scientist inco

Veronica Louise Lana Piando Science Links Grade 7 St. Agatha Learning Output #1

1 | S c i e n c e L i n k s

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical

physicist. He developed the general theory of

relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics

(alongside quantum mechanics). He is best known

for his massenergy equivalence formula E = mc2

(which has been dubbed "the world's most famous

equation"). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in

Physics "for his services to theoretical physics and

especially for his discovery of the law of the

photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in

establishing quantum theory.

Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought

that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to

reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to

the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of

relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of

gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal

with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of

particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light

which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general

theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe.

He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish,

did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences.

He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he

endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of

"extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending that the U.S. begin similar

research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported

defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced the idea of using the newly discovered

nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed

the RussellEinstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was

affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. His

great intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with

genius.

With the discovery and publication in 1987 of an early correspondence between Einstein and

Mari it became known that they had a daughter they called "Lieserl" in their letters, born in



early 1902 in Novi Sad where Mari was staying with her parents. Mari returned to Switzerland

without the child, whose real name and fate are unknown. Einstein probably never saw his

daughter, and the contents of a letter he wrote to Mari in September 1903 suggest that she was

either adopted or died of scarlet fever in infancy. Einstein, looking relaxed and holding a pipe,

stands next to a smiling, well-dressed Elsa who is wearing a fancy hat and fur wrap. She is

looking at him.

Elsa Einstein with her husband. Einstein and Mari married in January 1903. In May 1904, the

couple's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son,

Eduard, was born in Zurich in July 1910. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin, while his wife

remained in Zurich with their sons. They divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for

five years.

Einstein married Elsa Lwenthal on 2 June 1919, after having had a relationship with her since

1912. She was his first cousin maternally and his second cousin paternally. In 1933, they

immigrated to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and kidney

problems and died in December 1936.

Awards and Prizes

1919 University of Rostock Honorary doctorate

1921 Princeton University Honorary doctorate

1922 Nobel Foundation, Stockholm Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 1921

1923 University of Madrid Honorary doctorate

1923 Order "Pour le mrite" Admission to the order

1923 Genootschap ter Bevordering van Natuur Genees- en Heelkunde Genootschaps Medal

1925 Royal Society of London Copley Medal

1926 Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal

1929 German Physical Society Max-Planck-Medal

1930 ETH (Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule) Honorary doctorate

1931 Oxford University Honorary doctorate

1934 Yeshiva College, New York Honorary doctorate

1935 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia Benjamin Franklin Medal

1935 Harvard University Honorary doctorate



ISAAC NEWTON

Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician

(described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is

widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all

time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book

Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical

Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid

the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton also made

seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Gottfried

Leibniz for the invention of calculus.

Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal

gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of the physical

universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of

planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity,

and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the

precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the

validity of the heliocentric model of the cosmos. This work also demonstrated that the motion of

objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. His prediction

that the Earth should be shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by the measurements

of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, which helped convince most Continental European

scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes.

Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on

the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible

spectrum. He formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and introduced

the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton

contributed to the study of power series, generalized the binomial theorem to non-integer

exponents, and developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function.

Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the

University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a

member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of

England, perhaps because he privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Beyond his work on

the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of biblical

chronology and alchemy, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long

after his death. In his later life, Newton became president of the Royal Society. He also served

the British government as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint.

In 1666, Newton observed that the spectrum of colours exiting a prism is oblong, even when the

light ray entering the prism is circular, which is to say, the prism refracts different colours by



different angles. This led him to conclude that color is a property

intrinsic to lighta point which had been debated in prior years.

From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics.[36] During this

period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that

the multicolored spectrum produced by a prism could be

recomposed into white light by a lens and a second prism.[37]

Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis and

resynthesis of white light owes a debt to corpuscular alchemy.[38]

He also showed that colored light does not change its properties by separating out a colored

beam and shining it on various objects. Newton noted that regardless of whether it was reflected,

scattered, or transmitted, it remained the same color. Thus, he observed

that color is the result of objects interacting with already-colored light

rather than objects generating the color themselves. This is known as

Newton's theory of colour.

From this work, he concluded that the lens of any refracting telescope

would suffer from the dispersion of light into colours (chromatic aberration). As a proof of the

concept, he constructed a telescope using a mirror as the objective to bypass that problem.

Building the design, the first known functional reflecting telescope, today known as a Newtonian

telescope, involved solving the problem of a suitable mirror material and shaping technique.

Newton ground his own mirrors out of a custom composition of highly reflective speculum

metal, using Newton's rings to judge the quality of the optics for his telescopes. In late 1668 he

was able to produce this first reflecting telescope. In 1671, the Royal Society asked for a

demonstration of his reflecting telescope. Their interest encouraged him to publish his notes, On

Colour, which he later expanded into the work Opticks. When Robert Hooke criticised some of

Newton's ideas, Newton was so offended that he withdrew from public debate. Newton and

Hooke had brief exchanges in 167980, when Hooke, appointed to manage the Royal Society's

correspondence, opened up a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to

Royal Society transactions, which had the effect of stimulating Newton to work out a proof that

the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional

to the square of the radius vector (see Newton's law of universal gravitation History and De

motu corporum in gyrum). But the two men remained generally on poor terms until Hooke's

death.

Notable Honors

* Newton became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in October 1669.

*He was appointed as the Fellow of the Royal Society of London on January 11, 1672.

* On February 3, 1700 Newton accepted the Master of the Mint position and...



*On November 30, 1703, he accepted the chair of the President of Royal Society.

*He was knighted on April 16, 1705 by Queen Anne in Cambridge, which earned him the title

Sir. He was honored knighthood not for his scientific achievements, but for his dedicated

service for the Mint and for his political activities.



THOMAS ALVA EDISON

Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and

businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced

life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion

picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he was one of the first

inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-

scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that,

he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial

research laboratory.

Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his

name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France,

and Germany. More significant than the number of Edison's

patents was the widespread impact of his inventions: electric light and power utilities, sound

recording, and motion pictures all established major new industries world-wide. Edison's

inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These

included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power,

recorded music and motion pictures.

His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a telegraph operator.

Edison developed a system of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, businesses,

and factories a crucial development in the modern industrialized world. His first power station

was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York.

Award:

Congressional Gold medal

The Rumford Prize

Chevalier of the legion of honor of France

Commander of the legion of honor of France

The Albert Medal of the society of Arts of Great



JAMES CLERK MAXWELL

James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish mathematical physicist.

His most prominent achievement was to formulate a set of

equations that describe electricity, magnetism, and optics as

manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely, the

electromagnetic field. Maxwell's achievements concerning

electromagnetism have been called the "second great

unification in physics" after the first one realized by Isaac

Newton.

With the publication of A Dynamical Theory of the

Electromagnetic Field in 1865, Maxwell demonstrated that

electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves

moving at the speed of light. Maxwell proposed that light is in

fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of

electric and magnetic phenomena. The unification of light and

electrical phenomena led to the prediction of the existence of radio waves.

Maxwell helped develop the MaxwellBoltzmann distribution, a statistical means of describing

aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. He is also known for

presenting the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and for

his foundational work on analysing the rigidity of rod-and-

joint frameworks (trusses) like those in many bridges.

His discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics,

laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and

quantum mechanics. Many physicists regard Maxwell as the

19th-century scientist having the greatest influence on 20th-

century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same

magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. In the millennium polla survey of the

100 most prominent physicistsMaxwell was voted the third greatest physicist of all time,

behind only Newton and Einstein. On the centenary of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein himself

described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has

experienced since the time of Newton".

Maxwell contributed to the field of optics and the study of colour vision, creating the foundation

for practical colour photography. From 1855 to 1872, he published at intervals a series of

valuable investigations concerning the perception of colour, colour-blindness, and colour theory,

being awarded the Rumford Medal for On the Theory of Colour Vision.

During an 1861 Royal Institution lecture on colour theory, Maxwell presented the world's first

demonstration of colour photography by this principle of three-colour analysis and synthesis.



Thomas Sutton, inventor of the single-lens reflex camera, did the actual picture-taking. He

photographed a tartan ribbon three times, through red, green, and blue filters, as well as a fourth

exposure through a yellow filter, but according to Maxwell's account this was not used in the

demonstration. Because Sutton's photographic plates were in fact insensitive to red and barely

sensitive to green, the results of this pioneering experiment were far from perfect. It was

remarked in the published account of the lecture that "if the red and green images had been as

fully photographed as the blue," it "would have been a truly-coloured image of the riband. By

finding photographic materials more sensitive to the less refrangible rays, the representation of

the colours of objects might be greatly improved." Researchers in 1961 concluded that the

seemingly impossible partial success of the red-filtered exposure was due to ultraviolet light.

Some red dyes strongly reflect it, the red filter used does not entirely block it, and Sutton's plates

were sensitive to it.

Awards:

1854 Trinity College, Cambridge - 2nd Wrangler and First Smith's Prize

1856 Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

1857 Adams Prize

1860 Rumford Medal of Royal Society

1861 FRS

1870 LL.D. University of Edinburgh

Keith Prize, Royal Society of Edinburgh

1871 Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge University

1874 Foreign Honorary Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston

Member of American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia

1875 Corresponding Member of Royal Society of Sciences of Gottingen

1876 DCL, Oxford University

Hon. Member, New York Academy of Science

1877

Member of Royal Academy of Science of Amsterdam

Foreign Corresponding Member in the Mathematico-Natural-Science Class of the

Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna

1878 Volta Medal, Doctor of Physical Science, honoris causa, in University of Padua



CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN

Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist,

best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He

established that all species of life have descended over time

from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred

Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this

branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he

called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has

a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective

breeding.

Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling

evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species,

overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of

transmutation of species. By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public

had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favored competing explanations and it was not

until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a

broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In

modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences,

explaining the diversity of life.

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of

Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of

Cambridge (Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage

on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories

supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made

him famous as a popular author.

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage,

Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection.[

Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research

and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel

Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication

of both of their theories. Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as

the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.In 1871 he examined human

evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed

by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. His research on plants was published in

a series of books, and in his final book, he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.



Darwin became internationally famous, and his pre-eminence as a scientist was honored by

burial in Westminster Abbey. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in

human history.

Biography

Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, on 12 February 1809 at

his family home, The Mount. He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and

financier Robert Darwin, and Susannah Darwin (ne Wedgwood). He was the grandson of two

prominent abolitionists: Erasmus Darwin on his father's side, and of Josiah Wedgwood on his

mother's side.

Both families were largely Unitarian, though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism.

Robert Darwin, himself quietly a freethinker, had baby Charles baptized in November 1809 in

the Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury, but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian

chapel with their mother. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for natural history and

collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. That July, his mother died.

From September 1818 he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican

Shrewsbury School as a boarder.

Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor of

Shropshire, before going to the University of Edinburgh Medical School, at the time the best

medical school in the UK, with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. He found lectures dull and

surgery distressing, so neglected his studies. He learned taxidermy from John Edmonton, a freed

black slave who had accompanied Charles Water ton in the South American rainforest, and often

sat with this "very pleasant and intelligent man".

In Darwin's second year he joined the Plinian Society, a student natural history group whose

debates strayed into radical materialism. He assisted Robert Edmond Grant's investigations of the

anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth, and on 27 March 1827

presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs

of a skate leech. One day, Grant praised Lamarck's evolutionary ideas. Darwin was astonished by

Grant's audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus' journals. Darwin

was rather bored by Robert Jameson's natural history course which covered geology including

the debate between Neptunium and Platonism. He learned classification of plants, and assisted

with work on the collections of the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe at

the time. This neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christ's

College, Cambridge, for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an

Anglican parson. As Darwin was unqualified for the Tripods, he joined the ordinary degree

course in January 1828. He preferred riding and shooting to studying. His cousin William

Darwin Fox introduced him to the popular craze for beetle collecting; Darwin pursued this

zealously, getting some of his finds published in Stevens' Illustrations of British entomology. He



became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Hen slow and met other

leading naturalists who saw scientific work as religious natural theology, becoming known to

these dons as "the man who walks with Hens low". When his own exams drew near, Darwin

focused on his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paley's Evidences

of Christianity. In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming tenth out of

178 candidates for the ordinary degree.

Awards

He won include the The Royal Medal also known as the Queen's Medal (1853). It is awarded to

the two most important contributions to the advancement of Natural Knowledge. The Wollaston

Medal is a scientific award for geology (1859). The Copley Medal was awarded to Charles for

his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology (1864).



ANTONY PHILIPS VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Antony Philips van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch tradesman and

scientist. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology",

and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for

his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his

contributions towards the establishment of microbiology.

Raised in Delft, Netherlands, Leeuwenhoek worked as a draper in

his youth, and founded his own shop in 1654. He made a name for

himself in municipal politics, and eventually developed an interest

in lensmaking. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the

first to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he

originally referred to as animalcules, and which are now referred

to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers,

bacteria, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Leeuwenhoek did not

author any books; his discoveries came to light through correspondence with the Royal Society,

which published his letters.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Holland, on October 24, 1632. Christened Thonis,

he is believed to be of Dutch ancestry: his father, Philips Antony van Leeuwenhoek, was a basket

maker who died when Antony was five years old. His mother, Margaretha (Bel van den Berch),

came from a well-to-do brewer's family, and married Jacbon Jansz Molijn, a painter, after

Philips' death. Antony had four older sisters, Margriete, Geertruyt, Neeltge, and Catharina. Little

is known of his early life; he attended school near Leyden for a short time before being sent to

live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney and town clerk. He became an apprentice at a

linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam at the age of 16.

He married Barbara de Mey in July 1654, with whom he would have one surviving daughter,

Maria (four other children died in infancy). That year he returned to Delft, where he would live

and study for the rest of his life. He opened a draper's shop, which he ran throughout the 1650s.

Barbara died in 1666, and in 1671 Leeuwenhoek married Cornelia Swalmius, with whom he had

no surviving children. His status in Delft grew throughout the following years, although he

would remain an obscure figure outside of the city. He received a lucrative municipal title as

chamberlain for the Delft sheriffs' assembly chamber in 1660, a position which he would hold

for almost 40 years. In 1669 he was named a surveyor by the Court of Holland; later he would

become municipal wine-gauger in charge of the citys wine imports.

Microscopic study

While running his draper's shop, Leeuwenhoek began to develop an interest in lensmaking,

although few records exist of his early activity. Leeuwenhoek's interest in microscopes and a

familiarity with glass processing led to one of the most significant, and simultaneously well-



hidden, technical insights in the history of science. By placing the middle of a

small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, Leeuwenhoek could pull the hot

section apart to create two long whiskers of glass. Then, by reinserting the end

of one whisker into the flame, he could create a very small, high-quality glass

sphere. These spheres became the lenses of his microscopes, with the smallest

spheres providing the highest magnifications.

Leeuwenhoeks Microscope

The microscopes were relatively small devices, the

biggest being about 5 cm long. They are used by

placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while

looking in direction of the sun. The other side of

the microscope had a pin, where the sample was

attached in order to stay close to the lens. There

were also three screws that allowed to move the

pin, and the sample, along three axes: one axis to

change the focus, and the two other axes to

navigate through the sample.

Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of

microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his

most critical secret of how he created lenses. For many years no-one was

able to reconstruct Leeuwenhoek's design techniques. However, in 1957

C.L. Strong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and

successfully created some working samples of a Leeuwenhoek design

microscope.[21] Such a method was also discovered independently by A.

Molotov and A. Belk in at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute.

Awards

He was recognized by the English Royal Society and published in their journal Philosophical

Transactions (which by the way is the world's oldest continually published scientific journal).

This was an honour bestowed on only a few foreign members.



MARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE

Maria Skodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and

youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisawa, ne Boguska, and Wadysaw Skodowski. Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born 1862), Jzef (1863), Bronisawa (1865) and Helena (1866).

Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist of Polish

upbringing and, subsequently, French citizenship. She was a

pioneer in the field of radioactivity, the first person honored

with two Nobel Prizes, and the first female professor at the

University of Paris.

Her achievements include the creation of a theory of

radioactivity (a term coined by her), techniques for isolating

radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new elements,

polonium and radium. It was also under her personal direction that the world's first studies were

conducted into the treatment of neoplasms ("cancers"), using radioactive isotopes.

While an actively loyal French citizen, she never lost her sense of Polish identity. She named the

first new chemical element that she discovered (1898) "polonium" for her native country, and in

1932 she founded a Radium Institute in her home town Warsaw, headed by her physician-sister

Bronislawa.

In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in

their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not

depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself.

Becquerel had in fact discovered radioactivity. Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a

possible field of research for a thesis. She used a clever technique to investigate samples.

Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had invented the electrometer, a device for

measuring extremely low electrical currents. Using the Curie electrometer, she discovered that

uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity. Her first result, using this

technique, was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the

amount of uranium present. She had shown that the radiation was not the outcome of some

interaction between molecules but must come from the atom itself. In scientific terms, this was

the most important single piece of work that she carried out.

Marie's systematic studies had included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite. Her

electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite

twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the amount of uranium to its

activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small amounts of some other

substance far more active than uranium itself.



LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ

Doctor Lourdes Cruz has made scientific contributions to the

biochemistry field of conotoxins, in particular the toxins of the

venom of the marine snail Conus geographus. Lourdes Cruz

documented the biochemical characterization of the

homologous highly toxic monomeric peptides with internal

disulfide bonds including: Conotoxin GI, Conotoxin GIA and

Conotoxin GII. Lourdes Cruz has helped develop conotoxins

for the purpose biochemical probes for examining the activities

of the human brain.

Lourdes Cruz has published over one hundred and twenty papers in her field of study.

Lourdes Cruz - Degrees:

B.S. Chemistry, University of the Philippines, 1962

M.S. Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 1966

Ph.D. Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 1968

Lourdes Cruz - Awards:

NAST Outstanding Young Scientist Award 1981

NRCP Achievement Award in Chemistry 1982

Outstanding Women in the Nation's Service Award (Biochemistry) 1986

National Scientist 2008

Rural Livelihood Incubator:

Lourdes Cruz established the Rural Livelihood Incubator in 2001. The program offers

jobs and training in an effort to decrease poverty for rural Filipinos.

Research and Contributions

Dr. Lourdes Cruz has published over 120 scientific papers, and has contributed greatly to the

understanding of the biochemistry of toxic peptides gathered from the venom of fish-hunting

Conus marine snails. Her studies contributed to the characterization of over 50 biologically

active peptides, which were later used as biochemical probes for examining the activities of the

human brain.

In 2001, she established the Rural Livelihood Incubator, a program which aimed to alleviate

poverty and socio-political instability in the rural areas by giving job and livelihood

opportunities to their people.



JULIAN BANZON

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of

producing alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented

with the production of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and

coconut, and invented a means of extracting residual coconut

oil by a chemical process rather than a physical process.

Julian Banzon - Degrees:

BS in Chemistry from the University of the

Philippines - 1930

Ph.D. in Biophysical Chemistry from Iowa State

University - 1940

Julian Banzon - Awards:

1980: Distinguished Service Award - Integrated Chemist of the Philippines, Inc.

1978: Chemist of the Year Award - Professional Regulation Commission

1976: Philsugin Award - Crop Society of the Philippines

Dr. Banzon has done a great deal of work on local materials especially coconut as the renewable

source of chemicals and fuels. His work on the production of ethyl esters from sugarcane and

coconut is the first study on fuels from these crops. He also devised some novel processes

noteworthy among these is the extraction of residual coconut oil by chemical, rather than by

physical processes.

For these and many more significant works, Dr. Banzon has been accorded honors and

citations notably: Distinguished Service Award, Integrated Chemist of the Philippines, Inc.

(1980), Chemist of the Year Award, Professional Regulation Commission (1978) and the

PHILSUGIN Award for research, Crop Society of the Philippines, 1976.



ANGEL ALCALA

Angel Alcal has more than thirty years of experience in

tropical marine resource conservationa. Angel Alcala is

considered a world class authority in ecology and

biogeography of amphibians and reptiles, and is behind the

invention of artifical coral reefs to be used for fisheries in

Southeast Asia. Angel Alcala is the Director of the Angelo

King Center for Research and Environmental Management.

Angel Alcala - Degrees:

Undergraduate degree Silliman University

Ph.D. Stanford University

Angel Alcala - Awards:

1994 - The Field Museum Founders' Council Award of Merit for contributions to

environmental biology

Magsaysay Award for Public Service

Pew Fellowship in Marine Conservation

Work with Philippine Amphibians & Reptiles:

Angel Alcala has done the most comprehensive studies on Philippine amphibians and reptiles,

and minor studies on birds and mammals. His research done between 1954 to 1999 lead to the

addition of fifty new species of amphibians and reptiles.



BALDOMERO OLIVERA

Baldomero Olivera (born 1941) is a Filipino American

chemist known for discovery of many cone snail toxins

important for neuroscience. These molecules, called

conotoxins led to a breakthrough in the study of ion channels

and neuro-muscular synapses. He discovered and first

characterized E. coli DNA ligase, a key enzyme of genetic

engineering and recombinant DNA technology.

Olivera graduated from the University of the Philippines in

1960. He got a PhD from the California Institute of

Technology (1966) in Biophysical Chemistry, followed by

postdoctoral work at Stanford University from 1966-1968. In

1970, he moved to the University of Utah, where he is now a

Distinguished Professor of Biology. His laboratory's discovery

was featured on the cover of the international scientific journal Science in 1990. He was Harvard

2007 "Scientist of the Year". He is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor, has been

elected into the Institute of Medicine and the American Philosophical Society, and became an

Elected Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2009.

His impressive research on both DNA biophysics and conotoxins has enabled Dr. Olivera to

serve as an editorial board member of various scientific publications. He served as a member of

the editorial board of the Journal of Biological Chemistry from 1982 to 1987, the Journal of

Toxinology Toxin Reviews from 1990 to 1993, and Toxicon from 2000 until the present. In addition, he was a member of the review committee of the journal Cellular and Molecular Basis

of Disease from 1982 to 1986. Dr Olivera has also served as a committee member of various

institutions. He was a member of the Visiting Committee of the Department of Molecular

Biology and Biochemistry of Harvard University from 1988 to 1995, the Advisory Committee to

the Director of the National Institutes of Health from 1996 to 1999, the Toxicology Advisory

Committee of the Burroughs-Wellcome Foundation from 1999 to 2001, and has been a member

of the Searle Scholars Advisory Board since 2007.

On July 9, 2007, UP honored Olivera, for his research on neuropharmacology using the venom

of conesnails (carnivorous, predatory marine snails which thrive in tropical and subtropical

habitats). UP President Dr. Emerlinda Roman said Oliveras award "brings honor" not only to the UP community but to the whole country as well. Roman and UP Chancellor Sergio Cao

awarded Olivera for his outstanding research in the field of marine drug discovery.



DR. RAYMUNDO S. PUNONGBAYAN

Dr. Raymundo Santiago Punongbayan (13 June 1937 28 April

2005) was the former director of the Philippine Institute of

Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) . He served from 1983

to 2002. Punongbayan became popular after handling two well-

known calamities, the July 16, 1990, Luzon earthquake and the 1991

Pinatubo eruption. PHIVOLCS is the government agency in charge

of conducting volcanic and earthquake monitoring in order to

generate data that could be used to predict volcanic eruptions and

earthquake occurrences.

Education

Raymundo Punongbayan studied his secondary education at Tondo's known school. Florentino

Torres High School was his second home. Punongbayan graduated from the University of the

Philippines (Diliman) in 1960 with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Geology. He finished his

Ph.D. in geology from University of Colorado in 1972.

Professional and Family Life

A prominent scientist in the global community, Punongbayan was considered an authority in the

fields of volcanology and seismology.

He was extremely accomplished: a licensed geologist, professor, consultant, public servant and

author of many scientific papers. Author of more than 50 books, organizer and participant in

dozens of international conventions for prevention and research of natural hazards, Punongbayan

was an authority in volcanology, geology, disaster preparedness and seismology, he conducted

research on various branches of geophysics.

Punongbayan was also a governor of the Philippine National Red Cross, a member of the task

force of the Development of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Prevention Master Plan for the

Asia-Pacific Region, and national focal person of the Asean Coast subcommittee on meteorology

and geophysics.

Punongbayans close monitoring of the volcano, and radio and information campaign to apprise persons in the affected towns of Mt. Pinatubos impending eruption saved thousands of lives in 1991.

Punongbayan was also a father to four children.



Death

At the time of his death, he was serving as a member of the Philippine National Red Cross Board

of Governors. Shortly after noon on April 28, 2005, Punongbayan and eight others died in a

helicopter crash at Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija. With Punongbayan in the Philippine Air Force (PAF)

Huey helicopter (with tail number 324) were four staff members of Philippine Institute of

Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) and four Air Force crew members. They were on a

mission to assess the place as part of the disaster preparedness operations program of the

government. They were also looking for possible resettlement for people displaced by flash

floods and landslides.

Recognition

In April of 2003 Punongbayan was awarded the Sergey Soloviev Medal of 2003 by the European

Geophysical Society for his exceptional research and assessment of natural hazards. He had been

only the fifth scientist to receive this prestigious award. Established by the Interdisciplinary

Working Group on Natural Hazards in recognition of seismology and tsunami research expert

Sergey Solovievs achievements, the medal is given to scientists who have made special contributions to the proper assessment and mitigation of hazards for the protection of human life

and socioeconomic systems. Soloviev gained worldwide recognition as an authority in these

fields and was a courageous advocate of the principles of international cooperation.

He received two presidential awards in 1992 and 1996, the Pagasa Award for Public Service in

1994, the Unit Award for Excellence of Service granted by the United States Department of the

Interior in 1991, and the United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction in 2001.



PAULO C. CAMPOS

Paulo C. Campos (July 7, 1921 June 2, 2007) was a Filipino

physician and educator noted for his promotion of wider

community health care and his achievements in the field of

nuclear medicine for which he was dubbed as "The Father of

Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines". The first president of the

National Academy of Science and Technology, he was conferred

the rank and title of National Scientist of the Philippines in 1988.

Contributions to medicine

Throughout the 1950s, Campos would pursue graduate studies in the United States; particularly

at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and at the

Medical Division of the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies. He developed an interest in

nuclear medicine while at Johns Hopkins, and completed a training course on the field at Oak

Ridge. Two years after his return to the Philippines in 1958, he was named as the head of the

Department of Medicine of the University of the Philippines, and concurrently, the head of the

department's Research Laboratories.

As head of the Department of Medicine, Campos established the first Medical Research

Laboratory in the Philippines at the U.P. College of Medicine. The facility, considered as the

country's premier research laboratory in the 1960s, furthered research in fields such as

epidemiology, physiology and biology.

Nuclear medicine

Campos initiated the construction of the first radioisotope laboratory in the Philippines. With

funding provided by the International Atomic Energy Authority and other Philippine institutions,

the laboratory was established at the Philippine General Hospital. As a result, it was made

possible for the first time in the country to conduct such procedures as the basal metabolism test

and radioactive iodine therapy At the clinic, and with funding from the IAEA and later, the

World Health Organization, Campos conducted considerable research on goiter, a common

medical problem in the Philippines. His team first suggested the injection of iodized oil (see

poppyseed oil) to goiter patients, a treatment later advocated by the WHO.

Through the thyroid clinic, Campos likewise pursued research on whether there was a genetic

factor that contributed to endemic goiter. His findings, as contained in a paper that he published

in 1961, proposed that the iodine intake deficiency thought to be the main cause of goiter was

just one of the triggering factors of the disease, and that physiology and anatomy proved to be



more important considerations as some people were born without the enzyme necessary to take

in trace elements such as iodine even if it were present in food and water.

Community medical outreach

As Chairman of the Department of Medicine, Campos began the practice of fielding medical

interns for community service in Los Baos, Laguna for one month a year. In 1963, the program

was institutionalized through the organization of the Comprehensive Community Health

Program (CCHP), pursuant to an agreement between the University of the Philippines and the

Department of Health. The CCHP, which was based in Bay, Laguna, served as a community

health center that serviced several towns in Laguna. Until its closure in 1989, it became the

community laboratory of the UP College of Medicine, and it was there that Campos conducted

testing on the use of iodized oil for the treatment of goiter.

Campos also founded a hospital in Ermita, Manila, the Medical Center Manila, where he

executed several of his ideas relative to health care in urbanized centers.

Educator

In addition to his service at the University of the Philippines, Campos was also affiliated with the

Emilio Aguinaldo College of Medicine, which he and his family also managed. Appointed as the

President of the College in 1973, he oversaw the establishment in 1977 of a second campus in

Dasmarias, Cavite. The ownership and management of the Dasmarias campus was sold by the

Campos family in 1987 to the De La Salle University, which integrated it into the La Salle

system as what is now known as the De La Salle University-Dasmarias. The Campos family

retained control over the Manila campus of what is now the Emilio Aguinaldo College, a partner-

institution of the Medical Center Manila.

Despite his involvement with the Emilio Aguinaldo College, Campos maintained his ties with

the University of the Philippines. He was named Professor Emeritus of the university and

appointed a member of its Board of Regents in 1994.



ANACLETO DEL ROSARIO

Filipino chemist, Anacleto Del Rosario won the first price at the

World Fair in Paris in 1881 for his formula for producing a pure

kind of alcohol from tuba of a nipa palm. His research also led to

the extraction of castor oil from a native plant called palma christi.

He was a leading Filipino chemist during the Spanish Period and

was considered the Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory.

His formula for the production of a pure kind of alcohol from tuba

of a nipa palm won for him the first prize at the World Fair in

Paris in 1881. He extracted castor ois from a native plant called

palma christi.

Date of Birth: July 13, 1860

Place of Birth: Santa Cruz, Manila

Date of Death: May 2, 1895

Del Rosario is considered the Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory.

Resources:

http://inventors.about.com/od/filipinoscientists/p/AnacletoDelRosario.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacleto_del_Rosario

http://www.einstein-website.de/z_information/honours.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

http://www.ask.com/question/what-awards-did-thomas-edison-receive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell

http://www.victorianweb.org/science/maxwell/degrees.html

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Did_Charles_Darwin_win_any_awards_medals_honors_or_prizes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Leeuwenhoek

http://inventors.about.com/od/filipinoscientists/p/Lourdes_Cruz.htm

http://inventors.about.com/od/filipinoscientists/p/Julian_Banzon.htm

http://www.slideshare.net/treboj/filipino-scientists

http://inventors.about.com/od/filipinoscientists/p/Angel_Alcala.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldomero_Olivera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymundo_Punongbayan

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