Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Scholars relied Scholars relied on established on established authorities for authorities for the truth… the truth…

Who were these Who were these established established authorities??authorities??

Before the Before the Revolution…Revolution…

Established Established authorities authorities includedincluded::

The Bible The Bible Catholic ChurchCatholic Church Ancient Greeks/Romans Ancient Greeks/Romans (like (like

Aristotle & Ptolemy)Aristotle & Ptolemy)

Before the Before the Revolution…Revolution…

Early scientists Early scientists who used spells who used spells & magic & magic formulas formulas

Pre-Revolution: Pre-Revolution: AlchemistsAlchemists

Pre-Revolution: AstrologersPre-Revolution: Astrologers Studied the position of the stars Studied the position of the stars

& planets, as well as the way in & planets, as well as the way in which the positions of these which the positions of these bodies affected people’s livesbodies affected people’s lives

Contributed to the body of Contributed to the body of information regarding the information regarding the cosmos cosmos

New Beliefs New Beliefs EmergeEmerge

Principle of DoubtPrinciple of Doubt:: Nothing can be believed Nothing can be believed

unless it has be proven unless it has be proven through experimentationthrough experimentation

New instrumentsNew instruments:: Barometer, microscope, Barometer, microscope,

thermometerthermometer

New Beliefs New Beliefs EmergeEmerge

Pre-Revolution: Pre-Revolution: GeocentricityGeocentricity

EarthEarth as the center of the as the center of the universeuniverse

Planets & sun Planets & sun rotate around rotate around earth earth

Idea from Idea from Aristotle/PtolemyAristotle/Ptolemy

Pre-Revolution: Pre-Revolution: GeocentricityGeocentricity

According to Church doctrine, According to Church doctrine, God created the universe to God created the universe to serve his people; serve his people; therefore, the therefore, the people’s home people’s home must be the must be the center of the center of the universe universe

Nicolaus Nicolaus CopernicusCopernicus

Polish astronomerPolish astronomer Wrote On Wrote On

the Revolution of the Revolution of Heavenly SpheresHeavenly Spheres

New Theory: New Theory: HeliocentricityHeliocentricity

Sun as the Sun as the center of the center of the universe – universe – Heliocentric Heliocentric Theory!Theory!

Planets Planets rotate rotate around it around it

Nicolaus Nicolaus CopernicusCopernicus

Stated that Earth Stated that Earth rotated on an axis rotated on an axis & revolved around the sun & revolved around the sun

Fearing persecution, Fearing persecution, Copernicus did not publish his Copernicus did not publish his findings until 1543, the last findings until 1543, the last year of his life year of his life (he received a (he received a copy of his book on his deathbed!)copy of his book on his deathbed!)

German German Astronomer & Astronomer & MathematicianMathematician

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler

Stated that Stated that the planets the planets move in an oval-shaped move in an oval-shaped path (ellipses) path (ellipses)

Used mathematics to prove Used mathematics to prove the heliocentric theorythe heliocentric theory

Johannes Johannes KeplerKepler

Galileo GalileeGalileo Galilee Italian Italian

MathematicianMathematician Copernican theoryCopernican theory Wrote Wrote Dialogue Dialogue

on Two on Two Great Great World SystemsWorld Systems

Galileo’s Galileo’s ObservationsObservations Built a new telescope Built a new telescope

– observed…– observed… Sun SpotsSun Spots Earth rotates Earth rotates

on its axison its axis Rings on Rings on

SaturnSaturn Moons of JupiterMoons of Jupiter

Mountains & Mountains & valleys of the valleys of the moon moon

Rate at which Rate at which objects fall (32 objects fall (32 feet per sec) minus the feet per sec) minus the friction of airfriction of air

Galileo’s Galileo’s ObservationsObservations

Galileo GalileeGalileo Galilee Stood trial for heresy – why?Stood trial for heresy – why? Due to the Inquisition Galileo Due to the Inquisition Galileo

was threatened with torture was threatened with torture and was forced and was forced to recant his to recant his scientific scientific position position

Galileo GalileeGalileo Galilee ““With sincere heart and unpretended With sincere heart and unpretended

faith I abjure, curse, and detest the faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error…Copernicus] and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.”similar suspicion toward me.”

He lived under house arrest until he He lived under house arrest until he died (blind) in 1642died (blind) in 1642

In 1992, the Catholic Church officially In 1992, the Catholic Church officially acknowledged that Galileo had been acknowledged that Galileo had been right…right…

Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton English ScientistEnglish Scientist Discovered the Discovered the

law of universal law of universal gravitationgravitation

Developed Developed calculuscalculus

Wrote Wrote Mathematic Mathematic Principles of Principles of Natural ScienceNatural Science

Precise mathematical Precise mathematical formulas could describe an formulas could describe an orderly universeorderly universe

Sir Isaac Sir Isaac NewtonNewton

ConclusionsConclusions The Scientific Revolution:The Scientific Revolution: Created an atmosphere of Created an atmosphere of

skepticismskepticism Emphasized the importance of Emphasized the importance of

using the Scientific Methodusing the Scientific Method Impacted law, study of history, Impacted law, study of history,

chronology & eventually chronology & eventually philosophyphilosophy