science and technology policy and innovation i benchmarking the promotion of research and technology...
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Science and Technology Policy and Innovation I
Benchmarking the Promotion of
Research and Technology
Development (RTD) Culture
and Public Understanding of Science
(PUS)
Set up in September 2001
Release in July 2002
Presented by:João Silva
Paulo Anastácio
Ricardo Manso
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Summary
Report demonstrates the wide range of activities undertaken to promote RTD culture and public understanding of science;
Report verifies the existence of two trends in RTD culture policies:
– Pedagogical approach;
– Establishing a dialog between citizens and other actors;
Report concludes about the need to promote further analysis, namely through quantitative methods;
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RTD Culture and PUS
Surveys regularly painted a picture of an
“ignorant public”, showing a large deficit of
knowledge about S&T (Deficit Model);
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RTD Culture and PUS
Citizens want to be involved in:
– Deciding how new technologies are developed;
– Judging if scientific discoveries are useful and
appropriate;
– Determining how scientific discoveries are
being used;
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Expert Group Benchmarking
Determine the state of RTD culture and PUS;
Survey existing activities and measures
undertaken to promote RTD culture and PUS;
Recommend measures for improvement;
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Expert Group Benchmarking
Solid knowledge of previous work;
Professional experience in:
– Science popularisation;
– Teaching;
– Management of institutions;
– Management of programmes;
No prior experience in benchmarking;
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Knowledge and interest levels in S&T (Eurobarometer 55.2): 2001
(57,8%) (60%) (11,3%) (71,1%)
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Knowledge and interest levels in S&T: 1992 vs 2001
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Findings: Actors
Governments and Agencies;
Scientific Community;
Education;
Museums and Science Centres;
Media;
Industry and Private Sector.
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Findings: Government and Agencies
Approximately only 50% of member states
have clear policies on the promotion of RTD
culture and PUS;
Many governments do not have an idea of
what they are supporting, and also why, how,
and how much;
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Findings: Government and Agencies
Women are more concerned than men about S&T,
but little is currently being done specifically to
promote RTD culture and PUS among them;
Internet does not obviate the need for traditional
media and other additional activities in the
promotion of RTD culture and PUS;
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Findings: Government and Agencies
The “Deficit Model” of simply giving
information to a public presumed to be
ignorant has been shown to be inadequate;
High variability in the decisions, actions, and
commitments of governments is very common;
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Findings: Government and Agencies
“One size fits all” approaches to promoting RTD
culture and PUS are usually not very effective;
Experiences made in one country will not
translate simply into other countries, given the
social, cultural and historical differences;
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Findings: Scientific Community
Community is mainly focused in:
– Providing teaching aid materials, information
for educational purposes;
– Organising conferences and debates for the
general public and particularly students;
– organisation of events, namely “science
weeks” and S&T Festivals;
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Findings: Scientific Community
Training offered to most scientists does not equip
them to get involved in public dialogue;
Scientists are acquainted with the public’s needs;
Interaction with scientists is increasingly
demanded by society;
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Findings: Scientific Community
Improving the public visibility of scientists should
help attract more young Europeans to RTD careers;
Little recognition of the effort that scientists
invest in the promotion of RTD culture and PUS;
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Findings: Education Systems
Education is a key contribution to the
development of PUS;
Image of S&T as perceived in school is the most
dominant factor affecting the predisposition
towards the two areas in adult life;
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Findings: Education Systems
Familiarisation of students from the early
stages in socially oriented areas, such as
Environmental studies, will improve
citizenship and societal welfare;
Out-of-school learning is attractive to
students and effective;
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Findings: Education Systems
Integration of ICT into the teaching of
science-related subjects can change the
pedagogical climate;
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Findings: Museums and Science Centres
Science centres and Museums are successful
tools for science communication and
learning;
Experiences in science centres play a key
part in youngsters’ decision to follow a
scientific career;
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Findings: Museums and Science Centres
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Findings: Museums and Science Centres
Small and middle-sized institutions are
particularly valuable:
– Respond to a real local demand;
– Address a young interested public;
Science centres have significantly promoted the
dialogue between the different actors and the
public;
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Findings: Media
Television is the main source of science
information for the lay public;
National information agencies act as a
reference for all types of news items and
exert a great influence on the media
agendas;
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Findings: Media
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Findings: Media
University journalism degrees lack science
communication courses;
Science degrees pay little or no attention to
the acquisition of communication skills;
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Findings: Media
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Findings: Industry and Private sector
Industries offer information in an attempt to
increase knowledge on areas connected to
their activities;
Some industries support pedagogical
experiences or provide educational material in
order to promote the image of their activities;
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Findings: Industry and Private sector
Some industries rely upon the efforts of the
academic community in communicating about
their work;
Some associations of very large industrial
companies, support an approach to science
society relationships based on the
development of dialogue through forums;
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Findings: Industry and Private sector
Personal contacts with people directly involved
in industrial research are efficient in the
transfer of information and the development of
informed opinions;
The public is interested in knowing how local
factories and industries work;
Students are interested in the industry,
because it can bring exciting aspects to school
projects;
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Findings: Industry and Private sector
Industry is more active in promoting RTD
culture when technological changes are
occurring and when a market is to be opened
by creating a taste for the use of new
machines or products;
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Conclusions
First exercise ever to benchmark the promotion
of RTD culture and PUS across the EU;
The public image of S&T in Europe is constantly
changing;
The direct involvement of individual scientists
and engineers is very important;
Government leadership in this area is also
crucial;
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Conclusions
Quantitative data is fundamental in future
benchmarks;
Scientific information distributed and the
nature of its contribution to the democratic
debate should be evaluated;
Precise information regarding the amount of
money spent by each of the actors should be
sought in future benchmarks;
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Conclusions
Considerable difficulty in evaluating the different
ways of formally and informally teach S&T;
Need for more social science research on problems
linked to the diffusion of RTD culture;
All kinds of science and technology museums in
Europe including open-air ones should be
surveyed;
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Conclusions
The practice of “round tables” on television
which allow different viewpoints to be
expressed on S&T should be encouraged;
In future surveys, local level entities and
activities should be analysed;
Non-governmental organisations should also
be considered as actors;