scientific skills
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Scientific Skills. The Metric System. The Metric System. 1000 m = __________ km 5 503 mL = __________ L 950 g = __________ kg 650 mA =__________ A 25 cm = __________ m. Scientific Method. Question Hypothesis Materials & Procedure Results Discussion Conclusion. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Scientific Skills
Measurement Volume Mass Current DistanceDescription The amount of
space something takes up
The weight of a substance
The speed at which electricity flows
The straight measurement between points
Metric Unit Liter (L);Cubic cm (cm3)
Gram (g) Ampere (A) Meter (m)
The Metric System
1000 m = __________ km
5 503 mL = __________ L
950 g = __________ kg
650 mA = __________ A
25 cm = __________ m
The Metric System
1. Question2. Hypothesis3. Materials &
Procedure4. Results5. Discussion6. Conclusion
Scientific Method
Independent variable What is being tested?
Dependent variable What is the observable change?
Control Variable A variable used to compare results with
Scientific Method
Question: How can one make a planet grow quickly?
Independent variable: Amount of Sunlight Dependent variable: Plant Growth Control variable: Plant grown in a natural
day/night cycle (grown outside) Hypothesis:
If the amount of the sunlight is increased, then the plant will grow faster.
Scientific Method: Example
Chemistry
Physical Property:◦ A feature of a substance that may be observed or
detected without creating a new substance State (gas, liquid, solid) Luster Colour Boiling / Melting point Density (mass / volume; g/mL) Hardness
Chemical Property:◦ A feature of a substance that may ONLY be observed
or detected by creating a new substance Reacts with acid Combustible
Physical Property versus Chemical Property
Characteristic physical properties may be used to identify a substance◦ Boiling point◦ Melting point◦ Density
Properties that may NOT be used to identify a substance◦ State◦ Colour◦ Mass◦ Volume◦ Malleability◦ Ductility
Characteristic Physical Properties
Chatacteristic Physical Properties
0 5 10 15 20 250
2
4
6
8
10
12
Density (g/mL)
Volume (milliliters)
Mas
s (g
ram
s)
Physical Change: A change that may be reversed and does NOT result in a new substance
Chemical Change: A change that is not easily reversed and results in a new substance◦ Clues to a chemical change
Formation of a precipitate Colour Change Energy change (cools, heats, gives off light or sound) Odour Change Production of gas (bubbles)
Physical Change versus Chemical Change
Metals are ◦ Shiny (lustrous)◦ able to conduct thermal and electrical energy◦ are found on the left side of the periodic table◦ Ductile and malleable
Non-metals◦ Dull◦ DO NOT conduct thermal and electrical energy◦ are found on the right side of the periodic table
Metalloids◦ Possess properties of metals and non-metals◦ Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium
Metals, Metalloids, and Non-metals
Subatomic Particle
Relative Size Charge Location
Proton 1 Positive NucleusElectron 1/2000 Negative OrbitNeutron 1 Neutral Nuclear
Subatomic Particles
Electron Orbit Filling Rule: 2, 8, 8, 16
Bohr-Rutherford Diagram
Lewis Dot Diagram
Beryllium and Oxygen
Lithium and FluorineCalcium and Sulfur
Transferring electrons to build molecules
Families on the Periodic Table
Noble Gases
Coefficients and subscripts
4 H2SO4
This formula contains 3 different elements◦ Hydrogen = 8◦ Sulfur = 4◦ Oxygen = 16
There are 28 atoms in total
Counting Atoms
TOTALS NAME 2 MgCl2 6 Magnesium
Chloride KCl 2 Potassium Chloride 3 Li2O 9 Lithium Oxide 4 Na3N 16 Sodium Nitride 2 CaS 4 Calcium Sulfide
Counting Atoms and Naming
Scientific Skills◦ Sections 1.1 and 1.2
Chemistry◦ Sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.7
Self quiz pp. 202-203 Q: 1-24◦ Sections 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6,
Self Quiz pp. 238-239 Q: 1-23◦ Sections 7.2, 7.8
Self Quiz pp. 270-271 Q: 1-5, 8-15, 18, 21
◦ Chemistry Unit Self Quiz pp. 278-279 Q: 1-26
Text Sections
Ecology
Biotic: ◦ Living things, or derived from living things◦ Examples: apples, trees, humans, fossil fuels, etc
Abiotic◦ Non-living things◦ Wind, temperature, water, rock, etc
Habitat◦ Where an organism lives
Ecosystem◦ All the biotic and abiotic factors in an area
Terminology
Lithosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere
Earth’s Spheres
Canadian Biomes
TUNDRA
BOREAL FOREST
GRASSLANDS
MOUNTAIN FOREST
TEMPERATURE DECIDUOUS
A collection of similar ecosystems
Tundra: Subsoil is frozen (permafrost) and biodiversity is low
Canadian Biomes
Boreal Forest: Covers 50% of Canada. Long, cold winters and short summers
The soil is generally poor in nutrients and is slightly acidic
Canadian Biomes
Temperature Deciduous◦ South of Boreal Forest◦ Eastern and central
Canada◦ Long growing season◦ 4 well-defined seasons
Canadian Biomes
Grasslands◦ Variable precipitation that can only support
grasses and few trees
Canadian Biomes
Mountain Forest
◦ Fast flowing rivers
◦ Windy conditions
◦ Cool summers◦ Variable
temperature depending on elevation
Canadian Biomes
Cellular Respiration:
Glucose + Water + Oxygen Gas → Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Photosynthesis:
Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide → Glucose+ Water + Oxygen Gas
These reactions are COMPLEMENTARY because the products of one reaction are the reactants in the other.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
A food chain is a sequential relationship that starts with a producer and ends with a TOP consumer
A food web represents many food chains connected together
Food Chains and Food Webs
Food Chain:
Berries -> Rabbit -> Fox Berries -> Squirrel -> Fox Berries -> Cricket -> Frog -> Snake -> Owl
Food Chains and Food Webs
10% Rule◦ As one moves up a
food chain, only 10% of the energy is passed along to the next level. 90% of energy is lost through heat and other processes
Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer
1 joule of energy
10 joules of energy
100 joules of energy
1000 joules of energy
10 000 joules of energy
100 000 joules of energy
Pesticides that dissolve in water return to the environment after the infected organism dies.
Pesticides that dissolve in fat cells stay in the body of the infected organism until another organism eats it. This passes the pesticide from one organism to another, and to another
Bioaccumulation (Fat soluble pesticides)
The algae dies off because it has a low body mass. It is easily affected by small amounts of pesticide.
The polar bear will experience sickness or death because the CONCENTRATION of pesticide is stronger/higher.
Bioaccumulation (Fat soluble pesticides)
Commensalism: One organism benefits and the other organism is not affected
Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other
organism experiences a negative consequence. Saprophytism: Feeding on dead organisms. A
organism that feeds on dead organisms is called a saprophyte.
Predation: One organism hunts anther organism for food. The hunter is called the predator and the victim is called the prey.
Organism Relationships
Chapter 2◦ Sections: 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 70-71 Q: 1-28
Chapter 3◦ Sections: 3.5, 3.7◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 118-119 Q: 2, 4, 5, 10, 16,
Chapter 4◦ Sections: 4.4, 4.5◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 154-155 Q: 5, 11, 17, 18, 27, 30
Try This
Electricity
A conductor is a material that allows electrons to flow through it
An insulator is a material that does NOT allow electrons to flow through it
Conductors versus Insulators
Static electricity: ◦ a stationary (unmoving) electric charge
Current:◦ The flow of electric charge◦ Requires a source of electrons◦ Requires something that uses electricity (load)◦ Conducting materials that connect the source to
the load
Static vs. Current Electricity
1. Contact / Conduction2. Friction / Rubbing3. Induction / Without Touching
1. Balloon stocking to wall example
Methods of Charging
1. At a point2. Grounding3. Discharge into the air
Methods of Discharging
1. Length
2. Thickness
3. Material1. Conductors / Semiconductors
Factors affecting Resistance
I = measured in A and represents speed of electron movement
Current vs Voltage
V = measured in V and represents electric pressure
Voltage = Current X Resistance
Ohm’s Law
Battery Wire Light Bulb Switch Motor Voltmeter Ammeter
Circuit Diagram Symbols
Series and Parallel Circuits
Series and Parallel Circuits
Energy output X 100% = Energy Input
Percent Efficiency
Measured in $ / kWh
kWh – kilowatt hour describes the AMOUNT of energy used (POWER)
If you are given 400 W used for 10 h◦ 400W = 0.4 kW X 10 h = 4 kWh
Cost of Electricity
Chapter 11◦ Sections: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, p. 433, 11.5, 11.7◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 452-453 Q: 1-18
Chapter 12◦ Sections: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.5, 12.8◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 492 – 493 Q: 1-24
Chapter 13◦ Sections: 13.1, 13.4, 13.7, 13.8◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 530-531 Q: 1-21
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Space Science
Planets in the Solar System
Aurora Borealis
Solar and Lunar Eclipses
Sunspots
The Sun
11 Year Sunspot Cycle
Asteroids, Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites and Comets
Retrograde Motion
Ursa Major and Ursa Minor
Orion and Canis Major
The Big Bang Theory
Kepler 22b, an Earth like planet, is 5.67 x 1018 m away. What is this distance in light years? (600 ly)
Meters to Light Year Calculation
Pluto is 4.48× 1012 meters away from the Sun. What is this distance in AU? (30 AU)
Meters to Astronomical Units
Chapter 8◦Sections: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.8◦Try the Self-Quiz on pp. 322-323
Chapter 9◦Sections: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8◦Try the Self-Quiz on pp. 360-361
You DO NOT need to review anything from chapter 10
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