Scientific Scientific ManagementManagement

And the rise of social And the rise of social efficiencyefficiency

Efficiency and Social Control America at the America at the

turn of the turn of the centurycentury

President Teddy President Teddy Roosevelt, in his Roosevelt, in his address to the address to the Governors at the Governors at the White House in White House in 19101910

Edward Ross &Social Edward Ross &Social ControlControl

Social Control Society is always in

the presence of the enemy- “the docile Slav, the street Arab, or the quiescent Hindoo”

Restriction of immigration

Social control of reproduction

Science and the Measurement of Man

Edward Thorndike He was a student of

William James Whatever exists,

exists in some amount and can be measured.

Science and the Measurement of Man

Phrenology Franz Joseph Gall

1758-1828

Phrenology

The brain is the organ of the mind.

The mind is composed of multiple distinct, innate faculties.

Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or "organ" in the brain.

Phrenology

The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power.

The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs.

Phrenology As the skull takes its

shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies

PhrenologyPseudo-Science

Racial biasCultural bias

Measuring Measuring IntelligenceIntelligence

Alfred Binet Asked by the French

Ministry of Education to devise a way to identify children who needed special education

He devised a series of tasks and a scale to assess those tasks

Louis H. Terman

He created the Stanford Binet “I.Q.” test

Intelligence was callibated into minute units- I. Q. points.

R. M. Yerkes He administered I.Q.

tests to American soldiers during World War I

It provided a giant amount of data

Unfortunately, the testing was flawed in: Design Implementation Conclusions draws from

the data

I. Q. testing There were two

forms of the test administered to the soldiers Form A for those

who were literate Form B to those who

were illiterate or for whom English was not their first language.

I. Q. testing How the data was

interpreted

Measuring Measuring IntelligenceIntelligence

Thorndike claimed to have proven that school subjects made no difference “gain of ability to think.”

Native Intelligence was all that mattered

H.H. GoddardH.H. Goddard H.H. Goddard, said in his book

Human Efficiency (1920) that government schooling was about "the perfect organization of the hive."

He said standardized testing was a way to make lower classes recognize their own inferiority. Idiots, Imbeciles, Morons

Like wearing a dunce cap, it would discourage them from breeding and having ambition.

The Cult of The Cult of EfficiencyEfficiency Frederick Winslow

Taylor and the Scientific Management movement

The Cult of The Cult of EfficiencyEfficiency For Taylor, there

was always one best method for doing any particular job.

This method could be determined only through scientific study

The Cult of The Cult of EfficiencyEfficiency Taylor believed that

men was innately lazy and would always do less work than they were capable of unless they were strictly monitored

Effective management was necessary to bring about efficiency

The Principles of The Principles of Scientific Scientific

ManagementManagement Time and motion studies must determine

the elements of each man’s work (eliminate all false, slow, and useless

movements) Workers must be selected and trained to

do their job in the most efficient manner (test them to see who is fastest with

fewest errors) There must be an equal division of work

throughout the system (division of labor insures quick and

efficient training) Management and workmen must work

together with common goals in mind Workmen are paid to “do” not to think

The Principles of The Principles of Scientific Scientific

ManagementManagement Taylor’s ideas were adopted

by Educators as well as by business and industry

School administrators were the “managers” of the teachers who were the “workers.”

Students were the products that were classified, sorted, and trained in the most efficient way possible.

The Administrative Progressives

Elwood P. Cubberley Dean of the

Department of Education at Stanford University

Schools should be run as a business

The Administrative Progressives

Superintendents need to be “efficiency experts” who know how to manage based upon the ideas of scientific management

He was hired by school districts throughout the country to conduct “School Surveys” and make recommendations based upon the tenets of Scientific Management.

The Administrative The Administrative Progressives-Progressives-

John Franklin BobbitJohn Franklin Bobbit He was a proponent of

the platoon system developed by Superintendent Willard Wirt in Gary, Indiana.

Bobbitt saw students as "raw materials" that need to be trained for future roles that they will perform in society.

The Administrative The Administrative Progressives-Ross Progressives-Ross

FinneyFinney He felt that people

should be taught according to their IQ.

He envisioned one curriculum for leadership and another for 'followership'

The Administrative The Administrative Progressives –Progressives –David SneedenDavid Sneeden

He believed that curricula should be built around specific needs of future jobs

The Junior High School movement Differentiated” curricula. “teacher proof” curricula

Leonard Ayres Laggards in our

schools (1909) Studied effects of

retardation in schools retardation represented

a great loss in efficiency He develops the Index

of Efficiency for determining the productivity of schools.