scientific solutions iii global challenges

Global Challenges - Scientific Solutions III
Nitra
March 02, 2021
E U R A S I A N C E N T E R O F I N N O V A T I V E D E V E L O P M E N T D A R A
Conference Proceedings
GLOBAL CHALLENGES – SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS III
PROCEEDINGS
Nitra, Slovakia
ISBN 978-601-08-0756-3
Authors are responsible for the accuracy of cited publications, facts, figures, quotations, statistics, proper
names and other information
The proceedings are the papers of students and researchers on topical issues of natural and technical sciences and humanities. The papers were presented on International Conference “Global Challenges – Scientific Solutions III” in Nitra, Slovakia on 02 March 2021. Relating to pandemy of COVID-19, which affected the whole world, the Conference was conducted distantly.
UDC 001 LBC 72
Development «DARA», 2021
Scientific Committee
• Prof. Dr. Emin Atasoy / Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey • Prof. Dr. Burghard Meyer / Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany • Prof. Dr. Abdullah Soykan / Balkesir University, Balkesir, Turkey • Prof. Dr. Alaattin Kzlçaolu / Balkesir University, Balkesir, Turkey • Ing. Dirk Van Merode MSc. / AP University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Antwerp,
BelgiumProf. Dr. Jan A. Wendt / Gdask University, Gdask, Poland • Prof. PhD. Agnieszka Bógda-Brzeziska / University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland • Prof. Dr. Askar Nigmatov / Gulistan State University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan • Prof. Dr. Atanas Dermendjiev / St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Turnovo, Veliko
Turnovo, Bulgaria • Prof. Dr. Stela Dermendjieva / St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Turnovo, Veliko
Turnovo, Bulgaria • Prof. Dr. Vilian Krastev / University of Economics - Varna, Varna, Bulgaria • Prof. Dr. Jilili Abuduwaili / Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Urumqi, China • Prof. Dr. Vladimir Makarov / Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia • Assoc. Prof. Dr Zhanbolat Tusupbekov / P.A. Stolypin Omsk State Agrarian University, Omsk,
Russia • Prof. Dr. Nelya Shapekova / L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan • PhD Ruslan Safarov / L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan • PhD Zharas Berdenov / L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan • Prof. Dr. Ordenbek Mazbayev / L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan • Prof. Dr. Sherim Tulegenov / L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan • Prof. Dr. Zhanat Shomanova / Pavlodar state pedagogical institute, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan • Assoc. Prof. PhD Erbolat Mendybaev / K. Zhubanov Aktobe regional state university, Aktobe,
Kazakhstan • Prof. Dr. Alexandru Ilie / University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania • Prof. Dr. rina Koleva / Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria • Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zdravka Kostova / Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria • Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elena Galay / Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus • Assoc. Prof. PhD Hussein Al-Wadhaf / Hajjah University, Hajjah, Yemen • Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kiss Tímea / University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary • Prof. Dr. Luchiyan Milkov / University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria • Ivan Mironov / Professional School by John Atanasov, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria • Prof. Dr. Endon Garmaev / Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia • PhD Anton Germashev / Zaporizhzhya National Technical University, Zaporizhzhya, Ukraine • Prof. Dr. Marin Rusev / Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
4
CONTENT
………………………………………………………………………………………
7
Nurbek D.T., Bolat A.A. MEASURES TO PREVENT CRIMES RELATED TO ILLICIT
ARMS TRAFFICKING……………………………………………………………………….
APPLICATION OF LIGHT CONCRETE WITH VARIOUS FILLERS…………………….
17

-
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32

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………………………………………………………………………………
45
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52
.., .., .., .., ..

……………….

…………………………………………...

…………………………………………………….
……………………...
VE ANTALYA……………………………………………………………………………….
70
Kelime Erdal. HALDE EDP ADIVAR’IN ESERLERNDE HANET VE BOANMA… 75
.., ..

……………………………………………………………………
CENTURY SKILLS FOR TODAY…………………………………………………………..
.., ..
…………….…..
90
……………………………………………
URTICA DIOICA L.
…………………………………...
……………………………………………….
……………..
Sabriye Çelik Uuz. GÖÇ VE TURZM LKS: ARKADALARI VE AKRABALARI
ZYARET TURZMNE KAVRAMSAL BR YAKLAIM………………………………...
114
JEOPARKLAR AI VE TÜRKYE’NN JEOPARKLARDAK DURUMU……………….
121
KONULARI YÖNÜNDEN NCELENMES………………………………………………...
130
Emin Atasoy, Elena Galay, Esen Durmu. BELARUS’UN CORAF KONUMU VE
DOAL CORAFYA ÖZELLKLER………………………………………………………
CUMHURYET………………………………………………………………………………
155
Erol Kapluhan. DOU AKDENZ’DEK HDROKARBON KAYNAKLARININ
TÜRKYE’NN ENERJ GÜVENL ÜZERNE ETKLER……………………………..
192
Emin Atasoy, Hakan Önal, Erkin Tokpanov. SYAS CORAFYA IIINDA
BULGARSTAN TÜRKLERNN 1989 YILINDAK ZORUNLU GÖÇÜ…………………
210
VE YANSIMALARI………………………………………………………………………….
Sabriye Çelik Uuz, Öretim Üyesi Gülsün Yildirim. SAKN EHR HAREKETNE
YÖNELK ALAN YAZIN NCELEMES…………………………………………………...
.., ..

……………………………………………………………………………………..
265
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282
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302

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307
- ………………………
312
………………………………………………………………………………
320
REJM VE ANAYASASI: ANALTK BR DEERLENDRME………………………….
324
Bekir PARLAK DEVLETN KÖKEN: LKÇA’DAN MODERN ÇAA ÖZGÜN BR
SÜREÇ ANALZ……………………………………………………………………………..
Law science
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SYSTEM OF LEGAL ACTS OF THE PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE
Abstract. The prosecutor's office has a special place in the system of state power. It monitors
the implementation of the constitutional idea, the democratic, legal and social state, which has
developed in the current legislation, must create the necessary conditions to ensure the constitutional
rights and freedoms, legitimate interests of the individual. The issuance of regulations by the
prosecutor's office is a special form of activity, which is the general rules governing the organization
and activities of a particular prosecutor's office. The main form of activity of the prosecutor's office
is the application of the regulation of prosecutorial acts in specific cases. As a result of the issuance
of individual non-regulatory acts of the Prosecutor's Office, specific legal relations are changed or
terminated. According to the rules of the theory of law, they differ from the normative rules aimed at
specific subjects of administrative relations and their application is carried out after the application
of the rights established in them, in their single act.
Keywords: prosecution, protest, sanction, instruction, recommendation, resolution
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UDC 341.48
Nurbek Dana Tasybekkyzy, Bolat Alibek Almazuly
Zhetysu University named after I.Zhansugurov, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan
Abstract: This scientific article reflects the features and methods of solving crimes related to
illegal arms trafficking both in Kazakhstan and in the international space. Also, given are
criminological aspects of committing such crimes and their prevention. Analyzed statistical data that
reveal the current state of affairs in the circulation of weapons, as well as how the criminal community
operates during the global coronavirus pandemic.
Key words: illicit, legal regulation, crime, legal guarantee, arm traffic.
In general, in the fight against any crime, first of all, it is important to take the right and effective
measures to prevent or prevent it.
The fight against crime, including the illicit trafficking of weapons, is a complex criminal
phenomenon.
The basis of the general preventive service of law enforcement agencies in the fight against
illicit arms trafficking is the measures to combat or eliminate the circumstances that create favorable
conditions for the commission of this crime.
As we know, crime prevention is a leading direction in the fight against crime.
Crime prevention or prevention is the unlimited prerogative (prerogative) of the state or its
various bodies (including special law enforcement), public organizations, institutions and individuals.
It should be aimed at neutralizing or eliminating certain objective external factors and individuals,
the causes and circumstances that allow the commission of a crime, which includes various measures
in its content (system of measures of influence).
When it comes to measures to prevent the illicit trafficking of weapons, of course, it is necessary
to determine the circumstances of the causes and circumstances of this crime [1,691].
Crime prevention is "state and public measures aimed at eliminating, mitigating and eradicating
the causes and conditions of crime at all levels."
Crime prevention (prophylacticos in Greek - insurance) crime prevention; general crime factors
and its individual types, a system of measures aimed at limiting or eliminating the public threat to the
identity of the offender.
In our view, crime prevention is one of the most important elements in the fight against crime
in general or a specific type of crime.
Professor E.I. Kairzhanov groups crime prevention measures according to the object of the
crime and divides them into three types:
1) general prevention;
3) individual prevention.
From a practical point of view, in the prevention of a particular crime, even in the preventive
service can be divided into the following stages, such as prevention, warning, prevention. On the
basis of these stages, we can identify ways to combat common crimes, including the illegal trafficking
of weapons under study.
One of the first stages in the fight against arms trafficking is the early prevention (before its
creation).
It should begin at an early stage in the development of the individual. It is recognized that the
main purpose of this stage of prevention is a direct impact on the ability of the individual to form
himself, the negative social composition.
12
International Scientific Conference «Global Challenges – Scientific Solutions III» Nitra, Slovakia, March 02, 2021
The development of the individual, the development of personal skills through relationships,
the acquisition of social values, interaction with people around him, which are influenced by positive
or negative circumstances. At the same time, it is at these stages that the development of the individual
requires consistent measures in a strict system. One of the most important reasons for anti-social
behavior is inadequate upbringing.
On January 5, 2020, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved the
State Program on Combating Corruption for 2020-2025. Nationwide measures to prevent crime are
recognized as part of the economic and social culture.
Direct warning is the main form of preventive work. Its importance is evidenced by the fact that
the identification of the causes and circumstances of the crime is associated with the organization or
implementation of continuous activities to prevent the commission of crimes committed by persons
recognized as having committed a crime. Direct prevention of crime is closely linked with its
prevention and suppression.
Of particular importance is the direct warning of law enforcement agencies to combat the illicit
trafficking of weapons.
The main content of the direct prevention of illicit arms trafficking is the measures aimed at
eliminating the specific circumstances that create an optimal opportunity for the commission of these
crimes. In particular, the Administrative Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is recognized.
Administrative oversight plays an important role in maintaining law and order and security.
The results of the general preventive practice in the prevention of crimes related to the illicit
trafficking of weapons show that in this regard, the use of information methods by law enforcement
agencies in the protection against crime with these types of weapons is widespread.
One of the practical methods of insurance against illicit arms trafficking is the control and
supervision of licensing systems. All weapons must be inspected.
As a rule, in the case of certain use, transfer, transfer, sale of weapons, it is necessary to properly
and effectively use the directions of all system stations and transport patrols according to a pre-
prepared plan, drawings.
In the analysis of the practice of preventing the illicit trafficking of weapons, methods of
reporting in this area, various forms of propaganda in the form of lectures, measures to prevent
dangerous actions are widely used by law enforcement officers. Significant attention is paid to the
development of organized forms and tactical methods of combating these types of crimes, the
development of comprehensive processes for the prevention and detection of these crimes [2, 512].
Illicit arms trafficking is one of the main reasons for the criminogenic situation among young
people, the unemployed and those seeking to make a living.
It is known that the problem of proper use of leisure time of young people is difficult to solve
through a single structure. Therefore, the participation of a wide range of government agencies and
public associations in the development of this issue is mandatory, or the application of general socio-
economic and legal measures.
In order to systematize the activities of the various organizations involved in this issue, it is
necessary to establish joint bodies responsible for the thorough implementation of youth policy, as in
other countries. Similar comments have been made in other relevant literature. Depending on the
region of residence, it is necessary for the city or district administration to take measures to eliminate
or educate young people.
The presence of age groups involved in criminal gangs involved in illicit arms trafficking plays
an important role. Due to these circumstances, it is more common for minors to be more active in
driving than adults.
These circumstances require law enforcement agencies to increase their ability to drive and
spend their free time in a purposeless manner, ie to strengthen the use of measures to prevent
organized crime by adolescents who regularly consume alcohol or engage in delinquent behavior.
The object of preventive work of law enforcement agencies in the fight against illicit arms
trafficking should be anti-social groups of young people or adolescents, such as crimes that mimic
the technique that negatively affect each other.
13
Persons convicted under Article 251 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan were
taken under control by the police and taken into account, and other persons were left out.
These issues, which are encountered in the fight against crimes related to arms trafficking,
highlight the need to increase the role of law enforcement in personal prevention, methods or forms
of personal and educational influence, or the development or improvement of the service system in
conjunction with the judiciary.
The solution of these problems would actually reduce the level of crimes related to arms
trafficking.
In the system of prevention of crimes against public safety, we must pay special attention to
individual methods of prevention, which include the identification of persons prone to committing
these crimes and the establishment of social control over them.
The main elements of individual prevention are divided as follows:
a) study of the individual and find the source of actions that adversely affect him;
b) determine the degree of deformation of legal and interest consciousness;
c) recognition of the possibilities that create sufficient conditions for the classification of
behavior;
d) implementation of measures aimed at repelling the identified negative actions;
e) prevention of long-term crime by controlling behavior in life;
g) inspection and analysis of crime prevention measures.
The effectiveness of such measures often depends on the individual characteristics of the
preventive person, one-sided system, the specificity of the environment, the accumulation or
organization of tools and methods of special forces, as well as the environment of socially positive
capabilities of the preventive person.
Identification of the object of individual prevention is recognized as quite difficult, because it
is necessary to accurately determine the development of the motive for the crime and the emergence
of subjective stages [3, 880].
The conducted research allows to identify the most typical contingents of criminogenic persons,
the peculiarities of behavior to be taken into account in the organization of individual preventive
work. Therefore, we can divide them into the following groups:
1) persons previously convicted for the crime of illicit trafficking in weapons;
2) persons with previous convictions for crimes such as storage, sale, transfer and transportation
of weapons;
3) persons with a previous conviction for committing a crime with a weapon;
4) persons who illegally manufacture or manufacture weapons.
As far as we know, one of the criteria for evaluating preventive services is the quantitative
indicators of persons belonging to the register with a personal and educational effect. Determining
the results of timely preventive measures is a necessary condition for influencing those who are prone
to driving, ie to increase the effectiveness of the fight against this type of crime.
However, a significant number of persons convicted of arms trafficking were found to have
committed illegal offenses prior to the commission of the crime, and were not subject to preventive
measures by the police.
The quality of individual preventive work depends on the level of comprehensive training of
people who carry it out. The main work in this area should be entrusted to local district inspectors of
internal affairs and the Inspectorate for Minors [4, 64].
Police officers in this category work more closely with residents. Therefore, taking into account
the internal district characteristics of this category of crime, the specific proximity of the area of
residence of the perpetrator to the place of theft of the vehicle, preventive measures should be given
priority. An important aspect of addressing these challenges is the availability of high-level
information on the criminogenic status of the territories provided by district inspectors and juvenile
inspectors, as well as close cooperation and collaboration with other law enforcement agencies.
Thus, it seems that the special prevention of illicit arms trafficking can be considered with the
following groups of special measures, such as supervision, legal, educational.
14
"Measures of a legal nature" should be aimed at ensuring the clear and uniform application of
the law, which is aimed at the inevitability of liability and punishment for illicit arms trafficking.
In this regard, it is necessary to comment on the essence of the amendments and additions made
by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the legislature on state control
over the illicit trafficking of weapons.
First of all, the current system of permits for law enforcement agencies to ensure their protection
and control, search, operational exchange of information, etc. should be aimed at technical support
of systems.
On the other hand, such measures should be implemented through the introduction of a system
of special warnings for crimes related to illicit arms trafficking.
It is obvious that the close cooperation of police officers with citizens in the public area in the
fight against illicit arms trafficking and their surveillance, registration, search or arrest of the
perpetrator will bring positive results for us.
It is also necessary to exchange experiences or hold regular seminars in cooperation with
various law enforcement agencies to combat or organize or address the prevention of such crimes.
In order to increase the level of competence of law enforcement officers in combating the
methods or techniques of its creation, they are required to conduct training in accordance with the
theoretical and practical knowledge of students and law students (eg criminal law, criminology,
criminology, criminal procedure or etc.) should be amended or clarified to the necessary
methodological documents.
At the same time, the active role of law enforcement agencies, including district inspectors, in
the fight against drug and alcohol abuse is an important task in the prevention of crimes against public
safety. These circumstances must be realized in a cumulative manner and through the use of the
unifying forces of society.
In order to eliminate victims of illicit trafficking, it is necessary, in particular, to take
administrative action against arms owners who violate the rules in accordance with the special
instructions of the rules.
A special place in the prevention of illegal possession of weapons belongs to the activities of
law enforcement officers, district inspectors. The sooner they report the illicit trafficking of weapons
to the police, the sooner they will apprehend the culprit or take measures to prevent the consequences.
In order to eliminate the negative aspects of these issues, the relevant permitting system bodies
seem to recognize the right to set a warning and direct this warning to the owners of the use of
weapons and require them to strictly follow the special rules.
On May 14, 2000, tens of thousands of Americans in the United States held a manifesto in
central Washington calling for the strict observance of arms sales to individuals.
By taking such a measure, there would be signs of increasing public safety, ie responsibility
for such crimes. With the registration of lost or stolen weapons or prohibited (confiscated) weapons,
they must carefully implement and control such measures as the registration and registration of the
identity of those persons.
In addition, the law enforcement agencies should strengthen the requirements for owners of
weapons to comply with the rules of special storage of used weapons. To date, the low level of
provision of special weapons storage facilities is a serious problem. This is the first part of the sign
of complex problems, the incorrect setting of requirements in accordance with all the rules related to
the content of the rules.
The second part of this issue is the non-consideration of issues related to the protection or
organization of special weapons sites.
In order to prevent crimes related to the illicit trafficking of weapons or to protect public safety,
we can say that there is a broad special warning.
The use of measures to combat illicit arms trafficking by law enforcement agencies should be
based on the experience of other countries.
15
Depending on the functional characteristics of the necessary measures used in the specialized
scientific literature, there is a need for comprehensive organizational issues that allow to identify
additional preventive measures in the commission of a crime.
The use of measures to combat illicit arms trafficking requires a comprehensive and objective
study of each act, as well as the identification of the causes and circumstances that contributed to the
crime. Therefore, along with the identification of such measures, their correct application will
inevitably prove that the reduction of illicit arms trafficking and increase the effectiveness of the fight
against it.
One of the direct bodies in the fight against crime is the police. The commission of each crime
or their perpetrators is directly related to it.
Prevention of crime is one of the main tasks for us. By the way, we know that crime prevention
is more effective than punishment.
Therefore, the role of law enforcement officers in the fight against crime is recognized as very
important [5, 73].
Each crime has its own approach and methods. The object of the fight against such crimes will
be the territory. In this regard, the ability of leading organizations to perform their functions properly
is recognized as the only achievement in the fight against crime. If a direct public administration
activity is recognized as a specific public administration, its method is the method of management
and its own methods.
The methods and approaches of the manager appear in their own right with the objective and
subjective aspects of social phenomena. Management's approach to management is recognized as a
leading idea, including consolidation, and the objectivity of the requirements for employees.
The method of leadership is a set of normal subjective and psychological behavior of the
individual. The culture of association means understanding management and mastering it properly.
The main qualities of a manager must be comprehensively mastered by his employees. In the
organizational support of groups of people, it is necessary to ensure the correct completion of special
documents and a certain approved behavior, the ability to interpret and comply with the approved
regulations and decrees and laws that have entered into force.
Collectives and some individuals, as well as law enforcement officers, must abide by the oaths
and military discipline they have adopted.
The elements of governance in the social sphere, including the elements, are equally important,
and any governance includes issues of self-education.
The peculiarities of the work of law enforcement agencies require in-depth knowledge and
professionalism, versatility. In other words, the heads of internal affairs bodies must organize their
own approach to addressing the requirements set for them by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the
Republic of Kazakhstan.
The authority of managers also implies a creative orientation, which in turn requires the ability
to make the right large-scale decisions and behavioral skills.
If we talk about the order, there are two backgrounds to this issue, the order of the head is
recognized as the law to his subordinates, the order must be clearly and objectively related to the
periodic requirements. In our view, the person executing the order - the person under him - must see
from the leader that he can master an individual, in all respects, and that he can manage eloquently.
In addition to encouraging his authority by creatively solving the tasks set for him, the leader creates
an incentive (interest) in his commands. The creative relationship is inextricably linked with the
activity [6, 179].
At the same time, every leader should encourage his or her general level of education and
cultural relationships. In this case, one of the advantages is the systematic reading, which we
recognize. The general level of a leader is his ability to behave in the environment. His ability to listen
to his subordinates and feel their actions is self-evident.
The person in charge must master the science of cutting. The manager must be able to
implement the position in scientific institutions. Some leaders start paying attention only when they
16
ask their subordinates to help them. And in each case, there is a peculiarity of timely and accurate
notification of the work.
Any order or directive should not be rushed in a hurry and should be related to the circumstances
in which it occurred. The person receiving the order must know that it is correct and that the
requirements of the leader are reasonable. At the same time, the order or instruction given by the head
must be recognized as logically justified.
If an order or directive is given orally, it must be of the same nature as an application or claim.
The order form should be addressed to indifferent employees who are directly required to perform
those tasks or orders.
A manager needs to evaluate his employees properly. The right leader must be able to accurately
and quickly assess any situation. At the same time, the manager must be able to distinguish the
professional level of each employee, depending on the ability of each employee to perform.
The ability of a leader to use a variety of management methods and techniques is the only
guarantee of success in team management.
The leader must be recognized as a person who is able to set requirements for himself and
perform his duties perfectly. Fulfilling the tasks set by the heads of law enforcement agencies in the
fight against crimes related to illicit arms trafficking, as mentioned above, will help them to achieve
effective opportunities in the fight against this type of crime.
References
: 38 : 9 .: 691-709 : SEP 2 2015
2. North Korea in the UN Disarmament Committee : Ramachanderan, Ramya
JOURNAL OF EAST ASIA AND INTERNATIONAL LAW : 8 : 2 .: 512-515
: FAL 2015
3. Movement Litigation and Unilateral Disarmament: Abortion and the Right to Die :
Price, Richard S.; Keck, Thomas M. LAW AND SOCIAL INQUIRY-JOURNAL OF THE
AMERICAN BAR FOUNDATION : 40 : 4 .:880-907 : FAL 2015
4. . . . 20 . // ,
2006. – 17 .
5. . : ,
// . - 2007. - 2 .
6. SIPRI Yearbook 2014 - Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. :
Birch, Marion Medicine, conflict, and survival : 31 : 3-4 .: 179-81 :
2015 Jul-Dec (Epub 2015 Dec 13)
17
Technics and IT
WITH VARIOUS FILLERS
1Postgraduate student of Kyrgyz state University of construction, transport and architecture.
N.Isanova Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 2Professor of technical Sciences, associate Professor of Kyrgyz state University of construction,
transport and architecture. N. Isanova Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Abstract
The aim of the study is a theoretical review of the work of scientists in the field of lightweight
concrete with various fillers, which allows determining the prospects for the development of the
market of building materials to save resources, protect the environment and sustainable development
of the construction industry.
The methodology of the study was based on theoretical study, analytical generalization and
systematization of conceptual provisions, as well as the established practice of using lightweight
concretes with various fillers. Research methods-General scientific methods from abstract to
concrete, synthesis and theoretical generalization, induction, deduction and system analysis.
The urgency of application of light concretes with various fillers is proved, the classification
of light concretes is given. The works of domestic and foreign scientists in this field are studied:
methods, technologies, advantages and disadvantages, approbation of the results of experimental
studies. The methodology of the complex system of construction waste management and practical
recommendations for its implementation were studied. The integration of the state, science and
business is proposed for the implementation of this technique, which will not only manage the
production of construction waste, but also pave the way for science to conduct basic research. The
implementation of the scientific research, in turn, will generate profit to the business and state.
To date, the use of modern technologies in the field of construction has contributed to the
growth of the popularity of lightweight concrete. The use of construction waste as a source of
aggregate for the production of new concrete has become relevant in the last decade. The increase in
the amount of waste in landfills, on the one hand, and the scarcity of natural resources, on the other
hand, proliferate the use of waste as aggregates in the production of lightweight concretes. According
to the results of the study, conclusions are drawn about the prospects for the development of
lightweight concretes with different components, taking into account the balance of interests in both
the economic and environmental spheres.
Keywords: concrete, light concrete, porous aggregates, production waste, environmental
benefits, strength, Grade, density.
Concrete has unlimited possibilities for innovative applications, design and construction
technologies. Its versatility and affordability in meeting a wide range of needs have made it a very
integral material in the construction process. Lightweight concrete is of paramount importance in the
construction industry. The advantages of lightweight concrete are its reduced weight and improved
heat and sound insulation properties while maintaining sufficient strength.
In modern conditions, the concrete industry faces growing challenges. The rising cost of
building materials and environmental degradation caused by the high exploitation of concrete
aggregates, including light ones, have necessitated the search for affordable and environmentally-
friendly alternatives. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that many works of domestic and
18
foreign scientists are devoted to research on the use and development of lightweight concretes.
However, despite the large number of studies devoted to this topic, in our opinion, this topic has not
been studied thoroughly. They should have practical significance in certain conditions, as well as
meet the modern requirements of global sustainability.
Problem statement. The purpose of this work is a theoretical review of the work of scientists
in the field of light concrete with various fillers, which allows determining the prospects of
development of the market of building materials to save resources, protect the environment and
sustainable development of the construction industry.
The Commission of experts of the European Union has prepared a report on the prospects for
the development of construction in Europe until 2025. They developed certain criterias that must be
met by the most modern building materials. The main criteria include::
- minimum withdrawal of natural resources in the production of building materials and
maximum use of associated products (waste) of other industries;
- high strength and durability;
- possibility of processing for construction or other needs;
- efficiency;
- environmental safety during production and operation.
Concrete meets these criteria to the greatest extent[1].
Light concrete in accordance with the requirements of GOST 25192 is classified according to
the following features:
- structural, including structural and thermal insulation;
- special (heat-insulating, heat-resistant, chemically resistant, decorative, etc.).
Requirements for lightweight concrete-heat-resistant, chemically resistant and other set in the
regulations for a particular type of concrete.
According to the type of coarse-porous aggregate, concretes are divided into:
- expanded clay concrete (concrete on expanded clay gravel); concrete (longisetosa gravel);
- agglomeration concrete (concrete on agglomeration gravel or gravel); cheap concrete
(concrete cinder block rubble or gravel);
- perlite concrete (concrete on expanded perlite rubble);
- concrete on rubble of porous rocks;
- a material concrete (concrete material gravel or gravel);
- vermiculite concrete (concrete on expanded vermiculite);
- cinder concrete (concrete on ash-slag mixtures of thermal power plants
- TPP or fuel furnace slag, granulated blast furnace slag or electrothermometry).
It is permissible to apply other types of concrete on large, porous aggregates for which there
are normative documents (on ash, glassite, azerite gravel, etc.).
The structure of concrete is divided into:
- dense;
- porous;
- macroporous.
For porous concretes, it is allowed to specify the type of porosity instead of the structure in
the concrete name [2,3].
This classification of lightweight concretes is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. Classification of lightweight concrete
Lightweight concretes prepared on cement binder, porous inorganic coarse aggregate, porous
(artificial and / or natural) or dense fine inorganic aggregate are used for the manufacture of
prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic and reinforced concrete structures, that serve
as components for buildings and structures of varying uses.
The scope of application of lightweight concrete based on various types of porous fillers is
presented in table 1 below.
Table 1 - Field of application of lightweight concrete based on various types of porous aggregates
[2,3].
Heat-insulating Structural and heat-
Note-the " + "Sign indicates that the concrete is recommended," ± "- allowed, " - " - not
recommended for use
Method of research
Scientists around the world are working to create a comfortable human environment, as
scientific progress occurs in parallel with the development of mankind. For the further development
of society it is crucial to solve the problems, which are primarily associated with environmental
pressure on the immediate environment, with the lack of energy resources, etc. [4]. Practical
application of lightweight concrete with various aggregates, including the use of waste and secondary
production resources is now reasonably important.
The article uses abstract scientific methods from general to particular, primarily asserting
theoretical generalization, induction, deduction and system analysis.
Discussion of results
The importance and advantages of using granulated foam glass as a filler for lightweight
concrete has been studied by many authors. According to the results of the study, concrete based on
foam glass has competitive physical, mechanical and thermal performance compared to traditional
prototypes (expanded clay concrete, foam concrete, aerated concrete). To ensure the durability of this
concrete, it is necessary to use protective measures that will inhibit the reaction of aggregate with
aggressive alkalis of cement stone. The authors conclude that granulated foam glass can be used as
aggregates for cement composites[5].
The author noted [6] that granulated foam glass is a promising filler for use in lightweight
concretes. In comparison with other porous fillers, granular foam glass has higher physical,
mechanical and thermal characteristics.
Simplification of the technological scheme of production due to the absence of the need for heat
and humidity treatment, as well as th e possibility of transition from a three-layer enclosing structure
to a single-layer wall of GPS-concrete blocks ensures an increase in economic efficiency (up to 6-
11% in cost) compared to other analogues.
Approbation of the obtained results of experimental studies was carried out by the author at the
enterprise of JSC "company" STES-Vladimir", where a pilot batch of this light concrete was
produced[6].
In [7], the authors found that granulated foam glass has higher indicators for the complexities
of physical and mechanical properties, in comparison with the standard-produced expanded clay
gravel. The strength of granulated foam glass is four times lower than that of expanded clay gravel at
the same bulk density, which requires adjustment of the grain composition to increase the fraction
content of 10 mm.
Also during the tests, the possibility of using granular foam glass to produce lightweight
concrete corresponding to the strength class B5 and density grade D1000 was established. At the
same time, there is a need to adjust the grain composition of the aggregate and the composition of the
components of the concrete mixture [7].
The authors in[8] considered the feasibility of using granulated foam glass as a volumetric
substitute for natural aggregate in the production of concrete. The results of experimental studies have
shown that, in General, the potential for the use of coarse/fine granulated foam glass content as a
natural aggregate substitute (by volume) [8].
In work [9] authors, as a result of the carried out research, developed technology of processing
of different grades of waste of the glass industry for production of the granulated foam glass with the
subsequent reception of concretes with high physical-mechanical and thermal characteristics.
In [10] the author presents the results of tests on the use of lightweight aggregate in structural
concrete, which is produced from fly ash. Such use will benefit society and the construction industry.
The product is now patented in the United States and several other countries. The product is unique,
easy to manufacture and has the desired and stable qualities. This product, which the authors called
Flashag, requires less energy, less quality manufacturing and fewer equipment than the granular
sintered fly ash agglomerates that are commercially available.
Advantages:
21
1) efficient disposal of fly ash;
2) help to preserve natural and very rare materials from large aggregates and sand;
3) ridding the countryside, riverbeds and beaches of scarring and destructive mining activities;
4) the production of aggregates is much easier than natural aggregates, which would result in
the production of significantly lighter concrete, the advantages of which have been discussed above;
5) increase durability and reduce cracking during shrinkage by increasing the strength and
adhesion of the concrete matrix with the aggregate;
6) creating an industry for light aggregates with export potential, especially to countries where
natural aggregates are depleted or of extremely poor quality.
The results showed that the porosity of Flashag concrete was significantly less than that of
normal weight concrete, indicating lower permeability and greater strength potential. High strength
lightweight concrete, which consumes less Portland cement than normal weight concrete, is now easy
to produce. Flashag's patented manufacturing technology is simpler, potentially much cheaper, and
more consistent than other available technologies that have been used in making aggregates from fly
ash or other sources. The environmental benefits added to the obvious economic and functional
benefits of the construction industry indicate that this new unit promises great success [10].
The use of fly ash in concrete offers several environmental benefits and is therefore
environmentally friendly. Reducing the need for cement of similar strength, ultimately leads to
savings in raw materials, for example, limestone, coal, etc., which are highly necessary for the
production of cement.
Cement production is a highly energy-intensive industry. In the production of one ton of
cement, about 1 ton of CO2 is emitted and released into the atmosphere. Less need for cement means
lower CO2 emissions and leads to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the low calorific value
and high ash content of Indian coal, thermal power plants in India produce huge amounts of fly ash.
In most cases, the main purpose of using fly ash in the production of cement and concrete is to obtain
durable concrete at reduced costs, which reduces the negative impact of waste on the environment
and free up large areas of land for other needs [11].
In [12] the authors consider the issues of obtaining lightweight high-strength concrete with the
use of ash. Irkutsk region is an area of high seismicity, with a sharply continental climate, which is
characterized by a temperature drop during the year from -50 °C to + 40 °C. As a result of the research,
the authors obtained a light concrete density p = 1600 kg / m3 and compressive strength Rszh = 34.4
MPa using superplasticizer "C-3", as well as high-strength light concrete density p = 1650 kg/m3 and
compressive strength Rszh = 52.5 MPa using hyperplasticizer "Hidetal-GP-9", the mobility of the
concrete mixture in both cases was CA = 15-18 cm.
Used as a porous aggregate for the production of concrete expanded clay had the following
main characteristics: bulk density-630 kg / m3, porosity-50 %, compressive strength in the cylinder-
5.5 MPa.
The authors also determined the economic efficiency when replacing heavy concrete with high-
strength lightweight concrete [12].
In [13] the authors studied the issues of modifying the surface of porous plant aggregates to
ensure reliable joint work in concrete components with dramatically different elastic-plastic
properties. Light concrete is proposed using rye and buckwheat straw, oat husk, pine sawdust as
porous fillers.
The use of the above-mentioned aggregates made it possible to make a choice of polymer and
mixed additives that contribute to improving the physical and mechanical properties of light concretes
of this type.
The density, compressive strength and thermal insulation properties of concrete from plant
aggregates were determined experimentally. The results indicate that the specific features of the
structure, chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties of plant aggregates
significantly affect the strength of adhesive contacts formed in the structure of arbolite concrete.
Modification of the aggregate developed by the complex modifier is accompanied by an
acceleration of the early strength gain (up to 8 hours) and a significant (4 or more times) increase in
22
the maximum strength. The main results obtained are presented and discussed, and they describe the
nature of the experimental kinetic curves of the adhesive strength set indicating also the improvement
of the joint work of the modified vegetable filler and the mineral matrix [13].
In work [14] the author on the basis of studying of properties of vegetable raw materials (a reed
and straw) compositions of easy concretes from these raw materials processed by ash and a
polymersilicate composition were presented. During the study, the physical-mechanical and physical-
chemical properties were determined, which allowed to show high thermal and technological
parameters of this material. Also, work was carried out on the development of the technological
scheme, selection of equipment, which made it possible to produce a pilot production batch of light
concrete blocks, from which the walls of residential and industrial buildings were built in
Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut and Megion [14].
In [15] the authors present the results of an experimental study of the impact of the use of
recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste as a potential filler in lightweight concrete.
In this study, thermally modified polystyrene waste was used as a filler. Modified waste
polystyrene aggregates (MEPS) were obtained by heat treatment by holding the spent polystyrene in
a hot air furnace at 130 °C for 15 minutes.the influence of the MEPs unit on some properties of
concrete was Studied. For this purpose, six series of concrete samples were prepared. MEPs aggregate
was used as a substitute for natural aggregate, aggregate at levels 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% by
volume. The density of MEPS is much less than that of natural aggregate; MEPs Concrete becomes
lightweight concrete with a density of about 900-1700 kg / m3. The compressive strength of MEPS
concrete for 28 days varies from 12.58 MPa to 23.34 MPa, which satisfies the strength requirement
of semi-structural lightweight concrete. MEPS units offer a potentially sustainable building material
and at the same time solve the environmental problem of reducing solid waste, which is important
from an environmental point of view [15].
To improve the thermal and sound-absorbing properties and improve the microclimate in the
premises, the authors [16] on the basis of the study developed a technology for producing
organomineral concrete on the basis of natural previously unused resources (peat, straw, reeds, bark,
sawdust, etc.) with an integral structure that enables the exclusion from the impact of moisture on the
material.
Main recommendation:
1) in outer layers (thickness 30-50 mm) use 5-10 mm filler fraction;
2) in medium (50-100 mm thick) - 10-20 mm fraction;
3) in the inner layer (thickness 140-200 mm) - a fraction of 20-40 mm.
Approbation of results was carried out on a pilot site of plant of reinforced concrete products
of Kuibyshev of the Novosibirsk region, technical conditions of application of this material are
prepared and approved [16].
The authors in [17] conducted an experimental study of the strength properties of light
concrete mixtures with fine-grained foam glass and expanded clay fillers, as well as various micro-
fillers. The relations between specific compressive strength and density of concrete mixtures with
different proportions of the above light aggregates are proposed. The results of experimental studies
showed that the strength after the test for frost resistance increased by 7.9–8.8% compared to the
strength before the test. The study concluded that the mixtures can be used for the manufacture of
structural elements, which have significant requirements for durability (resistance to freezing and
thawing). The conducted researches became an additional step on the way of development of light
concrete mixes for the purpose of increase of their steady application in construction branch [17].
A theoretical review of the works of domestic and foreign scientists has shown that as
aggregates of light concrete production waste is used, so based on environmental and economic
factors, there is a need to create a single integrated system of treatment of construction waste.
The authors in [18] developed a methodology of integrated system of treatment of
construction waste with the goal of providing a resource saving, rational use of natural resources, an
introduction of completely zero waste or low-waste technologies, the organization of recycling
23
production and technical complexes and systems, the maximum possible secondary use of waste
minimizing their income on disposal in the natural environment.
The paper offers practical recommendations for the implementation of this methodology,
including:
- creation of the Federal Agency for resource conservation and waste management;
- strengthening the responsibility of state and regional Executive authorities;
- introduction of norms of administrative and civil liability for non-use of production and
technical capabilities of resource-saving, waste-free technologies;
- reduction of the tax burden and all kinds of benefits, subsidies for economic entities
implementing resource-saving, waste-free technologies, processing secondary raw materials and
waste into new quality safe products;
- implementation of a complete, reliable and objective inventory of waste generation facilities,
as well as potential processing plants, having as a goal: planning the implementation of sorting and
processing complexes;
- development of small and medium-sized businesses in this area [18].
In our opinion, the involvement of the state, science and business in solving this issue is a
necessary condition. Here the role of the state related to the implementation of the legislative and
regulatory functions, implementation of methodology of integrated system of treatment of
construction waste, the role of science in conducting fundamental research, the implementation of
scientific development, for business gain support and profit. In our opinion, the search for efficiency
criteria should take into account the importance of the functioning of the parties, as well as the
importance of achieving the goal arising from the interaction of the parties.
Partnership relations between the state, business and science are mutually beneficial, as in
cooperation production technologies are improved, additional infrastructure facilities are introduced,
new market sectors are developed, effective organizational structures and management mechanisms
are introduced. Therefore, all parties are interested in this interaction [19].
The use of production waste as porous aggregates is beneficial both economically and
environmentally, as it allows not only reducing the cost, but also for usage, conservation of land as
well as reduction of environmental pollution. Given the advantages of light concrete, their use in
construction, and the tendency to increase their share, according to experts, the XXI century will be
the century of light concrete[20].
Conclusion. Summarizing the above, we can conclude that the theoretical studies will
determine the prospects for the development of light concrete and will be the basis for the
development of small-piece wall materials made of light concrete based on composite binders and
man-made fillers. The description of this technique is beyond the scope of this article and will be
submitted to the press separately.
In modern conditions, production waste is the raw material used as aggregates in the
production of light concrete, so it is necessary to introduce the methodology of an integrated system
of treatment of construction waste. The involvement of the state in the solution of the problem is a
necessary precondition; in this work the partnership relations of the state, science and business are
proposed.
The main condition for effective interaction between the state, science and business is the
presence of common interests in this area among all its subjects.
In this paper, we have analyzed a number of theoretical studies on the application of high-
quality aggregate for lightweight concrete. In our opinion, the most optimal solution to the problem
of using efficient, environmentally friendly construction waste as a filler for lightweight concrete is
the interaction of the state, business and science to implement the methodology of the integrated
system of management of construction waste.
Concrete is by far the most versatile and widely used building material around the world, so
improving its physical properties with environmental benefits is an urgent task in the construction of
buildings and structures. Lightweight concretes are easy to operate and allow you to increase the
service life of the structure, which determines its competitiveness in the market of building materials.
24
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Abstract. The article reveals the definitions of the concept of "innovative technologies", the
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Abstract. This article provides on the study of influence micro elements stimulants on
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5 +S-4,5 111 118.1 37.9 54,2 95,3
6 +Mn-2,5 111 116.4 35.2 53,3 92,7
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42
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1. .
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5.
.

2. .., .. , , 2016, 24 ..
3. . .. . «», 1972, . 11-187.
4. .. //
. 2005. - 5. – . 18-20.
5. .. . // , 1987, 6, . 33-34.
6. .. .. – -
: , 1983, 256 .
7. .. «», 1982 6 . 17-18.
8. .., .., .. .
-. , 1987, . 60-75.
9. .. . -.: , 1985, 350 .
10. .. , . -.: - , 2005, 302
.
11. . .., . .. // . –
1984, 1.
– 1982, 2, . 27-28.
44
13. .., .. . // , 2014, 8
14. ..
-
// . . . . . ..., , 2017, 20 .
15. .., .., .. -
// , 2010, 3, .13-14
16. .., ..
// , 5,
11, 2015.
17. .., .., ..
// , 2009, 18, . 26-27
18. .., .., ..
-.: - , 2007, 213 .
19. ..
. . . . . . ..., – 2006, 20 .
20. https://propozitsiya.com/udobrenie-soi-novye-podhody.
21. http://propozitsiya.com/osobennosti-sovremennoy-sistemy-udobreniya-soi
22. agrodialog.com.ua.
23. http://propozitsiya.com/osobennosti-sovremennoy-sistemy-udobreniya-soi
24. http://www.microvit.ru/infopages.
637.146.32

« », .
,
– ..., ..
. -
10 %
,
, (4±2) º
45- . ,

,
.
, .
CREATION OF NEW SOUR CREAM BASED ON CREAM AND BUTTERMILK WITH
INCREASED BIOLOGICAL VALUE AND PRONOUNCED ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
Abstract. Antioxidant activity and redox properties of sour cream with low weight fraction of
fat 10% based on combined raw materials of cream and buttermilk obtained from oil production by
continuous downing method are investigated during storage at standard temperature mode (4±2) °
C for 45 days. It is shown that application of buttermilk in technology of low-fat sour cream
production contributes to production of product with pronounced antioxidant properties and
increased biological value due to presence of biologically active components of milk fat, natural
antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids in buttermilk.
Keywords. Sour cream, buttermilk, biological value, redox potential, antioxidant properties.

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