Science and the Science and the EnvironmentEnvironment

Chapter 1Chapter 1

September 9, 2010September 9, 2010

Please get out notebook…Please get out notebook… Add to Right side Yellow paper on Add to Right side Yellow paper on

Cornell notesCornell notes Safety Quiz..Safety Quiz.. Begin Notes Chapter 1, Section 1 or Begin Notes Chapter 1, Section 1 or

1.11.1 Mid Section Review page 8Mid Section Review page 8

September 10, 2010September 10, 2010 Get out your notebook, and Get out your notebook, and

update your table of update your table of contents contents

Make sure to add page Make sure to add page numbersnumbers

Notes on Chapter 1Notes on Chapter 1 Mid Section Review page 8Mid Section Review page 8

What Is Environmental What Is Environmental Science?Science?

Environmental Science Environmental Science is the study of is the study of the air, water, and land surrounding an the air, water, and land surrounding an organism or a community, which ranges organism or a community, which ranges from a small area to Earth’s entire from a small area to Earth’s entire biosphere.biosphere.

It includes: It includes: 1) The use of natural resources.1) The use of natural resources.

2) How human actions alter our environment.2) How human actions alter our environment.

A major goal of environmental science is A major goal of environmental science is to understand and solve environmental to understand and solve environmental problemsproblems

EcologyEcology is they study of interactions of is they study of interactions of living organisms with one another and living organisms with one another and with their environment.with their environment.

Thinking about ThinkingThinking about Thinking

September 16, 2010September 16, 2010

Ecosystems Lab…Ecosystems Lab… Write up should be complete thru Write up should be complete thru

procedure. procedure. Working on identification of Genus Working on identification of Genus

/species/species Are you ready for poster yet?Are you ready for poster yet? Finish up all questionsFinish up all questions Conclusion: be sure and answer all Conclusion: be sure and answer all

bullets bullets

What is an Ecosystem?What is an Ecosystem? Full Lab Write up – 28 ptsFull Lab Write up – 28 pts Follow Blue Rubric for Application/Illustration Follow Blue Rubric for Application/Illustration

LabLab Create Your Site MapCreate Your Site Map Identify your organismsIdentify your organisms

10 genus species names for an A – 8 pts10 genus species names for an A – 8 pts Make sure to complete A-F of #5Make sure to complete A-F of #5 Use hand lens to inspect soil and did down for Use hand lens to inspect soil and did down for

a sample sitea sample site Answer questions 1-5 under Analysis SectionAnswer questions 1-5 under Analysis Section Conclusion – please write your own conclusion Conclusion – please write your own conclusion

following the rubricfollowing the rubric

September 27, 2010September 27, 2010

Collect grades for Ecosystem LabCollect grades for Ecosystem Lab Out of 32…Out of 32… Mid Section Review Page 8Mid Section Review Page 8 Hunter/Gatherer organization chartHunter/Gatherer organization chart

Complete Graphic Complete Graphic Organizer Page Organizer Page

Hunter Hunter GathererGatherer

Agricultural Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

September 28, 2010September 28, 2010

Mid Section Review Page 8Mid Section Review Page 8 Hunter/Gatherer organization chartHunter/Gatherer organization chart STAMP and go over above!STAMP and go over above!

Notes Chapter 1, with activities as Notes Chapter 1, with activities as per PowerPoint Slides..per PowerPoint Slides..

Hunter-GatherersHunter-Gatherers People who People who obtain food by collecting obtain food by collecting

plants and by hunting wild animalsplants and by hunting wild animals or or scavenging their remainsscavenging their remains

• Native American tribes hunted buffalo.Native American tribes hunted buffalo.

• The tribes also The tribes also set fires to burn prairiesset fires to burn prairies and prevent the grow of trees. This left the and prevent the grow of trees. This left the prairie as an open grassland ideal for prairie as an open grassland ideal for hunting bison.hunting bison.

• Extinct Species due to Extinct Species due to climate/overhuntingclimate/overhunting• giant slothsgiant sloths• giant bison mastodonsgiant bison mastodons• cave bears saber-toothed catscave bears saber-toothed cats

The Agricultural RevolutionThe Agricultural Revolution Agriculture Agriculture is the raising of crops and is the raising of crops and

livestock for food or for other products livestock for food or for other products that are useful to humans started 10,000 that are useful to humans started 10,000 years ago.years ago.

The agricultural revolution allowed The agricultural revolution allowed human populations to growhuman populations to grow at an at an unprecedented rate in smaller areas and unprecedented rate in smaller areas and caused increased use of the environmentcaused increased use of the environment

Replacing forest with farmlandReplacing forest with farmland on a on a large scale can cause large scale can cause soil losssoil loss, floods, , floods, and water shortagesand water shortages

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution Shift from energy sources such as Shift from energy sources such as

animals and running water to fossil fuels animals and running water to fossil fuels such as coal and oil.such as coal and oil.

In In factoriesfactories, the large-scale production , the large-scale production of goods became of goods became less expensiveless expensive than than the local production of handmade goodsthe local production of handmade goods

On the On the farm, machineryfarm, machinery reduced the reduced the amount of land and human labor needed amount of land and human labor needed to produce food.to produce food.

With fewer people producing their own With fewer people producing their own food, the food, the populationspopulations in urban areas in urban areas steadily steadily grewgrew..

Improving the Quality of LifeImproving the Quality of Life Agricultural productivity increased, and Agricultural productivity increased, and

sanitation, nutrition, and medical care sanitation, nutrition, and medical care vastly improved.vastly improved.

It also introduced many new environmental It also introduced many new environmental problems such as problems such as pollution and habitat losspollution and habitat loss..

Materials such as plastics, artificial pesticides, Materials such as plastics, artificial pesticides, and fertilizers were createdand fertilizers were created

Much of environmental science is concerned Much of environmental science is concerned with the problems associated with the Industrial with the problems associated with the Industrial Revolution.Revolution.

September 30, 2010September 30, 2010

Go over Mid Section Review page 8Go over Mid Section Review page 8 Make sure you have notes…Make sure you have notes… Catch up your table of contents….Catch up your table of contents…. Continue notes thenContinue notes then Case Study page 12-13Case Study page 12-13

Spaceship EarthSpaceship Earth Earth is a closed systemEarth is a closed system Sunlight enters as energy and heat leaves Sunlight enters as energy and heat leaves

earthearth in large amounts in large amounts Limited ResourcesLimited Resources We produce wastes more quickly that we can We produce wastes more quickly that we can

dispose of them.dispose of them. Environmental problems can occur on different Environmental problems can occur on different

scales: local, regional, or global.scales: local, regional, or global.• A local example would be your community discussing A local example would be your community discussing

where to build a new landfill.where to build a new landfill.• A regional example would be a polluted river 1000 A regional example would be a polluted river 1000

miles away affecting the regionmiles away affecting the region’’s water.s water.• A global example would be the depletion of the A global example would be the depletion of the

ozone layer.ozone layer.• Case Study page 12-13 Case Study page 12-13 –– answer 2 answer 2

questionsquestions

October 4, 2010October 4, 2010 Stamp on Quick Lab Stamp on Quick Lab

page 14page 14 Finish up Section Finish up Section

Review ?? Page 15Review ?? Page 15 Work thru PP on Work thru PP on

notes.. notes.. Ecological Footprint Ecological Footprint

QUIZChapter1 WEDS

The Industrial Revolution, modern medicine, The Industrial Revolution, modern medicine, and sanitation all allowed the human and sanitation all allowed the human

population to grow faster than it ever had population to grow faster than it ever had before.before.

Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems

Resource Depletion

Pollution Loss of

Biodiversity

Resource DepletionResource Depletion

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources are any natural are any natural materials that are used by humans, materials that are used by humans, such as, such as, water, petroleum, water, petroleum, minerals, forests, and animals.minerals, forests, and animals.

Natural resources are classified as Natural resources are classified as either a renewable resources or a either a renewable resources or a nonrenewable resource.nonrenewable resource.

Quick Lab - page 14Quick Lab - page 14

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

Renewable Resources replace themselvesnaturally fairly quickly

Non-renewable resources form much slower than they are used

PollutionPollution There are two main types of There are two main types of

pollutants:pollutants:

• 1. 1. Bio-degradable pollutantsBio-degradable pollutants - which - which can be broken down by can be broken down by natural natural processesprocesses and include materials such and include materials such as as newspaper.newspaper.

• 2. 2. Non-degradable pollutantsNon-degradable pollutants - - which which cannotcannot be broken down by be broken down by natural processes and include materials natural processes and include materials such as such as mercurymercury..

BiodiversityBiodiversity VarietyVariety of organisms in a given area, of organisms in a given area,

genetic variation within a population, the genetic variation within a population, the variety of species in a community, or the variety of species in a community, or the variety of communities in an ecosystem.variety of communities in an ecosystem.

Loss of BiodiversityLoss of Biodiversity

Has occurred due to Has occurred due to human impacthuman impact and and many species becoming extinctmany species becoming extinct

Tragedy of the CommonsTragedy of the Commons Ecologist Garrett Hardin wrote an essayEcologist Garrett Hardin wrote an essay The example he used was the The example he used was the

commons, or the areas of land that commons, or the areas of land that belonged to the whole villagebelonged to the whole village

The Tragedy of the The Tragedy of the CommonsCommons

In the commons you needed to graze as In the commons you needed to graze as many animals as possible but if it many animals as possible but if it overgrazed then there was no pasture overgrazed then there was no pasture land and everyone sufferedland and everyone suffered

The commons were replaced by The commons were replaced by individual land owners who were more individual land owners who were more careful with their landcareful with their land

Hardin’s point was that Hardin’s point was that someone or a someone or a group must take responsibility for group must take responsibility for resourcesresources or they will become depleted or they will become depleted

Supply and DemandSupply and Demand

The Law of Supply and Demand is a law of economics that states as the demand for a good or service increases, the value or the food or service also increases.

An example is the world oil production.

Population and Population and ConsumptionConsumption

Almost all environmental problems Almost all environmental problems can be traced back to two root causes:can be traced back to two root causes:

• The The human populationhuman population in some areas is in some areas is growing too quicklygrowing too quickly for the local for the local environment to support.environment to support.

• People are using up, wasting, or People are using up, wasting, or polluting many natural resourcespolluting many natural resources faster than they can be renewed, faster than they can be renewed, replaced, or cleaned up.replaced, or cleaned up.

Developed Countries Developing Countries

higher incomes lower average incomes

slower population growth rapid population growth

diverse industrial economies simple agriculture-based communities

stronger social support

The cost of environmental The cost of environmental solutions can be highsolutions can be high

Often, environmental regulations are Often, environmental regulations are passed on to the consumer or passed on to the consumer or taxpayertaxpayer

Pollution controlPollution control may be may be too costlytoo costly to an to an industryindustry, but to a , but to a nearby communitynearby community, the , the price may well be price may well be worth itworth it..

Ecological FootprintEcological FootprintAn ecological footprint is one way to express the differences in consumption between nations.

Take the following quiz to determine your ecological “footprint”. It will help you determine how many resources you need to live compared to the average person. Ecological Footprint Quizwww.myfootprint.org

Developed nations use about Developed nations use about 75 75 percentpercent of the world of the world’’s resources, s resources, although they make up only although they make up only 20 20 percentpercent of the world of the world’’s population.s population.

SustainabilitySustainability is the condition in which is the condition in which human needs are met in such a way human needs are met in such a way that a that a human population can survivehuman population can survive indefinitely.indefinitely.

Sustainability is a key goal of Sustainability is a key goal of environmental science.environmental science.

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Statement of the Statement of the ProblemProblem

Gather InformationGather Information HypothesisHypothesis ProcedureProcedure Collect dataCollect data Analyze dataAnalyze data ConclusionConclusion

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EastWestNorth

Omar’s OnionsOmar’s Onions

   You recently obtained a job working You recently obtained a job working

for an environmental consulting firm, for an environmental consulting firm, the Environmental Brain Trust. Your the Environmental Brain Trust. Your firm, famous for “brainstorming,” has firm, famous for “brainstorming,” has recently received an anxious plea for recently received an anxious plea for help from Omar Frizbee, owner of help from Omar Frizbee, owner of Omar’s Onions. The distraught Omar Omar’s Onions. The distraught Omar described how his onions failed to described how his onions failed to take root. He has tried everything, take root. He has tried everything, including the latest watering system including the latest watering system and the finest organic fertilizer. Omar and the finest organic fertilizer. Omar suspected that runoff from a nearby suspected that runoff from a nearby bleach company had contaminated the bleach company had contaminated the groundwater underneath his farm. groundwater underneath his farm.

  

Omar has done the first step for Omar has done the first step for you: he has observed that his you: he has observed that his onions have failed to take root. onions have failed to take root. What will you do next? Get What will you do next? Get together with your group, and together with your group, and discuss the mystery of the failed discuss the mystery of the failed crop. Decide what scientific crop. Decide what scientific problem you need to solve. problem you need to solve.

(Statement of the Problem)(Statement of the Problem) QUESTIONQUESTION

It is up to you and your co-workers to It is up to you and your co-workers to develop a hypothesis to explain the develop a hypothesis to explain the mystery of a failed crop. First, list all mystery of a failed crop. First, list all of the variables that might have of the variables that might have affected Omar’s onions, based on his affected Omar’s onions, based on his description. Working with your description. Working with your group, pick one variable that you group, pick one variable that you think is a likely cause of the problem, think is a likely cause of the problem, and develop a hypothesis. Make sure and develop a hypothesis. Make sure you clearly make a prediction in If-you clearly make a prediction in If-Then-Because Format.Then-Because Format.

HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS

Conduct a test to see if your Conduct a test to see if your hypothesis is correct. You will hypothesis is correct. You will investigate the growth of the onions investigate the growth of the onions by growing onions in test tubes filled by growing onions in test tubes filled with different growing solutions. The with different growing solutions. The components of the solutions depend components of the solutions depend on which variable your team is on which variable your team is testing. With your team, decide on:testing. With your team, decide on:

The amounts (concentrations) of the The amounts (concentrations) of the substance in your test solutions.substance in your test solutions.

What will the sample size be?What will the sample size be? Is it necessary to set up a control Is it necessary to set up a control

(pure water only) Why or why not?(pure water only) Why or why not?

Write a complete list of your Write a complete list of your procedures and draw a diagram of procedures and draw a diagram of how you will set-up your experiment. how you will set-up your experiment. Remember to: Remember to: Label your test tubesLabel your test tubes Remove the outer layer of onionRemove the outer layer of onion Cut a 2 mm slice from the bottom of Cut a 2 mm slice from the bottom of

each onioneach onion Complete your procedure and set-up Complete your procedure and set-up

your lab according to your procedureyour lab according to your procedure

Collect Data – Over a 5 day Collect Data – Over a 5 day period, make a note (measure) period, make a note (measure) each day of the root growth of each day of the root growth of the onions. Make sure you the onions. Make sure you organize your data so I can read organize your data so I can read your results.your results.

What happened? – Write a letter What happened? – Write a letter (each) and create a presentation (each) and create a presentation (group) that includes your (group) that includes your hypothesis, data, and analysis to hypothesis, data, and analysis to send to your client, Omarsend to your client, Omar Business Format.. Include Name, Business Format.. Include Name,

Address, be formal!!Address, be formal!!

Omar’s OnionsOmar’s OnionsFinish your lab:

1.Write a conclusion.

• What happened?

• Why?

• How could you improve your experiment?

2.Write a letter to Omar that explains what you found out and what you think he should do based on your results.

Don’t believe everything you Don’t believe everything you see on the Internet.see on the Internet.

Read the paper that is on your desk.Read the paper that is on your desk. Think about something on the Think about something on the

Internet or in an advertisement that Internet or in an advertisement that you think is false.you think is false.

Write a paragraph about what you Write a paragraph about what you read and the false information that read and the false information that you have seen.you have seen.

Decision-Making ModelDecision-Making Model

Gather Information

Consider Values

Explore Consequences

Make a DecisionDecision Making Table

Values that Affect Values that Affect Environmental Decision MakingEnvironmental Decision MakingAestheticAesthetic What is beautiful or pleasingWhat is beautiful or pleasing

EconomicEconomic Gain or loss of money or jobsGain or loss of money or jobs

EnvironmentalEnvironmental Protection of natural resourcesProtection of natural resources

Educational Educational Accumulation or use of knowledgeAccumulation or use of knowledge

Ethical/MoralEthical/Moral What is right or wrongWhat is right or wrong

HealthHealth Maintenance of human health and Maintenance of human health and prevention of sickness or disabilityprevention of sickness or disability

RecreationalRecreational Providing for human leisure Providing for human leisure activitiesactivities

ScientificScientific Knowledge gained by scientific Knowledge gained by scientific researchresearch

Social/CulturalSocial/Cultural Maintaining human communities Maintaining human communities and respecting their values and and respecting their values and traditionstraditions