science exam grade 9, 2013 ~henry truong

7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong

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Science Exam Review

Definitions:

Abiotic Factors: The non living physical and chemical components of an ecosystem. Ex.

Temperature, weather, Water quality,

Alkali Metals: Group 1 of the periodic table

Alkali earth metals: Group 2 of the periodic table

Alloy: A solid solution of two or more metals

Alternating Current (AC): A flow of electrons that alternates in direction in an electric circuit

(p. 515)

Astronomical Unit (AU): Distance of Earth to the Sun, approx. 150 million kilometre

Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the Earth

Atomic Mass: the mass of an atom (p. 235)

Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atoms nucleus

Bioaccumulation: the concentration of a substance, such as pesticides, in the body of an

organism (One organism)

Bioamplification: The increase in a substance that moves up the food web

Biodiversity: The variety of life in a certain ecosystem

Biomass: The mass of a living organisms in a given areaBiome: a large geographical region defined by climate with specific abiotic and biotic features

Biosphere: The area where all living things can exist

Biotic Factors: living things and their features and associated activity

Carbon cycle: The movement of carbon through the spheres (p. 49)

Celestial Object: Any object in space

Celestial sphere: An imaginary sphere that rotates around earth, onto which all celestial objects

are projected (pg. 331)

Cellular respiration: The process of converting sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide andwater, to provide energy to the organism

Chemical Change (Reaction): the change between substances that produces a new substance

Chemical Family: The column of elements in the periodic table

Chemical formula: notation that indicates the type and number of atoms in a pure substance (pg.

257)

Chemical property: Chemical characteristics


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Circuit diagram: Diagram that describes the layout of an electric circuit with standard symbols

Comet: A chunk of ice and rock travelling a long orbit around the sun

Compound: A pure substance of two or more different elements that are chemically joined.Conductor: Material that easily allow electrons to pass through

Constellations: a group of stars

Consumer: An organism that obtains its energy from other organisms (p. 41)

Controlled experiment: An experiment where an independent variable is purposely changed to

find the new outcome

Covalent: A bound formed from two non metal atoms that share an electron

Current electricity: the flow of electrons through conductors

Density: a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume of a substance (p.192)

Dependent variable: A variable that changes in response to the change in the independent

variable

Direct Current (DC): A flow of electrons in one direction through an electric circuit

Dwarf planet: A celestial object that orbits the sun and sustains a spherical shape but does not

dominate its own orbit

Eclipse: A darkening of a celestial object due to another position of a different celestial object

Ecliptic: The apparent path that celestial objects travel Earths night sky

Ecological Niche: the function of a species it serves in a ecosystem

Ecological Pyramid: A representation of energy, numbers, or biomass relationships in an

ecosystem

Ecosystem: all the living organisms and their physical and chemical environment

Efficiency: Comparison of the energy output of a device with the energy supplied (p. 530)

Electric cell: a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Electric Current (I): a measure of the rate of electrical flow past a given point in a circuit

Electric Discharge: the rapid transfer of electrical charge from object to another

Electric force: The force exerted by an object with an electric charge (p. 468)

Electrical Resistance (R): The ability of a material to oppose the flow electric current

Electromagnetic Radiation: Energy emitted from matter that travels the speed of light

Electromagnetic spectrum: The range of electromagnetic radiation, radio waves, gamma rays,

visible light


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Electron: a negatively charge particle in an atom

Electrostatic series: a list of materials arranged in order of their tendency to gain electrons

Element: a pure substance that cant be broken down any further by any meansElement symbol: an abbreviation for an element

Endangered: A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction

Equilibrium: describes the state of an ecosystem with relatively constant conditions over a

period of time

Equinox: The time of year when the hours of daylight and hours of darkness or the same (12

hours)

Extinct: refers to species that has died out and no longer exists anywhere on earth

Extirpated: a species no longer exist in a specific area

Grounding: connecting an object to a large body, like earth (p. 475)

Hydrosphere: All of earths water, liquid and gas, and solid (clouds, ice, lakes)

Independent variable: A variable changes by an investigator

Insulator: material that does not easily allow electrons to pass through

invasive species: non native species whose international or incidental introduction negatively

affects the environment/ecosystem

Ion: a particle that has either a positive or negative charge

Ionic compound: a compound consistent of negative or positive charge

Kilowatt hour: the SI unit for measuring electrical energy unit

Lithosphere: Earths outer solid layer

Lunar cycle: the phases of the moon (p. 324)

Mixture: a substance that is made of at least two different types of particles

Molecular element: a molecule that is made of atoms of the same element

Molecule: Two or more atoms of the same or different atoms joined together in a unit

Natural fertilizer: plant nutrients that have been obtained from natural sources and have not

been chemically modified

Neutron: a neutral particle in the atoms nucleus

Nitrogen Cycle: the series of process of which nitrogen cycle are moved through the sphere

(p. 50)

Noble Gases: An element of the periodic table (last column) and does not react with any other

element

Non-renewable energy: a resource for electricity that cant be replaced as quickly as it is


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consumed.

Ohms law: The straight line relationship voltage, current and resistance

Orbit: The closed path for a celestial object

Orbital radius: The average distance between a celestial object in the solar system and the sun.

Organic farming: The system of agriculture that relies on non synthetic pesticides and

fertilizers.

Parallel circuit: A circuit in which the loads are connected by branches so that there are two or

more paths for electrons to flow through

Pesticide: Chemicals used to kill pests

Photosynthesis: The process of converting the suns rays into chemical energy (p. 38)

Photovoltaic cell: a device that converts light energy directly into electric energy

Physical changes: a change in which the composition of the substances remains unaltered and

no new substances are produced.

Pollution: harmful contaminants released into the environment.

Potential Difference (Voltage [V]):The difference in electrical potential energy per unit charge

measured at two different points

Precession: The changing direction of the earths axis

Primary cell: a electrical cell that may only be used once.

Primary succession: succession on newly exposed ground, such as following a volcanic

eruption.

Producer: Organisms that produce their own energy-rich food from the suns energy.

Proton: Positively charged particle in the atoms nucleus.

Pure substance: a substance that is made up of only one type of element.

Qualitative property: a property of a substance that is not measured and does not have a

numerical value.

Quantitative property: a property of a substance that is measured and has a numerical value.

Renewable resource: a natural resource that is unlimited or can be replenished naturally over

relatively short period at a time.

Satellite: a celestial object that travels around a planet or dwarf planet.

Scientific method: the general types of mental and physical activities use to create, refine,

extend and apply knowledge. (P. 647)Secondary cell: an electric cell that can be recharged.

Secondary Succession: succession in a partially disturbed ecosystem, such as following a forest

fire.

Series circuit: A circuit where its load are connected end to end so that only one path for

electrons can flow.

Solar Flare: gases and charged particles expelled above an active sunspot.

Solar prominence: Low energy gas eruptions from the suns surface that extend thousands


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kilometres into space.

Solstice: an astronomical event that occurs two times in the year. When the tilt of the earths axis

is most inclined toward or away from the sun. (The longest and shortest days of the year)

Solution: a uniform mixture of two or more substances.Special concern: a species that may become threatened or endangered because of combinations

of factors. (p. 85)

Species richness: the number of a specific species in an area

Static electricity: an imbalance of electric charge on the surface of an object.

Succession: the gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and

the abiotic conditions following a disturbance.

Sunspots: darken spots on the surface of the sun that is cooler than the area surrounding it.

Threatened: a species that is likely to become endangered of factors reducing its decline remains

unchanged.

Tolerance range: The abiotic conditions within which a species can survive.

Trophic level: the level of an organism in an ecosystem depending on feeding positions alongthe food chain.

Viscosity: the degree to which a fluid resists flow.

Water cycle: the series of process that cycles water through the spheres.


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Diagrams:Carbon Cycle


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Nitrogen Cycle


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Phosphate Cycle


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Water Cycle


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Bohr Rutherford Diagram


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WHMIS


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Soil Layer


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Lightning

As water molecules make their way up to the clouds, the rub off one another, this causes friction

and the bottom of a cloud develops a charge. So the bottom of a cloud would be negatively

charged while the top is positively charged. The cloud would like to release the excess charge,and one way to do so, is through electrical discharge. Electrical discharge is the sudden

movement of large amounts of electrons from one object to another. For clouds, they can either

transfer electron between each other, or ground it. Grounding is getting rid of excess charge onto

a large body, such as the Earth. The excess electrons travel from water molecules to water

molecules, which creates friction and heat (where the sound [thunder] comes from, the heat) and

onto the ground.


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Calculations

Ohms Law

To calculate Current.

I = R/V

To calculate Resistance.

R = I/V

To calculate Voltage.

V = R*I

Series

Calculating the current in series circuit. (P. 571)

I=V/R

Calculating the Voltage in a series circuit (p. 572)

Vload= Vsource/# of loads.

Parallel

Calculating the current in a parallel circuit. (P. 573)

Iload= Isource/# of loads

Calculating the voltage in a parallel circuit. (P. 574)

Vsource = I/V

Density.

D = M/V


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Physical (Qualitative) Properties

Colour

Odour

Taste Clarity

Lustre

Crystal Form

Texture

Hardness

Brittleness

Malleability

Ductility

State of Matter

Quantitative Properties

Viscosity Solubility

Melting Point

Boiling Point

Density

Heat Conductivity

Electrical Conductivity

Scientific Method

IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM

GATHER INFORMATION

STATE A HYPOTHESIS TEST THE HYPOTHESIS

MAKE CAREFUL OBSERVATIONS

ORGANIZE AND ANALYZE THE DATA

STATE A CONCLUSION

Charge by Conduction

Two objects of different amounts of electrons come into contact with one another and

electrons transfer, both are likely to become negative.

Charge by Induction

When a charged object charges a neutral object. Either temporary or permanent (through

grounding)Charge by Friction

Two different neutral material are rubbed together or come into contact, one becomes

negative, and the other, positive


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Hydroelectricity21%

fast moving waterfalls or rivers pushing turbines, powering a generator, producing DC power.

Pros

No pollution during usage. Renewable

Cons

Effects water-based ecosystems, changes the river backs and water flow, fish migration

may be disturbed.

Expensive

Pollution upon construction

Not always available suitable locations.

Solar (alternative)

No generator or turbine is used. A photovoltaic cell is used to convert light directly into electrical

energy. Sunlight on the solar cells sets of a flow electrons. When light strikes the semi-

conductor, silicon, it knocks some of the electrons loose, and with metal conductors attached tothe silicon, the flow of electrons can get captured and moved to be used.

Pros

No pollution

Acts independent from power grid or connected to

Can be set up in any sunny locations

Maintenance free, lasts to more than 40 years

Cons

Pollution during manufactured, or disposal

Only 30% efficient in capturing sunlight

Expensive

Geothermal (alternative)Using earths heat to turn water into high power steam for steam turbines.

Pros

No pollution

No climate change

Cons

Hard to obtain

limited areas to set up geothermal generation stations

# Biomass (alternative)

Burning crops or any biological material to power steam turbine.

Pros

Renewable

Methane gas is released when plant or animal matter decays, this can be used and burned

for energy

Cons

Not enough to meet energy demands

Nuclear 52%


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Using uranium and nuclear fission to make high power steam for steam turbines.

Pros

A lot of power is generated

No water or air pollutionCons

Massive nuclear waste

nonrenewable

Health and environmental consequences

Water is then placed back into a lack, though temperature is higher and thus affects

aquatic ecosystems

exposure may cause cancer or organ failure

Expensive

Risks (human error, machine malfunction, earthquakes)

Wind 1% (alternative)

Wind pushing blades of the wind turbine which then powers a generator, and creates DC power.Pros

Installations and maintenance cost is generally lower than fossil fuels or uranium.

Wind is free

Wind turbines can be added and removed fairly easily for maintenance, without

disrupting the energy supply.

Wind turbines can be placed near homes and business than fossil fuel and nuclear power

plants, meaning less electricity is loss with the shorter transmission lines to deliver it.

No pollution

Can be located anywhere

Cons

Difficult to obtain a steady supply electrical power at all times, meaning many turbinesare needed to be placed across a large area

Noisy (Newer models are made to be silent)

Dangerous to birds

Tidal (alternative)

Using tides to turn turbines, powering a generator.

Pros

Tides are cyclical, thus a renewable resource

Cons

Can only be built near coastlines

After station installations, significant change in tides occur

Natural Gas (oil) 8%

Pros

Less air pollution than coal

Cons

Nonrenewable

Pollution

Accidents may be difficult to clean up after


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Becoming expensive and scarce

Coal 18%

Burning coal to power generators.Pros

Easy and inexpensive to mine

Cons

Creates ash, smoke, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide

Also releases Mercury

Nonrenewable

10 Signs of Chemical Change

1) Bubbles of gas appear

2) A precipitate forms3) A colour change occurs

4) The temperature changes

5) Light is emitted

6) A change in volume occurs

7) A change in electrical conductivity occurs

8) A change in melting point or boiling point occurs

9) A change in smell or taste occurs

10) A change in any distinctive chemical or physical property occurs

science exam grade 9, 2013 ~henry truong

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