science study guide 6th grade glencoe

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Study Guide and ReinforcementStudent Edition

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with theGlencoe North Carolina Science Grade 6 program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibitedwithout prior written permission of the publisher.

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ISBN 0-07-867847-1Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05 04

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Table of Contents

iii

Chapter 1: The Nature of Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . .1

Chapter 2: Rocks and Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Chapter 3: Erosional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Chapter 4: Forces Shaping Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Chapter 5: Earthquakes and Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Chapter 6: Weathering and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Chapter 7: Our Impact on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Chapter 8: Exploring Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Chapter 9: The Sun-Earth-Moon System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Chapter 10: The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Chapter 11: Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Chapter 12: Plant Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Chapter 13: The Nonliving Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Chapter 14: Interactions of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Chapter 15: Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Chapter 16: Adaptations Over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Chapter 17: Energy and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Chapter 18: Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Chapter 19: Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Chapter 20: Light, Mirrors, and Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

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The Nature of Science and Technology 1

How Science WorksStudy Guide11Directions: Using the terms, complete the summary statements below.

archaeologist archaeology cultural remains

pottery science technology

1. The use of knowledge gained through science to make new products or tools which people

can use is referred to as ____________________.

2. A scientist that studies past civilizations and their cultural remains is a(n)

____________________.

3. The process of looking at and studying things in the world in order to gain knowledge is

commonly referred to as____________________.

4. Artifacts, such as tools, weapons, rock drawings, buildings, or pottery left behind, are

considered ____________________.

5. The study of cultural remains of ancient humans is the science of ____________________.

Directions: Discuss the two main branches of archaeology and give an example of each.

6. Branch of archaeology:

Example:

7. Branch of archaeology:

Example:

Directions: Answer the question below.

8. Explain why it is important to give each artifact a number and list its location and orientationin the soil before removing it and taking it to the lab for further chemical analysis.

Directions: Define the term science and give a real-world example of how you use science every day.

9. Science:

Example:

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Name Date Class

2 The Nature of Science and Technology

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1ChapterScientific Problem Solving

Directions: List the basic steps used to solve scientific problems.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

To determine which of three types of batteries last the longest, Laura used three identical flash-lights, put one type of battery in each, turned them on simultaneously, and timed how long eachflashlight remained lit. Use Laura’s experiment to answer these questions.

7. What are the independent variables?

8. What are the dependent variables?

9. What are the constants?

10. What are the controls?

11. How could Laura make sure her conclusions were valid?

12. If one of the flashlights went off after only one minute, what would you conclude?

13. Wallace hypothesized that batteries will last longer if he plays his boom box at low rather thanhigh volume. Describe how he could test his hypothesis.

Study Guide22


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The Nature of Science and Technology 3

Name Date Class

1Chapter

Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.

1. How does the work of a scientist differ from that of an engineer?

2. Explain how the concept of the Internet can be considered a new technology.

3. What is the first step in developing a technological solution to a human problem?

4. What is a prototype? Why is a prototype important when developing a new product?

Directions: Match the type of technology to the examples given. Some answers may be used more than once.

artifact or hardware methodology or technique system of production

social-technical system biotechnology

5. Internet communication

6. Ballpoint pen

7. Robotic welding system

8. DVD

9. Insect-resistant corn plants

10. e-mail communication

11. Development of agriculture by ancient civilizations

Science, Engineering, and Technology

Study Guide33


Rocks and Minerals 5

Minerals—Earth’s JewelsStudy Guide11Directions: Use the words from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.

apatite graphite precipitation calcite

kimberlite magma quartz fracture mica

rocks gems minerals smelting

1. a mineral that is used to make glass

2. something that must form and be brought to Earth’s surface by througha special type of volcanic explosion for miners to be able to get diamonds

3. solids made of two or more minerals

4. a process to melt and separate unwanted materials from a metal

5. minerals that break into jagged or rough pieces have this

6. the mineral used in pencil lead

7. one of the minerals found in bones

8. rare minerals that can be cut and polished

9. more than 4,000 of these solid inorganic materials with unique identi-fying characteristics have been identified

10. the way that 25-cm manganese nodules form on the ocean floor

11. a mineral that has cleavage lines that cause it to form thin flakes whenbroken

12. a mineral that can form clear crystals that cause double images

Directions: List four characteristics of gems.

13.

Directions: List seven identifying properties of minerals.

14.

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Name Date Class

6 Rocks and Minerals

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Igneous and SedimentaryRocks

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.1. When melted rock cools or hardens on or under Earth’s surface, it forms

____________________ rock.

2. Igneous rock that forms on Earth’s surface is called ____________________.

3. Igneous rock that forms beneath Earth’s surface is called ____________________.

4. Rocks that are formed of pieces of other rocks, plant and animal matter, or dissolved minerals

are called ____________________ rocks.

5. Magma that flows onto Earth’s surface is called ____________________.

6. Chalk and coal are examples of a kind of sedimentary rock called ____________________rock.

7. Melted rock can ooze out from below Earth’s surface through a crack in the crust called a(n)

____________________.

8. Rocks called ____________________ are made up of pebbles cemented together with othersediments.

Directions: Classify the terms you used above so that the terms in each group are related.9. Group 1

10. Group 2

Study Guide22 2Chapter


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Rocks and Minerals 7

Directions: Match the term in the first column with its description in the second column by writing the correctletter in the space provided.

1. marble

2. metamorphic

3. foliated

4. nonfoliated

5. rock cycle

6. sediment

7. gneiss

Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle

Study Guide33

a. nonfoliated metamorphic rock

b. consisting of layers of different minerals

c. a model of the way rocks change form

d. pieces of rock deposited by wind, ice, gravity, or water

e. metamorphic rock having a uniform consistency

f. having a changed or different form

g. foliated metamorphic rock

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

8. What is the rock cycle?

9. What is the difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?

10. How are metamorphic rocks formed?

11. What are three examples of foliated metamorphic rocks?

12. What are three examples of nonfoliated metamorphic rocks?

2Chapter


Erosional Forces 9

Erosional ForcesStudy Guide11Directions: Using the word bank provided, complete the following statements.

creep deposition erosion gravity

landslide mass movement mudflow rockfalls

rock slide slump wins

1. The process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another is

called _________________.

2. The force of attraction that pulls all objects toward Earth’s center is _________________.

3. Blocks of rock break loose and tumble through the air in _________________.

4. A mass movement with sediments slowly shifting their positions down hill is called

_________________.

5. A combination of mass movements such as slump, rock slides and mudflow would be called

a(n)________________.

6. When agents of erosion lose energy and drop their sediments, it is referred to as

________________.

7. Layers of rock breaking loose and slipping downhill suddenly is a(n) ________________.

8. A mass of material slipping downhill along a curved surface creates a(n) ________________.

9. The general term used to describe erosion that happens as gravity moves materials down a

slope is ________________.

10. A thick mixture of sediment and water flowing down a slope is commonly called a(n)

________________.

11. The process of erosion may be slowed down, but mass movement cannot be eliminated

because gravity always ________________.

Directions: List three factors most mass movements have in common.

12.

13.

14.

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10 Erosional Forces

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Glaciers

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers similar?

2. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers different?

Directions: Use your answers above to identify the glaciers described below. You may need to use both types toanswer a question.

3. They form U-shaped valleys.

4. They covered much of Earth during ice ages.

5. They deposit till and outwash.

6. They weather rocks by plucking.

7. They form in areas that have cold temperatures all year.

8. They are now located only in the polar regions.

9. They are the kind of glaciers found in Montana today.

10. They can create cirques on the side of mountains.



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Erosional Forces 11

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.1. Wind erosion called __________________ pits and polishes rocks when blown sand grains

hit them.

2. ___________________ are a common form of wind deposit in desert regions and nearoceans and lakes.

3. Much of the midwestern United States is on fertile soil that developed from

____________________ deposits.

4. ______________________ is sediment that is as fine as talcum powder.

5. Erosion and ____________________ are part of a cycle that shapes and reshapes the land.

6. ____________________ is wind erosion that can be compared to sandblasting.

7. When windblown sediments pile up behind obstacles, ___________________ are formed.

8. Abrasion and deflation are forms of ___________________ erosion.

9. Loess and dunes are ___________________ of wind-eroded sediments.

10. ___________________ is wind erosion that picks up small particles and leaves heavier particles behind.

11. The side of a sand dune away from the wind has a _________________ slope than the sidefacing the wind.

12. ____________________ erosion is common in deserts, beaches, and plowed fields.

13. During a __________________, sand grains form a low cloud just above the ground.

14. _________________ blow topsoil from open fields, overgrazed areas, and places where vegetation has disappeared.

15. People in many countries plant trees to act as _________________ to reduce wind erosion.

16. Along many seacoasts and deserts, _________________ is planted to reduce erosion.

17. Plants with fibrous _________________ systems, such as grasses, work best at stopping winderosion.

18. One common dune shape is a crescent-shaped dune known as a _________________.

WindStudy Guide33 3Chapter


Forces Shaping Earth 13

Earth’s Moving PlatesStudy Guide11Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the phrases below.

Arabian plate erupting lava mountain ranges South American plate

asthenosphere inner core outer core subduction

colliding plates lithosphere seismic waves transform boundary

convection mantle separating plates volcanoes

crust

1. the part of Earth that makes up two thirds of its mass and flows slowlylike putty

2. a layer of Earth that is like plastic. It rests under the lithosphere and theplates move on it.

3. the kind of plates that cause mountains to form

4. these are formed when oceanic plates slide under continental plates

5. what occurs when two plates of different densities are colliding

6. the area where two plates slide past each other

7. the plate that the Nazca plate is moving toward

8. plates may move because of this type of movement in the mantle

9. the highest-pressure, hottest part of Earth that is mostly solid iron

10. these can form when plates of similar density are colliding

11. the part of Earth that is made of the crust and upper mantle and restson the asthenosphere.

12. islands can be formed near ocean trenches by this

13. the kind of plates that cause rift zones or high ridges to form under the sea

14. the part of Earth that contains the mountains and the valleys. It is theleast dense and thinnest layer and is thicker on the continents thanunder the oceans.

15. the part of the Earth that stops or slows down seismic waves because itis made of liquid metal

16. a plate that the African plate is moving toward

17. energy disturbances that travel through rock, and can speed up, slowdown, and be bent or stopped

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14 Forces Shaping Earth

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Uplift of Earth’s Crust

Directions: Complete the table by describing the type of mountain and giving an example of that type of mountain.

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

5. The principle of isostasy states that Earth’s crust and ____________________ float on theupper part of the mantle.

6. Mountains grow ____________________ and sink farther down into the mantle.

7. Icebergs are largest when they break off of a ____________________.

8. The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic mountains that formed from lava eruptions on

the ____________________.

Study Guide22

Type of mountain Description Example

1. Fault–block

2. Folded

3. Upwarped

4. Volcanic

4Chapter


Earthquakes and Volcanoes 15

EarthquakesStudy Guide11Directions: Match the terms from the word bank with the phrases below.

elastic rebound magnitude seismic safe surface wave

epicenter Mercalli seismic wave S-wave

fault P-wave strain tsunami

focus Richter

1. the point where the movement occurs that causes the wave energy to start

2. the type of earthquake wave that does damage to roads and buildings

3. a type of seismic wave that causes particles to vibrate perpendicular tothe direction of the wave

4. surface of a break along which rocks move

5. the snapping back of rock when it breaks apart

6. a consequence of earthquakes that occur on the ocean floor

7. point on Earth’s surface above an earthquake’s focus

8. the fastest type of seismic wave, which causes rock to vibrate in thesame direction the wave is moving

9. a scale of magnitude that tells how much energy an earthquake releases

10. waves that travel through Earth

11. a scale that describes the intensity of an earthquake by the amount ofgeologic and structural damage it causes

12. something measured by the height of lines traced on a seismograph bythe energy of an earthquake

13. the kind of energy that builds up as rock bends and is released whenrock breaks

14. a description for buildings that can stand up to the vibrations of anearthquake

Directions: List three types of faults and how they form.

15.

16.

17.

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5Chapter


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16 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

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Volcanoes

Directions: Indicate whether each statement refers to a shield volcano (sh), a cinder cone volcano (cc), or a composite volcano (cv).

1. moderate to violent eruptions throwing volcanic ash, cinders, and lava high into the air

2. largest type of volcano

3. a relatively small cone of volcanic material formed from tephra

4. sometimes erupts violently, forming a layer of tephra; sometimes a quieter eruptionforming a lava layer

5. forms along subduction zones

6. buildup of basaltic layers, forming a broad volcano with gently sloping sides

7. forms where magma is being forced up from the extreme depths within Earth, or in areas where Earth’s plates are moving apart

8. Sunset Crater, near Flagstaff, Arizona

9. Mount St. Helens, in Washington

10. a steep-sided mountain composed of alternating layers of lava and tephra

Directions: Match the descriptions in Column II with the items in Column I. Write the letter of the correctdescription in the blank at the left.

Column I

11. pyroclastic flow

12. mudflows

13. lava

14. lava rich in silica

15. lava rich in iron and magnesium

16. tephra

Column II

a. magma when it reaches Earth’ssurface

b. ash, cinders, solidified lava

c. tends to flow easily

d. tends to be thicker and is moreresistant to flow

e. hot, glowing rock flows oncushion of hot gases

f. often accompany eruptions,and can be brought on by heavy rain



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Earthquakes and Volcanoes 17

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Describe the lithosphere.

2. What are rifts? What kinds of eruptions would you expect there?

3. What happens at a convergent plate boundary? How does this set up conditions that form volcanoes?

4. Where do most volcanoes form? How did the Hawaiian Islands form?

5. Where and how do earthquakes form?

6. Describe the convection theory of tectonic plate movement.

Directions: Use the drawings to identify the types of plate boundaries.

Earthquakes, Volcanoes, andPlate Tectonics

A B C

7. transform boundary ______

8. convergent boundary ______

9. divergent boundary ______



Weathering and Soil 19

Name Date Class

WeatheringStudy Guide11

Directions: Number the following events about ice wedging in the order they happen. The first step in thesequence has been numbered for you.

11. Ice Wedging

water freezes and expands

ice melts, allowing more water to enter crack

pressure builds and extends the crack

water enters crack in rock

crack extends and breaks apart the rock

Directions: Using the terms provided, complete the weathering comparison chart below.

animals chemical reactions chemical weathering ice wedging

mechanical weathering natural acid oxidation physical processes

plant acid plant

Weathering

2 Types of Weathering

Definition

(1)________________

(3)_______________: rocksare broken apart; new rocksare similar to original rocks

(5)_______________:water freezes in rock cracks

(7)_______________:roots force into cracks, thengrow and break rock

(9)_______________:digging, scratching at rocks,causing rocks to move

(2)_______________

(4)_______________:dissolves or changes the minerals; new rocks are dif-ferent from original rocks

(6)________________:carbonic acid dissolves rock,creating caves

(8)________________:oxygen and water react withminerals to break down intorust

(10)_________________from decaying plants weak-ens rocks

Ways Weathering Occurs

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20 Weathering and Soil

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6ChapterThe Nature of Soil

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. Study the diagram of a soil profile to answerquestions 1–5.

1. Which soil layer contains the most humus?

2. How far into the soil do plant roots grow?

3. Where in this soil profile is organic matter broken down?

4. Where in this soil profile is solid rock being weathered into soil?

5. What is the name of the process by which water carries dissolved minerals from the upper

horizons down to the lower levels?

6. Why does the color of soil affect soil temperature?

7. Why are earthworms, frost, and rodents beneficial to soil?

8. What factors help determine the type of soil, such as the thickness of the layers and their

composition?

9. Choose a factor from Question 6 and explain how it can affect the soil in an area.

Study Guide22


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Weathering and Soil 21

6Chapter

Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.

1. gonPliw mechanically turns and loosens the soil to grow crops.

2. When soil is moved from the place where it formed, the processis called sieroon.

3. There is no plowing and plant stalks are left in the field in li-toln gimnarf.

4. In artericeng, flat-topped areas are built into the sides of steephills and mountains to grow crops.

5. In dry regions where sheep and cattle eat the grasses, reggianvorzincreases soil erosion.

6. Each year, clearing thousands of square kilometers of nair setrofdestroys soil in the tropics.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.7. What can be done to reduce erosion at construction sites?

8. What effect does overgrazing have on topsoil?

9. Why shouldn’t more land be cleared for farming and grazing as old land is worn out?

10. Why do people need soil?

11. What can farmers do to reduce soil erosion?

Soil ErosionStudy Guide33


Our Impact on Land 23

Population Impact on the Environment

Study Guide11Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about population growth.

better nutrition clean water modern medicine population explosion

carrying capacity increased rapidly population size

The human population has (1)____________________ in recent history. Scientists refer to this as

a(n) (2)____________________. Scientists study all the individuals of one species that occupy a

particular area and define this as a (3)____________________. They look for the factors that affect

population size and growth. They study a specific environment to determine the largest number of

individuals that environment can support—referred to as the (4)____________________. Popula-

tion (5)____________________ depends on the available resources and how they are used. The

human population has increased rapidly because people are living longer due to

(6)____________________, (7)____________________, and (8)____________________.

Directions: Describe how each activity below affects the environment.

9. Using electricity:

10. Burning fossil fuels:

11. Using water:

12. Eating food:

13. Using pesticides and herbicides:

14. Using plastic:

15. Using paper:

16. Mining resources (metals or gems):

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7Chapter


24 Our Impact on Land

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Name Date Class

Using Land

Directions: Decide which of the following effects on the environment are due to natural causes and which aredue to the actions of people. Write natural if the cause is natural. Write people if the cause is people.

1. Fires are set by lightning in a national forest.

2. Groundwater near a sanitary landfill that is close to a school isfound to be radioactive.

3. An earthquake causes damage in some homes.

4. Increasing amounts of herbicides and pesticides are found in riversand groundwater.

5. A woodland area in Pennsylvania is torn up for coal mining.

6. Topsoil becomes dust and is blown from farms in a midwestern state.

7. A beach is eroded by high waves.

8. The landfills in a large city are overflowing, and the city wants toship its garbage to a landfill on an island south of the United States.

9. A small country can no longer feed its growing population.

10. Some suburbs cannot find landfill room for the grass clippings andleaves collected.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. Write the number of the first item above that you decided was due to people. What would you

want to be sure of first if you were called in to solve the problem?

12. Write the number of the last item above that you decided was due to people. What would you recommend to the people in that area?

13. Which effects might be due to farming methods?

14. Which effects could be lessened if most people practiced conservation by reusing and recycling materials? Explain your answers.



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Our Impact on Land 25

Name Date Class

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is a recyclable object?

2. Give three reasons why paper should be recycled.

3. Why should aluminum be recycled?

4. How do container laws encourage recycling?

5. How much does recycling reduce the amount of trash a person generates in a lifetime?

6. List two ways governments encourage recycling.

7. List three ways you can reduce your consumption of materials at school and at home.

8. Do you think governments should require recycling? Why or why not?

Conserving ResourcesStudy Guide33 7Chapter


Exploring Space 27

Radiation from SpaceStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.

active and adaptive observatory refracting telescope

electromagnetic radiation optics speed of light

electromagnetic waves radio telescope

Hubble space telescope reflecting telescope

1. an instrument with small mirrors pieced together to create a larger,clearer image

2. carry energy through empty space and through matter

3. 300,000 km/s

4. a device placed outside Earth’s atmosphere to minimize absorption anddistortion of energy from space

5. energy that is transmitted from one place to another by electromagneticwaves

6. an instrument with a concave mirror that focuses an image on a secondmirror for viewing through the eyepiece

7. telescopes with computer enhanced and corrected images

8. detects radio waves as they travel freely through Earth’s atmosphere

9. an instrument for distance viewing through a convex lens that focusesthe image to be viewed through an eyepiece

10. a building with an open roof used to house a telescope

Directions: Arrange the seven types of electromagnetic radiation from longest to shortest wavelength on thespectrum. (Hint: Refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)

Longest wavelength Shortest wavelengthLowest frequency Highest frequency

Name Date Class

11.

12.

13.

visible light

14.

15.

16.

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28 Exploring Space

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Early Space Missions

Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. The terms readacross or down.

Study Guide22

S

P

A

C

E

P

R

O

B

E

T

O

M

N

T

O

S

A

B

P

A

R

R

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A

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E

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A

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V

U

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E

R

C

U

R

Y

N

L

E

R

G

L

E

N

N

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T

I

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S

S

D

T

Y

O

A

I

E

E

R

J

U

P

I

K

E

R

T

G

T

A

I

A

S

C

G

K

A

M

O

L

N

O

J

E

R

R

H

I

I

A

E

O

M

A

R

S

T

N

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G

A

L

I

L

E

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A

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P

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M

1. The Moon is a natural ____________________ of Earth.

2. The first human to set foot on the Moon was Neil ____________________.

3. The path of one object circling another is an ____________________.

4. ____________________ was the program that first sent people to the Moon.

5. The ____________________ probes flew past Jupiter and other planets before headingoutward toward deep space.

6. The first citizen of the United States to orbit Earth was John ____________________.

7. In ____________________, a team of American astronauts first met and connected with aspacecraft in orbit.

8. A ____________________ travels far into the solar system, collecting information andreturning it to Earth.

9. Galileo dropped a smaller probe into Jupiter’s ____________________.

10. Cooperative missions between countries are being planned to send spacecraft to

____________________ and elsewhere.

11. Launched in 1989, ____________________ provided information about Jupiter.

12. Space exploration began when the Soviets launched ____________________, the firstartificial satellite.

13. The simplest _____________________ engine is made of a burning chamber and a nozzle.

14. Weather satellites provide information about the global weather systems on______________.

15. Project ____________________ began the United States’ effort to reach the Moon.

8Chapter


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Exploring Space 29

Directions: Identify Figure A and Figure B as a space station or a space shuttle. Before each statement atthe bottom of the page, write the name of the spacecraft that the item describes. If an item describes both typesof spacecraft, write both.

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

_________________________ 1. This spacecraft orbits Earth.

_________________________ 2. Astronauts were able to conduct experiments when workingin this.

_________________________ 3. This glides back to Earth and lands like an airplane.

_________________________ 4. The Americans launched Skylab in 1973.

_________________________ 5. This reusable spacecraft transports astronauts andother materials.

_________________________ 6. A former Soviet cosmonaut spent a record 438 days aboard one of these.

_________________________ 7. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 byone of these.

_________________________ 8. This spacecraft provides living quarters and working space for people living and working in space.

_________________________ 9. Several countries may cooperatively build one of thesein the future.

_________________________10. Its astronauts move mechanical arms to launch andrecover satellites.

_________________________11. The Soviet craft is named Mir.

_________________________12. Its solid-fuel booster rockets are reused.

_________________________13. American astronauts spent up to 84 days working in this.

Current and Future Space Missions

Study Guide33

A

A.

B.

8Chapter


The Sun-Earth-Moon System 31

EarthStudy Guide11Directions: Complete the following statements. Write the correct word on the blank provided.

axis rotates elliptical

seasons equinox spherical

revolves solstice magnetic field

1. Earth is ____________________ in shape, with a slight bulge at the equator.

2. The day when the Sun reaches the greatest distance north or south of the equator is the

____________________.

3. Earth turns on its ____________________ once every 24 h.

4. Earth ____________________ around the Sun in a(n) ____________________ orbit.

5. When the Sun is directly above Earth’s equator, we refer to it as the ____________________.

6. Earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5-degree angle creating a short period of climate change

commonly called ____________________.

7. Scientists hypothesize that the movement of material inside Earth’s core and Earth’s rotation

generate a(n) ____________________.

8. Earth ____________________, creating day and night.

Directions: Define the terms revolve and rotate in your own words and give an example of each.

9. Revolve:

Example:

10. Rotate:

Example:

Directions: Explain how the tilt of Earth’s axis causes seasons. (Hint: Refer to Figure 3 and your text to discussthe hours of sunlight and angle of direct rays at different times of the year.)

11.

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32 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

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The Moon—Earth’s Satellite

Directions: Identify each phase of the Moon in Figure 1 by writing its name on the line beneath the phaseshown. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided.

Figure 1

5. What phase occurs between the full moon and the third quarter?

6. What phase occurs between the third quarter and the new moon?

7. What phase occurs between the new moon and the first quarter?

8. What phase occurs between the first quarter and the full moon?

Directions: Identify Figures 2 and 3 as either a total lunar eclipse or total solar eclipse. Then on the linesbelow, explain why each type of eclipse happens and who would be able to see the eclipse.

Figure 2

Study Guide22

1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 4. ____________

10.

11. Figure 2:

12. Figure 3:

Light

Shadow

Earth

Sun

Moon

Light rays

Shadow

Earth

Sun

Moon

Figure 3

9.

9Chapter


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The Sun-Earth-Moon System 33

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.

crust lunar shadow thinner

basin minerals water surface

ice core

1. Information from Clementine helped scientists measure the thickness of the Moon’s

____________________.

2. Lunar Prospector enabled scientists to confirm that the moon has an iron-rich

____________________

3. Hydrogen is one of the elements that make up ____________________.

4. The South Pole-Aitken Basin is an impact crater, or impact ____________________, on thesurface of the Moon.

5. The Clementine spacecraft was placed in ____________________ orbit.

6. Throughout the Moon’s rotation, most of the South Pole-Aitken Basin stays in

____________________.

7. Clementine also took photographs for use in making a map of the Moon’s _______________.

8. Some scientists theorize that ____________________ may exist in the floors of the craters atthe Moon’s poles.

9. Data show that the Moon’s crust is ____________________ on the side of the Moon facing Earth.

10. Another kind of information collected by Clementine indicates what kinds of

____________________ make up Moon rocks.


11. Why might the South Pole-Aitken Basin be a good place for a solar-powered Moon colony?

12. Where did the spacecraft Clementine get its name?

Exploring Earth’s MoonStudy Guide33 9Chapter


The Solar System 35

The Solar SystemStudy Guide11Directions: List the historical models and astronomical ideas of the solar system by completing the study chartbelow.

Directions: List the planets of our solar system in order. (Hint: refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)

Directions: Describe the four steps that help explain how the solar system may have formed. (Hint: refer toFigure 3 in the text for additional help.)

13.

14.

15.

16.

Name Date Class

Model Supporter of the Model Key Ideas

1. (also known as the early Greekgeocentric model) astronomers

2a. Moon revolved around Earth, all planets revolved around the Sun in circular orbits

2b. (also known as the Johannes Keplerheliocentric model)

3. Modern View of current understandingSolar System

Sun 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11.

12.

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36 The Solar System

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The Inner Planets

Directions: Write the names of the inner planets as headings in the chart in the order of their position from theSun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.

Study Guide22

Size andcomposition

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22.

23. 24. 25.

Atmosphere

Temperatures

Surfacefeatures

Moons(number/names)

Spaceprobes

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The Solar System 37

Directions: List the outer planets across the top of the chart in the order of their usual position from the Sun.Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.

The Outer PlanetsStudy Guide33

1.

Fifth fromSun

2.

Sixth fromSun

3.

Seventh fromSun

4.

Eighth fromSun

5.

Ninth fromSun

Size andComposition

6.

11.

16.

21.

26.

31.

7.

12.

17.

22.

27.

32.

8.

13.

18.

23.

28.

33.

9.

14.

19.

24.

29.

34.

10.

15.

20.

25.

30.

Atmosphere

Below theAtmosphere

NotableFeatures

Moons(number/names)

SpaceProbes

( ( ( () ) ) ) )

10Chapter

(


Name Date Class

38 The Solar System

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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is the Oort Cloud, and where is it located?

2. What is an asteroid, and where are most asteroids located?

Directions: Identify Figure 1 and its parts, then answer the question that follows.

3. Figure 1:

A.

B.

C.

4. How does a comet begin and end?

Directions: Identify the parts of Figure 2, then answer the question that follows.

5. A.

B.

C.

6. What two space objects produce meteorites?

Other Objects in the SolarSystem

A

B

C

A

B C

Earth'satmosphere

Earth'satmosphere

Earth'satmosphere

Earth

Study Guide44

Figure 2

Figure 1

10Chapter


Plants 39

PlantsStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.

binomial nomenclature Carolus Linneaus cell membrane cell wall

cellulose chlorophyll cuticle green algae

nonvascular photosynthesis pigment vascular

1. botanist who proposed classifying plants using many characteristics

2. coloring in a plant

3. chemical compound plants make out of sugars into fibers for structureand support

4. covering surrounds all cells and regulates the interaction between thecell and the environment

5. probably the ancient ancestor of all land plants

6. plants containing tubelike structures used to carry water and nutrientsthroughout the plant

7. process in which light energy is used to produce glucose and oxygen

8. plants without tubelike structures to move water and substances

9. a waxy, protective layer secreted by cells onto stems, leaves, and flowersto slow the loss of water

10. system of naming species using a unique two-word name

11. green pigment used to trap light used in photosynthesis

12. rigid structure that supports and protects plant cells

Directions: Complete the summary chart of plant adaptations for survival on land. (Hint: Refer to Figure 4 inthe text for additional help.)

Name Date Class

Adaptation Purpose of Adaptation

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14. cuticle

15. fruits and seed cones

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Name Date Class

40 Plants

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Seedless Plants

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms. Some of the terms may not be used.

vascular nonvascular rhizoids

mosses liverworts pioneer species

1. Organisms that are the first to grow in new or disturbed areas are

called ______________________________.

2. Ground pines, spike mosses, horsetails, and ferns are all types of seedless

______________________________ plants.

3. Liverworts, hornworts, and ______________________________ are seedless nonvascularplants.

4. ______________________________ are the threadlike roots of nonvascular plants thatabsorb and distribute water directly through their cell walls.

Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.

5. What is the relationship between ferns and coal?

Directions: Classify the following plants as vascular or nonvascular.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

Daisy

Rose Corn Moss

Liverwort Grass



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Plants 41

Directions: Contrast the two major groups of seed plants by completing the table. Use information from yourtextbook.

Table 1

Directions: Study the plants pictured below. On the line under each plant, write whether that plant is a monocot or a dicot.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. What is a seed plant?

9. What are the functions of xylem and phloem?

10. What are some economic uses of gymnosperms?

Seed Plants

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Study Guide33

1. Characteristics

2. Examples

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

11Chapter


Plant Processes 43

Photosynthesis andRespiration

Study Guide11Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.

chlorophyll chloroplast cuticle epidermis

glucose guard cells oxygen photosynthesis

respiration stomata

Definition

1. important plant sugar made in the chloroplasts

2. chemical process breaking down food and releasing energy

3. green, light-trapping pigment in chloroplasts used to make food

4. process taking place in chloroplasts during which a plant’s chlorophylltraps light energy and sugars are produced for food

5. two cells that surround and control the opening size of the stomata

6. nearly clear, outer cell layer of a leaf

7. waste product of photosynthesis

8. plant organelle containing chlorophyll used to make plant sugars

9. small opening in leaf or stems used to control the amount of watervapor, carbon dioxide, and waste that enters and exits a plant

10. waxy covering over epidermis, helps protect plant from drying out

Directions: Put these events in the order in which they happen. The first step has been numbered for you.

11. Fall leaf colors

Leaves change color as the other pigments become visible.

During spring and summer, light energy is reflected from the chlorophyll; while otherpigments in the leaf are hidden.

In autumn, the chlorophyll in some leaves breaks down.

The leaves appear green to the human eye.

Directions: List two reasons photosynthesis is important to organisms on Earth.

12.

13.

Name Date Class

1

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44 Plant Processes

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Plant Responses

Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. A plant’s response to gravity is called ______.a. phototropism b. gravitropism c. photosynthesis d. photoperiodism

2. The flowering of a plant in response to change of light or dark is called ______.a. photosynthesis b. phototropism c. gravitropism d. photoperiodism

3. Anything in the environment that affects the behavior of an organism is called a ______.a. stimulus b. positive tropism c. response d. hormone

4. Auxins cause cells to grow ______.a. longer on the sunny side of the stem c. shorter on the shaded side of the stemb. shorter on the sunny side of the stem d. longer on the shaded side of the stem

5. Ethylene gas is NOT ______.a. a plant hormone that affects ripening of fruitb. used by growers to cause stems to lengthenc. a stimulusd. a cause of leaves falling down from a plant

6. Because of the effect of auxins on cell growth, plant stems grow ______.a. away from gravity c. toward touchb. toward light d. straight

7. The response of roots growing downward is an example of ______.a. negative phototropism c. negative thigmotropismb. negative gravitropism d. positive gravitropism

Directions: Label the responses of the stems and roots in the following diagrams. Figure 1 shows a plant’sresponse after being tipped on its side for a few days. Figure 2 shows a plant’s response to sunlight. Includewhether the response is positive or negative.

Figure 1 Figure 2

8. stem:

9. roots:

10. stem:



The Nonliving Environment 45

Abiotic FactorsStudy Guide11Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition.

abiotic atmosphere biotic climate

elevation humus soil sunlight

temperature timberline water wind

1. decaying matter found in soil

2. layer of air that surrounds Earth

3. the elevation above which trees cannot grow

4. degree of hotness or coldness measured on a scale

5. features of environment that are alive or were once alive

6. inorganic compound needed for life processes

7. nonliving, physical features of an environment

8. air currents caused by heat from the Sun that warms the air

9. distance above sea level

10. energy source for almost all life on Earth

11. average weather conditions in an area over time

12. mixture of mineral and rock particles, remains of dead organisms,water, air, bacteria, fungi, insects, and worms

Directions: List the six abiotic factors and how each affects the organisms that live in the environment.

Name Date Class

Abiotic Factor Effect on Organisms in the Environment

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

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46 The Nonliving Environment

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Cycles in Nature

Directions: Match the term in Column II with the description in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term inthe blank at the left. All terms may not be used.

Column I

1. photosynthesis is part of this continuous movement

2. gas removed from the air during photosynthesis

3. element that helps plants grow

4. process that changes nitrogen gas into compound plants can use

5. process of water changing from a gas to a liquid

6. transfer of nitrogen from air to soil to organism,and back to air or soil

7. process of water changing from a liquid to a gas

8. continuous movement of water from Earth’s surface to the air, and back to Earth’s surface

Directions: Match the cause in the first column with the effect in the second column. Write the letter of the correct effect in the blank at the left. An effect may have more than one cause.

9. water vapor condenses

10. fossil fuels burn

11. forests are cut down

12. clouds become large and heavy

13. nitrogen removed when harvesting crops

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.14. What are the three primary steps of the water cycle?

15. Explain the importance of nitrogen to living things.

Study Guide22

Column II

a. nitrogen cycle

b. evaporation

c. carbon dioxide

d. water cycle

e. respiration

f. nitrogen

g. condensation

h. carbon cycle

i. transpiration

j. nitrogen fixation

a. soil infertility

b. precipitation

c. increase of carbon dioxidein the air

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The Nonliving Environment 47

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.

chemosynthesis producers energy pyramid

consumers photosynthesis food web

1. The production of energy-rich food molecules from chemicals is called ____________________.

2. A diagram that shows all the possible feeding, or energy transfer, relationships in a

community is called a(n) ____________________.

3. A food chain begins with ____________________.

4. ____________________ make up the second and higher steps in a food chain.

5. A diagram that shows the comparative amount of energy at each feeding level is called

a(n) ____________________.

6. The production of energy-rich sugar molecules using light energy is called ____________________.

Directions: The steps in the following food chains are out of order. Put them in the correct order by numberingthem using 1 as the producer level. Place the number of the step in the blank at the left.

7. ______ a. hawk 8. ______ a. tiger 9. ______ a. grasses 10. ______ a. marmot

______ b. grain ______ b. grass ______ b. hawk ______ b. grass

______ c. mouse ______ c. deer ______ c. grouse ______ c. bear

______ d. snake ______ d. insects

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. In the above food chains, what do all the first-step organisms have in common?

Second-step organisms?

12. Explain why an energy pyramid is in the shape of a pyramid.

Energy FlowStudy Guide33 13Chapter


Interactions of Life 49

Living EarthStudy Guide11Directions: Use the information from your textbook to complete the summary chart below.

Name Date Class

Vocabulary Definition Two Real-World Examples

1. biosphere a.

b.

2. community a.

b.

3. ecology a.

b.

4. ecosystem a.

b.

5. habitat a.

b.

6. organism a.

b.

7. population a.

b.

8. species a.

b.

Directions: Describe a part of the biosphere and a particular community, population, and habitat in that ecosystem.

9.

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50 Interactions of Life

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Populations


1. How can competition limit a population’s growth?

2. How can a limiting factor affect a population’s growth?

3. Which has a higher biotic potential, a pumpkin or a peach?

4. If two squirrels live in one square m of a 50 square m park, what is the park’s estimated squirrelpopulation?

5. What are some factors that might stop a population’s exponential growth?

6. What is carrying capacity?

7. Give an example of how migration affects population size.

8. Is it possible for a population with a high birth rate to decrease in size? Explain.

9. Describe how scientists measure wildlife populations such as rabbits.



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Interactions of Life 51

Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the definitions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term inthe blank at the left.

Column I

1. plant eaters

2. consume wastes and dead organisms

3. a consumer captured and eaten by another consumer

4. use the Sun to make energy-rich molecules

5. animals that eat other animals

6. eat plants and other animals

7. consumers that capture and eat other consumers

8. cannot make their own energy-rich molecules

Interactions Within Communities

Study Guide33

Column II

a. carnivores

b. consumers

c. omnivores

d. herbivores

e. predators

f. producers

g. decomposers

h. prey

Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each example.

commensalism mutualism parasitism

9. A clown fish is protected by an anemone’s tentacles.

10. cyanobacteria, or alga, living in the tissues of a fungus

11. a roundworm that lives in a puppy

Directions: Label the examples below either habitat or niche.

12. A chameleon changes its colors to blend in with its surroundings.

13. Ducks and amphibians live in or near a pond.

14. Birds nest in trees.

15. A male lion’s mane attracts a mate.

16. Your cat’s sense of smell helps it find its way home.

17. Monarch butterflies eat milkweed, making them poisonous to otherspecies.

18. Woodpeckers use their beaks to pry insects from trees.

14Chapter


Ecosystems 53

How Ecosystems ChangeStudy Guide11Directions: Use the terms provided to complete the following summary.

birds climax community drought fire

grasses human insects lichens

mammals mosses organic matter pioneer species

plants primary succession secondary succession seeds

succession trees

Gradual change in the types of species that live in an area is called (1)____________________.

The first species to inhabit an area, the (2)____________________, must be able to survive

(3)____________________, extreme heat and cold, and other harsh conditions. These are usually

(4)____________________. The succession that begins in a place previously without plants is

referred to as (5)____________________. As the first species of (6)____________________

arrive, and erosion takes place, the rock begins to break down into smaller pieces. As these organ-

isms die, they add (7)____________________ to the rock. Plants, such as

(8)____________________ and ferns grow in the new soil. The soil layer thickens, and

(9)____________________, wildflowers, and other plants take over. Eventually, the organic

buildup is enough to support shrubs and (10)____________________. At the same time, small

birds, (11)____________________, and (12)____________________ have begun to move in.

Occasionally, natural or (13)____________________ activity causes a change in the environ-

ment. These might include (14)____________________, avalanche, lumbering, or construction.

Succession that begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms

is called (15)____________________. After a fire, the bare soil is exposed, but it already contains

the (16)____________________ of weeds, grasses, and trees. Wind and

(17)____________________ deposit more seeds and growth begins very quickly. It may take hun-

dreds or thousands of years for the community to become relatively stable and to develop into a

(18)____________________.

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54 Ecosystems

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Biomes

Directions: Complete the table below using information in your textbook.

Study Guide22

Biome

1. Tundra

2. Taiga

3. Temperatedeciduousforest

4. Temperaterain forest

5. Tropicalrainforest

6. Desert

7. Grassland

Climate Dominant plantsCharacteristic

animals

15Chapter


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Ecosystems 55

Directions: Describe two life zones in the ocean and how organisms are affected by the conditions in each zone.

1.

2.

Aquatic EcosystemsStudy Guide33

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.3. The illustrations above show two types of freshwater ecosystems. Which supports more

species and why?

4. What is an estuary and why is it important to marine organisms?

5. Why are wetlands protected in most areas?

6. How do coral reefs form? What makes them vulnerable to environmental stress?

15Chapter


Adaptations Over Time 57

Ideas About EvolutionStudy Guide11Directions: Complete the chart below about evolution.

Directions: Discuss the scientific ideas of Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin and the scientific evidence to support each hypothesis.

11. Lamarck:

Scientific evidence:

12. Darwin:

Scientific evidence:

Name Date Class

Term Definition of Term Real-World Example

1. adaptation

2. evolution

3. geographic isolation

4. gradualism

5. mutation

6. natural selection

7. population

8. punctuated equilibrium

9. species

10. variation

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16Chapter


Name Date Class

58 Adaptations Over Time

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Clues About Evolution

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

1. Relative dating provides a(n) ________________________ of the age of a rock layer or fossil.

2. Fossils provide direct evidence that ________________________ has occurred on Earth.

3. Scientists find clues about evolution from studying ________________________, the moleculethat controls heredity and directs the development of every organism.

4. The flipper of a whale, wing of a bat, leg of a frog, and arm of a human are all examples

of ________________________ structures.

5. The human appendix, which seems to have no function, is a(n)

________________________ structure.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.6. In which type of rock are most fossils found?

7. What two methods are used to determine the age of a rock or fossil?

8. Why is the fossil record not complete?

9. List other evidence of evolution.

10. Does radiometric dating produce exact results? Why or why not?



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Adaptations Over Time 59

Directions: In the table below list three physical characteristics that all primates share. Then describe how eachof these characteristics functions or how each is adaptive.

The Evolution of PrimatesStudy Guide33

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.4. How do hominids differ from apes?

5. In what ways do Australopithecus and Homo habilis differ?

6. What traits did the early humans, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnons share?

7. What social behaviors do we share with Cro-Magnon humans?

Function/AdaptationCharacteristic

1.

2.

3.

16Chapter


Energy and Energy Resources 61

What is energy?Study Guide11Directions: Label each situation with the type of energy it describes. Some situations may have more thanone answer.

chemical electrical kinetic nuclear

potential radiant thermal

1. sunshine

2. a rolling ball gains more of this kind of energy when it moves faster

3. the ocean affects climate because it has so much of this kind of energy

4. a rock balanced on a ledge has this kind of energy

5. energy in the nuclei of atoms

6. energy stored in chemical bonds

7. energy produced in your body’s cells

8. energy that operates a toaster

9. energy emitted by a toaster

10. energy emitted by a lightbulb

11. as objects become hotter, they have more of this type of energy

12. three kinds of energy a match can help you get from firewood

13. energy of moving objects

14. energy of position

15. energy stored in gasoline

Directions: List two types of energy that depend on the mass of an object.

16.

17.

Directions: State the type of energy that is carried by light.

18.

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17Chapter

655-Study Guide-MSS05 5/20/04 3:15 PM Page 45 impos05 301:goscanc:Study Guide - PS:layouts:

Name Date Class

62 Energy and Energy Resources

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Energy Transformations

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the terms that best complete the statements.

1. In every energy transformation, some ____________________ is released.

2. When you climb a rope, you change ____________________ energy into

____________________ energy.

3. Energy can never be created or destroyed, just ____________________ or

____________________.

4. As temperature increases, ____________________ energy increases.

5. Fireworks change ____________________ into ____________________ and

____________________ energy.

6. When a pendulum swings, if it is not continuously pushed, it will stop eventually because

some of its energy is changed into ____________________ energy.

7. In the muscle cells in your body, ____________________ energy is changed into

____________________ energy.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. Trace the energy transformations from a hamburger you eat to riding your bike.

9. In most forms of generation of electrical energy in power plants, the last two steps are thesame. What are they?

10. Trace the energy transformations from a radio signal to the music you hear.



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Energy and Energy Resources 63

Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes the following statements.

1. (Oil, Wind, Water) is a fossil fuel.

2. As you go deeper into Earth, the temperature (increases, decreases, stays the same).

3. (Coal, Oil, Water) is a renewable resource.

4. (Geothermal energy, Fossil fuels, Hydroelectric energy) cause acid rain.

5. A mountainous region would be a likely source for (nuclear, hydroelectric, wind) energy.

Directions: Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If it is true, write true on theline. If it is false, change the underlined term to make it true.

6. Fossil fuels cause air pollution.

7. Geothermal energy is caused by falling water.

8. A thermal cell produces electricity directly from sunlight.

9. A reflecting panel uses the kinetic energy of moving air.

10. About 68% of the electrical energy in the United States is produced by nuclear fuel.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.11. Explain why it would be necessary for a home using solar energy to have some type of an

energy storage device.

12. Explain how hydroelectric energy works.

13. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using fossil fuels.

Sources of EnergyStudy Guide33 17Chapter


Thermal Energy 65

Temperature andThermal Energy

Study Guide11Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the blanks in the summary statements.

(1)____________________ (rateeputerm) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the

(2)____________________ (oeeuscllm) in a substance. As the temperature increases, the mole-

cules have more (3)____________________ (tiencikt greeny), and are moving

(4)____________________ (reastf). For most materials, as the temperature increases, the mole-

cules in the material move (5)____________________ (feathrr) apart, causing the material to

(6)____________________ (pandex). When the material cools, its molecules move more

(7)____________________ (yowlls) and the material (8)____________________ (strancoct). For

the same temperature increase, (9)____________________ (udsiqli) usually expand more than

(10)____________________ (dlsois). On the (11)____________________ (iueslcs) temperature

scale, the (12)____________________ (bilingo) point of water is 100° C and the

(13)____________________ (zengerif) point of water is 0° C. The (14)____________________

(metlahr ygeren) of an object is the sum of the (15)____________________ (nkctei) and

(16)____________________ (lontpetia) energy of all the molecules in the object.

Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to complete the section summary.

greater increases more thermal energy

height kelvin temperature

A practical way to measure (17)____________________ is to use a thermometer. One type of

thermometer contains a liquid that expands as its temperature (18)____________________, so

that the (19)____________________ of the liquid in the tube depends on the temperature. On

the (20)____________________ temperature scale, the lowest possible temperature is 0 K. If two

glasses of water at the same temperature are poured into a container, the

(21)____________________ of the water in the container is (22)____________________ than

the thermal energy of the water in either glass, because there are (23)____________________

molecules of water in the container.

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18Chapter


Name Date Class

66 Thermal Energy

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Heat

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. How is heat related to thermal energy? Can an object contain heat?

2. Explain how convection could be used to heat a room with a hot radiator on one side ofthe room.


3. Heat always moves from a(n) ____________________ object to a(n) ____________________object.

4. When two objects are in contact, heat is best transferred by ____________________.

5. Heat is transferred by conduction when ____________________ moving molecules bump into

____________________ moving molecules and transfer ____________________ energy.

6. The heat from an electric space heater is transferred to you by ____________________.

7. Radiation transfers thermal energy by ____________________.

8. Heat is transferred in gases or liquids primarily by ____________________.

Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.9. A small pan of water at 50°C is brought into contact with a larger pan of water at 50°C. Heat is

transferred (from the large pan to the small pan, from the small pan to the large pan, not at all).

10. Convection involves (molecules moving, molecules colliding, electromagnetic waves).

11. Metals are good (reservoirs, insulators, conductors) because they transfer heat easily.

12. Cooking tools often have plastic handles because plastic is a good (conductor, insulator, reservoir)of heat.

13. A measure of how well a substance absorbs heat is its (equivalent heat, calorie content,

specific heat).

14. Heat transfer by (convection, radiation, conduction) occurs when energy is transferred by

electromagnetic waves.



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Thermal Energy 67

Study Guide33 Engines and Refrigerators

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is a heat engine?

2. In a car with a four-cycle engine, why is it an advantage to have at least four cylinders?

3. In nature heat only moves from a hotter object to a cooler object. How is it possible for a heatpump to remove heat from a cold object and add it to a hotter object?

Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. If it is false, change the italicized term to make the statement true.

4. In an air conditioner heat from inside the house is absorbed by coolant within pipes.

5. If you let the air out of a bicycle tire, the valve becomes cold. This is because when agas under pressure expands, it releases energy to the environment.

6. When a heat pump is used for heating, it removes heat from the cold air outside andadds heat to the warm air inside.

7. A diesel engine does not use spark plugs.

8. An engine that uses the process of burning fuel within the engine is called a(n) internalcombustion engine.

9. A heat engine is any device that converts thermal energy into kinetic energy.

10. In internal combustion engines, fuel burns in a combustion chamber inside the engine.

18Chapter


Sound 69

What is sound?Study Guide11Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the summary sentence blanks.

amplitude decibel energy slower

collide Doppler loudness vibrates

compressions echolocation rarefactions wavelength

Sound waves are produced by something that (1)____________________. Sound waves travel

through a material as particles in the material (2)____________________ with each other. Sound

waves have regions called (3)____________________, where particles are closer together, and

(4)____________________, where particles are farther apart. The distance from one compression

to the next, or from one rarefaction to the next is the (5)____________________ of the sound

wave. Sound waves usually travel (6)____________________ in gases than in solids or liquids.

The more (7)____________________ carried by a sound wave, the larger its

(8)____________________. The intensity of sound waves is measured on the

(9)____________________ scale. The (10)____________________ of a sound is the human per-

ception of the intensity of the sound waves.

Directions: Decide whether the term that fills in the blank is in column A or column B and write the correct let-ter in the last column.

Name Date Class

Sentence A B Answer

11. Louder sound waves carry __________ more lessenergy than soft sound waves.

12. Loud sounds travel __________ soft faster than at the same sounds. speed as

13. Sound waves in cold weather travel faster slower__________ than they do in hot weather.

14. This is because the molecules move faster warmer colderwhen they are __________.

15. An increase of 20 dB means there is 20 100__________ times more sound energy.

16. An object to be located by sonar can be longer shorterassumed to be farther away when the echo takes a __________ time to return to the sensor.

17. When a sound-emitting object moves lower highertoward a person, the pitch of the sound will seem __________.

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19Chapter


Name Date Class

70 Sound

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Music

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is the difference between music and noise?

2. What vibrates in each of the following to produce the initial sound?

a. your voice

b. a piano

c. a trumpet

3. What is resonance?


4. A musical instrument will vibrate with its ____________________ when played.

5. The guitar body of an acoustic guitar resonates to ____________________ the sound when

a string is plucked.

6. ____________________ are repeated echoes of sound.

7. The pitch of the lowest sound produced by an instrument is its ____________________.

8. The shorter the string of a violin, the ____________________ the pitch.

9. In a xylophone, the longer the bar, the ____________________ the pitch.

10. When two notes very close together in pitch interfere, they produce regular changes in

loudness called ____________________.

11. The purpose of the ____________________ ear is to amplify sound.

12. ____________________ in the inner ear generate nerve impulses that are transmitted to

the brain to be interpreted as sound.

13. As people age, their ____________________ frequency hearing tends to decrease.



Light, Mirrors, and Lenses 71

Properties of LightStudy Guide11Directions: Use the words in the word bank to complete the summary statements.

absorbs green reflected

all light bulbs Sun

blue longest violet

combining orange wavelength

eyes prism white

emits red yellow

A light source (1)____________________ countless light rays in (2)____________________

directions. Light sources include (3)____________________ and the (4)____________________.

When light strikes an object, rays are (5)____________________in all directions. You see the

object when some of the rays enter your (6)____________________.

A (7)____________________ separates a beam of white light into many colors. Each different

color of light has a different (8)____________________. The color of light with the shortest

wavelength is (9)____________________ and the color with the (10)____________________

wavelength is red. A black object (11)____________________ all wavelengths of visible light and

a (12)____________________ object reflects all wavelengths of visible light. The color of an

object depends on the wavelengths of light that it reflects. For example, a purple leaf reflects

(13)____________________ light and absorbs all other wavelengths. Some colors are formed by

(14)____________________ colors. The three primary colors of light are

(15)____________________, (16)____________________ and (17)____________________.

(18)____________________light, for example, can be formed by a combination of red light and

green light.

Directions: Define translucent, transparent, and opaque and give an example of an object of each type.

Name Date Class

Definition Example

19. opaque

20. translucent

21. transparent

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72 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses

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20ChapterReflection and Mirrors

Directions: Use the items listed below to label the diagram. Then complete the sentence that describes the diagram.

angle of incidence angle of reflection the normal

Study Guide22

1. 2.

3.

90°

light ray

surface

The law of reflection states that the 4. ____________________ of 5. ____________________ is

equal to the 6. ____________________ of 7. ____________________.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.8. Light rays reflect off a rough surface.

a. Do the rays reflect in many directions or few? ____________________

b. What type of reflection is this? ____________________

9. Light rays reflect off a smooth surface.

a. Do the rays reflect in many directions or few? ____________________

b. What type of reflection is this? ____________________

Directions: Label each diagram as a plane mirror, a concave mirror, or a convex mirror. Draw incomingand reflecting light rays.

10. ____________________ 11. ____________________ 12. ____________________


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Light, Mirrors, and Lenses 73

20Chapter

Directions: Read each pair of statements. One or both of them are correct. Circle the ones that are correct. Crossout any incorrect ones.

1. Light travels at the same speed in all mediums.

Light travels at different speeds in different mediums.

2. Refraction is the change of speed of a light wave as it moves from one medium to another.

Refraction is the bending of a light wave as it moves from one medium to another.

3. The greater the change in the speed of a light wave, the more it refracts.

The greater the change in the speed of a light wave, the less it refracts.

4. A lens is a transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to refract.

A lens is a transparent object with two curved sides that cause light to refract.

5. A convex lens is also called a converging lens.

A concave lens is also called a diverging lens.

Directions: Identify each statement as describing a convex lens, a concave lens, or both.

6. a lens that is thicker in the center than at the edges

7. a lens that is thicker at the edges than at the center

8. causes light rays passing through it to meet at a focal point

9. has an optical axis

10. an object more than two focal lengths from the lens will havean inverted image

11. causes light rays passing through it to diverge

12. causes light rays passing through it to refract

13. used to correct nearsightedness

14. used to correct farsightedness

15. creates a focal point

Refraction and LensesStudy Guide33


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74 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses

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20ChapterUsing Mirrors and Lenses

Directions: Using complete sentences, answer the following questions about microscopes.1. What is an objective lens?

2. What is an ocular lens?

3. Explain how a microscope allows the viewer to see very small objects?

4. Why is it important to know that the lenses in microscopes are convex lenses?

Directions: The terms below describe reflecting or refracting telescopes. Write the terms that best describe eachtype in the correct column. Some terms will appear in both lists.

heavy weight gathers as much light as possible enlarges gathered light

convex lens reflects gathered light sags when too large more expensive

does not sag less expensive concave mirror lighter weight

Study Guide44

Refracting Telescope

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Reflecting Telescope

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Directions: Answer the following question about cameras, using complete sentences.17. Your friend wants to build a camera and asks you to pick up a concave lens at the hobby shop.

You say that is the wrong kind of lens. Explain why you say this and what is important toknow about a convex lens in a camera.


science study guide 6th grade glencoe

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