science policy and social justice
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Science Policy and Social Justice. Developing an enhanced linkage for the science-driven change of the 21st century. U8400, U.S. Science and Technology Policy April 19, 2001. Science is a Principal Driver of Change. Social change Internet. Economic change Science-based economy. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Science Policy and Social Justice
Developing an enhanced linkage for the science-driven change of the
21st century
U8400, U.S. Science and Technology PolicyApril 19, 2001
Science is a Principal Driver of Change
Social change
Internet
Environmental change
Climate
National securitychange
Weapons of mass
destruction
Economic change
Science-based economy
President Dwight D. Eisenhower1953, First Inaugural Address
Man’s power to achieve good or to inflict evil surpasses the brightest hopes and the sharpest fears of all ages. We can turn rivers in their courses, level mountains to the plains. Oceans and land and sky are avenues for our colossal commerce. Disease diminishes and life lengthens. Yet the promise of this life is imperiled by the very genius that has made it possible. Nations amass wealth. Labor sweats to create, and turns out devices to level not only mountains but also cities. Science seems ready to confer upon us, as its final gift, the power to erase human life from this planet.
Broad Impact of Outcomes
Limited Federal Policy
Narrow Impact of Outcomes
Strong Federal/Collective Policy
1990s1980s1970s1960s1950s
1945The Endless Frontier
1915NCAC
1860sMorill Act
1830sTelegraph
~1825Coastal Survey
1804West Point
1803Lewis& Clark
1789Constitutional Design
Aviation Industry Creation
EnhancingAgricultural Economy
Stimulating Innovationin Communication
Commerce Enhancement
Property Protection
Exploration/Military
Evolutionary Steps in Science Policy
Broad Impact of Outcomes
Limited Federal Policy
Narrow Impact of Outcomes
Strong Federal/Collective Policy
1787Constitutional Debate on National University
1840s-60s Smithsonian Debate
1880s Dept. of Science
1930s Dept. of Science
1930s Henry WallaceVision
1950s KilgoreVision
1990s George Brown
Proposed or Theorized Concepts for Science Policy
Science for the Nation
Thinking Ahead, Looking Back
Organizingthe Nation
Organizing the Nation, Again
Socialist Science Equitable Science
Science and Social Justice
Science Policy is the Key Variable
Given the impact of science, science policy is the critical variable and yet almost entirely ignored.
We are being propelled into this new century with no plan, no control, no brakes.
Bill JoyCo-founder and Chief Scientist, Sun Microsystems
1945 Policy Design: Science the Endless Frontier
Science as a public goodAutonomy of scientistsImportance of basic research
Fundamental knowledge Performed without thought of practical ends Pacemaker of technical progress
Foundations of Science Policy
Republic of Science
Market Failure Model
Unpredictability
Possible Foundations of Science Policy
Democratic Science
Sociotechnical Outcomes Model
Prediction with Uncertainty
Focus on American Science Policy
American science is the prototype Most basic research is funded by the U.S.
In 2000, total R&D expenditures in the United States reached $233.0 billion.
U.S. R&D investments continue to outdistance, by more than 2–to–1, R&D investments made in Japan, the second largest R&D-performing country.
The U.S. spent more money on R&D activities in 1999 than any other country. The U.S. spent as much by itself as the rest of the G-7 countries—Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom—combined.
Current Approach to Science Policy: Internal Focus
Input-driven processAddresses
Conduct of S&T Products and processes of S&T
Assumes All societal outcomes will be positive Linear model of innovation and societal benefit
INPUTS Processes Products Outcomes
Indications of Societal Transformation
Genetically-modified organisms (GMOs)
Development and distribution of AIDS drugs
Nanotechnology
Genetically-Modified Organisms (GMOs)
30 years of plant genetics research Enabling transgenic plant design Empowering industry and the market
Purpose of research Fundamental learning Productivity enhancement
Social implications considerations None before 1999
AIDS Drugs
Science program driven by alliance between fundamental scientists and US interest groups Origin of virus remains unaddressed Global nature remains unaddressed
Research program molecular in natureSocial implications considerations
Limited to nation state basis
Nanotechnology (the future)
Transformational technology (building at the scale of nature)
Economics-driven Replacing integrated circuit technology base
Social implications may be considered… but how? Lack of tools Lack of teams
Health Indicators
Health Attainment, 1999 Health Expenditures (Disability-adjusted life expectancy) as % of GDP
1. Japan (74.5) 7.1% 3. France (73.1) 9.8% 4. Sweden (73.0) 9.2%
12. Canada (72.0) 8.6%
14. U.K. (71.7) 5.8% 22. Germany (70.4) 10.5% 24. U.S. (70.0) 13.7% 96. Iran (60.5) 4.4%134. India (53.2) 5.2%
Source: WHO, The World Health Report 2000
Health vs. Wealth
Source: WHO, The World Health Report 2000
Conductof Science
EconomicOutcomes
S&TOutcomes
SocietalOutcomes
POLICY New industries
Tech transfer
Knowledge transfer
KnowledgeNetworks
New social structures
EducationNew skills
New institutions
Cycle Dynamics
Need Outcome-Driven Science Policy Framework
Increase quality and years of healthy life. Eliminate health disparities. (US Health and Human Services Dept)
Ensure a safe and affordable food supply. (US Agriculture Dept)
Foster a reliable energy system that is environmentally and economically sustainable. (US Energy Dept)
Reduce the impacts of hazards caused by natural processes and human actions. (US Interior Dept)
Science Policy Research Needs
New science policy indicatorsNew tools of evaluationNew vision for what science can bring
to our futureEducation of scientists and politiciansReplace Bush paradigm as outmoded
Perspectives
How does the science we decide to do affect the distribution and equity of outcomes?
How do programs we implement affect the distribution and equity of outcomes?
Morality and Science
What is the collective good that we want inquiry to promote?
Philip Kitcher, Professor of Philosophyin Science, Truth and Democracy, to be published, 2001