Science STAAR Review

2013

Physical and Chemical Changes

4 signs a chemical change occurred: 1. _____________________________

2. _____________________________

3. _____________________________

4. _____________________________

Solid Precipitate Forms

Temperature Change

Gas is produced

Color Change

Physical Change – Any process involving a substance’s change without alteration of the chemical composition. Does not make a new substance. Chemical Change – Any process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. Makes a new substance.

C

P C

P P

P C

P C

C P

C

Kinetic and Potential Energy

Potential Energy – The energy an object has because of its position or stored energy. How high it is above the Earth. Kinetic Energy – The energy of motion. Energy – The ability to do work.

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Succession

Primary Succession

Pioneer Species

Secondary Succession

Climax Community

Mechanical

Ice Wedging Plant

Abrasion

animal Chemical

water

weathered

Water

Ice Gravity

Wind

Dropping

Delta

Pollution

Precipitation

Equator

Water Vapor

Condensation

Hurricanes

Poles

Sea Breeze

El Nino

Global Warming

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

Convection Radiation Conduction

• Answer for 2: Warm Ocean currents bring warm water from the equator causing the air above the warm water to warm up causing the coastal climate to become warm.

• Answer for 3: Cold Ocean currents bring cold water from the poles causing the air above the cold water to cool off causing the coastal climate to become colder.

• Answer for 4: Since a cold ocean current passes City A its climate will be cooler than City B.

• Answer for 5: City C will have a cooler climate because the Peru ocean current brings cold water from the polar region. City D will have a warmer climate because the Brazil ocean current brings warm water from the equator.

Elevation Elevation

Steep

Gentle

Interval

Index

Relief

Tectonic Plates

Convergent

Divergent

Transform

Collide

Mountains

Subduction Zone

Volcanoes

Away from each other

A

C

B

1 3 2

75 N

0.5 N

125 N

10 N

Net Forces

• When arrows point in opposite directions then you will subtract the amounts.

• When the arrows point in the same directions you add the amounts.

Balanced or Unbalanced Forces

• When the net force is “0” the force is balanced and will not move.

• When the net force is greater than “0” the force is unbalanced and the object will move.

80 N

0 N

Does Not Move

20 N

Measurements You Need to Know

• Speed = Distance/Time

• Density = Volume/Mass

• Force = Mass X Acceleration

• Work = (Force)(Distance)

STAAR Reference Materials

• Do I have to really memorize the formulas?

• No. You can use the STAAR Reference sheet that will be in your Science STAAR Test.

Speed = Distance/Time

Sec = Seconds

M = Meters

.625 m/s

Accelerate

.74 m/s

.64 m/s

Limitation Model

Inference

Hypothesis

Prediction

The Sun Tertiary Consumer or Apex Predator

Periods • When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows

is considered to be a different period (Get it? Like PERIODic table.). In the periodic table, elements have something in common if they are in the same row. All of the elements in a period have the same number of energy levels or electron shells.

Groups

• The periodic table also has a special name for its columns. When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a group. The elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer orbital. Those outer electrons are also called valence electrons.

Gro

up

s

Periods

APE Man

Remember

• APE = Atomic Number is the same number for Protons and Electrons.

• MAN = Atomic Mass – Atomic Number = Neutrons

C = 6 Protons Ag = 47 Protons

C = 6 Neutrons Ag = 61 Neutrons

40

41

Electrons

Protons

Neutrons

Nucleus

Energy Levels

• The first energy level can hold 2 electrons

• The second energy level holds 8

• The third holds 18.

Reactivity of Atoms

• The further to the right of the periodic table you go the less reactive the elements are.

• The most reactive elements are going to be on the left.

• The more space for electrons an energy level has the more reactive it is.

• Follow the group numbers – The bigger the group number the less reactive it is.

Protons

Metals

Electrons

Atomic Mass

Coefficient

Subscript

Nonmetals

Physical

Period

Metalloids

Groups

8

4

Put a Circle around the Coefficient. Put a square around the subscript.

Atoms

Element

Neutrons

Mixture

Compound

Molecule

Formula

Subscript

Coefficients

Supergiants

Main Sequence

White Dwarf

Giants

HR Diagram

• Remember that the pattern that you see with the main sequence stars on the HR Diagram is that as the stars get “Brighter” the also get “Hotter.”

• Quick Fact: The Sun produces energy by fusing hydrogen into “Helium” in its core.

W

New Moon

Waxing Crescent Waxing Gibbous

First Quarter

Full Moon

Waning Crescent Waning Gibbous

Last Quarter

Waxing

• Waxing means to “grow.” The light from the sun grows over the moon until it reaches a full moon. Remember “the light sides is the right side” meaning the in the waxing phase the light begins to grow starting on the right side.

Waning

• Waning means to “shrink.” The light of the sun begins to shrink on the moon during the waning phase. The darkness begins on the right side in the waning phase until it becomes completely dark and a new moon.

Revolution

Rotation

titled Revolves

Rotates

Tides

Summer

Fall

Winter

Spring

Remember that on the test they might place the sun somewhere else. Always remember that in the northern hemisphere when the axis is pointed towards the sun it is summer. When the axis is pointed away from the sun it is winter. Order of seasons: Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring.

H L

Dry and Sunny

Rainy and Stormy

What is a cold front?

A cold front is a boundary between two air masses, one cold and the other warm, moving so that the colder air replaces the warmer air. It pushes the warm air upwards causing clouds to form and severe thunderstorms. When the cold front passes the weather is cold.

What is a warm front? A warm front is a boundary between two air masses, one cool and the other warm, moving so that the warmer air replaces the cooler air. This forms thunderstorms and when the storms pass the weather outside is warm.

Weather Symbol

Crest

Wave Length

Amplitude

Equilibrium

Trough

1 meter

2 waves per second .5 meters

3 waves per second

Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary

Heat Pressure

Melt

Cool and Harden Weather

Cement

• Groundwater = water in the zone of saturation (water under the ground)

• Porosity = the space between solid particles

• of soil or rock that can be filled by fluids.

• Permeability = the ease with which fluids can

• pass through a body of soil or rock.

• Aquifer = a body of soil or rock that can hold a useable amount of water (located underground).

Groundwater

• That water which is above ground and visible to the eye:

• Examples are: – Lakes

– Rivers

– Ponds

– Reservoirs

– Streams

– creeks

Surface Water

• A watershed is an area of ground where precipitation falls, which will ultimately runoffs to a nearby body of water, be it a river, lake, stream, or creek.

• It is the area of land made of all the water that is under it or that drains off of it and goes into the same place; this includes the groundwater and the surface water for that area.

Watershed

• Caused by rain and flood water washing over our nation’s landscapes, picking up pollutants such as dirt, oil, fertilizer, pesticides, animal waste and other substances

• Substances are then deposited into our rivers, lakes, bays, coastal waters, ground water, and even drinking water supplies.

• 88% of the impairment of our streams and rivers are caused by polluted runoff. (Human Impact)

Pollution of Watershed

• Kingdom is the second largest grouping in organism classification. • Domain is the largest grouping in the classification of organisms,

above kingdom.

• Types of Domains: • Eukarya - organisms made of eukaryotic cells.

• Archaea - Organisms made of prokaryotic cells which live in

extreme conditions.

• Bacteria - Organisms made of prokaryotic cells which do not live in extreme conditions, found almost everywhere else.

Kingdoms

• Prokaryota is a type of cell without a nucleus.

• Eukaryota is a type of cell with a nucleus.

• Unicellular is an organism made of only one cell.

• Multicellular is an organism made of more than one cell.

Types of Cells

• Autotrophic is an organism which makes its own food through photosynthesis. Ex: Plants

• Heterotrophic is an organism which eats other organisms to get energy. Ex: Animals

How Organisms get Food

• A new organism is produced from one organism.

• Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism and creates very few changes (diversification) of the species. – Types:

• Budding

• Regeneration

• Fission (Binary fission)

Asexual Reproduction

• A new organism is produced from two similar organisms

• Requires two sex cells – egg, carrying ½ of the female chromosomes, and sperm, carrying ½ of the male chromosomes, join to form an entirely new organism.

• Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically different from the parent organisms and can create many changes (diversification) of the species

Sexual Reproduction

Body Systems

• The Circulatory System is the main transportation system for the human body

• The Circulatory System is made of: – the Heart

– Artery

– Vein

– Capillary

– Blood

– red blood cells

– White blood cells

Circulatory System

• Composed of: – skin – sweat – oil glands, hair, and nails.

• Major roles are protection from invasion of germs, excretes waste in the form of sweat and oils, helps rid the body of heat and synthesizes vitamin D.

• Varies in thickness from 1.5 to 4.0 mm.

• 2 layers of the skin: – Epidermis—top layer on outside – Dermis—lies below the Epidermis

The Integumentary System

• Digests the food we eat

• Converts food into simpler substances for the body to absorb as nutrients

• Provides energy for all body functions

• Absorbs water

• Eliminates waste

Digestive System

Mechanical digestion – Causes physical changes to the food.

– Example is chewing

• Chemical digestion – Causes chemical changes to the food.

– Examples are saliva and stomach acids

Mechanical and Chemical Changes in the Digestive system.

Digestive System Functions

• Digests food: – Mouth, Teeth, and Tongue – Esophagus – Stomach – Small intestine – Large intestine

• Absorbs nutrients for the body: – Small Intestine – Pancreas – Liver – Gall Bladder

• Muscle-an organ that contracts and relaxes to cause movement.

• Muscles apply force by pulling not pushing.

• Types of Muscle:

– Skeletal – Muscle that move bones.

– Smooth Muscle

– Cardiac Muscle – Only found in the heart.

Muscular System

Muscle Movement

•Involuntary- Automatically move without you thinking about it.

•Voluntary- Brain sends message to muscle. You control the movements.

• Removes excess water, H2O, urea, carbon dioxide, CO2, and other wastes from our blood.

• Parts of the Excretory System: – Kidneys – filter out excess water and urea – Lungs – filter out carbon dioxide, CO2, from the blood.

(lungs are also included in Respiratory System)

– Skin – excretes water, as sweat, which contains some trace chemical wastes, including urea.

Excretory System

– Ureters – tubes that take urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

– Urinary Bladder – a sack that stores urine.

– Urethra – small tube that leads urine out of the body.

Excretory Parts continued:

Sends messages in the form of electrical impulses

Detects information from the environment

Controls body systems

• Parts: Brain

Spinal Chord

Nerves

Nervous System

• Holds organs in place, provides structural support, stores minerals, and generates new blood cells.

• Includes: – bones

– joints

The spongy bone of the femur, humerus, and sternum contains red marrow which produces red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infection), and platelets (help stop bleeding).

Skeletal System

Connective Tissues • Cartilage –

• Allows joints to move easily, cushions bones, and supports soft tissue

• Ligament –

• Hold bones in place at the joints

• Tendon –

• Joins muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

• The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to the blood in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.

• Through breathing, the body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide.

• Parts Include: – trachea

– lungs

– diaphragm

– alveoli

Respiratory System

• The endocrine system controls growth, reproduction and metabolism.

• releases hormones (messengers) directly into bloodstream

• Glands – group of cells that produces and secretes chemicals (hormones) to bloodstream directly.

• Hormones –chemical substances created and distributed by the body to act as “messengers” and coordinate functions of various body parts.

Endocrine System

regulates

Growth Water

balance Reproduction Metabolism

Calcium

and glucose

levels

Response

to stress

by means

of the by means

of the

by means

of the by means

of the

by means

of the by means

of the

The Endocrine

System

Pituitary

Ovaries

Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals

Parathyroids