scientific fishery systems, inc. - 1 - remote sensing applications in a fisheries gis dr. eric o....

Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc.

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Remote Sensing Applications in a Fisheries GIS

Dr. Eric O. Rogers


Technologies and Products For More Efficient Fisheries


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Diminishing Returns

The Unthinkable has come to pass: The wealth of the oceans, once deemed inexhaustible, has proven finite, and fish, once dubbed “the poor man’s protein,” have become a resource coveted - and fought over - by nations.

Michael Parfit, National Geographic, Nov. 1995


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Scale of Fisheries Today

• Worldwide– 37,000 Ships– 12 million fishermen– 78 million metric tons

• Bering Sea– 56% of Total US Fishery Production– 1.2 million metric tons of Walleye Pollock– 1 Billion US Dollars


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Bering Sea Fisheries Issues

• Diminished Resource– Red Salmon Crash in 1997, 1998

• Marine Mammals– 50 to 80% decline in Stellar Sea Lions since 1980

• Safety– 146 people died from 1991 through 1996

• Bycatch– As high as 63% in some fisheries

– 100 million dollar loss


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Economic Survival

In order to survive economically today’s fisherman needs to be more efficient than his predecessors.


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What do Fishermen Need to Know

• Where the fish are– Target Species– Undesired and Prohibited Species

• What are the fishing conditions– Surface Winds– Sea State– Temperature– Ice


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What Factors Affect Fish Location

• Food– Primary Productivity

• Depth• Temperature

– Different Species prefer different temperatures

• Structure– Bathymetry– Shoreline– Temperature– Turbidity, etc.


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Where are the Fish?Static Data

• Bathymetry

• Shoreline

• Snags

• Historical Catch Data


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Where are the Fish?Dynamic Data

• Sea Temperature• Ocean Productivity• Oceanic Fronts• Turbidity• Salinity• Sea State• Ice Conditions

• Tides• Mixed Layer Depth• Weather• Direct Fish

Indicators– Birds

– Feeding Slicks

• Ship Location


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What can Satellite Data Provide

• Sea Temperature– Sea Surface Temperature

– Buoy Temperature at 40 m

• Ocean Productivity– Primary Productivity

(Chlorophyll)

• Ocean Fronts– Altimetry (currents)

– Sea Surface Temperature

– Ocean Color

– Synthetic Aperture Radar

• Turbidity– Ocean Color

• Salinity– modeled from ice &

terrestrial outflow

• Sea State– Significant Wave Height

– Sea Surface Winds

• Ice– Ice Concentrations and

Indications of Thickness


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What can Satellite Data Provide

• Tides– Model input from

altimetry

• Mixed layer depth– Model based on

satellite data

• Direct Fish Indicators– Not timely

• Weather– Highs and Lows

– Winds

– Temperature

– Sea State

– Precipitation

• Ship Location– GPS

– Radarsat


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Sea Surface TemperatureUses

• Many species prefer a specific temperature range– Adult Pacific Halibut 2-8°C– Adult Walleye Pollock 0-7°C

• Oceanic Fronts

• Upwelling

• Change over time shows current


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Sea Surface TemperatureEast Coast Example


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Sea Surface Temperature

• AVHRR– Advanced Very High Resolution

Radiometer– 1.1 km resolution– 4 passes / day– 5 bands from .58 to 12.5 microns– Subject to clouds


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Sea Surface TemperatureAVHRR


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Sea Surface TemperatureAVHRR

Bering Sea cloud cover is 55 to 80%. You could expect to wait up to 3 weeks to get cloud free coverage of any given area.

Russel Page, Anchorage NWS Ice Forecaster


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Sea Surface TemperatureMicrowave Instruments

• TRMM – Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission– 35°S to 35°N latitude only

• SSM/I– Special Sensor Microwave/Imager– Extracted from microwave 0.35 to 1.55 cm– about 50 km resolution– sees through clouds


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Sea Surface TemperatureSSM/I


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Sea Surface TemperatureModels

• FNMOC - OTIS– Fleet Numerical Meteorological and Oceanographic Center -

Optimal Thermal Interpolation System

– Runs at eddy resolving scale (° or better)

– Only 2° resolution currently released to public (1° promised)

• MODAS– Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System

– Developed for Navy Sonar uses

– Gives Sea Temperature, Mixed layer depth, Acoustic Profiles


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Sea Surface TemperatureMODAS


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Sea Surface TemperatureNational Weather Service

• Combines multiple datasets– AVHRR– Ships of Opportunity– Buoys

• Hand / Machine contoured to compensate for missing data


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Sea Surface TemperatureNational Weather Service


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Fisheries GISFishTrek98


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Historical Catch

Yellow - Yellowfin SoleLavender - Walleye PollockTurquoise - Pacific HerringRed - Pacific HalibutGreen - Alaska PlaiceDark Blue - Arrowtooth Flounder

CPUECatch Per Unit Effort


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Historical Catch vs Temperature

Yellow - Yellowfin SoleLavender - Walleye PollockTurquoise - Pacific HerringRed - Pacific HalibutGreen - Alaska PlaiceDark Blue - Arrowtooth Flounder


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Bathymetry

10 fm Contours (60 ft)


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Upwelling Story

Bathymetry10 Fm Contours (60 Ft)

CPUELavender - Walleye PollockRed - Pacific Halibut

TemperatureDark Blue - 0-2°CTurquoise - 2-4°CGreen - 4-6°CYellow - 6-8°C

The Bering Sea food chain is partly driven by the upwelling of nutrient rich deep cold water along the shelf break. This water is then advected shoreward. => Look for cold water along the shelf break.


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NWS Sea Surface Temperature

January 5, 1999Purple -- Ice EdgeWhite -- 0° CDark Blue -- 1-2° CLight Blue -- 3-4° COlive Drab -- 5-6° CYellow -- 7-8° CRed -- 9-12° C


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NWS SST and Bathymetry

10 Fm Contours (60 Ft)

January 5, 1999Purple -- Ice EdgeWhite -- 0° CDark Blue -- 1-2° CLight Blue -- 3-4° COlive Drab -- 5-6° CYellow -- 7-8° CRed -- 9-12° C


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Delivery

• Frequency– NWS SST updated twice per week

• File Size– about 50 KB per dataset

• Method– email


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At Sea Email Systems

• Orbcomm (Low Earth Orbit Satellite)– $10 / KB

– $500 per dataset

• Pin Oak (Single Side Band HF)– $0.95 / KB

– $47.50 per dataset

• Inmarsat Mini-M (Satellite)– $0.17 / KB ??? (based on $3/min & 2400 baud)

– $8.50 per dataset


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Synthetic Aperture Radar

• Radarsat– Active Source– About 2 day revisit period at 60°N– 8 meter (fine beam) to 100 m (scan)

• ERS– About 16 day revisit period at 60°N– Typically 30 m


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Synthetic Aperture Radar

ERS-1 SAR image of the Bering Sea shelf break between the Pribilof Islands and Umnak Island (Aleutian Islands). The most striking feature is an eddy with diameter of 80 km. The eddy is characterized by concentric curvilinear lines which are most likely associated with the current shears and temperature contrasts. The dark areas are very calm surfaces which are probably caused by local low wind and cold water masses. On the right of the scene is an internal wave packet which consists of five rank-ordered solitons generated at the shelf break.


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Final Thought

In order to (a) understand, model and predict the effects of ocean conditions on marine fish populations, (b) to efficiently harvest marine fish stocks, and © ultimately, to effectively and rationally manage many marine fisheries, information is required on the “changing ocean” rather than the “average ocean”.

Michael Laurs, National Marine Fisheries Service 4/97

scientific fishery systems, inc. - 1 - remote sensing applications in a fisheries gis dr. eric o....

Documents

current slide

bering sea fisheries

stellar sea lions

indications of thickness

dollar loss slide

metric tons bering sea

slicks ship location

total us fishery production