Sciences, Technology and Innovation in China: From Fundamental Research to Industrialization

Chunli BAI

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Industrial Technologies

21st, June 2012

I. An overview of S&T and innovation in China

II. Roadmap of S&T and Innovation

III. A Brief Touch on CAS

IV. Analysis and conclusion

Outline

Outline

I. An overview of S&T and Innovation in China

II. Roadmap of S&T an d Innovation

III. A Brief Touch on CAS

IV. Analysis and conclusion

General Statements China has set up a complete S&T and innovation system

with a few fields ranking at the top of the world Has the world's 2nd largest R&D workforce with a total

R&D expenditure at 1.8% of GDP As the second largest economy with diversified

development, China allows enough room to try all kinds of S&T innovations

Has obviously reached the stage we can rely more on S&T contributions, innovation and skills of workforce for further progress

R&D force in selected countries

Source: Main Science & Technology Indicators 2010/2 (OECD)

Ranked No. 2 in 2009 with a total of 2.29 million

China’s R&D workforce

Global R&D expenditures by country/region:2009

Became the second largest in the world in 2009, taking up 12% of the global total

China $154B(12%)

Central Asia $33B(2.6%)Europe

$319B(25%)

Africa$9B(0.7%)

Austrialia & Oceania

$22B(1.8%)

USA $402B(31%)

Central America & Caribbean

$0.6(<0.1%)South America

$31B(2.4%)

South Asia $34B(2.6%)

Source: Science and Engineering Indicator 2012

Japan $138(11%)

China’s R&D investment

Remains around 20% annually in the past decades, being the highest in the world

Still a big GAP In percentage

Source: Science and Engineering Indicator 2012

China’s R&D growth rate

Suggesting the need to further

increse

Gross expenditures on R&D by performing sector, in selected countries: 2008 or 2009

Has the largest share, being the third highest among the world’s major countries in proportion

Country Business Government Higher education Private nonprofit

US(2009) 70.3 11.7 13.5 4.4

China (2009) 73.2 18.7 8.1 0.0

Japan (2009) 75.8 9.2 13.4 1.6

Germany (2009) 67.5 14.9 17.6 **

France (2009) 61.9 16.3 20.6 1.2

Korea (2008) 75.4 12.1 11.1 1.4

UK(2009) 60.4 9.2 27.9 2.5

Source: Science and Engineering Indicator 2012

China’s R&D investment from the business sector

9Source: Science and Engineering Indicator 2012

S&E journal articles produced, by selected region/country: 1995–2009

Have increased rapidly over the years, became No.2 in total in 2009

Tho

usan

d

China’s international S&T publications

0.64

0.99

1.34 1.41

2.54 2.50

3.30

3.85

4.30

5.57

0.64 0.62

0.86 0.80 0.96

1.38 1.40 1.43

2.04 2.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

1999年 2001年 2003年 2005年 2007年

%

专业性期刊论文比例

综合性期刊论文比例

Also witnessed a rapid increase such as in Nature, Science, JACS, PRL and Lancet, etc

Source: CAS Documentation Center

Comprehensive journalssuch as Nature and Science

More specialized journalssuch as JACS and PRL

S&T publications in high impact journals

Became No. 3 in 2009 but far behind Japan and the U.S.

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000180000

Total

Domestic

Foreign

Source: MOST; Main Science & Technology Indicators 2010/2 (OECD)

Invention patents granted in selected countries (2009)

China’s invention patents

China has accomplished a great deal in a wide range of science, technology and innovation

These successes cover frontiers of science, areas for social benefits and sustainability, and industrial competitiveness and national security

Nano Technology is such a good case

Government Investment to National Nano S&T

Nano S&T was listed as an important item in the

Chinese National S&T Development Program (2006-

2020)

National Research Institutes

Having seen various kinds of entities set up

Publications and Patents

SCI/EI Publications in Nanotechnology—China became

No. 1 in 2010

Has Made Success both on Basic Research and Application

Rapid Development of NanoTechnology since 1980s

Lu, et al, Science, 287, 1463 (2000):Superplastic Extensibility of at Room Temperature

Lu, et al, Science, 323, 607 (2009):Revealing the Maximum Strength in Nanotwinned Copper

Nanostructure copper can be elongated to more than 50 times without breaking.This unique behavior demonstrates that the nanocrystalline structure significantly

facilitates plastic deformation at lower temperatures. This feature is useful for advancing processing technology of metals and alloys.

e=200%

e=600%

e=2000%

e=5100%

As-deposited

RT~ 0.22Tm

Developed nanocrystalline materials: Super Cu

Examples Nano Basic Research

Lu, et al, Science, 304, 426 (2004):Ultrahigh Strength and High Electrical Conductivity

Institute of Metal Research, CAS

• Laser phototypesetting

system • Two steps photographic

development

Burning Plate

PS plate Photosensitive film

Laser phototype-setting machine

Picture and text information

Computer

Film

fix

develop

expose

Chemical Treatment Process

fix develop exposePlate

Chemical Treatment Process

• CTP -Int’l mainstream

technology• One step photographic

development

Picture and text

Computer CTP equipment

Plate CTP platefix develop expose

Process of Photoreception and Chemical Treatment

Problems• Photographic

imaging, need to process in

darkness• Chemical development,

cause liquid waste discharge

• Pre-coating, waste resources

（ 80 － 90 ％）•

Fuji 、 Kodak 、 Agfa…

Technology advantage

No need to avoid light

No pollution Low cost

Recoverable “Giving up darkness to light” as we say

in Chinese

。 Current tech 。 No photographic

process

Picture and text information Computer Printing plate

• Reduces costs and farewell to pollution by a click of the mouse.

A Comparison between Green Printing Tech and LPS & CTP Currently Used in the Market

Examples Nano Application

Institute of Chemistry, CAS

Innovation

No need pre-coating process

All process green

Key technologiesControl the nano/micro-structure of the super-hydrophilic plate. Modulate the wettability of the

printing images Achieve printing endurance

Nano-particles

Polymer layer

Surface modification

Super-hydrophilicity

Examples

@ Nanomaterials-based Green Printing Plate Technology Innovation & Key technologies

Nano Application

Examples

@Nanomaterials-based Green Printing Plate Technology

Some Printed Samples with the New Technology

Nano Application

I.An overview of S&T and innovations in China

II.Roadmap of S&T and Innovation

III.A Brief Touch upon CAS

IV.Analysis and conclusion

Outline

• This Outline was worked out in 2006, involving contributions of over 3000 individuals• It aims to turn China into an innovation-driven country & a well-off society through fostering strategic emerging industries

Its specific goals include:Further build up our national innovation system Forge stronger linkages between S&T and industriesMake enterprises to be main players in R&D and innovations Improve S&T contributions to economy up to 60% from current 40% Increase R&D expenditure up to 2.5% of GDPEstablish Chinese modern research system

2006-2020 National S&T Outline

Main Areas include:EnergyAgricultureEnvironment Transportation Population and health Manufacturing industryInformation industry and modern service IndustryWater and mineral resources Urbanization and city development National safety and public security

To achieve innovation and frog-

leap development and provide strong

support for the future

National Priorities Specified

Initiated 16 major national special projects to carry out the implementation

Financial and taxation policies Enhanced IP strategy & standards Efforts to optimize funding structure Efforts to promote a diversified system of S&T investment Initiatives to expand both int’l and domestic S&T cooperation … …

Has issued various supporting policies and measures to support the implementation of the Outline such as:

Our basic approach is to adopt whatever policy and initiatives needed that are not in practice

We need to improve our eco-system as China actually introduced the innovation concept from the West

Various Supporting Policies and Measures

22

National S&T Outline

Key S&T areas

To achieve indigenous innovation capacity-building

To enhance strategic emerging industry development

General S&T To carry out major national S&T programs

S&T development plans for specific areas or agencies

To implement national S&T programs in 12th Five-Year Plan

To implement programs under CAS, NSFC etc.

To carry out national programs in environment & marine science etc.

Local and industrial S&T plans

To implement provincial S&T programs and industrial plans such petrochemical initiatives

S&T Development Outline in the 12th Five-Year-Plan (2011-2015)

Eight Major Tasks in the 12th Five-Year-Plan

Aim to:

Cultivate & develop strategic new industries

Achieve breakthroughs in key industrial technologies

Deploy basic and frontier tech research ahead of time

Build up S&T innovation bases and platforms

Train innovative talent

Implement national key special S&T projects

Achieve breakthroughs in key techs for People's livelihood

Improve National Innovation System

I. An overview of S&T and innovations in China

II. Roadmap of S&T and Innovations

III. A Brief Touch on CAS

IV. Analysis and conclusion

Outline

A “National Team” representing the highest scientific standard in China

A “Big School”fostering of scientific

talent in China

A “Pioneer” facilitating the

country’s S&T structure reform

A Think-Tankpromoting the country’s

science -based development

An “Engine” of S&T innovation in leading the country’s S&T progress

CAS’s Strategic Positioning in China’s S&T CAS’s Strategic Positioning in China’s S&T

Has proved and will continue to prove to be:

CAS is the national scientific institution in China with multiple functions

CAS

108 Institutes covering all disciplines, distributed all over China

2 Universities

90% of mega science facilities in China

12 Botanic gardens, 26 Herbariums

38 Billions RMB in budget in 2011

22 shareholding companies

Members of CAS: 750

Total staff : 58,300

Students ： 47,000(38,000 graduates)Statistics as of 2011

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Facts & Figures

Highlights on CAS StrengthHighlights on CAS Strength

22% of the

National Key Basic Science Projects

(973)

40% of PIs for

key natural science projects under NSFC

32% of the

National Excellent

Young Scholars awardees

Over 50% of the

publications in

Science and Nature

from mainland

15 highest national scientific awards out of the 20 so far conferred 18 first-class national natural science prizes from the 31 so far given

(59%)

with only 4% of national

R&D workforce

Always attaches great importance to int’l cooperation Formed various forms and kinds Joint projects/labs/centers/institutes/partnership groups

CAS-Max Plank Partner Institute on Computational Biology-no legal status

CAS-Pasteur Inst. On Virology-legal status China-Australia Joint Center on Phonomics Research, China/US La on Software, Kavli Institute

Partnerships with major S&T institutions in developed countries Cooperation with talent from world-over Selectively join in int’l mega-science programs Establish joint research units when mature Also pay attention to cooperate with less developed

countries and scientists there

Strategy

CAS International Cooperation CAS International Cooperation

Cooperation with Nordic Countries

Strategic Dialogues: Basis for the concrete cooperative projects

CAS-Nordic Forum on Strategies for S&T Cooperation 2006 in Beijing

CAS-Nordic Forum on Strategies for S&T Cooperation 2007 in Lund

AF-CAS Workshop on “Climate Change – Atmospheric composition;

Adaptation of ecosystem to climate change” in 2011 (3 projects selected)

Joint Call for proposals in the field of “Climate and Environment”

(6 projects selected) between the Research Council of Norway and CAS

Highlights of Cooperation with Denmark

Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research

Partners: 8 Danish universities, the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, the Graduate University of CAS and CAS;

promoting and strengthening collaboration between Danish and Chinese research and learning institutions, and joint training of PhD and MSc students.

Highlights of Cooperation with Denmark

Cooperation with Novo Nordisk CAS-NN Research Foundation (cooperative research projects and

international conferences supported) CAS-NN Great Wall Professorship Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences-Novo Nordisk Translational

Center for PreDiabetesCAS Award for International Scientific Cooperation in 2011

Prof. Flemming Besenbacher (nominated by National Nanocenter)

Some Thoughts on future cooperation

CAS would like to strengthen the cooperation with the European Countries

on many priority areas, such as joint call for projects, personnel exchange,

postgraduate student training;

Establish and maintain strategic dialogue mechanism for identification of

priority areas and hot topics of common interest for addressing the global

or regional challenges;

Set up cooperative research program or project based Scientist Group,

Joint Center, or Laboratory etc.

Some Thoughts on future cooperation

Initiate interactive exchange programs for PhD students and young

scientists;

Hold multi-lateral frontiers of sciences workshops and conduct jointly

big science facility based interdisciplinary research;

Combine bottom-top and top-down two mechanisms for both sides,

to push forward the practical cooperation;

The scientists from EU countries are welcome to visit and work in CAS

through “CAS Visiting Professorship Program for Senior International

Scientists” and “Fellowship Program for Young International Scientists”.

I. An overview of S&T and innovations in China

II. Roadmap of S&T and Innovations

III. A Brief Touch upon CAS

IV. Analysis and conclusion

Basic science Not much Chinese contributions. A lack of

internationally recognized Chinese scientists High-tech

An over dependency on core technologies from overseas in a wide range of areas

Industrialization China ’s S&T contribution ratio to economic growth

<40% (2006) while US, Japan, Korea, etc. >70% (2006) Enterprises are far from being the backbone of R&D

and innovation in spite of huge pushing

Problems of concernAnalysis

Though made lots of achievements and has clear roadmaps, problems remain with China’s S&T and innovation

Much more needs to be done to make our S&T and innovation system more effective

Anything big will be small with 1.3 billion Anything small will be big with 1.3 billion Constrains: resources, environment &

energy

Made&Created by China

中国 创造

A knowledge-based economy is a must for China

S&T and Innovation: the

Ultimate Solution

Major Problems, Challenges and Opportunities for China

Must rely on S&T and innovations to transform our mode of economic development and to achieve sustainable development

Also Need to green our industrialization, urbanization, lifestyle and trade mode

Analysis

To accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic development

is the key strategic task of the whole nation for our construction of a

resource-efficient and environment-friendly society

Must rely on S&T and innovations to achieve all this as required by

China’s conditions and the world reality

A further enhanced S&T and innovation will guarantee China to take

advantages of various S&T progress for the benefits of China and the

world

Concluding remarks

Innovations can only best occur with active international cooperation as

it is an effective means to utilize global S&T progress, wisdom and

innovative resources

International cooperation is strongly complimentary to each other as

each has advantages

An enhanced partnership between both countries in S&T and innovation

will surely lead us to a brighter and forever brighter future

Concluding remarks

Thank you!

CAS and the World

Source: Science and Engineering Indicator 2012

The output of Chinese knowledge & Tech intensive industry( KTI) remains to be low in spite of huge R&D investment from business

China’s KTI share of the total economic output is about 20% , but US is 40%, EU 32% and Japan 30%

Output of KTI as a share of GDP, by region/country: 1995 & 2010

INPUT

OUTPUT

For example:Analysis

Various interactions create the condition for such a revolution

S&T Internal Evolution

Pressure on Resources &

Environment

Social Economic Development

NeedsInternational

Financial Crisis

Major S&T Breakthroughs&

World S&T Revolution

Interactions of various factors

Showing increasingly obvious signs of revolutionary breakthroughs in major science fields and crucial technologies

as occurred in history

Analysis