Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

Science Grade 8

Quarter 2 - Module 4

Understanding Typhoons

Zest for Progress

Zeal of Partnership

8

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________

Name of School: ___________________________

What I need to know

This module was designed and written for you. It is here to help you master the concept

of the formation of typhoons and their movement within the PAR. The scope of this module

permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the

diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard

sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond

with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

to explain how typhoon develops and how it is affected by landmasses and bodies of

water.(NO MELCs Code)

And, specifically you are to:

1. Explain how tropical cyclones form;

2. Explain how typhoons develop;

3. Describe the factors that affect a typhoon

Our country is located near the equator surrounded by the bodies of water which favor

the formation of a tropical cyclone it is one of the most destructive disasters known to man.

It is one of the Earth's strongest forces, a combination of strong, howling winds and

heavy precipitation. Typhoons that enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility become more

frequent and violent, causing great damage and loss to many lives and properties.

But how does this force of nature form? How do typhoons develop? What are some

factors that affect a typhoon? These are some of the important questions that you will seek

to answer in this module.

Module

4

Understanding Typhoons

Figure 2: The troposphere is the layer of atmosphere where weather happens

https://pin.it/C2NPKQt

What’s In

Let’s Recall! Activity 1 Directions: Label and draw a line to match the parts of the layers of the atmosphere to its description.

A B

1. the region of the Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and mesosphere. It has no clouds and is marked by gradual temperature increase.

2. layer of the earth's atmosphere where site of all weather on the earth

3. the outermost region of the atmosphere of Earth or another planet

4. the layer of the Earth's atmosphere in which temperature decreases rapidly, located between the stratosphere and thermosphere

5. the region of the atmosphere above the mesosphere in which temperature steadily increases with height, beginning at about 85 km/53 mi above the Earth's surface

Figure 1. Layers of the Atmosphere

This time let’s work on activity no. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in order to understand typhoons.

You have surely learned from your Grade 7 science that the troposphere (Figure 2 ) is a part of the atmosphere where clouds are being formed. This layer consists of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and others. These gases block some heat that is radiated back from the ground. Through the process of conduction and convection, heat is being transferred from one place to another. It is also through convection that a warm, moist air combines with cold air which leads to the low-pressure system formation where tropical cyclones are initiated.

https://pin.it/C2NPKQt

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What’s New Activity 2- What Kind of Air Causes the Formation of Typhoon? Objective: After performing this activity, you will be able to describe what will happen when

cold air and warm air meet. Materials: 2 Jars ¾ glass of hot water ½ glass of cold water Red and blue food coloring 1 Index cardProcedure:

1. Fill one jar with 1/2 glass of hot and another with 1/2 glass of cold water. 2. Drop red food coloring to the hot water and blue to the cold water. 3. Add more water ( ¼ glass ) up to the rim of the jar with hot water. 4. Cover the jar (cold water) with an index card by tapping it gently with your finger to flat the card

to the rim of the jar. 5. Turn this jar( cold water) carefully up-side-down quickly put it on top of the other jar with blue

food coloring. 6. Hold both jars and ask someone (you may ask your parents to assist you) to slowly and

carefully pull the card out. Observe what will happen to the colors. Guide Questions

1. Which color will be on top and at the bottom? 2. Will the two colors separate or mix? 3. What do you think will happen when the cold air and warm air meet?

Let’s Explore! Activity 3-How tropical cyclones form into a storm?

Directions: Complete the diagram of the formation of tropical cyclones with the words found in the boxes.

Work with utmost care.

Safety is a must!

The warmed air continues to rise with moist air from the ocean taking its place creating more wind.

Condensation releases heat into the atmosphere making the air lighter.

As the water vapor rises, it cools and condenses into liquid droplets.

Water vapor rises into the atmosphere.

Warm moist air

moves over the

ocean.

One thing about tropical cyclones that we should watch out for, are strong winds. Let us now take a peek inside a tropical cyclone (Activity 4) and find out in which part would we experience strong winds. .

Figure 3: Formation of Tropical Cyclone

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Complete the output by providing answers to the guide questions given. Write it on the space provided after each question Activity 4- Dissecting of a Tropical Cyclone Objectives:

After performing this activity, you should be able to: 1. Identify to which part of the tropical cyclone has the strongest wind speed 2. Determine the categories of air pressure inside the tropical cyclone

Fig. 4: (Top) View of a Tropical cyclone at an angle (Bottom)Typhoon Cross-section Procedure: Guide Questions Q1. Location A is within the eye of the tropical cyclone. B, C and D are locations that are more distant from the eye. The air pressures at the different locations are :

Table 2.

Location A B C D

*Air pressure in millibars (mb)

930 960 980 990

*Air pressure refers to the weight of air over a certain area Compare the air pressures at A, B, C, and D. What do you notice? Q2. Location E is within the eye of a tropical cyclone. Location F is within the clouds surrounding the eye. The clouds at F make up the eyewall. The wind speeds at the two locations are:

Location E F

Windspeed ( km/hour) 10 200

Compare the wind speed within the eye at the eyewall. What can you say?_______________________________________________________________

Let’s do activity 5 in order to understand more on how do tropical cyclones develops into typhoon.

Adapted from Science – Grade 8 Learner’s Module,1st Edition, 2013

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Figure 4 consists of three

illustrations. The top one shows

a tropical cyclone as seen at an

angle. White rain bands move

around the center or “eye.” The

bottom illustration shows a

cross-section of a tropical

cyclone. It is like slicing it in half

and looking at it from the side.

Left side illustration show the

satellite view of a typhoon.

Activity 5- When tropical cyclone becomes stronger!

Directions: Identify the name of the cyclone as it pass through the stages of progression

using the descriptions below. Write your answer in the box.

How does a typhoon can cease to intensify its tropical characteristics? Let’s answer activity number 6 to know more about these factors affecting typhoon.

Activity 6- Factors Affecting Typhoon

Directions: Fill in the blank with the factors affecting typhoon found in a word

bank. Write your answer on the space provided before each

number.

Word Bank

Stages of Progression (not arrange in order) Tropical Disturbance commonly exist in the tropical trade winds at any one time and are often accompanied by clouds and precipitation Typhoon, Hurricane, or Cyclone. A pronounced rotation develops around the central core as spiral rain bands rotate around the eye of the storm. The heaviest precipitation and strongest winds are associated with the eye wall. Tropical Depression The winds blow stronger due to the greater convergence that causes quicker decrease in the pressure. It increases in speed sustaining one-minute winds up to 38 mph at an elevation of 10 meters. Tropical Storm The tropical storm receives an official name once sustained winds reach 39mph in the closed circulation. The winds increase greatly and can take as little as a half day to as much as couple days

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Cold water

No water

Wind shear

_____________1. A typhoon will drastically deteriorate once its eye moves over land with_______ The air over land cools quickly due to specific heat causing the typhoon to quickly lose intensity. _____________2. When the storm moves over __________, it loses its energy source, which is the evaporating water from ocean surface, it weakens due to the deprivation of warm water by moving over bodies of water with a temperature below 26.5 OC. _____________3. High ____________at several thousand feet from the surface can remove the heat and moisture needed from the area near the center of the typhoon, causing it to tear apart the storm in different direction and disrupting it.

What is it What Kind of Air Causes the Formation of Typhoon?

How tropical cyclones form into a storm?

In the warm, open seas just off the equator, the water is considerably warmer; so is the air. The warm air helps the also-warm water evaporate faster; and this hot, moist mass of air would go up, following the basic tenet that "warm air goes up, cool air goes down." (Figure 5)

Up in the air, the water vapor cools down and condenses, and the heat is released back to the air; this heat makes the air lighter, making it move further up.

It then triggers air from outside the system to go inward, then upward, towards the system. This air flow helps more water to evaporate, joining the clouds and precipitation already massing up in the air.( Figure 6)

If the process continues, energy and precipitation accumulate further, and the winds speed up. Once the winds reach a certain speed, it then becomes a tropical cyclone.

The movement of the Earth also affects this process: the wind, instead of moving in straight lines, moves in a spiral pattern due to the so-called Coriolis Effect. This causes the easily-identifiable, spiraling cloud systems we see in satellite photos.( Figure 7)

The word tropical cyclone is composed of two distinct words that completely describe its characteristic. The term “tropical” refers to its geographical starting point, which is usually hot and humid; whereas “cyclone” is a meteorological term which refers to its cyclonic circulation where the strong winds in the Northern Hemisphere circulate counter –clockwise and clockwise in Southern Hemisphere.

https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/tc

https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/tc

https://blogs.nasa.gov/hurricanes/tag/vayu-

2019/

Figure 8: Tropical cyclone formation https://courses.lumenleraning.com

Figure 5: Movement of Warm Air

Figure 6: Wind moves in a spiral pattern

Figure 7: Spiralling cloud system

The tropical cyclone undergoes a process of development called tropical cyclogenesis. This process involves several requirements, which if met, will lead to the formation of a storm. (Figure 8 )

• Warm ocean surface with temperature of 26.5 OC to a depth of at least 50 meters below the surface, which is favorable environment to maintain a “ warm core” that powers up a tropical typhoon

How a tropical cyclone is called differs based on where it formed. In the northwest Pacific it is called a typhoon; in the southwest Pacific and in the Indian Ocean, it is a cyclone; and in the eastern Pacific and in the Atlantic, it is a hurricane. Though a tropical cyclone is known in different names, it has a uniform procedure of how it is formed or developed. Among other tropical cyclones, we often heard the word typhoon and hurricane in the weather reports. Here, in the Philippines, we use typhoon or “ bagyo”.

Where Tropical Cyclones Originate?

to November, the ITCZ oscillates over the Philippines which triggers the formation of cumulonimbus

cloud leading to prevalent rain showers, and the most of the time, thunderstorm in the country. Figure

9)

Table 1: Tropical Cyclone Categories

Category Maximum Wind Speed kilometer per hour (kph)

Tropical Depression 64

Tropical Storm 118

Typhoon 200

Super Typhoon Greater than 200

In simple terms, a tropical cyclone is a system of thunderstorms that are moving around a center. As the winds intensify or weaken, the category is upgraded or downgraded accordingly. You will learn more about this in the next module.

Presence of Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ)

• Greater amount of water vapour in the air (high humidity) in the middle to lower levels of the troposphere)

• Enough Coriolis force to deflect the converging wind which is at least 50 of latitude from the equator, causing cyclonic rotation and sustaining a low pressure center

• A pre-existing low level disturbance or the merging of smaller circulations within the ITCZ

• Weak vertical wind shear that is less than 10m/s

As you have learned from activity number 4, the lowest pressure is at the eye of a tropical cyclone. In fact, all tropical cyclones have low air pressure at the center. Different parts of a tropical cyclone are:

• Eye –is the area of lowest atmospheric pressure, with diameter which may span 20-65 km wide, winds are weak, the temperature is warm, and the sky is clear-everything is calm.

• Eye wall –the region immediately surrounding the eye, brings the strongest winds, heavy rains and turbulence

• Rain bands - spiraling strips of clouds associated with rainfall.

Most tropical cyclones occur in the area where the

Northeasterly and Southeasterly trade winds converge. This area is

called ITCZ or Intertropical Convergence Zone, circulating near the

equator, and it is known for its lowest surface pressure, where the

converging air ascends ( causing “ low-pressure” on Earth’s surface),

condenses and strengthens into sufficiently strong tropical

disturbances. Normally from June

Development of Typhoon

In order for the tropical cyclone to develop into typhoon, it must pass through the following stages of progression:

Stage 1: Tropical Disturbance A tropical disturbance is a discrete weather system of cloud, showers, and thunderstorms, with an apparent circulation that originates in the ocean in the tropical region, and remain intact for 24 hours or more. It has one type called tropical wave that develops about every 4 to 5 days then becomes a tropical storm or hurricane when strengthened. It is sometimes called easterly winds or low pressure that

normally moves from east to west.

Figure 9: Location of storm determines how it spins

Adapted from Science Links 8- Revised Edition

Figure 10:Tropical Cyclone Disturbance Adapted from Science Links 8- Revised Edition

Figure 10: Parts of a Typhoon

https://worldlywise.pbworks.com/f/127158471

8/crosssection.gif

Factors affecting Typhoon

A typhoon can become stronger and be upgraded into a super typhoon as long as the conditions continue to become favorable for the cyclone. However, despite of its destructive power, a typhoon can cease to intensify its tropical characteristics due to several factors:

Stage 2: Tropical Depression The tropical wave or tropical disturbance then evolves into tropical depression when the thunderstorms are slightly more organized. As a result, a closed circulation of air in the low levels is developed. The winds blow stronger due to the greater convergence that causes quicker decrease in the pressure. It increases in speed sustaining one-minute winds up to 38 mph at an elevation of 10 meters. Stage 3: Tropical Storm The tropical storm receives an official name once sustained winds reach 39mph in the closed circulation. The winds increase greatly and can take as little as a half day to as much as couple days. It has better organized thunderstorms and when viewed in the satellite, it usually shows a recognizable pattern of rotation. It has more concentrated convection near the center with outer organized rainfall into distinct bands. Stage 4: Typhoon, Hurricane, or Cyclone As the tropical storm grows more intense, it takes more energy from its surroundings, it develops into a “ matured” tropical cyclone which can obtained a one-minute wind of at least 74 mph at an elevation of 10 meters. Its rotation is now more obvious when viewed in the satellite. It may develop a circular area of calm winds at the center of the storm called, eye. The eyes is where the lowest pressure of the storm is found. If the typhoon continues to strengthen, it can be upgraded to Super typhoon, which means it exceeds the maximum sustained winds of 115 mph.

1. Cold waters

The absence of moisture from warm ocean waters means the absence of a typhoon’s “fuel” source once it lacks its access to this kind of environment. typhoons depend on warm water to maintain themselves but when the storm moves over cold water, it loses its energy source, which is the evaporating water from ocean surface. it weakens due to the deprivation of warm water by moving over bodies of water with a temperature below 26.5 OC.

2. No Water A typhoon will drastically deteriorate once its eye moves over land. The air over

land cools quickly due to specific heat causing the typhoon to quickly lose intensity. 3. Wind shear

Refers to the difference between the speed shear (wind speed) and its directional shear over relatively a short distance within the atmosphere. The shear must be 20 knots or less for intensification to happen. In most instances, the tropical cyclone intensifies when the wind shear is 10 knots or less. High wind shear at several thousand feet from the surface can remove the heat and moisture needed from the area near the center of the typhoon, causing it to tear apart the storm in different direction and disrupting it.

Figure 11: Tropical Depression Adapted from Science Links 8- Revised Edition

Figure 12: Tropical Storm Adapted from Science Links 8- Revised Edition

Figure 13: Diagram of Tropical Cyclone develop into Typhoon Adapted from Science Links 8- Revised Edition

What’s more Activity 7- Vocabulary Match Up! Directions: Match Column A with its definition in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space before each number. COLUMN A COLUMN B

Let us check what you have learned about tropical cyclone through completing the statements

below.

_____1. tropical cyclone _____2. super typhoon _____3. Eye _____4. Wind speed _____5. tropical depression _____6. wind shear _____7. cumulonimbus _____8. trade winds _____9. cyclogenesis _____10. ITCZ

A. is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature

B. nearly constant easterly winds that dominate most of the tropics and subtropics throughout the world, blowing mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.

C. means it exceeds the maximum sustained winds of 115 mph.

D. a general term for warm weather storm systems that occur over tropical waters

E. he area of lowest atmospheric pressure, with diameter which may span 20-65 km wide, winds are weak, the temperature is warm, and the sky is clear-everything is calm.

F. is a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained wind speed of less than 39 mph

G. wind velocity changes from point to point in a given direction.

H. a region known for its lowest surface pressure, where the converging air ascends, condenses, and strengthens into sufficiently strong tropical disturbances

I. the process of development of a tropical cyclone

J. a cloud of a class indicative of thunderstorm conditions, characterized by large, dense towers that often reach altitudes

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What I have learned Activity 8- Understanding concepts on Tropical Cyclone Directions: Use the word bank to complete the statements based on the learned concepts on understanding typhoon. Each word will be used only once.

Word Bank- atleast 10

Word bank

tropical wind

source low

hurricanes eye

intense spiral

weaken rain bands

You really tried your best. This would help you understand typhoon and how to be fully

prepared for tropical cyclones. There’s more that you can do.

What I can do

After the series of activities and discussion of contents, you can now apply your

learned concept to real life situations by doing the activity below.

Activity 9- Situation Analysis

Directions: Read carefully the situations given below. Then answer the questions that follow.

Situation: Weather Advisory for Low Pressure Area issued by the Nation National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) on August 8, 2013:

Source: http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1064/04081202.PDF

Questions: 1. Describe the situation 110 km East

of Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur.

2. Explain why heavy rains and thunderstorm can be expected over Palawan, Visayas and Mindanao.

Suggested Answer: The ______________was 110 km East of Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur. The weather system are ______________.

Heavy rains and thunderstorm can be expected over Palawan, Visayas and

Cyclones are intense 1.______________storms with powerful winds and heavy rain. They

can be referred as 2.______________typhoon or tropical depressions. Cyclones usually

begin over warm seas where there is 3.______________ atmospheric pressure. The warm

moist air begins to 4.______________ into a strong circling storm. Once crossing over onto

land, cyclones typically 5.______________. This is because they are out from their primary

energy 6.______________. Cyclones have three main parts the 7.______________, the eye,

and the eye wall. Weather in the 8.______________ of a cyclone is usually calm. The

diameter of the eye is usually around 50 km in length, but can be as large as 320 km Cyclone

intensity is measured by the storm’s 9._______________ speed on a scale of 1-4. The

strongest cyclones are known as category 4 and can move as quick as greater than 200 km/h.

Winds this fast cause 10.______________damage, such as ripping trees from the ground

and flattening buildings.

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At 10;00 AM today, the Low Pressure Area ( LPA ) was 110 km East of Hinatuan, Surigao del

Sur ( 8.20N, 127.40E) and it is embedded along the intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

These weather systems are expected to bring moderate to occasionally heavy rains and

thunderstorms over Palawan, Visayas, and Mindanao which may trigger flashfloods and

landslides. Residents are advised to take all precautionary measures.

3. Can this weather system possibly develop into a tropical cyclone? A typhoon? Justify your answer.

Mindanao because________________________

When the condition is

favorable________________________

Assessment

Directions: Read and answer the questions in the best way you can. Write the letter of your

answer on the space provided before each number.

_____1. What causes the formation of low-pressure area that can lead to the development of a typhoon? A. cold and dry air B. cold waters surrounded by warm conditions C. warm waters surrounded by cold conditions D. very low moisture or humidity

_____2. A thunderstorm cloud is a __________. A. cumulus B. nimbostratus

C. cumulonimbus D. stratus

_____3. Which of the following best describes a typhoon? A. A low-pressure area B. Hurricane

C. Heavy rains and flood D. Mature tropical cyclone

_____4. Which of the following is NOT involved in the formation of typhoons? A. Intertropical Convergence Zone

B. Strong Vertical Wind Shear

C. Low Pressure Areas D. Warm water

_____5. A lot of factors are needed for a tropical cyclone to form, develop and maintain its strength. Although typhoons can develop throughout the year, which of the following seasons provides best condition for these weather disturbances to form? A. during the cold, dry season from December to February B. during the hot, dry season or summer from March to May C. during the rainy season from June to November D. during the rainy season and cold dry season from June to February

_____6. Which of the following is not a name for a tropical cyclone? A. Hurricane B. Cyclone C. Typhoon D. Depression

_____7. What happens to tropical cyclones when they make a landfall? A. they lose strength B. they increase in strength C. the air rotates in a different direction D. the air over the land warms quickly

_____8. Identify the sea temperature required for the formation of a tropical cyclone. A. 25.5°C B. 29.5°C

C. 26.5°C D. 30.5°C

_____9. What is the average diameter of a tropical cyclone eye? A. 35 km B. 45 km

C. 55 km D. 65 km

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_____10. Why is there a lot of rain during typhoons? A. Low pressure area causes movement of air. B. Warm air rises causing surrounding air to move towards it. C. Typhoons are classified based on the amount of rain it brings. D. Warm waters evaporate and condense to form storm clouds.

_____11. How do typhoons develop? A. Warm ocean water heats up the air above it causing warm air to rise. This

results in a LPA attracting air in the surroundings to move towards that area. Water vapor soon condenses, and heat is given off causing more air to rise, as air in the surroundings keep coming in, air starts to spin forming a tropical cyclone.

B. Warm ocean water heats up the air above it causing warm air to rise. This results in a HPA attracting air in the surroundings to move towards that area. Water vapor soon condenses, and heat is given off causing more air to rise, as air in the surroundings keep coming in, air starts to spin forming a tropical cyclone.

C. Cold ocean water cools the air above it causing cold air to rise. This results in a LPA attracting air in the surroundings to move towards that area. Water vapor soon condenses, and heat is given off causing more air to rise, as air in the surroundings keep coming in, air starts to spin forming a tropical cyclone.

D. Cold ocean water cools the air above it causing cold air to rise. This results in a HPA attracting air in the surroundings to move towards that area. Water vapor soon condenses, and heat is given off causing more air to rise, as air in the surroundings keep coming in, air starts to spin forming a tropical cyclone.

_____12. Which of the following typhoon has the international name of Haiyan? A. Typhoon Yolanda B. Typhoon Ondoy

C. Typhoon Sendong D. Typhoon Agaton

_____13. The center of a tropical storm where subsidence occurs and often clearing occurs is termed the:

A. eye B. mouth

C. ear D. nostril

_____14. What is strongest portion of a hurricane including strong winds and heavy rain? A. eye B. eye wall

C. feeder bands D. wall cloud

_____15. What is the category of tropical cyclone when it reaches the maximum sustained winds of 58 km/hr?

A. tropical storm B. typhoon

C. tropical depression D. super typhoon

Additional Activities

Activity 10: Real Life Typhoon Stories

Be guided by the rubric shown below.

Congratulations! You did an amazing learning journey!

Do a research on a real-life typhoon stories

struck and devastated our country (Philippines). Select one incident that you would like to focus on. Write 1-2 paragraphs following the guide questions below:

Where did it happen? Where did the typhoon form? What was the damage?

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Answer Key-Gr8Q2W4 Science

References

Books:

Madriaga, E. A., Valdoz, M. P.,Aquino, M. D.,& Castillo M. B. ( 2015).Science links:

worktext for scientific and technology literacy.Rex Book Store.

Grade 8 Science Learner’s Material Department of Education Republic of the Phil.

Grade 8 Science Teacher’s Guide. Department of Education. Republic of the Phil.

Electronic Resources: Layers of the atmosphere. https://pin.it/C2NPKQt

The troposphere is the layer of atmosphere where weather happens .Microsoft ®

Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Parts of a Typhoon. https://worldlywise.pbworks.com/f/1271584718/crosssection.gif

https:// courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-world geography/ chapter 5 – 5- tropical-

cyclones-hurricanes/

Stages of Development:from disturbance to hurricane http:ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu

/(GH)guides/mtr/hurr/stages.rxm

Development Team Region IX Hymn

Writer: Mhecel P. Galay Editors: Margie Lou C. Jacob

Laarni A. Adonis Kathleen Joy B. Padilla Joly C. Baradero

Reviewer: Sandy R. Albarico Illustrator: Layout Artist: Management Team:

Majarani M. Jacinto, CESO VI SDS-ZDS

Visminda Q. Valde, Ed.D

ASDS

Raymond M. Salvador, Ed.D ASDs

Juliet A. Magallanes, Ed.D

CID Chief

Florencio R. Caballero, DTE EPS-LRMDS

Sandy R. Albarico

EPS I-Science

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