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FoamFatale™

TFEX Ltd.

SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND



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DEFINITION OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM

Concerning disaster incidents re occurs most oten. In this section we are dealing with

the environmental eects o the re and the phenomena o secondary damage caused

by the extinguishing o the re o above-ground, atmospheric ammable liquid stor-

age tanks.

The environmental protection laws and the related implementation directives apply to

stationery, known technologies with continuous emission, and prescribe in detail the

method or the measurement and calculation o each type o pollution emission and

the permissible limits.

However, environment protection laws do not regulate the circumstances and meth-

ods o disaster recovery, since disaster incidents are characterized by the unpredict-

ability o what will happen, when and where, but reer this task to the competence o

the disaster recovery laws. However, the law regulating disaster recovery tasks does not

lay down environmental quality and quantity requirements, although properly chosen

recovery technology may considerably reduce the load on the environment.

Another problematic area is that traditional, currently available re ghting techniques,

such as the oam jet pipes, oam vessels, oam slides in case o semi-xed extinguish-

ing, are not suitable or extinguishing with increased oam intensity, moreover their

reliability is also very questionable and their potential ailure will lead to a urther dis-

aster.



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SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES

We will examine the primarily impact caused by re, the possibilities o reducing

and preventing air pollution.

We will examine the secondary impacts caused by re extinguishing, the methods

o preventing the soil and underground water pollution.

We intend to invent a new investigating method and efciency index suitable or

comparing the dierent methods o extinguishing re o liquid storage tanks.

We should also like to dene the optimal oam introduction technique o extin-

guishing re o tanks o any type or size. For this matter we study the oam spread-ing phenomena and the geometrical correlation o oam introduction.

We propose the theoretical explanation o the wall-eect phenomenon based on

scientic acts.

We intend to come up with oam supply solutions suitable or carrying out updated

high-capacity extinguishing.

As a result o the research we make a proposal to introduce new extinguishing reg-

ulations to be used in practice appropriate to extinguishing re o storage tanks o

any size and construction.

Our urther objective is to introduce a method o creating eective, environmental-

ly sae re ghting technology o storage tank res in extreme circumstances (lack

o water, lack o energy supply and human resources, plus extremely low ambient

temperature).

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RESEARCH METHODS

We begun our work by collecting the application experience o well-known extinguish-

ing procedures. We gathered descriptions o industrial accidents, journals, old special-

ized textbooks, and we also used the Internet.

We reviewed the currently available standards, reerences, tactical instructions.

We reviewed some theses, university notes, issues o dierent conerences, excellent

oreign studies and essays.

We set out some propositions to nd a strategy o extinguishing re o storage tanks

including new oam application and oam supply.

We proved our theoretical research results in an experimental way by measuring cold

oam spreading and testing re extinguishing.

We intend to elaborate the design procedure adaptable in practice, and to get hold o

the necessary ofcial permissions.

Finally, we proved the adaptability o the procedure by building reerence apparatus-

es.



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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Literature search

Environmental impacts o storage tank fres, air pollution

In this chapter we will review the well-known acts by introducing the causes, the ea-

tures, all the phenomena o extinguishing re o dierent types o tank constructions

(xed roo and oating roo) and nally the environmental impacts caused by these

res taking place mainly in the orm o air pollution.

Measuring extinguishing procedures according to their environmental impactsFire ghting o dierent re brigades can be examined similarly to those o the station-

ary technologies. We are given the subject o the work (the re), the workers involved

(re ghters) who do the necessary steps according to the prescribed technology. The

production is the successully extinguished re. This activity involves using and eect-

ing the environment as well as any other activities. The environmental eects, however,

greatly depend on the technology used in the process.

There are three basic traditional methods o ghting re o tanks. All three have one

eature in common, tactical operating regulations include static intensity regulations,

the prescribed intensity value does not depend on the size o re surace.

Semi-stable extinguishing strategy

Ater introducing the procedure in details, we will analyze its advantages and draw-

backs, describe its implementation requirements, the regulations o the traditional ap-

plication, the parameters, the environmental impacts o this strategy.

Environmental protection estimation:Preparation time is long. Extinguishing runs long as a result o the low level o oam

intensity, thereore burning time is considerable. As a consequence, air pollution is sig-

nicant. Although oam pourers can drive oam inside the tank, due to their requent



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breakdown re brigade changed over to mobile ghting instead, but this can cause

soil pollution by oam waste mounted on the tank as a result o aiming loss.

Operating with fxed extinguishing installationEnvironmental estimation

No need or preparation, the appliance carries out the re ghting within a short time.

Air pollution is relatively low, soil pollution does not occur in practice.

The method o mobile fre fghting

Today the traditional way o mobile ghting is carried out mainly in case o storage

tanks o small size, and o re o dike areas and technological appliances.

The traditional mobile ghting should be separated rom the application o high-ca-

pacity oam guns, and o mobile oam centres. Burning time can be reduced to some

10 minutes depending on the size o the storage tanks by using high-capacity oam

guns in plants with the necessary resources (technical background, water, men). The

advantages o using high intensity mobile ghting apparatus are the relatively short

extinguishing time and sparing human resources. The disadvantages include the costly

technical appliances, the need or perect water supply o high pressure and capacity,

and due to the limited adaptability it cannot mean a universal solution or all kinds o

re.

Environmental estimation:

The traditional way o ghting with the standard oam intensity results in long burning

time, and air pollution is high. Adapting mobile re ghting with high-capacity oam

guns compared to the traditional semi-stable systems is environmentally more reli-

able, it can reduce the amount o air pollution. However, the above and underwater

pollution water is considerable due to the waste during aiming the oam into the tank

that ends up in dike area.



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CONCLUSION

The traditional, most commonly used semi-stable ghting apparatus work with stat-

ic and low oam intensity rate thereore the long burning time (that can even be in-

creased by the time needed to install the apparatus and change the strategy) will resultin considerable air pollution, while applying high intensity mobile ghting apparatus

air pollution is reduced, but we are let with another polluting actor due to aiming loss

and the unnecessary ooding o the dike area.

Possibilities o pollution prevention

Air pollution is in proportion to burning time and tank size

The possibilities o reducing burning time and air pollution

Burning time

Preparation time

detecting delay

Inormation delivery

Time to build up a sae oam

blanket

Alarm

Proceeding to the scene

Assembly

Extinguishing time

Cooling the shell

Depends on the chosen

strategy

Depends on the

extinguishing technology

How to reduce preparation time

Preparation time exclusively depends on the chosen extinguishing strategy. Based on

the study o the elements o preparation time, actuating the xed re ghting appara-

tus requires the shortest time, extiguishing can start ew seconds ater detecting the

re. Adapting the semi-xed or mobile ghting methods detection, alarm, proceeding

and assembly cause signicant preparation time loss, re ghting can only start ater

having done these.



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How to launch quick extinguishing procedure

Using immediate physical heat sensors

Using thermoplastic or melting pipes, bars, sheets (e.g.: pneumatic linear detector),

appliances based on the technique o sprinkler heads installed on the upper rim o the sidewalls inside the tank or at the oam dam in tanks with oating roo

Using electric heat-sensors (electric linear detectors)

Using electric detectors perceiving heat-radiation

Using monitoring video systems based on veer-sensing sotware (scanning or im-

mobile camcorder)

How to avoid alse alarm

One o the most commonly used way o avoiding alse alarm is ater relying on thesignal made by the perceivers, the operators supervise and check i it agrees with the

acts.

Saety can be increased by rising the level o redundancy. Reducing the level o odds

o alse alarms can be reached by multiplying the detectors and reading their signals

altogether in AND logical relationship.

How to reduce extinguishing time

According to our hypothesis the solution can be ound by examining the chart o ex-

tinguishing time and oam intensity. We prove the efciency o extinguishing with Su-

perintensive oam ooding meaning that ghting time can be drastically reduced by

increasing the amount o oam solution.

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The ollowing chart shows the relationship between the oam solution intensity and

the extinguishing time.

How to reduce soil pollution by reducing oam exploitation

Comparing extinguishing technologies

Pollution o above and underground water can be lessened by reducing the amount o extinguishing materials used and increasing the efciency o their exploitation. Load o

the sewage system can also be reduced by the oam amount used. The total amount o

oam volume getting into the tank and into the dike area due to the aiming loss should

be considered as pollution.

The rate o soil pollution depends on the oam exploitation o the certain technology

as well as the method o oam introduction.

In order to be able to compare the dierent extinguishing technologies we introducethe concept and the standard o oam eectiveness actor. Dening its rate can be car-

ried out by using easily adaptable evaluating methods. Having examined the relation-

ship between the oam eectiveness actor and the oam intensity we realized that we



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can dene the intensity o the optimal working point o certain extinguishing technol-

ogy in concrete gures.

Based on theoretical assumptions the relationship between the oam exploitation ac-

tor and the oam solution intensity is depicted in the ollowing chart:

The value o η in case o less than critical oam solution intensity is 0, the re could not

be put out. In case o this low level o cumulative oam volume ow the penetrational

speed decreases to 0 in view o the advanced time spending on putting out the re,

and spreading o the oam ace stops. The re continually consumes the released oam

amount, t(extinguishing) = ∞

The value o η is 100% i the driven oam amount is used to create the oam blan-

ket without any waste, with its ull volume. This case takes place in case o cold oam

spreading experiments, providing the adaptation o high quality stable oam.

I we are aware o the relation between oam exploitation actor and solution intensity

o dierent extinguishing strategies, beore starting extinguishing the re we can cal-

culate the ull oam volume to be produced in a certain case, moreover, the necessary

oam concentrate amount taking the intensity into account resulting rom the capacity

o our technical background.



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CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, we can state that built-in extinguishing equipment is avourable re-

garding preparation time.

The benets o extinguishing with high-capacity oam intensity should be exploited to

reduce extinguishing time. The appropriate extinguishing strategy should be chosen

by taking the best oam utilization actor into account, and it should be operated in an

optimal working point.

The technologies are characterized by their oam introduction manner. The most ap-

propriate way among all the possible oam introductions is the curtain-like manner

which is able to cool the inner part o the shield and stop wall-eect.

Based on these assumptions we developed a new extinguishing strategy o storage

tank res which adaptability were tested in an experimental way.

Hypothesis: introducing a new technology

Tactical instructions

As a ground principle o redening tactical instructions we introduce the method o

choosing the dynamic intensity in order to decrease burning time.

According to the oam solution intensity-extinguishing time diagram, above the value

o 10 l/min/m2 intensity, in the range o super-intensive oam ooding, extinguishing

time decreases rapidly. From a practical point o view, intensity value o 15 and 30 l/

min/m2 would be avourable in case o xed and mobile extinguishing strategy.

The dynamic extinguishing strategy

We propose the working point should come in the intensity range o superintensive

oam ooding in order to make air pollution small, and to avoid harm caused by tank heat. In this case, based on our own measurements and the experiments o extinguish-

ing re by mobile strategy, extinguishing time drops to order magnitude o 10 sec-

onds. This short extinguishing time should be avourable to keep in case o bigger re

suraces and tank sizes.



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According to the traditional tactical instructions, we were able to dene the extinguish-

ing time and the time o oam introduction reading the low intensity value rom the

extinguishing time-oam-intensity diagram.

In order to obtain short extinguishing time we need to modiy the extinguishing in-

structions regarding the time o oam introduction as the independent parameter,

leaving the oam intensity the dependent variable and adjusting it to the size o the

combustion surace.

In case o oam extinguishing, the rst phase is to develop the necessary oam thick-

ness or extinguishment. It requires a ew 10 seconds in the range o superintensive

oam ooding. The traditional, static approach prescribed the same intensity value

independently rom the combustion surace. Modiying this by instructing that theintensity value should be adjusted to the combustion surace, we can realize that in

case o a bigger suace the oam should take a longer distance under the aection by

the re, the attacked oam surace gets bigger. The impacts o the inevitable oam

destruction can be outweighed by increasing intensity and decreasing extinguishing

time. With the help o an increased intensity value, the oam rolls aster on the surace,

being exposed to the drying, thermal demolishing impacts o re or a short time o

some 10 seconds.

The second phase o the extinguishing procedure is the increasing o the oam blanket

thickness. Its importance lies in preventing reignition. We should continue the accession

o the oam to the surace o the liquid until it grows up to an adequate thickness. We

should be able to maintain the resistance o the oam blanket even i a strong sidewind

tries to make the blanket go open. The bigger intensity value beside the xed oam

introduction time results in greater saety actor, and the required bigger oam blanket

thickness will be set by the end o the prescribed total oam introduction time.



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Based on our measurements and the conclusions rom calculating the oam spreading

velocity to dierent tank size, we propose the ollowing values o the diagram indicat-

ing the relation between the oam solution intensity and the re surace.

In practice designing the extinguishing equipment consists o two steps, contrary tothe traditional planning processes or example those working with statical intensity

data rom NFPA.

The rst step is calculating the total oam amount needed and planning the capacity

o the oam source. The method o oam supply is dened by the chosen extinguishing

strategy. In case o xed extinguishing equipment a built-in instant oam tank, (which

is a kind o pre-mixed, ready to use type oam), while in case o mobile extinguishing

a mobile instant oam tank or high-capacity mobile oam solution supply unit can be

applied.

The second step is to plan the oam introduction, consisting o the hydraulic design o

the oam pipe. The base o the design is the upper limit o oam introduction time. We



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should set it as a main criterion how much time we need to get the above dened total

oam amount inside the tank on re.

Based on our measurements and with the respect o the economically acceptable val-

ues resulting rom examining the penetration velocity, we propose to introduce the

ollowing instructions:

The permissible longest oam introduction time or 2000 m2 re surace is 2 minutes,

above 2000 m2 is 3 minutes.

Based on the oam introduction time, we can calculate the oam volume rates in the

oam pipes, and as the next step, taking the equivalent pipe lengths into account, we

can calculate the pipe cross-sections.

The optimal way o oam introduction

In avour o ast extinguishing, oam application intensity should be increased. In order

to achieve this, extensive oam volume rate should be introduced to the tank on re.

Traditional oam chambers, oam slides are not suitable or managing this extensive

oam volume rate, since the oam is introduced pointwisely with high velocity, it raises

the hydrocarbon surace in landing, the oam submerges into the liquid creating emul-

sion and the high paced oods hardly develop a cool vapour-proo oam blanket.

The appropriate choice o oam introduction can improve the efciency o the extin-

guishing in two elds. We can benet rom the environmental asset preventing soil

pollution by driving the total oam amount to the tank without any waste. In addition

to this, we can obtain the best oam exploitation actor, which is most important con-

cerning the reduction o total oam amount used.

To be able to nd the most avourable way o oam introduction, we carried out theo-

retical research o the thorough examination o penetration velocity, oam prole dia-

gram, oam perimeter curve and the geometrical possibilities o oam introduction.

We discovered the theoretical and the physical explanation o the so-called wall-eect

phenomenon and its related anomalies. In the meantime, we applied the specic sur-

ace oam load attribute number as one o the parameters o the extinction.



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Having studied the dierent oam introduction geometrical schemes, the curtain-like

oam streaming inside the tank shield was the most promising. Its equipment is the

continuous linear nozzle.

Foam supplying solutions suitable or extensive oam intensity

There are three solutions perect in practical usage to eed the continuous linear noz-

zle with the necessary oam volume ood. The rst two are based on the application o

instant oam (premixed oam stored under pressure) attaining the autonomous extin-

guishing equipment ree o any external sources.

Fixed oam supply system with instant oam:

Mobile oam supply with instant oam rom tank truck:



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Mobile oam supply updated semi-stable extinguishing equipment

The eatures and the applied equipment at the three oam supply system is summa-

rized below.

INSTALLED EQUIPMENT FOAM SUPPLY EQUIPMENT

Semi-xed extinguishing

apparatus with mobile

oam solution supply

Continuous Linear Nozzle

Foam Pipe

Protection Wall

Foam Attaching Fittings

Fire Hydrants

High Back Pressure Foam

Generator

Foam Hose

Foam Extinguishing Vehicle,

Water HoseSemi-xed extinguishing

apparatus with instant

oam supply


Foam Pipe

Protection Wall

Foam Attaching Fittings

Foam Hose

Mobile Instant Foam Tank

on a semitrailer

Fixed extinguishing

equipment with instant

oam supply


Foam Pipe

Protection Wall

Installed Instant Foam Tank,

Manual or Automatic Foam

Valve

Experimental evidences on theoretical results

So ar we have outlined the dierent phases o our research work:

How to reduce preparation and extinguishing time, along with air pollution by in-

creasing the oam application intensity

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How to prevent soil pollution, how to manage extensive oam volume rates properly

and drive it to the tank

How to produce adequate amount o oam in dierent re extinguishing strategies

How to avoid alse alarm

In the next chapter we will prove all o our theoretical results by experimental evidence

o cold oam spreading measurements and re tests.

Cold oam spread tests

We built an opened tank model o 500 m2 surace, made o steel sheets to be able to

carry out our measurement on. All results o the measurements are included in the ol-

lowing charts.

Chart o the issues o cold oam tests are based on the report o Ministry o Interior,

National Catastrophe Deence Directorate, Fire Test Laboratory.

Measured and calculated eatures unit Test

No 1

Test

No 2

Test

No 3Liquid surace o the storage tank m2 500 500 500Average oam blanket thickness at closing m 0,035 0,03 0,04Present oam volume at closing m3 17,5 15 20Foam closing time sec 30 26 25Foam intensity till blanket closing l/min./m2 70 69,2 96Measured average expansion ratio 1 5,0 4,42 4,6Foam solution volume released till closing m3 3,5 3,4 5,4Foam solution intensity l/min./m2 14 15,7 20,9Average oam blanket thickness

measured on total emission

m 0,09 0,1 0,11

Foam volume on total emission m3 45 50 55,2 Total oam solution volume m 3 9 9 12

Total operating time sec 109 105 118Average oam volume ood m3 /min. 24,6 28,2 27,6 Tank diameter m 25,2 25,2 25,2Average penetration velocity m/min. 24,6 28,8 30Average oam solution intensity l/min./m2 10 10,3 12,2

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We carried out the oam spreading experiments with nearly the same extinguishing

parameters partly due to the experimental equipment, partly to the bound eature o

the oam sources. In every case less than hal a minute was needed to reach oam clos-

ing, which can be regarded a signicant achievement, it also brings some hope or theuture to reach a similarly short extinguishing time.

Another accomplishment is to comply with all the criteria o superintensive oam ood-

ing by mobile oam supply.

Fire tests

The change o the penetration velocity when oam is exposed to re was considered

important. We carried out two re tests and compared the results with the measured

parameters in cold conditions.

Chart o the issues o cold oam tests are based on the report o Ministry o Interior,

National Catastrophe Deence Directorate, Fire Test Laboratory.

Measured and calculated eatures unit test No 1 test No 2Fire surace m2 500 500 Thickness o ammable liquid layer cm 1,5 1Preburn time sec 30 30Extinguishing time sec 25 46Measured oam expansion ratio 1 5,8 6,5Fire spreading time on whole re surace sec 8 12Foam introduction total time sec 110 122Foamblanket thickness at the end o oam

introduction

m 0.1 0.1

Penetration velocity m/min. 30 16,2 Total oam solution amount used m 3 9 9Average oam solution intensity l/min./m2 9,81 8,85Average intensity estimated during

extinguishing time

l/min./m2 16,8 15,1



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Evaluation o measured results

There was a signicant dierence concerning the circumstances o the two re tests

that we did and unortunately we ailed to draw our attention to it until the beginning

o the second test.

The water in the tank model had been let contaminated rom the time the previous

test was taken. As a result o this, 3-5 mm thick alga crust generated on the surace o

the water and it was oating. Unortunately, the drawbacks o the phenomenon were

recognized later, ater watching the video recording. Apparently, during the lling o

the ammable liquid rom the tank-truck, the alga crust was broken by the mixture o

petrol and diesel-oil, and pushed ahead. So the relatively longer extinguishing time

can be attributed to the alga pollution in the second test. During extinguishing, the

presumedly burnt and stiened alga mass could hinder the spreading o the oam,

decreasing the penetration velocity, and towards the end o the whole process the

alga drenched in petrol was accumulated in ront o the oam, in the middle o the

liquid surace and was burning or a long time like a wick in a candle. Eventually, the

oam covered this last piece o burning surace, but caused the extinguishing time to

increase twice.

CONCLUSION

There is no measurable oam waste at 15 l/min/m2 oam solution application rate-

applied on a 500 m2 experimental tank model. The oam closing time is about the

same, 30 seconds at cold oam spread test and at re test as well.

The oating and ammable rm contamination on the liquid surace did not risk but

delayed the successul outcome o putting out the re.

The results serve as evidence o our hypothesis, the large tank re suraces will be

extinguished using the appropriate increased intensity range.

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CONCLUSION

Realization o the objectivesWe developed a new extinguishing technology to prevent air pollution caused by

tank res, suitable or extinguishing even the largest storage tank res or both xed

and semi-xed protection strategy

We were able to eliminate soil pollution with the help o our newly developed oam

introduction device.

We created the oam eectiveness actor suitable or comparing the dierent extin-

guishing strategies, and we also presented the benets o its practical use.

We sorted out the optimal geometrical scheme o oam introduction.

We discovered the scientic explanation or the drawbacks and anomalies o the

wall-eect occurring during extinguishing.

We embodied a oam supplying solution with which the operation parameters can

be reely used adjusting to tank size.

We proposed to introduce a new rules or extinguishing tactics based on an environ-

mentally aware re saety strategy.

We developed a design procedure adaptable in practice or engineers, and got hold

o all the ofcial permissions to its industrial application.

We built a number o automatically operating, autonomous extinguishing equip-

ment unctioning saely even in the lack o any external sources or inrastructure.

Impacts o introducing the new technology on the saety o environment The new extinguishing technology (especially in case o automatic extinguishing

operation) prevents air, soil and underground water pollution caused by storage

tank re.Equipment is simple, it oers high reliability, it requires no maintenance.

It is guaranteed to operate in the lack o water supply, energy or human involve-

ment, under difcult approaching circumstances

This system unctions even under extreme weather conditions (+70/-40 C tempera-

ture)

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It is suitable or extinguishing the re any type o storage tank.

Less amount o extinguishing agent is needed, so it is economical

Besides tank protection, it is also suitable or the protection o other dangerous sub-

stance stores (engine compartment o military vehicles, generator engines, stores o ammable chemicals, ammunition and pyrotechnic substances.)

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NEW SCIENTIFIC RESULTS, PROPOSITIONS

1. We introduced a new concept namely the oam eectiveness actor in order to

acilitate the contrasting survey o tank re extinguishing technologies.

The oam exploitation actor being a rating number, shows how efciently the certain

technology uses the total oam volume or the extinguishing. Introducing it and de-

ning it numerically enables us to compare the well-known technologies and choose

the Best Available Technique keeping the burning time in mind, and apply it with ull

environmental awareness.

2. We extended the scope o examining oam spreading phenomena by creating

the curve o the penetration speed and the oam prole and analysing and den-

ing the geometrical coherence o oam introduction.

The key method o the research was the theoretical study o oam spreading. Having

created these denitions we developed the most eective oam introduction solution

that could perorm a successul ghting even in case o largest tank size.

3. We discovered the physical explanation or a well-known phenomenon namely

the wall-eect, and explained the anomalies experienced during extinguishing

the re. The wall-eect as a well known phenomenon has been rendering the extinguishing

more difcult or years. Having discovered its physical-mathematical explanation we

could nd the most efcient way o oam introduction.

4. We propose to develop a new extinguishing technology and apparatus o stor-

age tank res based on the updated environmental saety regulations. Further-

more we propose to update the tactical instructions o extinguishing in order

to reduce air and above and underground water pollution caused tank res and

their extinguishing process.

All the new extinguishing parameters mentioned above along with the new approach

o extinguishing give us the right to introduce the ISO 14001 standard, an environmen-

tal aware management into the surace o the disaster recovery.



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5. We developed a technical proposal to solve the problems o ghting tank re

in sites lacking o any water supply and a re brigade, and we evolved an extin-

guishing control system operating with multi-detector, without external auxiliary

energy supply.In this way extinguishing becomes possible even under circumstances where all tradi-

tional strategies seem to ail. This system can even be deployed at places without re

water supply, military deployment sites, provisional uel tanks, storage sites in a desert

or in exposed places. The risk o alse start-up was reduced by developing an autono-

mous extinguishing control that requires no auxiliary energy.

6. Our research and development eorts were honored by the Patent Ofces o

some countries.

We have got 7 patents granted and 17 is still in the processing phase connecting di-

rectly to the theme.



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PRACTICAL ADAPTIBILITY

The outlined results o the scientic research can be exploited in reneries, oil-storage

tank arms, power stations, chemical plants, petrol stations etc.

The automatic and autonomous extinguishing equipment can be relied on under ex-

treme conditions (lacking water or energy supply or operator).

The main benet lies in its environmental awareness. Also this is the most efcient

strategy to extinguish the rim seal re o large storage tanks with oating roo adapt-

ing either the xed or the mobile oam supply.

There are more than 30 reerences built in Hungary extinguishing by instant oam.



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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

ManuscriptFire extinguishing in ammable liquid storage tanks by superintensive oam ooding.

2002, pp. 0-99. (ready to be published)

Other publications

Scientifc publications appeared in journals

Szőcs, István: Extinguishing o ammable liquid storage tanks Tűzvédelem No. 1999/8.

pp 32-35.

Szöcs, István: Foam or preventing re. Védelem, 2001/2, pp. 49.

Szőcs, István: Extinguishing tank re by instant oam. Védelem, 1999/4. pp 13-15.

Szőcs, István: The inuence o the wall-eect ont he efciency o extinguishing. Védelem,

2002/3, pp. 38-40.

Szőcs, István: Extinguishing storage tank res. Védelem, 2002/4, pp. 39-42.

Szőcs István: Procedure and apparatus or extinguishing tank re. Hungarian patent

application: P9800877. April 15, 1998.

Szőcs, István: Method and high capacity apparatus or re ghting o ammable liquid

storage tanks. PCT patent application: PCT 990027, April 15, 1999

National conerence issues, lectures:

Szőcs, István: Results achieved by IFEX Tűzvédelmi Kt. in extinguishing re o vertical

cylindrical tanks containing ammable uids by oam. National Conerence on Fire Pre-vention, Gyula, Hungary, 1998

Szőcs, István: Fire extinguishing o ammable liquid storage tanks by Superintensive

Foam Flooding. Conerence o European Reneries. Százhalombatta, Hungary, 2000.



FoamFatale™

Szőcs, István: Impact o the oam introduction geometry on the extinguishing efcien-

cy. National Fire Prevention Conerence, Debrecen, Hungary, 2000.

Szőcs, István: Fire extinguishing o storage tanks in extreme conditions., Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia, 2004

Scientifc publication appeared in non-edited journals:

Szőcs, István: Extinguishing ammable liquid storage tanks Tűzvédelem No. 1999/8. pp

32-35.

Szőcs, István: A new way o adapting instant oam. Florian Press, 1999/10. pp. 9-11.

Szőcs, István The inuence o oam introduction geometry to the efciency o extin-

guishing res. Florian Press, 2000/5., pp. 10-17.

Szőcs, István: Semi-stable tank re extinguishing apparatus by applying the persistent

linear nozzle. 2001/1, p.5.

Szőcs, István: Instant oam. Florian Press, 2001/1., p. 43.

Koczka S., Szenczi R., Szőcs I.: control alternatives extinguishing tanks and store res.

Florian Press,10. évolyam,10 szám, 2001 október, pp. 728-729.

Szőcs, István: Comparative testing o tank re extinguishing procedures. Florian Press,

2003/6., pp. 376-381.

scientific en[1]

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