scope and prospectus of organic farming in punjab

Organic Farming For Sustainable Crop Production

Dr Manoj Sharma Deputy Director ( Training)KVK Kapurthala

ldquoOrganic agriculture a holistic system that focuses on improvement of soil health use of local inputs and relatively high intensity use of local labour is an admirable fit for drylands in many ways and the dryland offer many benefits that would make it relatively easy to implementrdquo Dr APJ Abdul Kalam

Definitionldquoan ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity biological cycles and soil biological activityIt is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore maintain and enhance ecological harmonyrdquo

National Organic Standards Board

HEALTHY SOILHEALTHY SOIL

HEALTHY FOODHEALTHY FOOD

HEALTHY PEOPLEHEALTHY PEOPLE

HEALTHY SOCIETYHEALTHY SOCIETY

Feed The Soil Not

The Plant

PhilosophybullHuman health tied to the health of the environment bull A healthy soil is the foundation

What is Organic Farming

A production system that responds to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural biological and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources promote ecological balance and conserve biodiversity

Organic agriculture is farming without synthetic pesticide and conventional fertilizer

Adverse effects of inorganic farming

1 Destruction of soil structure and poor water holding capacity

2 Reduction in soil fertility and low organic matter content

3 Increase in salinity sodicity and land submergence

4 Indiscriminate killing of useful insects

5 Adverse effect on soil flora and fauna

6 Resistance development in pathogen

7 Deterioration of environment and human health

8 Problems associated with residual toxicity

Pesticide contamination of food and feed in Punjab

Commodity Number of samples

Analysed Contaminated

Cereals 30 30Rice Grain 99 99Vegetables 96 64Animal feed 15 15Animal feed and fodder

105 105

Milk 24 23

Why farm organically

Organic farming provides long-term benefits to people and the environment

Organic farming aims to bull Increase long-term soil fertility

bull Control pests and diseases without harming the environment

bull Ensure that water stays clean and safe

bull Use resources which the farmer already has so the farmer

needs less money to buy farm inputs

bull Produce nutritious food feed for animals and high quality

crops to sell at a good price

Factors driving organic farmingbull Diverse agro-climate regions that provides

environment for wide range of crops that can cater to different market demands

bull Increasing awareness amp health consciousnessbull Availability of comparatively cheap labour for

labour-intensive organic agriculture bull Huge numbers of small farmers those who do

the traditional farming have very limited capacity to pay for most of the chemical inputs into agriculture

bull Presence of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) as active promoters of organic farming in different agro-climatic regions

Factors driving organic farmingbull Increasing involvement of

private companies in field of agricultural extension trade consultation and other services

bull Enhanced government attention and support for organic agriculture through various policy initiations and action programs

ORGANIC STATUS

bull Global 24 mha (16 Ag Area) Nearly 130 countries produce organic

product Australia (10 mha) ndash lead country

bull Indian 37000-41000 ha (SOEL survey) (03 of Ag Area)

250 million ha (APEDA)(Including 243 mha of forest area with wild herb amp medicinal plants

Cotton herbal extractOthers

Sesame castor sunflowerOilseeds

Okra Brinjal Garlic Onion Tomato PotatoVegetables

Mango Banana Pineapple Grape passion fruit Orange Cashew nut walnut

Fruits

Red Gram Black GramPulses

Cardamom Black pepper white pepper ginger turmeric vanilla mustard tamarind clove cinnamon nutmeg mace chilly

Spices

Tea Coffee Rice WheatCommodity

ProductsType

Major products produced in India by Organic Farming

Market Organic (Export) 2004

Kerala = 1232 Metric ton

West Bengal = 937 Metric ton

Karnataka = 476 Metric ton

Tamil Nadu = 471 Metric ton

Punjab = 541 Metric ton

Himachal Pradesh = 521 Metric ton

Maharashtra = 375 Metric ton

India Total = 6472 Metric ton

Export Product

Basmati rice cottonMangopulp Cashewnut SesamePiniapple pulpHoney Walnutspices coffee TeaPeanut canned

APEDA

Organic PrinciplesIntegrityhellip

Benefits Protects the concept and value of organic

Practices Buffers good record keeping

Benefits reduced energy consumptionsoil conservation efficient water useincreased water quality

Practices conservation structuresconservation tillage controlled drainagerotations mulching integrated systems

Sustainabilityhellip

Natural Plant NutritionhellipBenefits Emphasis on soil health translates into healthier food healthier humans Less plant disease fewer weeds better water-holding capacity resistance to erosionPractices Crop rotations cover crops green manures animal manures application of allowable substances in limited quantities composting

BiodiversityhellipBenefits ecosystem (and financial) stability more beneficial insects greater below-ground diversity better nutrient cycling disease suppression tilth and N-fixationPractices intercropping companion planting establishment of beneficial habitats crop rotations cover crops speciesenterprise integration

Biodiversity and Organic Agriculture

Organic farmers are both custodians and users of biodiversity at

all levels

bull Gene level locally adapted seeds and breeds are preferred for their greater

resistance to diseases and resilience to climatic stress

bull Species level diverse combinations of plants and animals optimize nutrient

and energy cycling for agricultural production

bull Ecosystem level the maintenance of natural areas within and around organic

fields and absence of chemical inputs create suitable habitats for wildlife

Reliance on natural control methods maintains species diversity and avoids

the selection of pest species resistant to chemical control methods

Organic agriculture and soil ecosystemsNatural soil fertility must be relied upon in organic systems Practices such as crop rotations symbiotic association cover crops organic fertilizers and minimum tillage create suitable conditions for soil fauna and flora

(IFOAM 2000 )

Organic agriculture and agro-ecosystems

Natural disease resistance and pest predation must be strengthened in organic systems Crop rotation is considered the cornerstone of organic management functioning as a tool for pest management and soil fertility

Organic farming combats global warming

Some apprehensions about organic farming

Can organic farming produce enough food for every body Is it possible to meet the nutrient requirements of crops entirely from organic sourcesAre there any significant environmental benefits of organic farming Is the food produced by organic farming superior in quality Is organic agriculture economically feasible Is it possible to manage pests and diseases in organic farming

24

Comparative data of 3 years average production at Phanda farm

2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1

ControlOrganicControlOrganic

Production QntlHa

Sowing area (Ha)CropsSNo

Dr GS KaushalDirector AgricultureGovt of Madhya PradeshBHOPAL

Ram et al 2004

Improvement in soil composition under biodynamic practices

Treatment Fruit qualityTitrable acidity

(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37

T4-100N as vermicompost 061 218 49 37

T5-100N as coirpith compost 056 208 45 36

T6-75N as FYM with Azospirillum 062 208 5O 37

T7-75N as vermicompost with Azospirllum 072 230 54 39

T8-75N as coirpith compost with Azospirillum

066 217 52 38

T9-50N asFYM with Azospirillum 048 191 41 35



048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006

Fruit quality of tomato influenced by organic farming

Treatment Fruit characters

Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309



T6-75N as FYM with Azospirillum 28 147 405 313

T7-75N as vermicompost with Azospirllum

31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006

Effect of organic farming on fruit characteristics and yield of tomato

Rice equivalent yield (tha) of different systems under various management practices at PAU

Cropping System Productivity ( tha)Chemical Organic Integrated

GM-Basmati Rice- Wheat

126 130 136

Turmeric-Onion 192 369 366Summer Groundnut-Garlic

253 291 294

Maize-durum Wheat-Cowpea (F)

114 126 123

Rice-Garlic+Mentha 249 310 322

Management of soil fertility using on ndash farm inputs in maizebasmati rice ndashwheat cropping systems at PAU

Organic InputsGrain Yield (qha)

Maize Wheat

Farmyard Manure (FYM) 399 356Crop residues (CR) 337 324Vermicompost (VC) 419 33013 FYM + 13 CR + 13 VC 415 342Control 171 132

Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137

Green fodder yield (tha) under different fodder production system at PAU

Treatment Green fodder yield (tha)Kharif Rabi Summer Total

Main Plots (Green fodder system)

Sorghum ndash Berseem - 337 672 - 1009Maize ndash Berseem- Bajra 132 677 608 1417Maize-Berseem-Maize+cowpea

142 679 419 1240

Sorghum + gurara - oats - cowpea

350 483 336 1169

Sub plots (Management sysem)Organic 259 712 472 1443Chemical 196 533 426 1155Integrated 264 637 465 1366CD (005) 095 17 20 23

Plant Nutrient Supply System in Organic Farming

1Organic amendments with organic manure vermi-compost and bio fertilizers

2Biodynamic Approach based on soil biotechnology and microbiology

3Homeopathic Approach

4Agnihotra Approach

5Panchgavya Approach

Nutrient Cycling Soil microorganisms mediate nutrient cycles through decomposition of organic residues- Microorganisms lsquofeedrsquo on the residues- Biochemical by-products are plant nutrients (NPS) and other beneficial compounds like humic acid

bull Mineralization- Microbial conversion of organic N P and S into ammonium phosphate and sulfate - Nutrients become available

bull Immobilization-Microbial assimilation of inorganic N P and S- Nutrients temporarily tied up in microbial biomass

Microbial Functional Groups1048698 Bacteria- decomposers primary players in NP and S cycling- Actinomycetes act on more complex compounds to form humus1048698 Fungi- Decomposers attack lignin- Nutrient acquisition (mycorrhiza)1048698 Protozoa and Nematodes- Consume bacteria and fungi releasing plant nutrients (N)- Activity increases decomposition rates

Factors Affecting Microbial Populations1048698 Moisture- Microorganisms need water to survive1048698 Oxygen- Bacteria both aerobic and anaerobic- Fungi protozoa and nematodes aerobic1048698 Temperature- Adaptable- Activity generally increases as temperature rises1048698 Soil pH- Bacteria sensitive to acidity- Fungi function at low pH1048698 Organic Matter- OM source of C and nutrients- OM additions stimulate microbial growth

Agricultural Practices Affecting Microbial Populations1048698 Tillage- Destroys fungi meso and macrofauna- Reduces OM- Reduces aggregation1048698 Fertilizers- N and P fertilizers create acid zones killing microorganisms1048698 Fumigation- Indiscriminant destruction of microbial community1048698 Monocropping- Reduces microbial diversity- Promotes pest build-up

What About the Soil Food Web

What About the Soil Food Web Important to recognize the role of each functional group and their interdependence

Remember that management practices affect microbial interactions

Soil tests to quantify soil food web are expensive and difficult to interpret

Hot area for research

Tools and Practices for organic farmingCrop Rotation Soil fertility- Legumes for N fixation- Diverse rooting habitsPest Management- Break pest cycles- Promote diversity Know the family of the cropsCrops rotated so that crops from different families follow each other Lettuce Beans Corn Tomatoes

Green Manures in the Crop Rotation1048698 Soil fertility- Legumes for N fixation- Grasses for OM accumulation- Diverse rooting habits1048698 Pest Management- Break pest cycles- Promote diversity attract beneficials- Biofumigants (brassicas sudan grass sunn hemp)1048698 Weed Management- Perennial rye- Oats

Composts and Manures Soil Conditioner- Feed the soil- Improve physical properties

Nutrient Availability- CN ratio- Total N content- 15 of total N in mature composts available in thefirst year (Bettina et al 2003)- Field trials estimate that composts alone can satisfycrop N demands after 40-80 years

Feather meal Dairy Manure CompostCN ratio 32 18 10-17Total N 12 20 10

Composts and Manures1048698 Timing-Continuous additions to build up SOM

- Mineralization potential of soil increases asOM inputs increase with time

- SOM acts as nutrient reserve continuouslyreleasing nutrients

- High N materials can be used as a rapidsource of N in the short term

Intercropping and Companion Planting1048698 Interplanting 2 or more mutually beneficial plants to increase biodiversity

Biological Pest Control1048698 Depends on managing beneficial insectpredatorsparasites1048698 Seen as default benefit of organic soilmanagement practices that promoteabove and below ground diversity1048698 Can include the release of control agents1048698 Farmscaping longshort term design tocreate habitats for beneficials

Tillage and Cultivation1048698 Tools for weed control residuemanagement manure incorporationhardpan destruction pest control1048698 Negative impacts- Costly- Destroy humus reserves and soil organisms- compaction1048698 Conservation and ridge tillage- Organic growers pioneers

Mulching1048698 Weed control moisture and temperature control soil organic matter

1048698 Large quantities of resistant organic materials (wood chips straw etchellip)

1048698 Not practical on a large scale

List of bio-pesticides available in marketName Purpose

Neemazal Against borers

Neem oil (5 ) Against borers

Neem seed extract (5 ) Against borers

Neem cake For controlling nematodes

Dried neem leaves Against stored grain pests

Sour butter milk (10 ) Against sap sucking insects

Cow dung ash dusting

Water spray Against aphid

Trichogramma cards Against borers

Trixho- XP ( Trichoderma harzaianum) Against diseases

SudocelPseudomonas fluoresens (PSF) Larvocel

Against diseases

Bauvaria baviana Against diseases

Products for use in fertilization and soil conditioning in organic farming

Sr No

Items Conditions for use

Material produced on an organic farm unit

Matter produced on an organic farm unit

1 Farmyard and slurry urine Permitted

2 Crop residues and green manure Permitted

3 Straw and other mulches Permitted

4 Composts and vermicomposts Permitted

Matter produced outside the organic farm unit

1 Blood meal meat meal bone meal and feather meal without preservatives

Restricted

2 Compost made from plant residues and animal excrement Restricted

3 Farmyard manure slurry urine Restricted

4 Fish and fish products without preservatives Restricted

5 Guano Restricted

6 Human excreta Restricted

7 Wood bark sawdust wood ash wood charcoal Restricted

8 Straw animal charcoal compost and spent mushroom and vermiculture substances

Restricted

9 Compost from organic household Restricted

10 Compost from plant residues Restricted

11 Sea weed and sea weed products

By products from the industries

1 By- products from the food and textile industries of biodegradable material of microbial plant or animal origin without any systematic additives

Restricted

2 By products from oil palm coconut and cocoa (including fruit bunch palm oil mill effluent cocoa peat and empty coca pods

Restricted

3 By products of industries processing ingredients from organic agriculture Restricted

4 Extracts from mushroom chlorella fermented product from Aspergillus natural acids (vinegar)

Restricted

Mineral Origin

Basic slag Restricted

Calcareous and magnesium rock Restricted

Lime limestone gypsum Restricted

Calcified sea weed Restricted

Calcium chloride Restricted

Mineral potassium with low chlorine content (eg sulphate of potash kainite sylvinite patenkali)

Restricted

Natural phosphates (rock phosphate) Restricted

Trace elements Permitted

Sulphur Permitted

Clay (bentonite perlite zeolite) Permitted

Microbiological origin

Bacterial preparation (bio fertilizers) Permitted

Biodynamic preparations Permitted

Plant preparation and botanical extracts Permitted

Products for plant pest and disease controlItems Condition

for use

Material from plant and animal origin

Plant based repellents (Neem preparations from Azadirachta indica

Permitted

Algal preparations (gelatine) Permitted

Casein Permitted

Extracts from mushroom chlorella fermented products from Aspergillus

Permitted

Propolis Restricted

Beeswax natural acids (vinegar) plant oils Quassia Permitted

Rotenone from Derris elliptica Lonchocarpus Trphrosia spp

Restricted

Tobacco tea (pure nicotine prohibited Restricted

Preparation from Rryania species Restricted

Items Condition for use

Mineral Origin

Chloride of limesoda Restricted

Burgundy mixture Restricted

Clay (bentonite perlite ermiculite zeolite Permitted

Copper saltsinorganic salts (Bordeaux mix copper hydroxide copper oxychloride)

Not allowed

Quick lime Restricted

Mineral Origin

Diatomaceous earth Permitted

Light mineral oils Restricted

Permagnate of potash Restricted

Insect Origin

Release of parasites predators of insect pests Restricted

Sterilized insects Restricted

Sterlized insects males Not allowed


Microorganisms used for biological pest control

Viral fungal and bacterial preparations (biopesticides) Restricted

Others

Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas Permitted

Soft soap soda sulphur dioxide Permitted

Homeopathic and ayurvedic preparations Permitted

Herbal and biodynamic preparations Permitted

Sea salt and salty water Permitted

Ethyl alcohol Not allowed

Traps barriers and repellants

Physical methods (eg chromatic traps mechanical traps)

Permitted

Mulches nets Permitted

Pheromones-in traps and dispensers only Permitted

Average nutrient content of organic manures

Source of Nutrition Percentage composition

Organic manure N P2O5 K2O

Farmyard Manure 05 02 05

Farm compost 05 015 05

Town compost 14 100 14

Night soil 55 40 20

Vermicompost 30 00 15

Crop residues -

Bio gas slurry 15-20 10 1

Rock phosphate - 25-30 -

Source of Nutrition

Percentage composition

Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O

Castor cake 43 18 13

Cotton seed cake 39 18 16

Karanj or honge cake 39 09 12

Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14

Safflower cake 49 14 12

Green Manure crops

San hamp (Crotolaria juncea) 23 05 180

Dhaincha ( Sesbnia aculeata) 35 06 120

Sesbania speciosa 271 053 221


Green leaf manure N P2O5 K2O

Glycricidia (Gluicidia sepium) 276 028 46

Pongamia (Pongama glabra) 331 044 239

Gulmohur (Delonix glabra) 276 046 050

Neem (Azadirachta indica) 283 028 035

Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15

Horn and hoof meal 13 - -

Raw bone meal 3-4 20-25 -

Steamed bone meal 1-2 25-30 -

bull Lack of technical know-howbull Lack of required amount BD preparations in marketbull Lack of awareness among people about hazards caused by use of agrochemicalsbull Bulky nature of BD preparations and compostbull In-situ production is not feasiblebull Lack of scientific data on the long-term benefits and limitations of biodynamic farmingbull Limited domestic market for bio-dynamically grown producebull Quality certification

Constraints

ConstraintsProducersrsquoDistributorsrsquoTradersrsquo point of view

bull Lack of proper infrastructure for distribution and conservation of bio-inputs is a major constraint that hinders the access of these inputs to farmers

bull Some climatic regions and soil conditions are not suitable for specific strains of organic production

bull Given the mandated period of around three years for a conventional farm to become an organic farm the benefits perceived by farmers tend to be limited as they have a short term orientation

bull As a result even if they are aware they are hesitant to switch over to organic (green) agricultural practices

Constraining factorsFarmersrsquo point of view

The government perspective bull Changing the cropping and cultivation

patterns is slow and time-consuming process

bull Given the high levels of illiteracy and large number of small and marginal farmers it makes the change process difficult

bull Subsidies on chemical fertilizers and pesticide impede the growth of organic agriculture

Major Limitations under Punjab conditions

bull Bulky nature of organic manurebull Divergent nutritional valuebull Small land holdingbull Lack of awareness among farmersbull Marketing of organic producebull Labour and cost intensivebull Low incentives from governmentbull Non availability of bio pesticides

Major Limitations------contd

bull Dramatic and large benefits in terms of yield and returns

bull Cultivation of high nutrient responsive cultivers

bull Promotion of biological agentsbull Urgency to meet food security

Why farmers are reluctant to adopt organic farming in Punjab

bull Perceived high costs of doing organic farming due to incomplete knowledge about principles and practices of organic agriculture among farmers They were arranging inputs from outside

bull Non-availability of adequate quantities of organic manures and other organic inputs in the local market

bull Knowledge of organic farming has not filtered down to actual users ie small farmers and the information reached to target groups is often not backed by scientifically proven results

bull Complex and costly procedures of certificationbull Risk involved in marketing of organic produce

Discussion points

bull What arguments are there in favour of organic agriculture in India

bull What vested interests would oppose the growth of organic agricultures and why

bull What strategies could be employed to further promote the greening of agriculture in India

Can India adopt organic farming in a big way

bull Is organic farming non-scientific and unproven bull Does practicing organic farming means reduced yield bull Why were crop yields low before invention of Agro-

chemicals bull How is organic farming different from conventional bull What are the strengths and weaknesses of organic

farming

bull Where is the large quantity of compost for OF bull Does the soil fertility decline when fertilizers are

not used bull Scientifically where crop nutrients come from in

organic farming bull How are crops protected in organic farming bull Why restricted when India is a low user bull Where are the evidences that high yields are

possible in organic farming bull Is organic farming labour intensive

Conclusion Sustainable economic and eco friendly approach

Minimum risk of residual toxicity

Improvement in soil fertility with high yield quality produce Maintenance of organic matter content of the soil

Reduced energy use

Increased yields without over reliance on costly inputs

SummaryOrganic agriculture is not for everyone Yet it is a viable approach that can be beneficial It canbull Be particularly useful in the more difficult environments where resources are scarce and cultivation problematicbull Potentially reduce risks bya) ldquolocalizingrdquo input productionb) fostering soil and water conservationc) encouraging diversification (food security)bull Improve ability to compete in todayrsquos fast globalizing standards-critical trade

Strategies needed to promote organic farming in India

bull Adequate research and extension support needs to be providedbull Research to quantify the role of organic farming in minimizing the

ill effects of modern agriculture and its effect on environment bull Helping farmers to promote organic farmingbull Government should recognize agriculture in Kyoto protocol

carbon credit mechanismbull Developing infrastructure for supply chain and ensuring

competitive price for organic productsbull Capacity building through on farm demonstrations and trainingsbull Government support in cheaper access to organic certificates

Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8

Factors driving organic farming

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14


Organic agriculture and soil ecosystems


Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

List of bio-pesticides available in market


Slide 43

Slide 44

Products for plant pest and disease control

Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Constraints ProducersrsquoDistributorsrsquoTradersrsquo point of view

Slide 53

The government perspective




Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks

ldquoOrganic agriculture a holistic system that focuses on improvement of soil health use of local inputs and relatively high intensity use of local labour is an admirable fit for drylands in many ways and the dryland offer many benefits that would make it relatively easy to implementrdquo Dr APJ Abdul Kalam







Feed The Soil Not

The Plant


















105 105

Milk 24 23



















ORGANIC STATUS









Fruits



Spices


ProductsType











Export Product


APEDA











all levels










(IFOAM 2000 )






24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks







Feed The Soil Not

The Plant


















105 105

Milk 24 23



















ORGANIC STATUS









Fruits



Spices


ProductsType











Export Product


APEDA











all levels










(IFOAM 2000 )






24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks

















105 105

Milk 24 23



















ORGANIC STATUS









Fruits



Spices


ProductsType











Export Product


APEDA











all levels










(IFOAM 2000 )






24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks



















ORGANIC STATUS









Fruits



Spices


ProductsType











Export Product


APEDA











all levels










(IFOAM 2000 )






24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks





Fruits



Spices


ProductsType











Export Product


APEDA











all levels










(IFOAM 2000 )






24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks










Export Product


APEDA











all levels










(IFOAM 2000 )






24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks











all levels










(IFOAM 2000 )






24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks


(IFOAM 2000 )






24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks




24


2000220095001500Wheat 3

1120108015001500Peas2

10181272900014000Gram1

Rabi

66379820003750Arhar4

1300145020008800Paddy3

75080010001000Maize2

Kharif

121612461400020000Soybean1


Production QntlHa



Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks

Ram et al 2004



(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks


(citrate )Ascorbic

acid (mg100

g)

Total solids()

pH

T1-control 043 183 36 36

T2-100 N as urea 052 207 44 38

T3-100N as fym 055 207 46 37






066 217 52 38




048 191 42 36

C D(P=005) 003 05 03 04Kannan et al 2006



Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks


Fruit height (cm)

Fruit girth (cm)

Fruit weight (g)

Yield (tha)

T1-Control 22 107 298 227

T2-100 N as urea 26 144 298 310

T3-100N as fym 26 143 397 309





31 152 427 330


30 149 414 317



25 133 390 305


25 133 387 307

C D(P=005) 01 03 17 02

Kannan et al 2006





126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


Slide 8


Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14




Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22





Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks




126 130 136


253 291 294


114 126 123




Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks



Maize Wheat


Basmati Rice Wheat

GM 308 293Control 172 137





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

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Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks





142 679 419 1240


350 483 336 1169






4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks





4Agnihotra Approach








































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks







































Against diseases



Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks


Sr No










Restricted




5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

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Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks



5 Guano Restricted




Restricted






Restricted


Restricted



Restricted

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks

Mineral Origin







Restricted



Sulphur Permitted







for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks


for use



Permitted


Casein Permitted


Permitted

Propolis Restricted



Restricted




Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks


Mineral Origin





Not allowed


Mineral Origin




Insect Origin







Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

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Slide 47


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Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks




Others









Permitted









Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 40



Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks







Night soil 55 40 20


Crop residues -



Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks

Source of Nutrition


Non edible oil cake

N P2O5 K2O




Mahua cake 25 08 18

Neem cake 52 10 14


Green Manure crops










Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

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Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks







Animal based

Blood meal 10-12 1-2 100

Meat meal 105 25 05

Fish meal 4-10 3-9 03-15





Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6


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Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks


Constraints






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

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Slide 5

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Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks






















Discussion points







farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 47


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Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks




farming








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks








Reduced energy use








Thanks

Slide 1

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Slide 43

Slide 44


Slide 46

Slide 47


Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51


Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks







Thanks

Slide 1

Slide 2

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Slide 53





Discussion points


Slide 60

Conclusion

Slide 62


Thanks

scope and prospectus of organic farming in punjab

Documents

organic farmingregions

organic product

kapurthala organic agriculture

healthy food healthy

organic status global

soil flora

improvement of soil

traditional farming