ScienceAdvanced Technology and Integration Workshop

Teacher-Produced Slides• Slides with this background are our originals. Anything else is

teacher-produced.• Examples here are provided to illustrate how teachers demonstrated

a grasp of the skills taught in the Ten Rules of PowerPoint training session.

• In the case of science materials, solutions included the simplification of language, the use of imaginative graphics to reinforce text, the division of complex explanations into a narrative chain of slides, and the creation of animations to explain concepts.

What Is Radioactive Waste?

• Atoms of elements that are decaying into other elements, giving off high-energy rays (gamma rays) in the decay process

• Sub-atomic particles that originate in the nucleus (alpha and beta particles)

Guess what I am ?

I am

radio active waste

How Can You Get Exposed to Radiation?

• Inhalation

• Ingestion

• Injection

• Direct contact

Exposed to radiation. How ?

1 2

3 4

Inhalation

Ingestion

Injection

Direct contact

High Level Radioactive Waste

• Particles in spent uranium rods are still radioactive. This is high-level radioactive waste.

• The “spent fuel” is transported to a holding pool for temporary storage.

• The pool is made of a thick layer of steel-reinforced concrete and filled with water.

• Long half life means that spent fuel will remain radioactive for tens of thousands of years.

Workers must wear protective gear when

putting the spent fuel in the pools.

Source: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

High Level Radioactive Waste

• Particles in spent uranium rods are still radioactive. This is high-level radioactive waste.

• The “spent fuel” is transported to a holding pool for temporary storage. Workers must wear

protective gear when putting the spent fuel in

the pools.

Why is Water Used as a Coolant?

• Water has a high specific heat.

• This means that water can absorb a lot of heat before the water gets hot.

• Water in the air, the humidity, also helps control temperature changes from season to season.

During the summer, the water is not as hot as the

surrounding environment because

water has a high specific heat.

Why is Water Used as a Coolant?

During the summer, the water is not as hot as the surrounding environment because water has a high specific heat.

•The pool is made of a thick layer of steel-reinforced concrete and filled with water.

•Long half life means that spent fuel will remain radioactive for tens of thousands of years.

Holding Pool

Nuclear Radiation• Nuclear radiation is

ionizing radiation that originates from the nucleus of an atom.

• It occurs when the nucleus of an atom becomes unstable and must give off energy and/or particles to become stable again.

Nuclear Radiation Nuclear radiation is

ionizing radiation that originates from the nucleus of an atom.

What’s the catalyst???

When the nucleus of an atom becomes unstable and must give off energy and/or particles to become stable again.

Radioactive Decay and Half Life

• An unstable isotope will become stable by radioactive decay.

• Four types of radiation can be produced during decay:– Alpha radiation– Beta radiation– Gamma radiation– Neutron radiation

• The rate of an isotopes decay is called its half life.

• The half life of an isotope is the amount of time it takes for one half of the isotope’s nuclei to completely decay.

• Half lives can range from milliseconds to millions of years.

Radioactive Decay and Half Life

An unstable isotope will become stable by radioactive decay.

Four types of radiation can be produced during decay: Alpha radiation Beta radiation Gamma radiation Neutron radiation

The rate of an isotopes decay is called its half life.

• The half life of an isotope is the amount of time it takes for one half of the isotope’s nuclei to completely decay.

• Half lives can range from milliseconds to millions of years.

Global Warming• Global warming is the average

increase in the earth’s temperature.

• Over the past 100 years, the earth has risen in temperature 1 degree Fahrenheit.

• That may not sound like much, but the earth’s temperature was only 6 degrees cooler during the ice age when much of the earth was covered by glaciers.

• Global warming leads to changes in the amount of rain we get and where the rain falls, a rise in sea level, and devastating impacts on our wildlife populations.

• Scientists predict that the earth’s average temperature will rise another 1 to 6 degrees in the next 100 years.

Global Warming• Average increase in the

earth’s temperature.• Past 100 years = rise in

earth’s temperature of 1 degree F.

• That may not sound like much, but the earth’s temperature was only 6 degrees cooler during the ice age when much of the earth was covered by glaciers.

Global warming leads to changes in the amount of rain we get and where the rain falls, a rise in sea level, and devastating impacts on our wildlife populations.

The Greenhouse Effect• The greenhouse effect

is a warming of the earth due to gases being trapped in the atmosphere.

• These gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane.

• Without these gases, the earth would be very cold.

• However, too much of a good thing can spell disaster for our environment.

Source: EPA.gov

Scientists predict that the earth’s average temperature will rise another 1 to 6 degrees in the next 100 years.

The Greenhouse Effect

• The greenhouse effect is a warming of the earth due to gases being trapped in the atmosphere.

• These gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane.

Source: EPA.gov

Without these gases, the earth would be very cold. However, too much of a good thing can spell disaster for our environment.

What are Fossil Fuels?• The three fossil fuels are

coal, oil, and natural gas. • As the name suggests, these

fuels were made millions of years ago.

• Oil and natural gas are located underground, trapped between sheets of rock. Companies drill down through the rock and pump the oil or gas into holding tanks for further processing.

• Coal is also located underground and must be mined since it is a solid.

Source: ICE.gov

Source: resourcecommittee.house.gov

Energy from Fossil Fuels• Fossil fuels create 90% of

the energy used in the world.

• Oil is the most widely used fuel, followed by coal, then natural gas.

• The energy from fossil fuels produces electricity, fuels our vehicles, and provides heating and cooling.

• However, fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, once it runs out, we can’t make any more.

What are Fossil Fuels?• As the name “Fossil” suggests, these fuels were made millions of

years ago.

• Three fossil fuels

– Oil– Natural gas.– Coal

Source: resourcecommittee.house.gov

Where are Fossil Fuels?

• Oil and natural gas are located underground, trapped between sheets of rock.

• Companies drill down through the rock and pump the oil or gas into holding tanks for further processing.

Source: ICE.gov

Where are Fossil Fuels?

• Coal is also located underground.– It is a solid so it must be mined

Energy from Fossil Fuels• Fossil fuels create 90% of the

energy used in the world.

• Oil is the most widely used

fuel, followed by coal, then natural gas.

• The energy from fossil fuels produces electricity, fuels our vehicles, and provides heating and cooling.

Limitations of Fossil Fuels

• Using fossil fuels contributes to global climate change, acid rain, and holes in the ozone layer that protects the earth.

• Fossil fuels are also a hot commodity among countries. The U.S. imports most of its oil from the Middle East. Any reduction in the amount of oil we receive, leads to huge cost increases for energy.

• Energy consumption worldwide is constantly rising, what are we going to do when we run out of fossil fuels?

Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Country

Energy Consumption by Region

Limitations of Fossil Fuels

• Using fossil fuels contributes to global climate change, acid rain, and holes in the ozone layer that protects the earth.

Types of Radiation

• There are two broad categories of radiation: non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation.

• Non-ionizing radiation has enough energy to move atoms around, but cannot change their internal structure.

• Ionizing radiation is a high energy radiation that interacts with electrons to knock them out of orbit around an atom. This charged atom is called an ion.

Non-Ionizing Radiation

• Non-ionizing radiation is electromagnetic waves that only have enough power to move atoms around.

• Radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, and visible light rays are all examples of non-ionizing radiation.

• The rest of the rays in the electromagnetic spectrum are examples of ionizing radiation.

Source: Herschel Space Observatory

Ionizing Radiation• Ionizing radiation is a high-

energy radiation that can make ions out of atoms when the energy is absorbed - electrons are knocked out of their orbit around an atom’s nucleus.

• Ionizing radiation can be in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles.

• Examples include x-rays, UV rays, gamma rays, and alpha particles to name a few.Source: nyc.gov

The burn you get from staying out in the sun too long is a result of UV ionizing

radiation.

1) Non-ionizing radiation moves atoms around, but cannot change their internal structure

ENERGY SOURCE

Examples Radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, and visible light rays

2) Ionizing radiation high energy radiation that knocks electrons out of orbit around an atom.

ENERGY SOURCE

Resulting atom with missing electrons called an ion

Examples ultraviolet rays, x-rays gamma rays, alpha particles