scientific method set of procedures by which scientists learn about the world
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Scientific Method
Set of procedures by which scientists learn about the world
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Marine Laboratories
• Woods Hole• Mote Marine Laboratory• Univ. Miami - RSMAS• UC, Santa Barbara• University of Georgia• University of Georgia – Odum School of
Ecology• Univ. Rhode Island
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The Scientific Method
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Two Ways of Thinking
• Induction: one uses separate observations to arrive at general principles
• Deduction: reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions
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InductionBecause sailfish, sharks, and tuna are all fishes, all fishes have gills.
General conclusions made on the basis of specific observations.
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DeductionSuppose a marine biologist used induction to make the general statement:
All marine animals have gills. That marine biologist might then reason that if all marine animals have gills and whales are marine animals, then whales must have gills.
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HypothesisA statement that might be supported by data.
If (cause), then (effect) statement.
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Hypothesis • There are no absolute truths
• Scientists speak of accepting a hypothesis, never proving them
• Testing hypothesis: more confidence can be placed in a hypothesis that has stood up to the hard testing than in an untested one.
• Suggesting an alternative hypothesis.
The nature of scientific proof:
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Experiment
Factors affecting observations: variablesControlled vs. experimental variable