science, research and technology in nepal seminar-workshop on science, technology and innovation...

SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEPAL

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION INDICATORS

CURRENT ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FOR SOUTH-EAST ASIA

Phnom Penh, Cambodia18-20 Nov 2008


Country Presentation

Sitaram P BYAHUTNational Science Council

Tribhuvan University

Dinesh R BHUJUNepal Academy ofScience and Technology

UNESCO Ministry of Environment,

Science and Technology, Government of Nepal

Nepal Academy of Science and Technology

Acknowledgements


GENERAL OVERVIEW INSTITUTIONAL CAPABILITIES HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DISCIPLINARY DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT PLANS & POLICY


CONTENTS

General OverviewFederal Republic of NepalCOUNTRY NOTES

Area: 141,181 Sq Km Population:25 million (2001) Literacy: >60%; KEI: 1.61 Topography: Mountainous (>70%) Major Economic Activity: Agriculture,

Tourism, Remittance Potentials:

Natural Resources: Water Resources (>6,000 rivers 225 b cu m/yr, Biodiversity (>34 ecosystems), High Altitude Mountains (60m-8,848m asl)Human Resources: Intellectual Plurarism, Technical Advances (IOL and IT received Magasessey Awards), Higher Education, Indigenous Knowledge System, Micro-Hydro, Community Forestry & Conservation etc.

High Altitude Research Lab 5,50m, Nepal


Pre-Modern (Before 1800)

• The Gopal: Up to 1000 BC• The Kirat: 700 BC-110 AD• The Lichhavi: 110-879 AD• The Thakuri: 879-1200 AD• The Malla: 1200-1768 AD

Modern Isolation (1800 – 1950 AD) Post-isolation (1950 AD onwards)

General Overview

HISTORICAL TRENDS


SN Dynasty Period Knowledge

1 TheGopalsThe Abhirs

Up to1000BC

Animal husbandry; Agricultural farming; Use of bamboo, hay,thatch and timber for construction; Dairy products

2 The Kirats 700BC-110AD

Brick firing; Woolen shawls

3 TheLichhavis 110AD-

879AD

Building construction; Water supply- construction of irrigation canalsand stone spot; Architectural developments- Chityas, Stupa; Stonetechnology; Ponds for recharging water, sand filters; Street light bycotton and oil

4 TheThakuris

879AD -1200AD

Construction of Kasthamandap; Continuation of technologiesdeveloped in the past

5 TheMallas 1200AD-

1768AD

Construction of Krishna Mandir, Nyatapola, Taleju & many palaces in Bhaktapur, Patan & Kathmandu; Metallurgical Competence, Excelledin civil & architecture, textile; Knowledge in mining & extraction of

iron;Ayurvedic dispensary; Technologies comparable to neighboring countries; Arniko to China

6 The Ranas 1845AD-1950AD

Introduction of European technology; Construction of Sinha Durbar,other Victorian buildings, Clock tower; Allopathic hospital; Introduction of Motor car, Hydro electricity; Experimental station for agriculture

Table: Records of scientific knowledge and technological innovations in Nepal before 1950


Araniko and his White Pagoda in China

Nyatapola: Five-Storied TempleBhaktapur, Built 1703

13th Century

Pre-Modern (Before 1800)Modern Isolation (1800 – 1950 AD) Post-isolation (1950 AD onwards)

General Overview

HISTORICAL TRENDS


Year Name of Institution Type

1890 Bir Hospital Health service

1911 Pharping Hydroelectric Power PlantBijuli Adda/Nepal Electricity Authority (since

1985)

Power supply

1918 Trichandra College Education

1924 Department of Agriculture S&T Service

1939 Department of Livestock Services S&T Service

1942 Technical School for Sub-overseer Training

1947 Nepal Forest Institute Education

1955 Department of Forest S&T Service

1956 Department of Soil Sciences S&T Service

1958 Department of Geology and MinesDepartment of SurveyCentral Bureau of Statistics

Exploration and S&T Service

1959 Tribhuvan University Education

1960 Department of Medicinal PlantsBotanical Survey and National HerbariumBalaju Yantra Shala

Exploration, S&T ServiceWorkshop, R&D

1962 Department of Hydrology and Meteorology S&T Service

1963 Butwal Technical InstituteForest Survey Research Office

Training, R&DS&T Service

Table. Chronological order major S&T institutions established in the country


1964 Royal Drug Research Laboratory R&D

1965 Postgraduate Departments of Natural Sciences, Tribhuvan University

Education

1966 Central Food Research Laboratory Quality tests

1968 Lumle Agriculture Research Center R&D

1972 Royal Drugs Ltd.Institutes of Medicine, Agriculture, Forestry, Engineering- TU

R&DEducation

1973 Department of National Parks and Wildlife S&T Service

1974 Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management S&T Service

1975 Nepal Telecommunication CorporationNatural History Museum, Tribhuvan University

TelecommunicationExploration Research

1976 National Council for Science and Technology (NCST)Nepal Bureau of Standards

CoordinationS&T Service

1977 Research Center for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST)Butwal Engineering Works Ltd.

R&DIndustrial service

1980 Department of Drug Administration Drug administration

1981 Water and Energy CommissionHerbs Production and Processing Company Ltd.

R&DProduction Processing

1982 King Mahendra Trust for Nature ConservationDepartment of AyurvedRoyal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST)

ConservationR&DR&D, Tech. transfer, Science Promotion

Table. Chronological order major S&T institutions established in the country contd.


SCHOOL EDUCATION: Primary Tier : Grade 1-5Lower Secondary Tier: Grade 6-8Secondary Tier: Grade 9-10Higher Secondary Tier: Grade 11-12

UNIVERSITY EDUCATIONBachelors’ : 3-5 yrs (after Higher Secondary)Master’s : 2 yrs after Bachelor’s DegreeMPhil and PhD Programs

Institutional Capabilities

EDUCATION SYSTEM


Table. Distribution of +2 schools (science stream) in and outside Kathmandu valley

SNSchools address Number of

SchoolsNumber of Students

1 Kathmandu valley 104 (48.6%) 7196 (55.4%)

2 Outside Kath valley. 110 (51.4%) 5795 (44.6%)

Total 214 12,991Source: Higher Secondary Education Board 2005


Institutional Capability

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Technical School 1932

Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (1989)

Technical Schools : 19Affiliated Institutes: 170Areas: > 20 (Agriculture, Electrical, Electronics, Nursing)


Table. Technical institutions operated by CTEVT

SN Name of the Institution Trade Areas

1 Balaju Technical Training Center, Kathmandu Electrical, Mechanical, Sanitation

2. Training Institute for Technical Instruction, (TITI) Instruction Related Training

3. Panauti Technical School, Kavre Automobile

4. Lahan Technical School, Lahan Agriculture, Construction, General Mechanics

5. Jiri Technical School, Jiri Agriculture, Construction, Health (ANM)

6. Dhankuta Technical School, Uttarpani Agriculture

7. Vocational Training Center, Biratnagar Health

8. Karnali Technical School, Jumla Agriculture, Construction, Health (AHW, ANM)

9. Bheri Technical School, Nepalgunj General Mechanics, Automechanics, Plumbing, Wielding, Electricity, Electronics, Computer, Off. Mgt.

10. Rapti Technical School, Dang Agriculture, Construction, Rural Mechanics, CMA

11. School of Health Science, Bharatpur Health (Health Assistant)

12. Dhaulagiri Technical School, Mustang Lodge Management, Agriculture, Construction

13. Pokhara Tourism Training Center, Pokhara Hotel Management, Travel and Tourism Mgt, Computer

14. VTCD, Lamjung As per Local Needs

15. VTCD, Tanahaun As per Local Needs

16. Tansen Nursing School, Palpa Health (Staff Nurse)

17. Second Health Service, Bharatpur Health

18. Hetauda Polytechnic, Hetauda Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial Skills

19. Seti Technical School, Dipayal Agriculture, Construction



HIGHER EDUCATION

1. Tri-Chandra College 19182. Tribhuvan University 19593. Nepal Sanskrit University 19864. Kathmandu University 19915. Purbanchal University 19956. Pokhara University 19977. BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

19988. National Academy of Medical Sciences

20039. Lumbini University


TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITYInstitutes: Science and Technology, Medicine, Engineering, Forestry, Agriculture and Animal Science;Campuses: >300; Courses: Nearly 200Students: >200,000; Faculties: 7,000;

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY PURBANCHAL UNIVERSITY POKHARA UNIVERSITY


MAJOR UNIVERSITIES


Year IOST IOE IOM IAAS IOF Total

1990 9384 1831 1512 742 577 14046

1991 10517 2039 1885 684 561 15686

1992 12113 2268 1777 721 454 17333

1993 12272 2080 1499 674 563 17088

1994 14109 2029 1098 675 541 18474

1995 11028 2052 1136 565 483 15264

1996 11182 1974 1036 520 404 15116

1997 12047 1998 1173 602 410 16230

1998 11700 2172 1212 598 353 16035

1999 13620 2369 1371 696 435 18491

2000 12619 3610 1605 745 405 19056

2001 12360 4077 1747 720 360 19264

2002 11533 4291 1667 564 358 18413

2003 18470 4321 1640 586 348 25365

2004 18891 4050 1543 643 437 25564

Table. Number of students in different institutes of Tribhuvan University



Table. Number of teachers in different S&T related institutions of Tribhuvan Univeristy

TeachersIOST IOE IOM IAAS IOF TOTAL

Professors 53 16 26 10 - 105

Readers 171 52 42 25 4 294

Lecturers 511 143 177 76 43 950

Contract 61 78 36 15 2 192

Total 796 289 281 126 49 1541

Source: Planning Division, Tribhuvan University Today, 1999


HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

YEAR

NU

MB

ER

1977 1995 2005

SN Subject 1977 1995 2005

1 Engineering 739 2389 11,234

2

Natural Science (Botany, Zoology, Physics,Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics,Geology, Meteorology)

450 1909 6,266

3Medical Science (Nursing, Pharmacy, Medicine and Surgery)

492 1658 5,496

4 Agriculture 477 1396 3004

5 Forestry 155 719 798

6 Technology (Food Technology) 64 165 224

7 Computer and IT 782

8 Environment and Natural Resources 104

9 Microbiology 195

10 Total Number 2377 8236 28,103

Table. Human Resource Development in Science and Technology



S&T ORGANIZATIONS

National Council for Science and Technology 1976 (dissolved)

Nepal Academy of Science and Technology 1982

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology 1996


Department of Agriculture 1924 Department of Mines and Geology 1926 Department of Survey 1958 Department of Plant Resources 1959 Department of Food Research and Quality

Control 1960 Department of Meteorology & Hydrology

1962 Department of Forest Research & Survey 1963

Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management 1974

Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation 1980

Department of Drug Administration 1980


GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS


Water and Energy Commission 1981 National Agriculture Research Council

1991 Environment Protection Council 1992 National Health Research Council 1992 High Level Commission for IT 1996 NGOs- >15,000 registered with Social

Welfare Council (Environment Conservation 926, Health Care 339, etc.)


OTHER ORGANIZATIONS


Natural Science

Physics Chemistry Mathematics Statistics Botany Zoology Geology

Disciplinary Development

MAJOR SUBJECTS

Emerging Subjects Computer and IT Environmental Sc Conservation

Biology Microbiology Biotechnology


Applied Science• Medicine• Engineering• Agriculture• Forestry


SN Institution Major Research Areas

1. Central Dept of Botany, TU Plant Physiology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Cytogenetics, Pathology, Mycology, Taxonomy, Plant Ecology, Ecophysiology Plant Biodiversity, Ethnobotany

2. Central Dept of Chemistry, TU Natural Product Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Radiation Chemistry, Sulfur Chemistry

3 Central Dept of Geology, TU Applied Geophysics, Geological Mapping, Palaentology, Climate Change and Glaciology, Petrology, Hydrology, Chemical Modelling, Ground- and Surface Water

4 Central Dept of Mathematics, TU Algebra, Fluid Dynamics, Special Functions, Classical Analysis, Complex Analysis (Univalent Function), Integral Transform,

5 Central Dept of Meteorology, TU Climate, hydrology,

6 Central Dept of Microbiology, TU Medical Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Agricultural Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology

7 Central Dept of Physics, TU Astrophysics, Environmental Physics, Condensed Matter, Polymer, Plasma Physics

8 Central Dept of Statistics, TU Sampling Theory, Demography,

10 Central Det of Zoology,TU Parasitology, Entomology, Ecology, Wetland Ecosystem, Fisheries

11 Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST)

Solar Energy, Biomass Briquteting, Bio-fuel and improved cooking stoves, Natural Dyes, Natural Products, Crop Science and Medicinal Chemistry, Technology Testing and Transfer

12 Institute of Agriculture & Animal Sciences, TU

Wheat Improvement, Rice Improvement, Orobanche Management, Biological Control, Irrigation Management, Agronomy, Pathology, Horticulture, Entomology, Animal Sciences, Veterinary Sciences

13 Institute of Engineering, TU Hill Irrigation, Air Pollution, Passive Solar Heating, Building Design, Renewable Energy, Urban Land Management, Urban Regeneration, Seismic Resistant Design

14 Institute of Forestry, TU Social Forestry and Forest Management, Forest Products and Forest Engineering, Wildlife Management, Silviculture, Forest Biology, Community Forestry, Ecotourism, Farm Forestry, Watershed Management, Environmental Science

Table. Major research areas in some S&T Institutions in Nepal


15 Institute of Medicine, TU Opthalmology, Obstretics and Gynaecology, Paediatrics, Orthopaedics, Radiology, Internal Medicine, Public Health, Pathology, Otorhinolaryngology, Anaesthesiology

16 School of Science, Kathmandu University

Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Physics, Environmentla Science. Pharmacy

17 School of Engineering, KU Computing projects, Online translation system, Hydro turbines, Solar water heater for highaltitudes, Micro hydro, Energy

18 School of Medical Sciences, KU Occupational health safety

19 Central Food Research Laboratory Food Technology, Quality Control, Nutrition,

20 Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS)

Natural Forestry Management, Plantation Management, Tree Improvement, Agroforestry and Fodder Trees

21 Department of Mines and Geology Mines, Petroleum, Seismology

22 Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC)

Cereals and Cash Crops, Horticulture, Livestock and Animal Health, Fisheries, Aquaculture, Fodder and Pasture, Agroforestry, Farm Forestry, Soil and Irrigation Management, Botany and Biotechnology, Entomology, Plant Pathology and Plant Protection, Farming Systems, Agri Economics and Marketing, Food Science, Agri Ecology and Environment, Socioeconomics and other related Fields of Agriculture

23 Department of Plant Resources (DPR)

Medicinal Plants, Plant Chemistry, Flora, Plant Taxonomy, Tissue Culture, Cytology and Cytogenetics, Plant Anatomy

24 Department of Hydrology and Metereology

Weather forecasting, Weather recording

25 Department of Wildlife and National Parks

Conservation of ecosystem, protection of rare and endangered wildlife

26 Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST)

Biotechnology, Natural Products, Environment, Alternate Energy, High Altitude Sciences and Technology, Science and Technology Policy

27 Purbanchal University Engineering, Agriculture, Animal Science

28 Pokhara University Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, Environment

Table. Major research areas in some S&T Institutions in Nepal (Contd.)


NATIONAL SCIENCE CONGRESS

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

YEARS

NU

MB

ER

OF

PA

PE

RS

1982 1988 1994 1999 2004 2008


Number of Papers Received in Science Congress

Subject 1982 1988 1994 1999 2004 2008

Agriculture 8 (16%) 40 (24%) 33 (18%) 70 (19%) 120 (24%) 156 (24%)

Biological Sc 21 (41%) 53 (32%) 32 (17%) 97 (26%) 154 (31%) 303 (47%)

Physical Sc 18 (35%) 20 (12%) 27 (14%) 41 (11%) 144 (23%) 11 (17%)

Forest & Env. 2 (4%) - 33 (18%) 43 (12%) 33 (7%) 87 (13%)

Engg & Tech - 14 (8%) 28 (15%) 31 (8%) 30 (6%) 44 (7%)

Health & Med. 1 (2%) 15 (9%) 10 (5%) 52 (14%) 44 (9%) 78 (12%)

General 1 (2%) 25 (15%) 24 (13%) 38 (10%) 7 (1%) 27 (4%)

Total 51 (100%) 167 (100%) 187 (100%) 372 (100%) 502 (100%) 650 (100%)

Table. Subject-wise breakdown of papers presented in national conferences on S&T



PROFESSIONALS /INCLUSIVENESS

Professional Society: >100Journal Publication: >60

Women Participation: Women Scientific Manpower: <15% of the total; 95% engaged in agriculture

Marginalized Group in S&T: Negligible


Development Plans & Science Policy

BUDGET OUTLAYS IN DEV. PLANS


Periodic Development Plan 1956-2007

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

Total plan-outlay (Rs. in m) 330 670 2500 3540 9170 22300 54110 129565 189580 234029

Sectoral distribution in %

Agriculture, forest & irrigation

31.4 14.3 25.9 33.1 33.4 33.2 31.9 26.2 27.124.0

Transportation & communication

33.8 23.5 26.8 35.4 27.5 21.4 15.4 21.8 17.615.9

Industry, mining & power 16.7 30.9 27.9 20.3 19.5 24.6 22.5 15.1 19.5 16.1

Education, health & drinking water

17.1 17.4 16.6 10.8 18.5 20.8 30.2 33.3 33.338.7

Science & Technology - - - - - - 0.1 - 0.2 1.0

Trade & tourism - - - - - - - 1.0 1.5 1.5

Land & housing finance - - - - - - - - 0.1 1.2

Miscellaneous 1.0 13.9 2.8 0.4 1.0 - - 2.6 0.9 1.8

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table. Total outlays and their sector-wise distribution in percent in development plans


DEVELOPMENT PLANS


FIVE-YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLAN Since 1956 S&T Policy Statement in Sixth

Plan (1980-1985) Science and Technology Policy

2005, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology

Plan Period Major Achievement Remarks

First-Fifth 1956-1980 • Development of Service Infrastructure

• Formation of NCST

UNESCO recommends S&T Policy and High Level Body

Sixth 1980-1985 • Establishment of NAST 23 Expert Groups to work on Status & Priority

Seventh 1985-1990 S&T Sector Budget National Policy on S&T

Eight 1992-1997 • Science Ministry Created Restoration of MultiParty System

Ninth 1997-2002 • 20-Year S&T Perspective Plan

Tenth 2002-2007 New S&T Policy S&T in Constitution

Interim 2007-2011 R&D Budget Head Govt. Commitments

Promulgation of Republic of Nepal



OVERVIEW


SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY POLICY Efforts of GON and UNESCO since

1960s National Policy on Science and

Technology 1989 forwarded by NAST through First National Conference on S&T

Science and Technology Policy 2005, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology

Development Plans & Science PolicyINVESTMENT IN S&T


Table. R&D Expenditure in Some of the S&T sectors(Average of 1991-1996)

SectorTotal Budget

(Rs. in millions)R&D Expenditure

As % of Total Budget

Agriculture and Food 2356 13.3

Forest & Plant Resources 750 6.1

Industry and Mines 932 26.8

Health 807 1.9

Water and Energy 2992 1.5

Land Survey 152 5.8

Education 2782 1.8Source: Adhikary et al.(1998)

R&D Expenditure % of GDP



INVESTMENT IN S&T

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 19950

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

YEAR

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