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TITLE

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PEPORT NOPUB DATENOTEAMIABLE IPPON

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!DPS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

DOCUMENT RESUME

SE 035 278

Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians in PrivateIndustry: 1978-80. Special Peport.Bureau of Labor Statistics (DOLI, Washington, D.C.:National. NIcience Foundation, Washington, D.C. Div. ofScience RdSources Studies.NSF -90 -320Oct 8034p.Superintendent of Dqbusents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402 (no price quoted,.

NF01 /PCO2 Plus Postage.College science: Employment Patterns: *EmploymentStatistics: Engineering Education: *EngineeringTechnicians : ,* Engineers: Government Publications:Higher Education: *Industrial Personnel: Industry:Science Education: *Scientists

ABSTRACTThis publication provides data on scientific and

;engineering (S/E1 personnel employed in private industry, whichemploys about 75 percent of the total work force and over 60 percentof the *cork force of scientists and engineers. Information on the

.supFlvw, graining: employment, and other personal and professionalcharacteristics of S/E personnel is provided, by detailed .

occupational field and industry. (CS)

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!************************4t*******************************************p**Oeproductions supplied by ERRS are the best that can be made

, from the otiginal document.*********-***************************1**********************************

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FOREW RD

The Nation's scientific and technical human resources represent prime as-sets in achieving a high degree of social and cultural development, economicgrowTh, technological advancement., and national security. Whereveremployedindustry, universities and colleges, government facilities, or non-profit organizations scientific and engineering (S/E),personnel have pro-duced impacts disproportionately greater than their numbers.

-i'In continuing recognition of the vital role played b, this resource,, the Na-

t tional Science Foundation (NSF) has attempted to ensure.a flaw of data on thesupply./ training, employment, and other personal and professional charac-teristics of scientists and engineers to governrrit, industry, educators, andthe general public. One major gap in the developmeniof employment data haseen the lack of detailed emplOyment statistics forIcientists, engineers, and

technicians in private industry. This sector employs about 75 percent of the/ total work force and over 60 percent of the work fprce of scientists and en-

gineers. Information about the dynamics of this sector (erg.. changes in indus-trial composition and within industries, changes, in the'occupational dis-tributions of employed workers) is necessary to erovide an understanding ofutilization. patterns of scientific and technical personnel. Such informationalso aids in human resour s analysis and planning, siWce it. provides bench-marks for projecting future ccupational requirements. These requirements, inturn, influence the decisions of edecational planners, employers,, and indi-viduals making career plans:. .- , .

This report presents the findings of employmentstudies based on data fromsurveys conducted by the 'Bureau of Labor Statistics, for IsiSF,,,it encompasses,for the first time, comprehensive and up-to-date, employment'estimates of sci-entists, engineers, and technicians by detailed occupationakfield and industry.

'Charles E. FolkDirector, Division 9f Science

Resources StudieS7Directorate for Scientific.,

Technological, and InternationalAffair's , ...-di 4

October 1980

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acknowledgments

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This report reflects the joint efforts of the National Science Foundation'sDivision of Science Resources Studies and the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Divi-sion of Periodic Employment Statistics Programs, The Bureau of Labor Statis-tics' staff members who participated in the data collection and estimation wereElli Abramson Brian MacDonald,, and Tom Shirk.

Within the National Science Foundation, Joseph Cangialosi was responsiblefor the analysis of the statistical material developed by the Bureau of LaborStatistics and preparation of the final report, under the general direction ofJoel L, Berries, Study Director., Utilization Studies Group, with overall guid-ance by Alan Fechter, Head, Scientific and Technical Personnel Studies Sec-tion.

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Highlights .IntroductionTrends in S/E Employment in Private Industry ...... ....Employment by Industry .

Concentration and Technological Intensity . ,. ...........Employmiant by Occupation .

'Appendixes:A. Technical NotesB. Statistical Table& .

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highlights

rScienc nd engineering (SIE) employment in privateindustry remained virtually unchapged 'between 1970and 1980-2.1 million. A long-rurrdecline in SIE em-ployment in manufacturing industries was counteredby steady growth of SIE employment in nonmanufac-turing, industries. Between 1978 and 1980., gowever,employment in manufacturing increased slightly. 4

Emplciyment of scientists, engineers and techniciansin private induitry is concentrated in relatively few in-dustries. Among the 17 industries surveyed, 4 ac-counted for over one-half of the scientist., engineer,and technician (SE&T) employment: miscellaneousservices (primarily engineering and architecturalservices), electrical equipment manufacturing,machinery manufacturing, and business services (in-cluding commercial computer Service firms).

Reflecting more general tendenciei toward a serviceeconomy, recent employment growth was more rapidin nonmanutacturing industries. Nonmanufacturing in-

,: dustries account for 41 percent of SE&T employmentin 1980, but accounted for 60 percent of the SE&Temploym nt growth between 1978 and 1980.

Projec ns through the eighties suggest, that non-ma acturing activity will continue to grow at a morerapid rate than manufacturing activity. The majorbeneficiaries of these projected industrial trends areexpected to be civil. engineers, computer specialists,geologists, and geophysicists.'

Technologically intensive industries can be identified.by the concentration of employment of scientisTs and

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engineers relaWe to an industry's total employmenOn this basis, the most technologically intensive non-,manufacturing industry is the miscellaneous servicesindustry. This industry includes firms providing en -'gineering,' architectural, and Surveying services. intmanufacturing, the most technologically intensive 41-dustries are petroleum refining and chemical and re-lated products, ,

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Within manufacturing, the -largest engineering spe-cialties were 'electricatftronic and rriecharucal engineering, reflecting the elative irnportance of theelectrical equipment and machinery- industries. Civilengineers were the largest engineering specialty innonmanufacturing, reflecting the importance of theeggineenng and architectural services industry.... ,

Chemiits were by far predominant among scientistS in'the.manufacturing industries and computer specialistsin the nonmanufaciuring industries. .

tOf the 2.1 million industrial Stientists, engineers, andtechnicians in 1980.:almostepne-half were technicians.Of the' remaining 1.1 'million most (about 80 percent)were engin rs.

* The ratio of sci ntists and engineerk to technicians is

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. an index of the "skill-intensity" of SE&T employment.This index varied widely among indUstries. On.,aver-age, manufactunnd4industries tend to be more skillintensive than rK;nmanuficturing industries (1.25 vs:0.92). Within these broad sets of industries, the index

.exceeded 2.0 in transportation equipnrintccrude pe-troleum and natural gas extraction, and petroleum re-fining. Ilk

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A relative shift Of.resources.out of primary activities., such as agriculture ,andmining, into tertiary activities, such as services, has been occurring in theUnited

I States and in other advanced industrial societies for a considerable period of time.This shift reflects such factors as changes in consumer demand, govetnment pol-icy, patterns of foreign trade and technology. These changes also affect the em-ployment demand for scientific-and technical personnel and can result in redis- ,tribution of this demand by field, degree level, and type of work activity. Since alarge proportion of the Nation's scientific and technical activities are 'undertakenby private industry, information on these activities in this sector of the economy is ':useful and important. The National Sbience Foundation has been supporting thecollection of data on the employment of scientists, engineers, and technicians in.industry by supplementing and using the Occupational Emppymenf Survey con -'ducted regularly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. .

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This report summarizes 1980 employment patterns and recent and expectedtrends In the industrial and occupational distribution of scientists, engineers, andtechnicians. The report explores pattern implicatidris for future demands .for dci-entific and technical personnel in various occupations, Results are limited to themanufacturing sector and largely to nonregulated 'industries in the nonmanufac-turing sector (i.e., they exclude wholesale and retail trade, transportation, com-munications, and public utilities):

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s,tre in sie employiment in privateindustry

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The long-run trend in employmentof scienlista and engineers I in pri.vate industry has been flat Over the1970-90 period: 1.1 million inJanuary 1980,comPard`to 1.0 millionin 1970. Within the private iiiidustrysector, however,*-two distinct trendsare apparent. In the Manufacturingsector, the long-run trend has shownsome decline but An noemanufac-

. 1'luring, it' has shown steady, growthchart 1). Between 1970 and 1980,manufacturing employment of scien-fists:and engineers fell at an averagerate of about 1 perent per year until197.8, with a small recovery bet we+)

1978 and:1980 of 4 percent. Within.manufacturing, most of the 1978-65'

is growth was -accounted for by threeindustrieselectrical equipment:.machinery., and professional and sci-entific instrurnents. Growth in thenonmanufacturing sector'. hoWever,has been continuous over the1970-8(rperiod incieasing kom

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316.000 in 1970 to 413.000 or almost3 percent per year. Between 1978 and1980 estimated growth in non-. Itmanufacturing was over 9 percent;In nonmanufacturing, most of thegrowth occurred in miscellaneousservices, business services, and crudepetroleum and natural gas extraction(chart 2). It

Because of the lack of growth inmanufacturing between 1970 and1980.'eRployrnent in nonmanufac-turing rose from 30 percent of totalprivate industry SIE employment in1970 to 31 percent by 1980,

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ghat 1. employsioset al 01111116 hill .sagirres in,pdvatiOladvsky

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...By occupation. scientist employ-.

ment increased at an average annualroe of about 4.7_percent oy.,,er the1970-80 decade, while engineeringemployment increased at an averageannual 'rate of 2.2 percent..However,over the 1978-80 period, employ-ment of scientists and engineers in-creased at roughly similar rates,about S percent per year.

' 1 he 1970 estimates are from 1J S Department ofLabor. Bureau of Labor Statisttes. Emploment ofS(tetiftsts and kngtneers 14511-70 H401111n 1.98fiWaShInglOn, DC. Supt of Documents, US Gov-

,ernment Prowl:II Office. 144731 The comparable1974 estimates are from unpublished data of BLS

. }or definition of st ientists. engineers. and tech- and the 1978-80 period represents comparable Matinc pans see the technical notes Lorrertin trend tnti and January 1980 estimates Sy NSF based ondata for tertnic ians are pot available data of the BLS Dechnscal notes)

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employment byindustryManufacturing .

Industries

Of the estimated 2 1 million scieri-tisk,. engineers. and technicians ern...plowed In private industry in January1980. the manufacturing sector is es-timated to'have employed over 12:r?

tapercent of industrial im-gineers., 45 percent of industrial St 1-entists. and 55 pltent of industriallet hnicians i ). Within thilsector. major employers Were the-electrical equiipmeni industry:.machin&v. transportation equip-ment: and chemicals. The largestemployer- of engineers was the elec-trical equipm,ent industry: thechemicals industry employed themost scientists: and the machineryindustry employed the largestnumber of technicians (chart 3).

Nonmanufacturing;Industries 3

Nonmanufacturing industries are_estimated to have employed about850.000 scientists.- engineers. andtechnicians in January 1980. or 41percent of private ociustry employ.ment. Engineering opployment wasestimated at a r oueno2.55,000. em-'ployment of sci tests at aeboto1:15;000 and employment- of tethrii-ctantat about 450.000. Major em,

tploving industries witin this sector

ct lodes trade and rei.ulatecl inI1UNIrtec 14 orninto tiations trancrittation and puhili titili leyI he estimate.' for 198n ate based on extrapolk Loriof silts It data lot 14170 for the nottnsanufai thongter. o find 1-117Z for the ruppg ter tar

add amplida, sad Idanicllis larked isdldry.,lop leder d selpIrdst: )1101

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were: mistellaneous'serviqs,. busk Della.neous servie .s. and-trudeness seryices;' fin total ,SE&T em- troleti'm and natural gas. eictra$ lionployment:, (miscellaneous services. ll'or scientists); and miscellaneousbusiness servicesl; 'and construction servites and business services (forfor engineers. busitiess services. mis- hnicians) -

\It* ellaneous sets', PS Ulf 10(1P au h ac Ili II IPS eiSenRilleetitist are bilqt tural and Nurse% mg ....tilt es?noniounkftett tat edito ationai No tentif Jo and; toSetif( 1; °flout/at tows act ouItting audiring, and,huldatteintIR Nets t(e, and ierVlt out

1.14111k..1 .ers it eti 191 jock. t (Impute, and4a4a nrS ...sing e: 3ne biding projirainfmstl111.% tesato it and dr% ehiptoont abotlintiillattatternent .11)41 ionsuli gig sts pi es. 41111 11$01117TIPftat teNttng labvt:Ifortes

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Table 1: Estimated emPforent of scientists, engin s, and technicians in private induStry' by sector,

and cicc ional giouP: January 1980

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Industry

TotalManutacjilfing

t Scientists gineersandi ns total.

Number 1 PercentY.

,2 113 100 0'1 251 T 59 2. ;

Duf,atfe goods 05 845

Primary metals 44. "2 1Fabricated metals 71 3 3Machinery 255 12 1Decimal equIpmerll 275 13 0iTransportation .

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- Iequipment 186 * 88

Instruments 120 5 7All other durable

goods . 36 1 7Nondurable goods 266 12 6Chemicals 1'47 . 6 9Petroleum relining 26 1 2 ._

MI other nondurablegoods 93 44 .

NonmanutaclumngCrude petrolettm and

__.862.. 4p 8

'natural gas extraction ' 55 2 6 '-----Other mining 18 8Construction' 96 4 5Finance InsUrance"/

and real estate '85 4 0Business services 253 12 0Miscellaneous.

services 305 1 4 4

All other services 51 2.4 '

{Thousands) .

. Scientists and engineers._

Technicians

Totala .

Engineers Scientists

Number Percent Y Number Percent Number, Percent f Number Percent.4f

1.1I0 100 0 824697 62 8 567544 19 0 189

24 22% 2035 3 1 31

"121109` , 110

158 14 2 146

127 114 11562 5 6 55

.16 ; 1 4 12

154 13 9 7890 8 1*". 3918 1 6 11

46 42 29413 37 2 257_

37 ':

3 3 18

11 1 0 7

51 4 6 49

41 3 7 6

125 11 2 62

139 r 12 5 1 1 t

11 . 1 0 I 2

'Excivairrg trade communications transportation and 'blic utilities

Source National Science FoundAtion

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100 0 216 100 9 1.004 100 0.6813 130 45 1 - 54 '55 259 3 , 51 16 9 143 44_1

24- 4 t 5 20 2 O'Ik37 4 13 36 36

134 11 40 13* 13317 7 12 4 3 11,7 11 6

' 146 11 40 59 5 96:6 7 6 58 5 8

1 5 4 1 4 20 2 09 6 76 28 5 112 11 14 7 52 .18 1 56 5 6.1 3 7 2 3 9 9

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35 17 6 0-5 47 47*.- 2 156. 54 6 449 ' 44 8.31

2 2 ` 19 6 5 18 1 89 4 1 3 7 7

6 0 1 9 45 4 5

7 35 12 1 _ 44 4 47 6 62 21 7 129 12 8

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13 5 27 9 B . 156 16 53 9 3 0 .40 4 0

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concentration andtechnological intensity

Employment of scientists., en-.gineers, and technicians in these in-dustries is not widely dispersed. Ofthe 17 industries examined, the fourbiggest employed over one-half of thetotal scientists, engineers, and tech-nicians:,miscellaneous services 14percent.; electrical equipment., 13percent: machinery an.d businessservices, each 12 percent (chart 3 andtable 1j. By broad occupationalgroups, the major employing indus-tries for engineers are electricalequipment industry, transportationequipment, miscellaneous services,;and machinery, each employing 13percent to 18 percent of the total.Scientists are highly concentrated intwo industriesbuSiness services;22 percent, and chemicals, 18 per-cent. The concentration of scientists- -in these industries results ftorrh theheavy utilization of computer scientists in-the former and chemists inthe latter:

The concentration of scientists andengineers in a relatively smallnumber of industries is the result ofeither the concentration of industrial_activity in these industries,, or thefact that their industrial technologyrequires a relatively large number of

i employees with SEE skills.,,One wayto determine the relative effect othese two determinants on the idustrial distribution of scientists and-engineers is to develop a "conce'n-

medarttlart 4. tomontrallim raft el WWI*s_f

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.iiliplar$ VI Nasky:,,Concentratila goo

to 0 2 4

1=MMEMiscellaneous services

Crude petroleum andnatural gas extraction

Metallic mineralsmining

Businessservices

IntGeneral constructionexcept building

Insurance

Coal mining

Im Nonmetallicminerals mining

AI General buildingconstruction

IBanking

I Special tradeconstruction

Nonmanulacturing

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Petroleum

Chemicals andallied products

Electricalequipment -*

Transportationequipment

Professional andscientific instruments

Machinery

Primary metals

Tobaccomanufacturers

Fabricatedmetals

Rubber andplastic products

Paper and alliedproducls

Stone. clay, andglass products

Miscellaneousmanufacturing

Textiles

Food and kindredproducts

Manulacturing

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tration lane for each industry, re-lating that industry's share of Semployment to its share of total (i e..Si and nonS,E1 employment A ratioclose to unity for the industrieswhich were large employers impliesthat the large S E employment isprimarily the result of large amciuntsof industrial activity (reflected bytotal einplotment) A ratio greaterthan unity implies that these indus-tries aft' relatively technologicall%intensive

trot.koit It the tI1. ramp, of Tet Iltiolris;tral4 , 1 art hint 8 . 1 i t 410 it din Till re

purl 1,.t I irif Roiled

111 an qk.I.11 1E14 Um, nI 1fir reldrig Mit 1411 l'41111tis 4,1

I 1,1, and Pitgl'1/4.1,, I or ri.mritioll "I the t 41f1vritiatothiarro ,,,,, oh, r.1 brut now,

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Regarded another way. the UM,ceraration ratio is a means of decom-posing two effects on the emplo-merd of scientists and engineers inart industry the scale effect, resultingfrom the level of produdtion, and theeffect of differing tec hnology in pro-ducing each industry's output. Ap-plying this type of Analysis to the in-dustrial employment distribution 01scientists, engineers. and techni-cians, wet find that the concentrationof the four industries cited above isprimarily clue to high technology in --tensity.. The same conclusion holds at

one narrows the focus to only sc ien-tists and engineers.

Continuing our focus on scientistsand engineers. we find that, among

the rionmanufac taring industries. themiscellaneous servi«,s industry hadthe most technologically concen-trated work force. employing almostnine times the number Of scientistsand engineers e\peCted. fudged Kitsshar of total nonmanufacturing employment (( hart 4) Other highly«inceritrated 11011111(111(1141( luring in-dustries were crude petroleum andnatural/gas esdraction. 4 3. metallic.mires]: mining. '2 8. business serv-ices 2 5; and general construction,except budding, 1 8 In the man-utac luring Itetor, petroleum refiningand chemicals and allied productshad the greatest concentration of so-entises and engineers -2.6 and '2.5.r(id)e rid Y

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employment byoccupation

Within the industries examined, yrengineers outnumber scientists byalmost 3 to I (chart 5). Engineers are 3amote heavily utilized in manufac-turik, while scientists are more in-tensively utilized in nonmanufac-turing industries (table 1). Techni-cians are more equally distributedbetween these two sectors,

Within manufacturing, the largestengineering specialty is electrical/eleCtionic, followed by mechanicalengineers. The predominance ofthese two specialities reflects thelarge amber of electrical engineersin the electrical equipment man-ufacturing industry and the employsment of relatively large numbers ofmechanical engineers ih the machin-ery industry. Within nonmanufac-turing civil engineers predominates;reflecting the large numbers em-ployed in engineering and architec- 4.4?

tural services firms.-

Chemists make up the lafieit sci-ence specialty in manufacturing in.dustries and computer systemanalysts predominate.in the non-manufactiging sector, Each accounts .

for about 45 percent of all scientistsin their respective sectors., Within

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Scientists,

Technicians

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Engineers

Other

Other

Social scientists

Geologists/geophysicists Aeronautical

Mathematical Chemicalscientists

Industrial

Chemists

Computerscientists

Civil

Mechanical

trial/electronic

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nonmanufacturing, computer spe-cialists are concentrated in the serv-ice sector. primarily business serv-ices. Most of the remaining scientistsin nonmanufacturing are physicalscientists. primarily geologists andgeophysicists employed in the pe-troleum and natural gas industry.

Through the seventies, total em-ployment in nonmanufacturing in-dustries increased more rapidly thanin manufacturing, and long-rangeprojections indicate that these trendswill continue at least through themi6deighties.° Assuming no 'radicalshifts in the occupational. distribu-tions within these industries, the rel-ative shift from manufacturing tononmanufacturingtindustries that hasoccurred and is expected to continuein the United States has importantimplications for the demand for sci-entists. engineers. and technicians byspecialty.. The major beneficiaries ofthis shifting pattern of industrialgrowth have been and will be thosespecialities with'high concentrationsin the nonmanufacturing sectorcivit engineers. computer spe-

, ciailista., and geologists andgeophysicists. They -will probablycontinue to enjoy above - average rates ical changes and/or dramatic shifts inofernployment growth in the indus- the relative costs of employing thesetries examined. specialties could alter the projected

Radical sIifts'in fliture'occupa ,ernployment outlook. It should alsotional distributions within Vreseln: be rbmembereethat these implica-dustriestaUsed either by technolog- tions are based only tin the' ediplay.

ment patterns found in the industriesexamined in this report. The ern-ployment impliCations for specialties

V Protections for 1985 are based on iltipliblished that have relative employment con-daia of B1.S Trends in aggregate employment by ,oentrations in other sectors of theindustry were generated by BLS as put of their on- economy where growth has been lessgoing program for studying alternative patterns of rapid than in the industrial sector areeconomic growth ,See S Depirtment of Labor.Bureau of Labor Statisiics. Handbook of Methods more pessimisticfor example, infor Surt ess and Studies. Bulletin 19111. 1976 and the academic sector where employ-fimployment Protections for the 1980's. Bulletin ment growth has been tapering. off2030. 1979 (Washington. D C Supt of Documents.II S Government PrintingOfficel, and is expected to continue to grow

Table 2: Ratio of scientists andengineers to technicians in privateindustry by selected sector: 1980

. .Industry Ratio

Total. private industryManufacturing, totalPrimary metalsFabricated metalsMachinery

1 11

1_25

1-22

f.96

s' 91Electrical equipment 1 35Transportation equipment . 2 13Instruments 1 06All other

durable goods 81

Chemicals 1 61

Petroleum refining 2 04M othernondurable goods . 9Q

Nonmanutacturing* 92Crude petroleum and

natural gas extraction 2 08Other mining 1 61

Construction 1 11

Finance, insuranceand real estate 94,

Business se(vices 97Miscellaneous services 83All other services 27

Source Bureau of Labor Statistics and Na-tional Science Foundation

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slowly because of dem/dgraphic fac-tors. Most Of the science spe,cialties(with the exception yf computer sci-entists and possibly /chemists andgeologists and gfio/Physicists) areconcentrated in tp'e academic sector.

The ratio of,scientists and en-gineers to technicians can be used.asan index of the "skill intensity". ofSE& employment. Technicians aregenerally less skilled and are useddirectly orndirectly to support sci-entists and engineers in every ,phaieof their work. The skill intensityindex far the private sector was 0.90in 1978. showing that for every 100scientils and engineers, there were

,90 tec nicians, and varies widelyamon industries (table 2). rangingfrom 0.27 in the least skill-intensiveindustry. all other services, to 2.13 fpthe;most skill-intensive industry,transportation equipment'. On/aver-age. manufacturing Industrie/ aremore skill-intensive in their utiliza-tion .of scientists. engineers, andtechnicians than nonmanufacturingindustries. Within manufacturing, inaddition to the transportation equip-ment industiy.,the chemical and thepetroleum refining industries wererelatively skill-intensive users of sci-entists, engineers. and technicians.Within nonmanufacturing, the in-dustries that ,perform crude petro-leum ;and natural gas extraction and"other': (he., nonmetal and noncoal).mining activities were highly skill-intensive. The wide variation in skillintensity among .industries summarized in tattle 2 is the result ofseveral facthrs including:,the tech-nology of the industry; and the sub-stitutability of technicians with other.occupations including scientists andengineers, and the relative costs ofscientists and engineers versus tech-nicians.

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appendixes"...a....

/A. Technical NotesB. Statistical Tables

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appendix a

technical notesGeneral

The national estimaths of employ-ment in scientific, technical.. and en-gineering occupations in non-manufacturing industries are basedon data from the 1978 OccupationalEmployment Statistics (OES) Non-rrianufacturing Industries survey. TheOES programs is a Federal: State co-operative effort 'Which enables Statesto conduct their own surveys to pro-duce State estimates. The Buireau ofLabor Statcs (BLS) provides sur-vey procerlills, technical guidance,,and assistance with problems. Thecooperating State agencies are'-theState Employment Security Agencies.Forty-three of the 50 States (51 _in-cluding the District of ColumbiaLcooperated in the OES program at the.-time of the nonmanufacturing in-d'atries survey. A supplemental sur-vey, funded in part by the. NationalScience Foundation was conductedin the eight noncooperating states byBLS in order to provide national es-timates. All estimation was done by

Geographically, the survey coveredall 50 States plus the District of Co-lumbia.

Method 'of Collection

The survey schedules were ini-tially mailed to most sample estab-.liShments while personal visits weremade for some larger companies.

Two additional mailings weremade to nonrespondents at approxi-mately 6-week intervals. Telephonefollowup and in some cases personal

o visit followups were made for thoienonrespondents considered (becauseof size) critical to the survey.

BLS.,

Scope of Survey

The survey covered private nOn-.;manufacturing establishments inStandard Industrial ClassifiCation(SIC) codes 10 -17, 60-67, 72, 73, '75,,76,,, 78, 79,, 80 81., 83,, 84, 86,, and 89.The reference date of the survey, Wasthe week that included April 12, May12, or June 12, 1978, depending onthe SIC of the sampled unit as shownat right.

I The survey reference date is the date for whichemployment data were requested from re.spondents

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Sampling Procedure .

The sampling frame for this surveywas the list of units in the specifiedSIC's as reported in the State Unem-ployment Insurance (UI) files(excluding government units). Be-cause each cooperating State selectedits own sample, t14 reference date ofthe sampling frame2 varied accord-ing to when the last updates., to theframe were made and when sampling

jibe sampling frame reference date refers to thedate at which the IA files were most recently MI,teed and updated

Industry SIC Reference Date

Metal mining 10 May 12,Bituminous coal mining 11 May 12Anihracile coal mining 12 May 12Crude petroleum and natural gas

extraction 13 May 12Nonmetallic minerals mining 14 May 12General building construction 15 June 12General constration, except:building 16 June 12Special trade contractors 117 dune 12Banking 80 June 12Credit agencies other Man banks 61 May 12Seciinty commodity, etc brokers 62. June 12Insurance 63 May 12Insurance brokers - 64 May 12Beal estate 65 May 12Combination real estate,, law

insurance 66 May 12Holding and investment companies 67 June 12Hotels 70 May 12

Other personal services 72 May 12Business services ,73 June 12Auto repairs 75 May 12Other repairs 76 June 12Theaters 78 April 12Miscellaneous enlertainmenl 79 April t2Medical services 80 May 12Legal services 81 June 12Social services 83 May 12

A Museums 84 April 12Nonprofit membership organizations 86 April 12Miscellaneous services 89 June 12

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todk place. The reference date for theframe used for sampling in the eightsupplemental States was thefirstquarter of 1977.

The universe was stratified intoSIC and size classes.. The size classeswere determined by employment asfollows:

Size Class Employees1 1-32 4-93 10-1945

20-4950-99

6 100 -2497 250-499

soa-9999 l000+

State Samples

UI reporting units with three orfewer employees were not sampled 'nall States, but units with four to ninemployees were given larger weightsto represent the employment in thesmaller size class, UI reporting unitswith 250 or more employees were in-cluded in the sample with certainty.For noncertainty size classes, a sam-ple size intended to produce Stateestimates with target relative errorsof between 10 percent and 15 percentat one stand'ard deviation was de-veloped. This was done for groups ofSIC's based on analysis for employ-ment distributions by occupation andcoefficients of variation (CV's) fromthe previous survey for a set of typi-cal pccupations.. This sample sizedeteimined for the noncertainty por-tion of each SIC industry was allo-cated to the size classes within thatSIC proportional to employment ineach sizerclass. The sample wasselected/sYstematically with equalprobability within each StateISICIsize-clasecell.

National Supplement Sample

The sample size for the eight sup-plemental States was developed byfirst determining the sample size re-quired for national estimates in each-2-digit SIC with a target relative errorof 15 percent at one standard devia-tion. This was done by analyzingCV's and employment distributionsby occupiation for a set of scientific,technical, and engineering occupa-

tions from the previous survey. Thisnational SIC sample size for the non-certainty segment was then allocatedto-the noncooperating Stateslsize-class cells proportional to employ-ment in each cell. Establishmentswith 1.000 or more employees wereincluded with certainty. The aboveallocations resulted in a total initialsample size for all States of 333,115reporting Units:

Response

There were 321,916 final eligible;units in the sample (i.e.,, excludingout-of-business, out-of-scope. etc.).Usable responses were obtained from214.686 units producing an overallresponse rate of 66.7 percent basedon units and 62.9 percent based onemployment. Subsequent to the na-tional estimates,*additional data were

-received by States and used in pre-7paring States estimates. Responserates in most States were signifi-

,ca.ntly higher than the response. rateused to develop national estimates.

Estimation

A weight was determined for eachsample unit from which a usable're-sponse was received. Each weightwas composed of two factors.. Thefirst factor was thetinverse-bf tiheprobability of selection. For qu'is-tionnaires that were not returned orotherwise not usable,, a nonresponseadjustment was made to correct forthese nonrespondents. For each ofthe 3-digitISICisize-class samplingsells, a nonresponse factor was cal-culated that was equal to:

Weighted sample employment of alleligible units in sample

Weighted sample employment of allresponding eligible units

maximum factor. For size classes onethrough six, homogeneous cells,determined to be other size ellswithin the SIC and State. For sizeclasses seven through nine, homo-genous cells were determined to beother State cells within the SIC andsize. The weight for each establish-ment was the product of the two fac-tors.

If the collapsing procedure termi-nated (i.e.,. no more cells were avail-able for collapse) before satisfyingthe above constraint, then the appro-priate maximum factor was used.

A combined ratio estimate of occu-pational employment was used todevelop the national estimates.. The

.auxiliary tariable used was total em-ployment)

The estimating forinulli is:

where15

kW

p

{V 1 \*.k W ilk P .,,.fl 1 :: M

=. 4-digit industry occupational ern-:oy=

rdigit industry within a 2-digitMent estimate

industry=size clas=:e s iment

weight after nonresponse adjustment

# occupational employment in i "y4dustry., i " size class and k es b.lishmentA total employment in the i Indus- ,

; try. / " size class and k estab-lishment

M, : = benchmark Wird employment in iindustrk

Thel population value of total em-ployment (1t,I ,) was obtained from theBLp Survey of Employment, ;Hoursat Earnings.

he 'standard form for the samplingviriance for a combined ratio esti-mate is.3

N ii-f4 n

ISZ,,j+R 12S2fo)4Ropl, Sari

1/(pi = variance of 0whereThe sample employments were`

= .3D-dduigstirtyindustry within a 44:118it

= sitti class

taken from the sampling frame. If thefactor in a cell was greater than apredetermined maximum fitior(based on previous survey experi-ence) which increased as the numberof respondents in a cell increased,the cell was collapsed with otherhomogeneous ceps within the SICuntil the factor for the combined cellswas not greatei glen We appropriate

19

tJ

Arow.-..

'This tumuli/ is derived from the equation fortcomputing the variance of a ratio estimate given inSampling Techniques by William Cochran (New'York. John Wiley and Sons. 1977), p. 166

13

R

Sp4j

= total number of units in the 1* in-dustry and j* size classsampling fraction -in the 1" Indus.try and- i* size class

= number of sample units in theindustry and /* size class

, 14 W IMP414

1; W t= Ilk- lb

= stand deviation of p within thedustry and ) size class

tandard deviation:of e within the" industry and.) "-size class

= correlation coefficient between pand e within the t industry and

size class

The variances for the occupationalestimates were estimated 'using thefollowing formula.

Varfp) = , T V .a

T =

where

M11

[e. W110) c).k W ijk)11.4

rLv, v., W e J'

and

VI., YkW IP; (PIA R pe113 R te.,)11

where= benchmark total employment in the

industry and size classe = Eft e tOt

All other terms are as definedabove.. This formula is .almost atom-putational form of the standar r-mula.given above. One sim dyingassumption has been made. his as-sumption is:ut4, = ci, for oil ic in a given if cell

That is, the weights are equal to aconstant c within a given 3-digitindustrylsize cell, At this time, thetotal effect of this assumption on thevariance estimates has inot beenmeasured.

Reliability of Estimates

There are two types of errors, sank-piing and nonsampling, possible inestimates, such as those reportedhere, which are based on a simplesurvey. Sampling errors occur because observations are m e only ona sample, not on the enti e Ovula-tion. Nonsampling errors- can be at-tributed to many sources, e.g., in-ability to obtain information about allcases in the sample, differences in

14

)the respondents' interpretation ofquestions,, inability of respondents toprovide correct information, errorsmade in recording,, coding, or proc-essing the data errors made in es-timating values for missing data,failure to represent adequately allunits in the population, etc.

The particular sample selected isone of a large number of samples ofthe same type and size that« by

might have been selected.Estimates from each of the differentsamples would differ somewhat fromeach otkez, and from the results of acomple canvass conducted underessentiak,the same conditions as thesutvey7rhis#variation among thepossible estimates is defined by thesample errors measured in standarderror units. The complete canvasstotal would be included in therange

(1) From one standard error belowto one standard error above thederived estimate for 68 percentof all samples.

(2) Froni two standard errors belowto two standard errors above thederived estimate for 95 percentof all samples,

(3) From three standard errorsbelow to three standard errorsabove the derived estimate fornearly all samples.

An inference th the comparablecomplete canvass total would bewithin the indicated ranges would becorrect in approximitely the relativefrequencies shown. Those propor-tions indicated in previous items (1),(2), and (3), therefore, may be tinter -

as defining the confidencediat the estimates from a particularsample would differ from completecoverage results by as much as one,two, or three standard errors, respec-tively, .

For example, suppose an estimatedtotal is shown as 5,000 with an as-sociated standard error of 100. Thereis a 68-percent chance that the com-plete coverage total would be be-tween 4,900 and 5,100 and if is al-most certain that the complete cover-age total would be between 4;700 and5.300. The relative error of this esti-mate is (100/5,000) = .02, or 2 pe!cent.

-4) if

These relative errors indicate themagnitude of the sampling, error. Ef-forts were made to reduce the biasesbecause of errors in recordi'ng.

and processing the dato. Theadjustments made for nonreapon-dents assumed that the characteris-tics of the nonrespOndents were thesame as those of the respondents..

Particular care should be exercisedin the interpretation of small esti-mates estimates based on a smallnumber of cases. or small differencesbetween estimates because of rela-tively large sampling errors of theseestimates.

Table B4 presents relative errors ofthe estimates resulting from this sur-vey. The relative error is defined asthe standard error divided by the es-timated value expressed as a percent-age of the estimated value.

Current EmploymentEstimates

Based on the assumption that theskill-mix within industry changesrelatively slowly over a short periodof time it is possible to use the re-sults of the 1977 and 19?) OES sur-veys for estimating changes in scien-tist, engineers and technician (SE&T)requirements without surveying thesectors each year. B9 applying the

Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Tommorrow's Manpower Needs Research Reporton Manpower Protection Mettpds. Bulletin 1769'Washington. C , 1973) Th s report concludesthat about one-half the change in occupational employment in the to-year period 1960-70 is ac-counted for by changes in industry employment Ifthe change in skill-mix is assumed to occur at aconstant rate. and if the change for SECT occupa-tions is assumed to occur at the same rale as forthose occupations reported on in the study. emeitiorlincorporeungonly the change in industrialmix will account for 95 percent of the change inSE&T occupptional employment when using in-dustrial employment. data one year removed fromthe base period Given these assumptions. theanalysis reported in the text is probably within 0percent of the actual change in SE&T employmentin nonmanufacturing for the period between theOES survey date (April. May. and June of 19711) andJanuary 1930. and within 13 percent of the actualchange in manufacturing between 1977 andJanuary 460

percentage distribution of the occurpational mix in the base period tocurrent estimates of industry em-ployment.' updated estimates of oc-cupational employment may be ob-tained. For example. according to the1978 OES survey. in the miscellane-

t ous services industry civil engineers-ere 4 I) percent of total employs

ment. Since total employment in this'industry grew 10.7 percent from the-date of the survey to tannery 1980.'the assumption of constant occupa-tional shares implies that etil-Ploy-ment of civil engineers in this in-dustry also increased 10.7 percent-from 42.800 to 47.400 in that periOd.

Expanding this procedure to theentire aonmanufacturing sector. itestimated that in January 1986-em-ployment of scientists. engineers.and technicians was about 9.6 per-cent higher than at the survey dateEngineering employment is esti-mated to have increased 8.7 percent:employment of scientists increasedby 1p.7 percent; and technician em-ploynient increased by about 11 per-cent The validity of the assumptionsunderlying the foregoing analysiscannot be empirically validated untilcomparable data Tor 1980 becomeavailable.

By using data from the previous1977 OES survey of manufacturing

1).ilintmeni ol Libor tituredli of 1 dbor Shotsii ti

I orrpi,,t nrr tit mid Euruuotti 'n0111111%1 11/4%.0slimist-

Pm, I) t Supt at Doc 11171tlit I S ho%rnmelliOlti I.

industries and applying the same machines. materials., instruments,method, it is also possible to generate pro( esses. aria servit i's. engaged inestimates of employment in the man- _such work al -a rel el uhich repuiresufacturing sector for the same' time knowledge ol engineering at leastperiods- These estimates show that equivalent to that acquired throughtotal .SE&T employment grew -4 5 the compretion of a 4-ye,arpercent from 1978 to January 4980. course with a Moor in one of the en-less than half as fast as the growth in ginvering field,. sul who spend thenonmanufacturing. Engineers in this major proportion ut their lime insector grew at a 4 6 percent rate. sci- such aY t1t itv "Technicians" in-entists at 2.6 percent, and techni- dudes persons usually workingdarts at 4.8 percent. The growth in under the direction.of a scientist orthis sector was considerablygreater engineer. who assist the former in thein the durable goods' producing in- applitati m of engineering or scien,dustries (5 'percent fof all scientists. Wit:: la and principles.. or in re-engineers, and technicians) than in- search..nondurable goods industries (LI,percent).

Definition of Scientists,Engineers, andTec6nicians

"Scientists"' includes persons con,cerned with research in science or inthe application of scientific laws andprinciples to specific situations. en-gaged in work which requires a'knowledge of the field equivalent tothat acquired through completion ofa 4-year college course with a majorin the specific field. and who spendthe major proportion of their time insuch activity. "Engineers" includespersons concerned with the practicalapplication of physical laws andprinciples ofengineering for the de-velopment and utilization of

At-21

Concentration Ratios.,1

The "Concentration ratios" shownin_this report are detined as follows.

(S, S.) (E, K).

where C. thp c oncentratioh riirio forindustry 1. S, is the number otscien-fists and engineers in industry i. S. isthe total number of scientists and en-gineers intthe sector (manufacturingor norimariufacturing). K is the totalemployment In .industry i and E. isthe total: employment in. non--manufacturing. The concentrationratios shown are bised on the 1978estimated employment mix in,:non-manufactnring. and the 1977 em-ployment mix in the manufacturingsector

AL

15

appendix b,'

1

16

4

..

I.

a

STATISTITA

J.

f.

z

'.

1.

1. IS .5,

o .Page

8-1 Employment of scientists, engineers., and technicians in eloohmanufacturing industries. 1978. . . ;

82 Employment distnbution of scientists, engineers, and technipana in .lo

nonmanufacturing industries by industry (percent): 1978 . . 208-3 Employment distribution of scientists and engineers in nbn- °:manufacturing industries by occupation (percent) 1978 ,, ... ?2,3v

8-4 Relative error (in percent)'of estimated emplpyment of SCISIVEIVS,engineers, and technicians in nOnmanufecturing industries. by,imdusky and detailed occupation: 1978 . ... , . 25

t

1

,table B-1. Employment of soientists, engineers, and technicians in nonmanufseturing Industries: 1978

Industry . ,, scientists, Total - - - -

01111,6911. stientists

EngineersI Total

-and and I Electrical, Indus- Aechan- Wrap-. , Metal-

. -___..

Total nonmanufacturing

Total ;. nautical: Chemical Civil electronic trial ical-.-

r r -- ,cal,

Mining .

795 4 379 1 236 4 5 1 9 5 . 65 8 49 9 7 1 . 45 8 i 2 70 g 1 1

-r-----I-

1 3 1- -45 "C'Y

Metal mining . 6 8 4 4 2 2 0 i 1 I: 0 2 2 f- 4

Coal mining .. . 6.8 4 2 3 5 0 0 2 I 0 2 1 ! 1

Crude petroleum, natural gasi

45.8 30 8 15 4 0 7 . . 7 i 1 3 ; 0 7 0Nonmetalic mining 3 3 4 1.8 .1 2 0 i 1 1 0 , 1 1 . .1

Construction .. :. . . . 95 9..1

gi 5 50 0 .fl_i__, 0 I is 81 1------fi

7 6 . 0 !3 01

General building . . 21.9 108 10 5 0 I 0 1 ,;5 3 6-1- 0 ,--t- 20 I 0General except building . . 43.7_ 28 6 27 5 0 I 0 I 9 1 4 4 0 6 7 8

Finance, insurance, real estate ' .

.

86 0 i 38 3 8 1 044 26 ' 0

'

46 Q_

0 1

Special trade . 30 3 12 1 12 1 . 0

Banking and drier credit . . 24 1 10 2 4 0 0 0* -t 0 I -0 , 0--Insurance . ... .. . 40 5 ' 199 28 0 1 1 I 0 1 0 i 0 0 1

Other finance, insurance. real estate 153 1 8 1 24 9 0 L 0Services

Business services. . 554 7 4 248 0 158 3 51 86 Ell 9i _402 6 $ 31 3 2 2

9 i 0

J

0 0

125 1 110 4 55 9 38 47 1 30 -1 217 : 36 10 2 1 5 `Repairs, except auto . 17 2Miscellaneous services 1273

3 0 0 1 0 2 I 0 1 1 i 01 284 8 100 6 i 3 349 1428 " 189 i 30 ; 21 0

Other services 08

I '25 1 44 10 2 2 2 : 0 s '0 , I 1 : 1 I 1 1

:

'"Industry

Total nonrnanuladuringMining .

Metal mining .Coal mining.Crude petroleum, natural gNonmetalic mining

ConstructionGeneral building .

General except buildingSpecial trade

Finance, insurance., real estateBanking and other creditInsurance .

Other finance, insurance, real estateServices

Business servicesRepairs. except auto .

Miscellaneous services .

Other SWIMS

. Engineers__ __ _ -

Scientists

Mining

3 3

Petro..leum

t t 3

'Safety

21---4 3

Allother

31 6

'

Total PhysicallChemistslgeophys-

t42 7 36 7

1

il Gel sOi slot.

1,

100 j 187

OceanogPhysii raphers

4

oistS

460

, 0--000

31 98 17 24 190 158 15 t 1401 @---1---0

I 2I 120; 3

0j,

--*-

000

815

34'

009.80 .

29

. 4f

.3.s

1.5, 1

2.27

1556

20.5

1276

4262

0 0 1 6 8 7 1 5 0_4000

0 J_00 -N0

0r* 0

0jO

0 0,000

000

51 t

'

2062

5

311'

00o ft

000

o 0 t 56 3251 7

'

1

6

0 I000

6

0i 0

6

0 00o0

'000

00

1

'42824

98'17057

006

000

3 15 10 149 897 201 85 41 4 4600

3

0,

-8

07

0

6

04

0

5'7 .

1

771.5

549(1)

26.780

124073

4

&4 140 I 019 I 27

3 1 0

1

03

0

3701.0

0

23 17

a

116

Table B-1-- Continued

Industry- ,

Total norimanufacturingMining

Metal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum, natural gasNonmetaluc mining

ConstructionGeneral buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade

Finance,, insurance, real estateBanking and other creditInsuranceOther frnance, initsilance. real estate

ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs. except autoMiscellaneous services :Other services

4

fiIndusiry

Total nonmanUfacturing"gifting

Coal mining,Metal. mining

Crude pelrole m, nat rat gfsNonmetaltc mi mg

ConstructionGeneral buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade

Finance, insurance, real estaleBanking and other creditInsurance, .

Other finance, msurance real estateServices

Business servicesRepairs, except altoMiscellaneous servicesOther services

18

1

4

-%

Scientists ,Total Other

Other Total Agri- Other mathe Mathe Status- matriephyacal-, life , cultural logical hie mahcal maticians malice'

4 .iI.

29 97 6 i 2'4 62 187 3 6 .7_L1_4 7A ,--1-4 0 .0 -` 0 0 r 6 5' : Q j___ 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 , 0 i 0 0' '-1 . 0 / 00: ' ..., 0

2 0' :. 0 '; 7 0 0 5 .0

5 ' 0t

' 1

l' 0 0 0: 0 04 .I ; . 0 0 i 0 0

i ' A

4 0 ; 0 0

0 0 : ° °' 0 ' 0 : : 0°

a 0 0 . 0° 0; 0 0

' 0 0 8 3 0

' i 0 . -..---ifl---± 0 *' 4--*--"ri-- -0 -I-, 61-4-. --5t1 '' 0 ' 0 '0 I 0 f 0 ' 0 1 9 4 1. .

i 02a . 96 ! 6 2a 62

2 1 i 0 - 41 62 9L i 0

9 3 0 : . 6 1 9 5 4 2 2 19 7 3 0

0

2 11

0 : 0 i -00 , 5 7 1 3 5 1 0

i"__

T1 4 ! 7 ! 00 0 i . 1 0

6 2,0I 6 a ' I 20 0

L1

20 ! 0

sctenusts

Total 1 : Psychol- Soctol- Othersocial I Economists , ogists I ogists social-t--13 9

1

4 3 5 6 1 t40 i

,

/0_ 0 ._ 0_0 1 0 04 00 0 0 0O. 0 0 00 0 0 0

25 I

Technicians

Computer Totalsystems Total [ env- I Electrical!

"analysts technicians I.nepring [ Drafters electronic

64.1 . 414.3 279 9 131.1 59.514,5 5.6 1.112 4 0

000013

00001,2

22

12,6a70284,1

J.

7

22

o0000

0

00o0e00

000

02.2

00

32220

81.0

561.601.031

.JIL.

14 241 0 .50 00 20.5 4

L

t93

1 1

21 42426

14,915

44 411 1

1.51182

1910 8

5

222 4178.6 13.9 .

10 8 20.62.7 . 7 2

38 0 306 7 1 223 3 102.830.6 114.7 1 53 6 1 18 34 16.9 16.6 .56.4 157 5 I 143 5 83 410 176 86 .6

40 699

13.1177

8 04 1

2 0221 8 124

_.

78 58.1 .35.9 11 6

9 40

0 02 0

.7 0

242.5

18

-'.)ti'

46.1 .

22 815.96112

4

Table 1a,1-1Continued

.46

7 .t ' , 4 4

...- .

. __.'...

t

, 1 Industry

.

Total nonmanufacturing rstMining :

Metal mining .CoLinining

petroleu, natural gasNonmetalic mining

.

s... Gentral building

'... Construction

General except buildingSpecial trade

' Finance. insurerke, real estateBanking and other crechli

Other firiance. insuranbe. real estate. Insyrancf/

ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs, except auto.

... Miscelfd-reous services .

Other services,

Industry

facturing. Mining; Metal mining

CoarrainingCrude peyoleum, natural gasNonmetabc mining

ConstructionGeneral buildingGeneral except buildiniSpecial trade .

Finance, insurance, real estateBanking and other creditInsurance,Other finance. insurance, real

estate.Services ,

Business servicesexcept auto

Miscellaneous servicesOther services

.. I* Tectirocians ......

, 1 Specif),mecnarti- / cation

I Other taOther Cornprpouterengi- . , Total -Bio-

. Surveyors i *al ' writers ! engineering ' neenng cience 1416al science grammari

i . .

33 2 4 411 1 3 . , 21 2 29 2 20 9 3 5 17 4 , 81 21 7 '0 0 0 . ' 62 . 2 9 3 2 L9_

00

0 4 7 0 7 . ` 2I 7 0 , . 0 0 : 4

2'0 2.

2, 5 0 I 0 0 5 0 1 6 : 0 1 6 1 $

.0 ' 0 .4' "' 2 . 7 0 7 1,

3 6.9 . 0 . 0 ,. 0 . 6 0.

'0 0 0 ri3 0 ; 0

. .

._0

-- --- .00

1 4,5

0 I '0 . 2 0 j 0 ' 0 '"- ; 0 8I. 0 0 0 - 2 j 6 0 0 I3 0 ; 0 .i_ 0 :i 2 . 0 0 0 27 9

--. -- 4

o . o. 0 - 0 2 ,, 0 - 0 . 9 . 9 51 I IP

2 I 0 ''' : 0 0 9I i.' 11 ° II . 330 . 01 0 1 0. 0

27 6 . 44 . 13 21 2 _i_ 4.8-31 17 7 . '3 5 14 2 . 49 97 : 4 4 ' 0 . 0 7 4 12 4 ' 0 12 4 406

0 : 0 0 0 I 1 0 0 0 ,

24 3 0 13 21 2 ; 71 . 44 33 1 1 64 .

7 . 0 0 10 ; 4 1 . 9 1 7 2 9

Tech/I/clans

Allother

t

35 11-8

3'2

112

238

114

111 3

V

4250

2219 680

33281

'1.ess than 50Note. Parts may not add to totals because of roon8figSource Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Scien a Foundation

MO.

1 -25

4.

19

A

Tibia B-2..Employment distribution of scientists, engineers, and technicians innonmanufacturingindustries

(Percent)- 4

Total i

scientists Total . 'Industry engineers. : icientisls e Aero

technicians engineers Total nauticalnastrico.... ,. and and

. -- -- ..

Total( noritnanufactunng 100 0 j 1000 . 100 0Mining 80 109 94

Metarrnintng 9 12 i 9Coal mining 9 t 1 1 5

Crude petroleum natural gas 543 8 2 6 5Nonmetalic mining . 4 5 5

Construction 12 2 21 2

20

10000000'00

General building . -2 a , 2-0,,

4 4 0General except building , 5 5 7 6 11 6 0SpeciaRsade . 39 4 32' " 51 0

Finance. insuracice. real estateBanking and other creditInsurance . .

Other finance. Insurance. real estate

_10 2.3 0512 0

4......11

: 5 32 2

2 42

, 121 0

Services c. 69 7 65 3 67 0Business'services 28 7 2794 55Repairs, except auto ' 2 2 1 1 1

Miscellaneous services 35 0 - 33 2 , ..42 6Other services 3 8 7 6 '7

. 4

000

Engineers '_

". Electrical I hanIndus---ouats.

Chemical Civil electronic cals

; 100 0 100 0 100 0 . 100 0 100 088 17 2 6 6 5 2 5

5 2 0 2 3 . 5

0 - 3 0 2 7 2' '6 9 ) 1 2 6 0 1 514 2 0 1 1 5 30 . -;._ 28 5

-s

15 3-1

. 0 ' 29 2,: 5 : CI 0 -t- a 4

0 13.8 8 8 0 14 60 i 66 :, 5 3 ' / '0 101

7 0 0 0 00 0 0 . 0 0

7 0 0 0 0-=ii=.------ _Ii00 0.:' 100 0 90 5 ...4'...6418

. 746 498 45: 0 0 0

25 4 40 7 65 00 0 2

; Metal

callurgi

100 0168

; 13 1

1 1 5

: 0i 2 2.i 0f-

r 00

i 01 2 4, 0; 2 4

o____.821 j 93 683

43 5 . 508 22 3 i

3 0 : 1 :

37 8 44 8 ! 45 8 :

C 9 t ;

80 85300

27 80

ryIndustry

4

Engineers ... Scientists

Mining-

_

Petro-leum

.-

SafetyAll

other Total

.,

Physical Chemists

Geo logists/

geophysOceanog-rapheri

Physicasts

.

Total norranufacturing .

Mining .

Metal miningCoal miningCruge petroleum, natural gas ..Nonnietalic mining

Construction . . 'General building . .

General except building .,,Special trade

Finance, insurance, real estate .

Banking and other. credit .Insurance .

Other finance, onsarAnce. real estateServices . . .. .

Business servicesRepairs. except auto .

Miscellaneous servicesOther services . .

100V 100 0 100 0 100 0_.

100.0 100 0.

100 0 100.0 100.0 100.0n 5 67 1 , 99 0 7 7 13 5 43.1 14.7 74 7 0 024.446 69.9

11 5

0 ^.0

87 10 ,:

5 522 0

9 2,2 3

91.6

L4 8

4

1 65

11 04

5 51 2

34.81 6

4.32 35 62 4

8 309

64 21 3

0000

0000

0 0 372 27.4 1 0 0 0 0 .-0 000 '0

k

000

10 825.9

5

6 419 5

1 4

28

0

000

000

000-

0,000

_.

0000

4(0 0 1 17.8 23.1 2.0 0 3 4000

000

00 -

1

-- 1 58 77,5

7 012 14.1

02

1 7

000

003 4

000

000,

7 5 12 9 23 7 47 2 62.4 54 9 85 3 22 0 100 0 100.0007 60

6.706 20

13 20

10 50

18 0 -.2

24.34 6

39 21

17,55 6

33.90

19 92.2

63.80,

19 02.6

7 40

14 0

. 0

-26 80

73 20

78 90

20 83

.

4.

tableB-2-Continued

.11

-.

Industry .

Scientists

Otherphysical

...

TotalMe

Agncultural

litiological

v.

Otherlife

Totalmalhe-.malice'

Mathematiaans

Stabs-Wiens

Othermathematicat

. .Total nonmanufacturmg ...

%mg .. , .., .. ,

Metal mining . .Coal mining . . .

Crude petroleum, natural gas . , .

Nonmetalic mining ... , .. .

Construction .

General bedding . . , .

General except building.

Special trade ....Finance, insurance, real estate

Banking and other credit .Insurance . .

Other finance., insurance, real estateServices' .

Business servicespepairs. except auto

iscellaneOus servicesOther services .. ,

too o 100)) 100 0 100.0 100.0 100 0 IN) 0 100.0 100 013 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 17 4 0 01 8i15 93 1

00

00

0. 0

00

0000

000 .0

1

42 9

.1

52 0

14 63

0000

0000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cr 0

000

000

000

0' 0

0

000_

000

000

00 ,'0

000

31 1 2--,

2 0 . 0 44 5 0 40 4 71 4

1

2 36

00

I

002 2

00

0

000

1 032 0

7 1

00

024 815 7

25612

7

06

84.0 99 9 97 8 100.0 100.0 52 1 82 6 59 6 28 64V 29 9

048.6

5 4

35 20

58 75 9

95002

3

5

79 600

go 4

7 80

91 11 1

22.5,

18 810 7

56.80

25 8' 0

26 207 6

25 7

1

270

31

2

Industry

Scientists Technicians

Totalsocial Economists

Psycho'ogists

Swot.ogists

Othersocial

Computersystemsanalysts

Totaltechnicians

Totalengi-

neenng DraftersElectncal/electronic

Total nonmanufacturing . 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100.0 100.0Mining . 0 6 0 0 0 4.0 5 2 5 2 4.3

Metal. mining 0 o o 0 0 2 6 4 .3 0

Coal mining . 0 0 0 .3 6 .7 .0Crude petroleum. natural gas 0 0 0 0 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.2 1.8

Nonmetallic mining . 0 0 4 2 .2 0

-Construction 0 0 0 0 0 23 WU. 141 y 166 20 8General building 0 0 0 0 0 .5 27 3.5 60, 8

General except buildingSpecial trade . ..

00

0o°

0 0-o

0 ,

01.7

1

3.744

4.7¢3

8.245

6194

Finance, insurance., real estate, 11.1 27.0 0 o 27.5 34.5 10.2 .7 0

Banking and other aedit 7.8 17.9 0 0 27 5 13.5 3.4 . 0 0

Insurance 1.7 47 0 0 0' 16.8 5.0 2 .2 0

Other finance. insurance., real estate 1.6 4.4 0 0 0 42 18 6 088 9 '730 100 0 100 0 '72.5 59.2

.-73 7 79.4 78.4 77.4'Serves .

Business services .. 39.3 49.8 27.9 67.6 0 47 7 28.0 19.2 14.0 38 3Repairs, except auto 0 0 0 0 0 A 1 5 9' .4 26.7Miscellaneous services ... 15,3 18.5 18.2 0 0 99 38 6 51.3 83 8 10.3

Other services 34.2 4.6 53.9 32.4 72.5 1.5 9 0 3,0 5 21

,/ e

%

2721

Table 8-2Continued

Industry

Technicians

Mecham- speoh.cal cation Civil

Surveyors genginneer-

writers 1 engineeringi

Total nonmanufactunngMining

Metal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum, natural gasNonmetalic Minify/

Consthiction eGeneral building .General except buildingSpecial trade

Finance, insurance, real estateBanking and other creditInsuranceOther finance, insurance.tral estate

ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs. except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services .

4

100.05.011215

3

100 0 100.0 1 100 0

1 Other 1 IOil ex -. engi t Total Bio Other

ploration neenng science logical science

100 0 100 0 100 0

I

100 0 100040 0 0 4 720 203 4_195 0

0 0 0 1 0, 16 39 0 40 20 0 1 6 1 4 0 .,. 1.50 1 0 20 0 0 I 720 165 97 0 I 98 180 . 0 0 0 .7 4 4 0 44 t

%...._.

-4-0 0 0 99 0 0 1 0 , 180 0 i 0 22 0 0 i 0 60 0 i 0 70 0

0 1 010

0 1 IL) '0 0 .2

I- 0 I 0 431

si 0 .0 0 0 0 i 0 8 0 0 i.

00 34 4116

2 0 0 0 J. 0 5 0 0 ! 0 1860 j_ .0 0 I 0 _.3 1 0 0 0 406

833 10015 ' 100 0 . 100.0 280 I 65 5 80 5 7 100 0 , 803 61 5-I- 1.- .4.- ,---.2 t 100 0 0 0 i 0 26 0 . 75 3 p 0 760 50 00 0 0 0 ! 0 5 0 ; 0 0

731 0 100 0 100.0 1 280 246 1 0 1 0 0 7 9

80 0 0 0 1 0 145 I 53 11000 44 34I

Computerpro-

grammers

100 0_197 24

109 _1 028

i0

80 I 04 0

Industry

Technicians

AN

other

Total nonmenufaciunng 100.0Mining

Metal mining 9Coal milting . 7Crude petroleum. natural gas .. 3 4

14orimetalic mining 6Construction

General building 2.5General except building .. 3.6Special trade ... 1.3

Finance, insurance, real estate .Banking and other credit . . 13.2Insurance 15 6Other finance, insurance, real estate.

Services . ...Business seryRepairs, * 0Miscellaneous. servicesOther services

6.6

25 2100

25.4

'Less than .005 percent.Note' Parts may not add to totals because of rounding.%wo Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Science Foundation

22

4)

Table 13=3. Employment distribution. of scientists and engineers in nonmanufacturing industritte byoccupation(Percent)

Total nonmanufactunng 100 0Mining

Metal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum. natural gasNonmetalic mining .

ConstructionGeneril buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade

Finance, insurance, real estatBanking and other creditInsuranceOther finance, insurance, real estate

ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs. except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services

, IndustryTotal

scientistsand

engineers

100.0100.0100 0100 0100 0100.0100 0100 0100.0100.0100 0100 0100 0100.0100 0100 0100 0100 0

Totalengineers

62 854.050.383 249 865 3

Aero/astro-

nautical

14

110214

97,2 0 : a 36.5971 0 0 49 596 1 0 0 31 8996 0 0 35915.0 2 0 _4_ 0__39 0 s 0 0

14 S Or' 32Q6 0 0

00

642 21 3,6 +186SO 1 3 4 4 3 2.796 8 0 0 0803 10 31 342216 0 0 10

00000

Chemical . Civil

25 V420 27

2.3

462365

Engineers .

Metal.Indus- : Mechan- bow-

13 2 ri1a91 1111.1;1

cal

1 7

3100 -1-

't 1 283 7 5.4 8 146 26

1 1

9at 42 0 1 22 0

0 51 +1 77 1 330 l-0

e

i 18 900-

I' 0 ) I 235 0

40 fr 38 1 0

_0

0

.4 _600

_1

i

I 00 ! 0' 3

-.1 0_ I 0 0

Electrical/electronic

00

16619.655 0151'10

12_7 932 ' 92 130 18'2 024 167 610 10 0

Industry .

$

Engineers Scientists

MiningPetro-leum Safely

Altother Total Physical

, . 1

1, Geo lo-gists' lOceanog- ' Physi-

Chemists geophys : rap** cists

Total nonmanufactunngMining

Metal miningCoal mining . . ,

Crude petroleum, natural gasNonmetalic mining

Construction .. ...General buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade .

Finance, insurance, real estateBanking and other creditInsuranceOther finance, insurance, real estate

Services .. , , . a. .

Business services.: NP

Repairs, except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services ..

9_ 3 0 1 1 8 4 37 4 9 7 2 7 S 0 1 1 27 4

18.336 5

1 1

21 5

23 8 I 4 0 S 9 46 0 38 3_ :,_459

, 10 8 :

41 3 1

32 7 I

3 6665 51 8

13 6

.33 8' 3501 3'8 i

i 38 9 I

I 14 1 '

000

000

00

31 80

S 322 2

1 3S 6

6.211 84 97 2

_i__

49716 8SO 234 7

0 0 3 1 16 8 2 8+ 0__

000

0 0 000 .

000

4

3 92

18 8 2 921 6 3 9

3 8 4

000

0 I

0 I

0 :

000

.,_ _000

0 0 i 414 73 9

13.929 6

85 096 185 570 4

0

.37 4

000

00,

,7 4

00

0Q

0

000

--000

000

000

1 6 4 6 1- .225.6

6 114 7

35 849 i

3.219 778.4

8 2 3 5 1 71 302 2 ;

0 or 1AL

0

02

1 93

08

0

02

7

06

0

504.

0

11.205 8

39.9

5801 52 9

A

Table 1:1-3Continued

4

Industry

r Scientists

Otherphysical

Totallife

-4.-

Agri -I Boo-

cultural logicalOtherlife

Totalmathematical

T

Mathe-maticians

Total nonmanufactunng .

MiningMetal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum, natural gasNonmetalic mining

ConstructionGeneral buildingGeneral except buildingSpecial trade

Finance, insurance, real estateBanking and other credit .insurance .

Other finance. insurance, realServices

Business servicesRepairs, except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services

I 8 2.6 2 6 16 50 10

rIS1 6

.1_51 .1

00

'a 00 s

0000

0I 00-

0000

5

171 7

6

165

1717

6

' .'

!

;.-

0.0

i 0' 0

J2____,_0 1

ci 1

0

0000

:00

0000

i '.0000

0000

03 I 0

estate 1 0 ; 0 [

000

----Ts000

I

I

0000

21 820

30125 9

000a

10 1 _3 9 :

8 3t0 011 4510 59

I I

3_6

000

10170039

I

254

04550

1 40,

1

3819

I, 2 8

196!

L

12190

80

Stabs-tIcians 1

Othermathe-matical

21 19

0v

---t-0

0 00 00 . 00 i 00 1 60 ; 0Lb 06 2 -011_5760 . 2096 , 204

148 L ii 119_: 8

1 81

01 .

195 16

t 9 6 . 0

Industry

Scientists ,-,

Totalsocial Economists

Psycho,-ogists

Saco!°gists.

I

1 ComputerOtheo1/4 , systemsweal ! analysts

Total nonmanufactunng . 32 12 15 , 170Mining., . -, 0 6 2

Metal mining o 6- 0 0 33Coal m i ni n g . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 4,2Crude petroleum, natural gas 0 0 0 0 0 7.1Nonmetalic mining 0 0 0 0 15

Construction ,

General building .

0 0 -, . 2871 0 0 0 0 29

General except building 0 0 0 0 0 39Special trade 0 0 0 0 4

Finance. insurance. real estate ....filaNung and other credit .

3 5 3,1 .00

4 57 884.38.8 8.9 0 2.0

Insurance .. .. . .. .. 1.0 10 0 0 0 54.0Other finance. insurance. real estate . 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 33 3

Seriices 43 i3 23 6 2 154 tBusiness services 4,2 2 0 1,4 9 27.6Repairs, except auto 0 0 0 0 0 13Miscellaneous servic, 1.5 8 .8 0 0 51Other servicira . 40.2 98 304 4.9 3.9 9.8

' Less than .005 percentNote' Parts may not add to totals because of rounding.Source'. Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Science Foundation

4-.....---

24

r v0

c

Table 134. Relative error as peicent of estimated employment of scientists, engineers, and techniCiansin nonmanufacturing industries by industry and detailed occupation: 1978'

Industry

Totalscientists, Totalengineers. i scientists

and andtechnicians engineers

Engineers

-J -Aero/astro-

Total nautical Chemical

IMetal-

: Electrical/ ' Indus- Mechan- lurgi-Civil electronic trial , ical cat

Total nonmanufacturingMining

Metal mining .

Coal mining .. . .Crude petroleum, natural gasNonmetaftc mining

Construction s .. ..General building . .

General except buddingSpecial 'rade .

Finance, insurance, real estate .Banking and other credit .

Insurance .

Other finance. insurance, real estateServices

Business services ..Repairs. except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services

12 '14 13 29 15I

E 14 ' 21 14 2315 14 14

7 7

17 1716 1416 17

514

1514

15 16 1611

229

11

228

11

228

25 16 43 23 1 6

18 ! 6 5 I 3: 17 18 39 I 62

26 17 43 2723 14 ' 11 13 15

. 10 - 24 . 187 : 18 16I

: 13 . 33 267 ' 10 1 6

17 171314

29

141426

20221526

11

1576

24

1318458

17

i

11

1945

641

29 1431 18

25 11

4 t2 2123 15 26

263 . ; 6 14

3681 61

2715 2988

5 24103

o

IN

k.

Industry

Total nonrnanufactimvMining

Metal mining .Coal mining .Crude petroleum, natural gasNonmetaloc mining

Construction . .

General buildingGeneral except building .

Special tradeFinance. insurance, real estate

Banking and othercreatInsurance . .. .. .. ,

Other finance, insurance, real estateServices . ' .

Business services ... ...Repairs, except auto . .

Miscellaneous services .

Other services

Engineers

Petro-leum

AllSafety I other

-1-

Total

Scientists

Geolo- '

gists/ Oceanog Physi-Physical Chemists geophys , raphers asts

11 18 19 1615

, 413

5912

8 10

8

I--r

39

14

11/-14 20

1217

17

62018

23

1615 12 26 99 9 6 9

30 27 19 3414 11 47 924 24 10 26

17 17 32 25

1

2728 46

34 25 32

14 1622 242320 16 6422 1415 14 5026 26 6718 , 16 2024 18 23401t 14 '' 1552 14 33

ryl.- -.-.....

_6716 1816. 29

14

2812

32 25

45 27

28 18

e

31

4

Table 13-4Contintied

Industry

Scientists

Other Totalphysical life

.1

L

Agri-I

! Bro.cultural logical

Otherlife

Total nonmanufacturingMining

30 23 49 , 29 17

39i

Metal mining . 16_..

Coal mining'Crude petrbleum. natural gas 48Nonmetalic mining 48

Construction, General building

General except buildingSpecial trade

Finance, insurance. real estate 50Banking and other creditInsurance 50Other finance, insurance, real estate

Services 28 29 17

Business services 40 38 49 26 7 64 ;

Repairs,- except autoMiscellaneous services 19 12 12

Other services 41 34 32 1

1

38

Scientists

Industry ComputerTotal Psychol- Sociol- Other systemssocial Economists ,ogists

164.11N

ogists social analysts

Total nonmanufacturrig 27 28 48 39 11

Mining 27Metal mining 7Coal mining . .if. 28Crude 1:eIroleum, natural gas ... 28Nonmetabc mining ..._,..

22Construction . ..General building . 16

General except buildingSpecial trade .... .

i 24

60Finance, insurance, real estate 22 20 37 12

Banking and other credit 20 15. 37 13

Insurance 24 24 de 11Other finance. insurance, real estate

Services ... .

31 31 1 1

'27 30 18 48 39 9..

Business services . 45 34 33 58 103 8Repairs. except autoMiscellaneous services , 19 18 19 19 10

26

Other services .

Total 1 Othermaths- Mathe- Stabs- 1 piathe-malice' maticians : owns I matical

,-

20 1 25 22....42 40

5240 I 40

1652

52

2012

18

24

29 14

12

33 12

22 2619 23 17 1824 24 21

418 21 2211

I11

81

15

Technicians

Total,

lechnicians

Totalengi-

neering DraftersElectrical/electronic

11.177

1719

14

10 6 1016 11 35 -

15

61517

IL,13

718

912

35

1411 (2310

10238

727

7

10

4324

916 28 191214

32

2531

282517

it

9 9 41275

15

65

12

2

9106 .

9

It.

Table BMContinued.1

O

.Technicians

Speoh- Other I I ComputerMecham cation Civil engi Total , Bio Other pro

Industry Surveyors cal wnters engineenng neering I science ; logical science grammers

Total nonmanufactunng 14 20 t3 5 22 I 17 i 17 17 9ening . 15 17 , 16 I- 18 19

Metal mining f.. 5 7 7 13

Coal mining ...... .. 10 19 22 23 26Crude petroleum, natural gas . 31 * 18 21 21 18

Nonmetalic mining 11 13 11 11 18

Construction 10 23 35 21

General building , j 1 23 12

General except building 9 24 26Special trade 42 35 35

'mance, insurance, real estate 35 33 . 11____Banking and other credit . . 25 7

Insurance .. . . 46 29 ' 12

Other finance. insurance, real estate 29 36 14..Services . 15 20 i 13 5 22 17 17 11 7

Business services 54 20 I 28 17 17 6Repairs, except auto 44Miscellaneous services 9 13 5 10 15 15 15 10

Other services 50 34 5 t 52 51 17.

Indust?

Technicians

Allother

Total nonmanufactunngMining .

Metal miningCoal miningCrude petroleum. natural gasNonmetallic mining

ConstructionGeneral building . ,

General except buildingSpecial trade .

Finance. insurance. real estateBanking and other creditInsuranceOther finance,, insurance, real estate

ServicesBusiness servicesRepairs, except autoMiscellaneous servicesOther services

2526

52332323124

1979292518

1

2215

23'12

32

Empty cells indicate that no employment estimates were available.Source. Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Science Foundation

4.

33 27

/

I , ' . ' 0 ' 1 - 1 C-... . , .. ; 2

. , ,. i . 0

el t

4.

d :-;1.1r.stIciii rab,es

g-

, -

\\

Recriews at Data on Science Resources

H-,[.. : ..,,, ,....-tpa,.., .

"4..,

1,

IN

I I

...

,

J

t