science human biology year 10

7/30/2019 Science Human Biology year 10

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Defending the bodyfrom disease


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25/05/2013PathogensPathogens are things that cause disease.

There are two main types VirusesBacteria

Microscopic

Living cells (some are harmless)

Damage cells by producing toxins

Grow very quickly

Killed by antibiotics

Examples: food poisoning,tetanus, sore throats

Genetic info inside a protein coat(not living)

Damage cells by infecting themthen bursting out

Not affected by antibiotics

Examples: colds, flu, polio,chicken pox


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Pathogens:

our defence against themOur bodies have four major defence mechanisms against invading pathogens

If our skin is cutplatelets seal thewound by clotting

The breathingorgans producemucus to cover the

lining of theseorgans and trap themicrobes

The skin actsas a barrier

Our blood containswhite blood cells


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Fighting disease

White blood cells fight pathogens

White blood cells do 3 things:

1) They eat the pathogen

2) They produce ANTIBODIES tofight the pathogens

3) The produce ANTITOXINS toneutralise the poisons producedby pathogens


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Producing

antibodies

Step 1: The white blood cell seesthe pathogen

Step 2: The cell producesantibodies to fit the pathogen

Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the

pathogens and cause them to clump

Step 4: The pathogens are

eaten by the white blood cells

Youre goingdown


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Vaccines

A small amount of the pathogen is given tosomeone

They make specific ANTIBODIES to it The ANTIBODIES kill/remove the

pathogen The white blood cell which makes that

antibody remains in the blood forever If you become infected with the samepathogen again, the antibodies are madevery quickly


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Vaccines: Pros and cons

Pros Cons

Prevents you sufferingfrom a serious disease

May have side effects

May reduce the cost oftreatments of diseases

for hospitals

The pathogen maybecome resistant

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Using AntibioticsAntibiotics can be used to kill bacteria but....

1) Bacteria can becomeresistant to them so they

do not work anymore (e.g.MRSA- a superbug)

2) Antibiotics do not killviruses


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Antibiotic resistanceBacteria can change (mutate) to become resistant to

antibiotics

1) Variation some strains of bacteriaare resistant and some arent.

2) Competition The non-resistantbacteria are killed by the antibiotic.

3) Survival of the fittest theresistant bacteria survive.

4) Passing on of genes the resistantbacteria reproduce and pass ontheir resistance genes to their

offspring. This is how MRSAdeveloped

Bacteria

Antibiotic


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Using PainkillersPainkillers can be used to treat the symptoms of

disease but do not kill the pathogen causing it

Paracetamol

Aspirin

Ibuprofen
http://www.mypharmacy.co.uk/medicines/medicines/a/anadin/anadin.htm


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Ignaz Semmelweiss1818-1865

Guten tag. My name is Ignaz

Semmelweiss. In the mid-19th century Irealised that many deaths in hospitalscould be avoided by insisting on clean

hands and equipment. As a result of my

work, deaths in my wards fell from 12%to 1%.

/ /


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Experiments about the spreadof infection

Year Amount of hand washsolution used (litres per

1000 patient days)

MRSA infections per100 patients

1993 3.5 0.50

1995 6.9 0.481997 10.9 0.25

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These results show that using hand wash

solution regularly reduces the numbers ofinfections from superbugs in hospitals: thepathogens are destroyed


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25/05/2013P th


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25/05/2013PathogensPathogens are things that cause disease.

There are two main types 2. ________1.__________

Damage cells by ___________

Killed by ________

Examples:

Damage cells by .......

Not affected by________

Examples:

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Pathogens:our defence against themOur bodies have four major defence mechanisms against invading microbes:

If our skin is

cut ______seal thewound byclotting

The breathingorgans produce

_____ to cover thelining of theseorgans and trap the

________

The _____

acts as abarrier

Our blood contains______ bloodcells

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Fighting disease

WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

White blood cells do 3 things:

1) They eat the _________

2) They produce A_________ tofight the pathogen

3) The produce __________ to

neutralise the poisons producedby pathogens

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Producing antibodies

Step 1: The white blood cell seesthe _________

Step 2: The cell produces________ to fit the pathogen

Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the

_______ and cause them to clump

Step 4: The pathogens are

eaten by the ____ ____ __

Youre goingdown


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Vaccines

A small amount of the ______ isgiven to the person

The person makes specific ________ The antibodies kill the ______

The _______ which makes the_______ stays in the blood forever

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b


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Using AntibioticsAntibiotics can be used to kill bacteria but....

1) Bacteria can become_______ to them so they

do not work anymore (e.g.______- a superbug)

2) Antibiotics do not kill______

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b


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antibiotics

1) V______ some strains of bacteriaare resistant and some arent.

2) C______ The non-resistantbacteria are killed by the antibiotic.

3) Survival of the fittest theresistant bacteria survive.

4) Passing on of _____ the resistantbacteria reproduce and pass ontheir resistance genes to their

offspring.

Bacteria

Antibiotic

E i t b t th d25/05/2013


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1000 patient days)


1993 3.5 0.50

1995 6.9 0.481997 10.9 0.25

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What do these results show about how the

use of hand wash is related to the spreadof infection?

Who carried out initial experiments on

this?


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25/05/2013P th ns


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25/05/2013PathogensPathogens are things that cause disease.There are two main types

VirusesBacteria

What do you know aboutbacteria? What do you know about

viruses?

Mi b d f i h


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Microbes: our defence against themOur bodies have four major defence mechanisms against invading microbes:

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Fi hti di


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Fighting disease

If a pathogen enters our body, white

blood cells do three things to fightit....

1.

2.

3.

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P d i

tib di


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Producing antibodies

Step : The white blood cell sees

the pathogen (microbe)

Step : The cell producesantibodies to fit the pathogen Step : The antibodies fit onto thepathogens and cause them to clump

Step : The pathogens are

eaten by the white blood cells

Put these steps

in order..

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U i A tibi ti


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Using AntibioticsGive 2 problems associated with the use of

antibiotics

1)

2)

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A tibi ti

i t


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antibiotics

1) Variation

2) Competition

3) Survival of the fittest

4) Passing on of genes

Give an example of a disease which hasevolved this way

Bacteria

Antibiotic

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Ignaz Semmelweiss1818-1865

What experiments did I do?

What did I find out?

How has this changed things inhospitals?

Experiments about the spread25/05/2013


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1000 patient days)


1993 3.5 0.50

1995 6.9 0.481997 10.9 0.25

What is the Independent variable?

What is the Dependant variable?

Write a conclusion for these results


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Vaccines

Describe how a vaccine works...

Give one advantage and onedisadvantage of vaccines...

science human biology year 10

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