science museum of minnesota | science museum of minnesota - … · 2020. 2. 6. · ~18 mt (in ~ 14...
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Patterns of nutrient distributions in the Patterns of nutrient distributions in the St. Croix and Upper Mississippi Rivers: St. Croix and Upper Mississippi Rivers:
Preliminary evaluation of variation among Preliminary evaluation of variation among channels, flowing backwaters and isolated channels, flowing backwaters and isolated
backwatersbackwaters
William RichardsonWilliam Richardson11, Lynn Bartsch, Lynn Bartsch11, Michelle Bartsch, Michelle Bartsch11, Richard , Richard KieslingKiesling22, Brenda Moroska, Brenda Moroska--LaFrancoisLaFrancois33, Kathy Lee, Kathy Lee22
11 USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WiUSGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsinsconsin22 USGS Minnesota Water Science Center, USGS Minnesota Water Science Center, MoundsviewMoundsview, Minnesota, Minnesota33 National Park Service, Midwest Region, St. Croix Watershed ReseNational Park Service, Midwest Region, St. Croix Watershed Research arch
Station, MinnesotaStation, Minnesota
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Flood plain river characteristics of interest:
Main Channels• high water column (wc) nutrient concentrations• short hydraulic retention time• low sediment carbon concentrations• high sediment oxygen concentrations
Flowing backwaters (side channels)• intermediate wc nutrient concentrations• intermediate hydraulic retention times• intermediate sediment carbon• variable sediment oxygen concentrations
Isolated backwaters• potentially depleted wc nitrogen/potentially elevated phosphorus concentrations via internal cycling processes• long hydraulic retention times• elevated sediment carbon• low sediment oxygen concentrations
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Lawrence Lake, Pool 8, flooded in summer 2004 with Mississippi River water.
Lawrence Lake
m3 s
-1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
June July August
Study period
16June04
18June04
21June04
23June04
25June04
28June04
30June04
NO
3-N
m
g L-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Main Channel
Lake
Peak Discharge~3500 m3/s
Max. NO3- concentration
~7 mg/l during flood
N-loss during flood ~18 mt (in ~ 14 days)
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Hypothetical spatial distribution of N and P across the floodplain at base and flood stage
Hypothetical Phosphorus Concentrations
River StageBase flow Flood
Con
cent
ratio
n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6SRP Main ChannelSRP FloBWSRP IsoBWTP Main Channel TP FloBWTP IsoBW
Hypthetical Nitrogen Concentrations
River StageBase flow Flood
Con
cent
ratio
n
0
1
2
3
4
NO3 Main ChannelNO3 FloBWNO3 IsoBWTN Main ChannelTN FloBWTN IsoBW
Base flow (~ 900 m3 s-1)
Flood (6500 m3s-1)
UMR Pool 8, 2001
Close Slough
MC - MNRA
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1. Characterize nutrient conditions at sites in SACN and MISS.
2. Investigate biogeochemical processes affecting nitrogen cycling (sed. ammonia accumulation, denitrification, nitrification, mineralization, NO3
- uptake [chambers and flow path]).
3. Explore spatial differences in nutrient concentrations and cycling in main channel versus backwater habitats.
4. Quantify effects of nutrient enrichment on key indicator biota and ecological processes (nutrient diffusing substrates, juv. mussel growth, community metabolism).
Project Goals – 3 yr study, 2007 – 2009
- In the St Croix (clean river) and Upper Mississippi (not so clean river).
- In Main Channels, Isolated backwaters, Flowing backwaters:
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MayMay--June June 20082008
2007 (low flow only)- Site selection- Nutrient diffusing substrates- N & P concentrations
MN WRD team-Metabolism-Instantaneous loads (nutrients & sediment) -Chlorophyll
2008 (high and low flow)- N & P concentrations- N-Biogeochem- NO3 uptake (chambers)- NO3 uptake (flowpath)-Nutrient Diffusing substrates-Mussel growth chambers
MN WRD team-Metabolism-Instantaneous loads-Chlorophyll
2009 (low flow only)- N & P concentrations- N-Biogeochem- NO3 uptake (chambers)- NO3 uptake (flowpath)-Nutrient Diffusing substrates-Mussel growth chambers
MN WRD team-Metabolism-Instantaneous loads-Chlorophyll
JulJul--Aug 2007Aug 2007 JulJul--Aug Aug 20082008
JulJul--Aug Aug 20092009
Low flowLow flow Low flow Low flow Low flow Low flow R
iver
Sta
geHigh flowsHigh flows
Sampling time line and tasks
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SACN Study Sites
FY08 Design- 2 non-flowing BW
(Sites 7&8);
-2 flowing BW(Sites 1&10),
-2 main channel(Sites 5 & 6)
X
Site 7 & 8
X
XSite 5
Site 6
Site 1
Site 10
X
XX
X
NO3 uptake chambers
NO3 depletion
Biogeochemistry
Mussel cages
NDS samplers
Samples
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MNRA Study Sites
FY08 Design- 2 non-flowing BW
(Sites 3&4);
-2 flowing BW(Sites 8&9),
-2 main channel(Sites 5 & 6)
X
NO3 uptake chambers
NO3 depletion
Biogeochemistry
Mussel cages
NDS samplers
Samples
X
X X
XMR 6
MR 3
MR 4MR 5
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MNRA Study Sites
FY08 Design- 2 non-flowing BW
(Sites 3&4);
-2 flowing BW(Sites 8&9),
-2 main channel(Sites 5 & 6)
X
NO3 uptake chambers
NO3 depletion
Biogeochemistry
Mussel cages
NDS samplers
Samples
XMR 6
X
XMR 8
MR 9
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Dis
char
ger (
CFS
)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
SACNUMR
Sampling periods
2007
DateMay Jun Jul Aug Sep
Dis
char
ge (C
FS)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
UMRSACN
Sampling periods
2008
Sampling events and river discharge
2007July 23-26 -> SACN 1410 cfs, UMR1399 cfsAugust 23-25 -> SACN1440 cfs, UMR 2217 cfs
2008 May 26-28 -> SACN 4260 cfs, UMR 11070 cfsJuly 27-30 -> SACN 2430 cfs, UMR 5420 cfsAugust 24-27 -> SACN 1340 cfs, UMR 1607 cfs
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Nitr
ate
(mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
R iverSAC N U M R
Amm
oniu
m (m
g L-1
)
0
1
2
3
Tota
l N (
mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
4
M ain Channel JulyFlow BW JulyIsoBW JulyM ain Channel AugustFlow BW AugustIsoBW August
2D Graph 7
RiverSACN UMR
NH
4- (m
g L-1
)
0
1
2
3
4
2D Graph 8
NO
3- (mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
4
Tota
l N (
mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
MC May 08FBW May 08IBW May 08MC Jul 08FBW Jul 08IBW Jul 08MC Aug 08FBW Aug 08IBW Aug 08
D a t eM a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t
Dis
char
ger (
CFS
)
0
5 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 5 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
S A C NU M R
S a m p l i n g p e r i o d s
2 0 0 7
D a t eM a y J u n J u l A u g S e p
Dis
char
ge (C
FS)
0
5 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 5 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
2 5 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0
U M RS A C N
S a m p l i n g p e r i o d s
2 0 0 8
NitrogenNitrogenJuly and August 2007 May, July and August 2008
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PhosphorusPhosphorusTo
tal P
(m
g L-1
)
0 .00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
Main Channel JulyFlowBW JulyIsoBW JulyMain Channel AugFlowBW AugIsoBW Aug
RiverSACN UMR
Solu
ble
P (m
g L-1
)
0 .00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
R iverS AC N U M R
SRP
(mg
L-1)
0 .00
0 .05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Tota
l P (m
g L-1
)
0 .00
0 .05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
M ain C hannel M ay 08F low BW M ay 08IsoBW M ay 08M ain C hannel Ju l 08F loB W Ju l 08IsoBW Ju l 08M ainC hannel Aug 08F loB W A ug08IsoBW A ug 08
M ay July
Aug
July and August 2007 May, July and August 2008
D a t eM a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t
Dis
char
ger (
CFS
)
0
5 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 5 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
S A C NU M R
S a m p l i n g p e r i o d s
2 0 0 7
D a t eM a y J u n J u l A u g S e p
Dis
char
ge (C
FS)
0
5 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 5 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
2 5 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0
U M RS A C N
S a m p l i n g p e r i o d s
2 0 0 8
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X Data
SACN UMR
Amb.
Den
itrifi
catio
n( μ
g N
cm
-2 h
r-1)
0
5
10
15
20 MC May 08FBW May 08 IBW May 08
MC Jul 08FBW Jul 08IBW Jul 08
X Data
SACN UMR0
5
10
15
20
+ C
Den
itrifi
catio
n( μ
g N
cm
-2 h
r-1)
X Data
SACN UMR
+N D
enitr
ifica
tion
( μg
cm-2
hr-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
RiverSACN UMR
+C+N
Den
itrifi
catio
n( μ
g cm
-2 h
r-1)
0
5
10
15
20
Sediment Denitrification(NO3
- N2O, N2)
Ambient denitrification low in all habitats
Carbon (glucose) additions have little effect
Nitrate additions strong effect, esp. in IsoBW, esp. Miss. River
Addition of both C and N not greater response than nitrate alone (no interaction effect)
May and July 2008
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Summary (mid-study arm waving)
• Nutrient concentrations across the flood in the St.Croix not as expected; Upper Mississippi conformed better to the expected nutrient patterns.
• River discharge over-rides habitat-specific variation in nutrient dynamics
• Local nutrient inputs (groundwater) may play major role in backwater/side channel nitrogen dynamics
• Primary production and oxygen dynamics likely plays secondary role in nitrate and soluble phosphorus dynamics in backwaters.
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Questions? Questions?
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moderate NO3-very low NO3
-
higherdenitrification
low denitrification, limited by low C sedimentsand NO3
- penetration into sediments
lateral plant beds
organic-richsediment
Main ChannelBackwaters
High Flow
high NO3-low / moderate NO3
-
higherdenitrification
low denitrification, limited by low C sedimentsand NO3
- penetration into sediments
lateral plant beds
organic-richsediment
Normal & Low Flow
low low denitrificationdenitrification fueled by fueled by NONO33
-- produced via nitrificationproduced via nitrification
Current working model for hydrologic control of nitrate cycling in the UMR
moderate moderate denitrificationdenitrification fueled by fueled by NONO33
-- supplied in high watersupplied in high water
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SACN
MNRA
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2007D
isso
lved
Oxy
gen
(mg
L-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Main Channel JulyFlowBW JulyIsolatedBW JulyMain Channel AugFlowBW AugIsoBW Aug
RiverSACN UMR
PCT
Satu
ratio
n (%
)
0
100
200
300
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RiverSACN UMR
+C+N
Den
itrifi
catio
n( μ
g cm
-2 h
r-1)
0
5
10
15
20
Amb.
Den
itrifi
catio
n( μ
g N
cm
-2 h
r-1)
0
5
10
15
20 MC May 08FBW May 08 IBW May 08MC Jul 08FBW Jul 08IBW Jul 08
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2008
Tota
l N (
mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
MC May 08FBW May 08IBW May 08MC Jul 08FBW Jul 08IBW Jul 08MC Aug 08FBW Aug 08IBW Aug 08
NO
3- (mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
4
RiverSACN UMR
NH
4- (m
g L-1
)
0
1
2
3
4
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DateMay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Dis
char
ger (
CFS
)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
SACNUMR
2007
DateMay Jun Jul Aug Sep
Dis
char
ge (C
FS)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
UMRSACN
2008
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SACN UMR
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n (m
g L-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
MC MayFloBW MayIsoBW MayMC JulyFloBW JulyIsoBW JulyMC AugFloBW AugIsoBW Aug
RiverSACN UMR
Dis
solv
ed O
xyge
n (m
g L-1
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Main Channel JulyFlowBW JulyIsolatedBW JulyMain Channel AugFlowBW AugIsoBW Aug
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Variation in Mississippi River discharge at La Crosse, WI
1-Sep
-991-N
ov-99
1-Jan
-001-M
ar-00
1-May
-001-J
ul-00
1-Sep
-001-N
ov-00
1-Jan
-011-M
ar-01
1-May
-011-J
ul-01
1-Sep
-011-N
ov-01
Dis
char
ge (m
3 s-1
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
600032-year median discharge (1970-2001) actual dischargesampling events
Base flow (~ 900 m3 s-1)
Flood (6500 m3s-1)
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Nutrient “Spiraling” in Streams (a cycle moving downstream)
Atom of nutrient (N, P, C) is transported downstream until uptake (and assimilation) by biota.
Upon release (excretion, dissociation) atom continues movement downstream until re-assimilated (Newbold, 1992).
Biologically diverse and productive streams have shorter spiraling lengths (Sw).
Streams with fast water velocity generally have longer Sw.
S = spiral length: average distance nutrient atom travels downstream in 1 “cycle”.
Sw = transport distance in water
SB = transport distance in biota
U = uptake
Nitrate example NO3-
Two compartment nutrient spiraling model:
NN
N
NN
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Nitr
ate
(mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
R iverSAC N UM R
Amm
oniu
m (m
g L-1
)0
1
2
3
Tota
l N (
mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
4
M ain C hannel JulyFlow BW JulyIsoBW JulyM ain C hannel AugustFlow BW AugustIsoBW August
20072007To
tal P
(m
g L-1
)
0 .00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
M ain Channel JulyFlow BW JulyIsoBW JulyM ain Channel AugFlow BW AugIsoBW Aug
R iverSACN UM R
Solu
ble
P (m
g L-1
)
0 .00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
D a teM a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t
Dis
char
ger (
CFS
)
0
5 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 5 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
S A C NU M R
S a m p lin g p e r io d s
2 0 0 7
Phosphorus Nitrogen
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2D Graph 7
RiverSACN UMR
NH
4- (m
g L-1
)
0
1
2
3
4
2D Graph 8
NO
3- (mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
4
Tota
l N (
mg
L-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
MC May 08FBW May 08IBW May 08MC Jul 08FBW Jul 08IBW Jul 08MC Aug 08FBW Aug 08IBW Aug 08
DateMay Jun Jul Aug Sep
Dis
char
ge (C
FS)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
UMRSACN
Sampling periods
2008
RiverSACN UMR
SRP
(mg
L-1)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Tota
l P (m
g L-1
)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Main Channel May 08FlowBW May 08IsoBW May 08Main Channel Jul 08FloBW Jul 08IsoBW Jul 08MainChannel Aug 08FloBW Aug08IsoBW Aug 08
May July
Aug
Phosphorus Nitrogen
![Page 31: Science Museum of Minnesota | Science Museum of Minnesota - … · 2020. 2. 6. · ~18 mt (in ~ 14 days) ... M ay Jun Jul A ug S ep Discharge (CFS) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea63a889fd44227b2e1d86/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Science Museum of Minnesota | Science Museum of Minnesota - … · 2020. 2. 6. · ~18 mt (in ~ 14 days) ... M ay Jun Jul A ug S ep Discharge (CFS) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea63a889fd44227b2e1d86/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Science Museum of Minnesota | Science Museum of Minnesota - … · 2020. 2. 6. · ~18 mt (in ~ 14 days) ... M ay Jun Jul A ug S ep Discharge (CFS) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea63a889fd44227b2e1d86/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Phosphorus in rivers –
Distribution tends to be tightly linked to delivery of sediment particles
Backwater concentrations likely determined by sediment oxygen dynamics and redox conditions
Release of soluble P under anoxic conditions- backwater sediments as source of soluble P esp. during low flow conditions.
![Page 34: Science Museum of Minnesota | Science Museum of Minnesota - … · 2020. 2. 6. · ~18 mt (in ~ 14 days) ... M ay Jun Jul A ug S ep Discharge (CFS) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea63a889fd44227b2e1d86/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
MNRA
SACN
![Page 35: Science Museum of Minnesota | Science Museum of Minnesota - … · 2020. 2. 6. · ~18 mt (in ~ 14 days) ... M ay Jun Jul A ug S ep Discharge (CFS) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea63a889fd44227b2e1d86/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Channel – flood plain connectivity: role of floods
-Replenishment of consumed solutes (esp. nitrate)
-Redistribution of sediments and associated nutrients (esp. soluble and sediment sorbed P)
-Redistribution of lipid-rich food particles
www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Nov-15-2002/flood_corn.jpg