Bull Horn Acacia and antsants

Lichen on a mangrove Lichen on a mangrove treetree

ParasitismParasitism

Some examplesSome examples

Head louse on humanHead louse on humanMosquito on animalMosquito on animalTapewormsTapeworms

What is Co-HabitationWhat is Co-HabitationSpecies that live within a common Species that live within a common

place and use the same resources. place and use the same resources. Mutual benefitMutual benefit..

Resource PartitioningResource Partitioning… … is the action which enables is the action which enables

competing species to competing species to share the share the resources resources by accessing these by accessing these resources in different ways, involving resources in different ways, involving less direct competition.less direct competition.

Three species of Warbler species feed on spruce bud worms in different parts of a tree.

Sample Multiple Choice Sample Multiple Choice QuestionQuestion

This type of arrangement described above is called This type of arrangement described above is called

a.a. Natural selectionNatural selection

b.b. Artificial selectionArtificial selection

c.c. Resource partitioningResource partitioning

d.d. SpecializationSpecialization

When similar species coexist in an area, When similar species coexist in an area, they have slightly different niches. They they have slightly different niches. They do not compete for resources, instead they do not compete for resources, instead they divide the resources between them.divide the resources between them.

Q1

Sample Multiple Choice Sample Multiple Choice QuestionQuestion

The association of an orchid and a mesophytic plant The association of an orchid and a mesophytic plant is an example of is an example of

a.a. MutualismMutualism

b.b. CommensalismCommensalism

c.c. Parasitism Parasitism

d.d. SaprophytismSaprophytism

Epiphytes are plants that grow on sturdier Epiphytes are plants that grow on sturdier plants. They do not take nourishment from plants. They do not take nourishment from their host and simply benefit from being their host and simply benefit from being exposed to sunlight. An orchid is an exposed to sunlight. An orchid is an example of an epiphyte.example of an epiphyte.

Q2

Sample Multiple Choice Sample Multiple Choice QuestionQuestion

The adaptive value of the The adaptive value of the monarch’s colour pattern monarch’s colour pattern is necessary in order tois necessary in order to

a.a. Warn predators so they do Warn predators so they do not try to eat the monarchsnot try to eat the monarchs

b.b. Help the monarch find a mateHelp the monarch find a mate

c.c. Help the monarchs to Help the monarchs to organize themselves into organize themselves into flocksflocks

d.d. Camouflage the monarch Camouflage the monarch amongst colorful flowers.amongst colorful flowers.

During the caterpillar stage of development, During the caterpillar stage of development, monarch butterflies eat poisonous milkweed monarch butterflies eat poisonous milkweed leaves. As they become adult butterflies, the leaves. As they become adult butterflies, the poison is deposited in the brilliantly coulered black poison is deposited in the brilliantly coulered black and orange butterfly wings.and orange butterfly wings.

Through the viceroy Through the viceroy butterfly has no butterfly has no poison in its wings, poison in its wings, the colour pattern on the colour pattern on its wings is similar to its wings is similar to that of the monarch’s. that of the monarch’s. Such and adaptation is Such and adaptation is known asknown as

a.a. SpecializationSpecializationb.b. Selective breedingSelective breedingc.c. MutualismMutualismd.d. MimicryMimicry

Q3 Q4

Sample Multiple Choice Sample Multiple Choice QuestionQuestion

The association of a a bee and a clusia is an example The association of a a bee and a clusia is an example ofof

a.a. Parasitism Parasitism

b.b. CommensalismCommensalism

c.c. MutualismMutualism

d.d. HeterotrophismHeterotrophism

As a bee pollinates clusia flowers, it is As a bee pollinates clusia flowers, it is covered with a sticky resin that contains a covered with a sticky resin that contains a powerful antibiotic. This antibiotic kills bee powerful antibiotic. This antibiotic kills bee bacteria in the bee hive.bacteria in the bee hive.

Q5

Answers to Sample Multiple Answers to Sample Multiple Choice QuestionsChoice Questions

1.1. CC2.2. BB3.3. AA4.4. DD5.5. CC

Did you ...Did you ...

... investigate and interpret ... investigate and interpret dependencies among species that dependencies among species that link the survival of one species to link the survival of one species to the survival of others?the survival of others?

... identify examples of niches, and ... identify examples of niches, and describe the role of variation in describe the role of variation in enabling closely related living things enabling closely related living things to survive in the same ecosystem?to survive in the same ecosystem?

Assess Your Learning Assess Your Learning Questions Questions

Page 25Page 25Questions 1-8Questions 1-8

Societal and Environmental Societal and Environmental ContextContext

Questions 1-2Questions 1-2

(for lessons #1 and #2)(for lessons #1 and #2)

AYL – page 25, 1-8AYL – page 25, 1-8Question 1Question 1 Write a definition of Write a definition of

biological diversity that biological diversity that includes a description includes a description of its three main of its three main components. components. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 2Question 2 Define the terms niche Define the terms niche

and symbiosis. Explain and symbiosis. Explain how these terms are how these terms are related.related.

Niche: _________________ Niche: _________________ _____________________ _____________________

Symbiosis: _____________ Symbiosis: _____________ _____________________ _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

AYL – page 25, 1-8AYL – page 25, 1-8Question 3Question 3 How does variability How does variability

within a species affect within a species affect its survival? its survival? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 4Question 4 Using examples, Using examples,

explain ways in which explain ways in which different species living different species living within an ecosystem within an ecosystem depend on one depend on one another. another. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

AYL – page 25, 1-8AYL – page 25, 1-8Question 5Question 5 How does natural How does natural

selection enhance or selection enhance or reduce the variability of reduce the variability of a species? Explain your a species? Explain your answer using an answer using an example. example. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 6Question 6 Restate the meaning of Restate the meaning of

interspecies competition interspecies competition in your own words. Use in your own words. Use an example to illustrate. an example to illustrate. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

AYL – page 25, 1-8AYL – page 25, 1-8Question 7Question 7 How does variation How does variation

within a species within a species contribute to the health contribute to the health of the species? of the species? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 8Question 8 Describe your niche. Describe your niche.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SEC – page 25, 1-2SEC – page 25, 1-2Question 1Question 1 Explain how you think Explain how you think

biological diversity biological diversity benefits humans and benefits humans and other forms of life on other forms of life on earth. earth. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Question 2Question 2 Almost half of all life Almost half of all life

forms on the planet are forms on the planet are insect. How important is insect. How important is it to preserve those it to preserve those species? Should we be species? Should we be concerned about ensuring concerned about ensuring that something small not that something small not be eliminated? Why or be eliminated? Why or why not? Would it be why not? Would it be better off without those better off without those insects? Support your insects? Support your answer.answer.

SEC – page 25, #2SEC – page 25, #2

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