science of enterprise modeling: an informatic perspective · ... an informatic perspective 2...

Richard Martin

Tinwisle Corporation

Bloomington, Indiana

© Copyright 2010 by R. Martin and E. Robertson

Edward Robertson

Computer Science Program

Indiana University and

Persistent Systems

Science of Enterprise Modeling:

An Informatic Perspective

© Copyright 2010 All Rights Reserved R. Martin and E. Robertson Science of Enterprise Modeling: An Informatic Perspective1

General Principles

1. Models are formal artifacts developed and used by people.

2. A complexity tradeoff exists between modeling medium and model instances in that medium.

3. Naming serves as the bridge between the formal and the human.

4. Do not confuse meta-levels - separate model and instance decompositions

5. Dependency is not chronology

6. Don’t hide architecture in methodology.


Framework Principles

7. Frameworks organize artifacts to facilitate understanding.

8. To improve quality, distinguish structure from connectivity.

9. Separate policy from mechanism.10. Both grid (ordinant) and tree (decomposition)

structures appear in models.11. Scale dimensions include:

abstractness (abstract to concrete), scope (general to special) andrefinement (coarse to fine).


Framework Principles12. Within a framework, use of components are

driven along one ordered dimension.13. Along this ordered dimension, all prior

context is relevant.14. Refinement is recursive.15. Connections can be of arbitrary arity.16. Views are important in standards and

methodologies.17. Views are used both to “see” contents and to

“create” contents.18. Separate model and instance constraints.


Meta Process Principles19. Framework are developed by

transformations.20. Transformations include: Projection Instantiation Refinement Specialization Derivation Linking

21. Transformation use depends upon stakeholders, meta-pahse, context,…


Distinguish structure from connectivity

Sales

Mrktng.

Inside

Cntrcts

Buyer

Outside

Procur. Manuf. Wrhse.

NY Div.

Buyer Line 01

Cell A

Cell B

Cell C

Shpng

Pkgng

Logistic

Rcving


Two structural aspects

requirements definition

concept definition

implementation description

design specification

domain operation

decommission definition

domain identification

orga

niza

tion

vie

w

reso

urce

vie

w

info

rmat

ion

view

func

tion

vie

w

Ordinant

Decomposition


Three aspects of scale

• Abstractness, scope, and refinement• Examples of dimensional independence:

– E-R diagrams are abstract but have rich refinement when fully populated.

– 19439 Genericity contains constructs for use along a generalization gradient with a range of phase abstractions.

– Zachman interrogative proto-types are abstract with concrete model contents.

– DoDAF views span operational abstractions with technical refinement.


Party

Employee

Scope Dimensions

EntityRelationship

Model

space

Data

space

meta-model

model /

meta-data

data/

instance

entityrelationship

works for

Concept

space

Department

IsA

subtype

World

space

real

world

things

JoeManufacturing Dept.

Did DName

35 Accounting

95 ManufacturingPid PName

47 Joe

Did Pid

95 47

abst

ract

ion

abstract

concrete

specialization

special general


Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture

e.g. DATA

ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE - A FRAMEWORK

Builder

SCOPE(CONTEXTUAL)

MODEL(CONCEPTUAL)

ENTERPRISE

Designer

SYSTEM

MODEL(LOGICAL)

TECHNOLOGY

MODEL(PHYSICAL)

DETAILEDREPRESEN- TATIONS(OUT-OF- CONTEXT)

Sub-Contractor

FUNCTIONINGENTERPRISE

DATA FUNCTION NETWORK

e.g. Data Definition

Ent = FieldReln = Address

e.g. Physical Data Model

Ent = Segment/Table/etc.

Reln = Pointer/Key/etc.

e.g. Logical Data Model

Ent = Data Entity

Reln = Data Relationship

e.g. Semantic Model

Ent = Business Entity

Reln = Business Relationship

List of Things Important

to the Business

ENTITY = Class ofBusiness Thing

List of Processes the

Business Performs

Function = Class of

Business Process

e.g. "Application Architecture"

I/O = User ViewsProc .= Application Function

e.g. "System Design"

I/O = Screen/Device Formats

Proc.= Computer Function

e.g. "Program"

I/O = Control BlockProc.= Language Stmt

e.g. FUNCTION

e.g. Business Process Model

Proc. = Business Process

I/O = Business Resources

List of Locations in which the Business Operates

Node = Major BusinessLocation

e.g. Logistics Network

Node = Business Location

Link = Business Linkage

e.g. "Distributed System

Node = I/S Function(Processor, Storage, etc)Link = Line Characteristics

e.g. "System Architecture"

Node = Hardware/SystemSoftware

Link = Line Specifications

e.g. "Network Architecture"

Node = AddressesLink = Protocols

e.g. NETWORK

Architecture"

Planner

Owner

Builder

ENTERPRISEMODEL

(CONCEPTUAL)

Designer

SYSTEMMODEL

(LOGICAL)

TECHNOLOGYCONSTRAINED

MODEL(PHYSICAL)

DETAILEDREPRESEN-

TATIONS (OUT-OF

CONTEXT)

Sub-

Contractor

FUNCTIONING

MOTIVATIONTIMEPEOPLE

e.g. Rule Specification

End = Sub-condition

Means = Step

e.g. Rule Design

End = Condition

Means = Action

e.g., Business Rule Model

End = Structural AssertionMeans =Action Assertion

End = Business Objective

Means = Business Strategy

List of Business Goals/Strat

Ends/Means=Major Bus. Goal/Critical Success Factor

List of Events Significant

Time = Major Business Event

e.g. Processing Structure

Cycle = Processing CycleTime = System Event

e.g. Control Structure

Cycle = Component Cycle

Time = Execute

e.g. Timing Definition

Cycle = Machine CycleTime = Interrupt

e.g. SCHEDULE

e.g. Master Schedule

Time = Business Event

Cycle = Business Cycle

List of Organizations

People = Major Organizations

e.g. Work Flow Model

People = Organization Unit

Work = Work Product

e.g. Human Interface

People = RoleWork = Deliverable

e.g. Presentation Architecture

People = User

Work = Screen Format

e.g. Security Architecture

People = IdentityWork = Job

e.g. ORGANIZATION

Planner

Owner

to the BusinessImportant to the Business

What How Where Who When Why

Copyright - John A. Zachman, Zachman International

SCOPE(CONTEXTUAL)

Architecture

e.g. STRATEGYENTERPRISE

e.g. Business Plan

TM

Zachman Institute for Framework Advancement - (810) 231-0531

(used with permission)

Roles

Interrogatives


Aspects of Formalization• Structure:

– both tree (decomposition) and grid (ordinant)– frames and sub-frames

• Connections:– between frame components– respects purposive order

• Constraints:– model and instance– beyond structure and connection

• Views:– generalizes “view” in existing frameworks– defined on structure– attempts to carry forward connections and constraints


Zachman meta-meta modelbranch frames: F IC , OC , SF ,

leaf frames: F IC , OC , S

whereIC D

OC D

OC r

IC r

SF : R x I x D F VF

r R( OC r x IC r’)

Types D {SET OF d :d D}

S : D n Types n

D restricted to row r


Aspects in Zachman model

• Structure:– ordinant: OC, IC

– tree: SF

• Connections:–

• Constraints:– predicates using defined

constructs• Views:

– sets satisfying predicates


Abbreviations• Bridge from formalism to human use,

providing– familiarity

– uniformity

– structure

• A single name N can abbreviate– a path: N r,I,d r, I, d

– R x I cell coordinates: N r, I, .

– a path template with multiple substitutions: N r, I, . r, I, .

• Use to shorten complicated paths


Transformations• Projection

– broadly applied math notion• Instantiation

– only applies to abstraction• Refinement

– decomposition may be recursive for complicated objects

• Specialization– adds attributes

• Derivation– domain-specific transforming concept

• Linking– graph-like edges


Projection

DoCRDIODc

Enterprise A (operational)

(new)

Enterprise B

(new)

Enterprise C

reference catalog R

DoCRDIODc

DoCRDIODc

From the set of architectural models, select a sub-set that is useful to a set of tasks during a life cycle phase.

DoCRDI

Dc

DoCRDI

Dc

DoA DoB

DoR DoA DoC


Instantiation

transmission

Has subpart

part

subpart

drive train

auto

engine

body

Has subpart

Has subpart

Has subpart

part

part part

subpart

subpart subpartPART PART

PART PART

PART

Instance of

transmission - Q

part

subpart

drive train - 88

Auto – 734M

engine – 88D5

body –c14

Contains

Has subpart

Has subpart

part

part part

subpart

subpart subpartPART PART

PART PART

PART

Contains


SpecializationLandscape

Sources

Principles

Formalization

Employeeworks

forParty

Department

specialization

special general

Party


Refinement

• Refine an architectural model by addition of significantly more detail to ensure its use for a task during the life cycle phase.


DerivationLandscape

Sources

Principles

Formalization

Did Pid

95 47

Employeeworks

forParty

Department

Did DName

35 Accounting

95 Manufacturing

Pid PName

47 Joe

generalization

special general

Derive


Linking

• Take elements from different architectural models to satisfy data or decision needs for a task during the life cycle phase.

Do

CRDIODc

science of enterprise modeling: an informatic perspective · ... an informatic perspective 2...

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