ScrambleFor

AfricaTheories

Hobson – MetropolitanThe scramble was for purely economic reasons, benefittingthe capitalist elite who couldsell surplus goods in new

markets overseas as the poorin Britain couldn't afford them.

Lenin – MetropolitanAn economic crisis in the capitalist system led to

expansion and colonies to open

new markets.

Schumpeter – MetropolitanOld aristocrats were trying to

gain power and glory to stay inthe public eye.

Hobsbawn – MetropolitanTechnology allowed countries

the ability to take of coloniesso they did.

Cain and Hopkins – Metropolitan

Gentlemanly capitalists wereinvesting in colonies, hopingto make a profit and putting

their interests over those of the country.

HistoryFlipbook

Paul Kennedy – International Relations

European powers wished to have the same power and

status as Britain so colonized, forcing Britain to do the same

to defend her interests andkeep dominance.

Timeline

Sudan - 1882 British Gen. Charles "Chinese"

Gordon (49) retired fromactive duty and moved to

Jerusalem

Sudan – 1882 Former British Gen. Charles

"Chinese" Gordon, FieldMarshal in the Turkish army,

commanded the Egyptian forces in Sudan

Sudan -1883 Nov 3 A poorly trained Egyptian

army, Led by British General William

Hicks, marched toward El Obeid

in the Sudan--straight into a Mahdist ambush and

massacre.

Sudan – 1883-1884British officered Egyptian

armies were defeated by the

forces of El Mahdi, called Dervishes by the British at the

battle of El Obeid.

AJP Taylor – International Relations

The delicately balanced position

of European powers led to thecolonization of Africa as a

sparring ground as an alternative to European war.

Robinson and Gallagher - PeripheralThe British reluctantly

colonizedAfrica after the felts forced to

protect their investments against

local Egyptian nationalism.

Sudan – 1884 Mar 13 Siege of Khartoum, Sudan,

began. Gen. Gordon ordered a counter-attack at Halfaya and

troops rescued some 500 from a Mahdist assault

Sudan - 1884 Mar 16 A 2nd counter-attack at

Halfaya failed and Gordon ordered 2 commanders to be

executed.

Sudan - 1884 Oct 22 General Charles Gordon received

a letter from Mahdi near Khartoum.

Gordon was sent to Khartoum to evacuate the Egyptian garrison. Gordon decided to hold the city

against El Mahdi.

Sudan - 1884 Nov 3 A British steamboat arrived at

Khartoum with news that a relief force was on its way.

Sudan - 1884 Jan 18General Charles ("Chinese") Gordon departed London for

Khartoum.

Sudan - 1884 JanLord Garnet Wolseley,

adjutant-General of the British Army, asked Charles Gordon to

come out of retirement and lead an

evacuation of 15,000 European

and Egyptian civilians from Khartoum, Sudan. Gordon

agreed.

.Sudan - 1884 Feb 18

General Charles Gordon arrived

in Khartoum to battle the Mahdi and his terrorists.

Sudan – 1884 Mar 11 Gen. Gordon learned that the telegraph cable to Cairo had been cut. Khartoum soldiers killed 5 Mahdists at Halfaya. Mahdist insurgents in return massacred 150 men from the

Khartoum garrison as they were

cutting wood.

Sudan – 1886Henry Stanley (1841-1904), Welsh-born journalist, led the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition to "rescue" Emin Pasha, the

governor of Equatoria in the southern Sudan

Sudan – 1896 Sep 21 General Horatio Kitchener's

army occupied Dongola, Sudan.

Gen’l. Herbert Kitchener ledthe British conquest of the

Sudan.

Sudan – 1897 Aug 31 General Kitchener occupied Berber, North of Khartoum.

.Sudan – 1898 Apr 8 British General Kitchener

defeated the Khalifa, leader of the dervishes in Sudan, at the

Battle of Atbara. Anglo-Egyptian

forces crushed 6,000 Sudanese.

Sudan – 1885 Jan 2 Gen. Wolseley received thelast distress signal of Gen.

Gordon in Khartoum.

Sudan - 1885 Jan 26Gordon (51), British gov-gen of Sudan, was killed on the palace

steps in the garrison at Khartoum by the forces of Muhammad

Ahmed,El Mahdi.

Sudan – 1885 Jan 28 Gen’l. Garnet Wolseley

arrivedat Khartoum to relieve Gen’l.

Gordon, but arrived 2 days late.

El Mahdi died soon thereafter but was succeeded by the

Khalifa

Sudan - 1885 Jun 22 In Sudan Muhammad

Ahmad , the Mahdi,

died of typhus. His chiefdeputy, Abdallahi ibn

Muhammad took over the administration of the nascent

Mahdist state

Egypt – 1859 Apr 25Construction of the Suez

Canalwas started.

Egypt – 1867 Feb 1The 1st ship passed through

the Suez Canal.

Egypt – 1867-1875The Suez Canal Co. issued bonds

for some hundred million francs to keep afloat. The

Khedive went bankrupt and the British under Disraeli snapped

up the Khedive's shares for £4 million.

Egypt – 1869 Nov 17, The Suez Canal was opened

inEgypt,linking the Mediterranean

and the Red seas. The 100mile canal eliminated a

4000-mile trip around Africa.

Sudan – 1898 Sep 1Lord Kitchener's army bombed

Omdurman

Sudan – 1898 Sep 2 Anglo-Egyptian lines under Gen’l. Kitchener were charged by 50,000

fanatical Dervishes and were mowed down by howitzers,

machine guns and rifles. The Dervishes left 11,000 dead and 16,000 wounded. The

Anglo-Egyptian army suffered fewer than a dozen casualties.

Sudan – 1898 Sep 6Lord Kitchener destroyed

Mahdi's tomb in Omdurman

Sudan – 1899 Nov 24 Abdullah ibn Mohammed

al-Ta'a'ishi, Khelifa of Sudan (1883-99), died. British forces took control

of the Sudan.

Egypt – 1882Anglo-French dual control of

Egypt ended after the British occupation began.

Gold Coast – 1823First Ashanti war was declaredas the Ashanti were trying to take Fanti land. Sir CharlesMacArthy was killed at the

Battle of Nsamankow on 22nd January 1924.

Gold Coast – 1824The Ashanti swept down to the coast, but disease forced them

back. The Ashanti were so successful in subsequent fighting that in 1826 they again moved on

the coast. British Congreve rockets forced their withdrawal.

Gold Coast – 1831The Pra River was accepted

asthe border in a Anglo-Ashanti peace treaty, ending the first

Ashanti war.

Egypt – 1979Tewfik was appointed as the Khedive of Egypt and spentvast amounts on railways, borrowing from European

banksand bankrupting Egypt.

Egypt – November 1879Anglo-French dual control of Egypt was established to stop

further spending.

Egypt – 1881Nationalist revolts under Colonel Ahmed Arabi started spreadingAcross Egypt with violent civil

disorder in the major towns with Europeans being attacked, their homes burnt, and in one incident

in Alexandria the deaths of fifty

expatriates

Egypt – 1882 Sep 13 British troops defeated

Egyptianforces in the Battle at

Tel-el-Kebir

Gold Coast – 1873Third Anglo-Ashanti war was

declared as the Ashantihad invaded and made claim

to part of the newly purchasedDutch Gold Coast.

Gold Coast – 1873Wolseley arrived and made his plans before the arrival of histroops in January 1874. He

fought the Battle of Amoaful on January 31 1874, and, after five days' fighting, ended with

the Battle of Ordahsu.

Gold Coast – 1874 JulyThe British forced the Ashanti to

signthe Treaty of Fomena to end the

war, with one of the clausesbeing a demand for 50,000oz

of gold.

Gold Coast – 1895 JanFourth Anglo-Ashanti war was

declared so that the Britishcould conquer the Ashanti

after the rejection of becominga British protectorate in 1891.Itonly lasted until Feb 1896 and

ended with the exile of Ashanti leaders.

Gold Coast – 1863Second Anglo-Ashanti war

wasdeclared as a large Ashanti delegation crossed the river

pursuing a fugitive, Kwesi Gyana

Gold Coast – 1864.Second Anglo-Ashanti war

ended as British troops wereforced to withdraw because

of sickness.

Gold Coast – 1872 Zey, king of the Ashanti

, wrote to the British monarch asking for the slave trade to

be renewed.

Gold Coast – 1871 Feb 25Britain purchased part of GoldCoast from the Netherlands.

Gold Coast – 1900 MarThe war of the golden stool

was declared after the British after Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, demanded that the Ashanti

turn over to the Golden Stool.

Gold Coast – 1900 SepThe British won the war and

theAshanti became part of a

crowncolony, though mostly ruled

themselves with little referenceto the colonial powers.

Nigeria – 1879The United African Company

was formed due to high British interest in importing palm oil from the area and exportingcheaper goods such as gin.

Nigeria – 1884 NovThe Berlin Conference hostedby Bismarck gave Nigeria tothe British, forming the “Oil

Rivers Protectorate”.

Nigeria – 1882The British from the East and

The French from the West Started working their way up

theNiger river and eventually Clashed near Timbuktu.

Nigeria – 1879The United African Company

was formed due to high British interest in importing palm oil from the area and exportingcheaper goods such as gin.

Nigeria – 1886The Royal Niger company wasfounded by George Taubman

Goldie

Nigeria – 1886Goldie hired Lugard to make

Treaties with the rules of tribesin Northern Nigeria. The

Frenchsent Captain Decour to do the

same.

Nigeria – 1898Anglo-French tension over Nigeria peaked at a standoff

at Borgu. The French left Bussa,

Illo and Gomba in exchangeFor 2 small plots of land, at theMouths of the rivers Moshi and

Niger in the Anglo-French Convention.

Nigeria – 1896In 1896, Bretonnet was given

command of an expedition meant to

establish French control on the navigable portions of the

Niger River below Bussa.These plans were opposed by the Royal

Niger Company, claiming the English

had already treaty rights on the region.

Nigeria – 1901-02The Anglo-Aro war was declaredafter increasing tension between

Aro leaders and British colonialists

after years of failed negotiationsas the Aro tried to resist

British expansion. The Britishbeat the Aro.

Nigeria - 1903 Mar 15 The British conquest was completed, 500,000 square miles were now controlled

by the U.K.

Nigeria – 1893 The “Oil Rivers Protectorate”

Was renamed the “NigerCoast Protectorate”

Nigeria – 1895 A massacre occurred due to a dispute with the Nembe overpalm oil as Goldie stopped the

Ijaw middlemen from shipping oil directly to firms in Britain while at the

same time insisting on an unhindered access into the

Hitherlands. The Nembe took 67hostages so Goldie had 2000

women and children killed.

Uganda – 1886 Jun 324 Christians are burnt

to death in Namugongo.

Uganda – 1888The Imperial British East Africa

Company was chartered by William MacKinnon.

Uganda – 1892 Jan 24Civil war broke out between

the Kabaka, French Catholics,British Protestants, and the

IBEAC.

Uganda – 1890 Jul 1The Heligoland-Zanzibar treaty

Was signed between the British

And the Germans. The BritishGained Kenya and Uganda,

andThe Germans gained

HeligolandAnd the Caprivi Strip. Zanzibar

Stayed under control of the sultan.

Uganda – 1892The IBEAC went broke from financing the civil war and Uganda not being as rich in resources as previously

believed. The IBEAC demanded government funds

for a withdrawal.

Uganda – 1894Uganda was declared a British

protectorate.

Uganda – 1890 FebKarl Peters explores

Uganda and makes treaties with Mwanga II of Buganda in

favour of the Germans.

Kenya – 1890 Jul 1The Heligoland-Zanzibar treaty

Was signed between the British

And the Germans. The BritishGained Kenya and Uganda,

andThe Germans gained

HeligolandAnd the Caprivi Strip. Zanzibar

Stayed under control of the sultan.

Kenya – 1895Kenya was declared the British

East African Protectorate.

Uganda – 1890Lugard was dispatched by the IBEAC to Uganda, forcing Karl

Peters to leave.

South Africa – 1879 Jan 11The Zulu war began with the rejection of an ultimatum thatCetswayo could not comply

withas demobilizing his army

would leave them open to attack and destroy the traditional militant

culture.

South Africa – 1879Paul Kruger of the Transvaaloffered the British advice on

how to deal with the Zulu from their own experiences at theBattle of Blood River. The

British ignored him.

South Africa – 1879 Jan 22 The Battle of Isandhlwana hillwas an embarrassing defeatfor the British as 1,300 were slaughtered by the tribesmen.

South Africa – 1879 Jan 23Just over 150 British and

colonial troops successfully defended

the garrison against an intense

assault by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors at the Battle of

Rorke'sDrift.

South Africa – 1806Cape Town was annexed

to Britain.

South Africa – 1867Diamonds were discovered in

Kimberly

South Africa - 1838 Dec 16Boers defeated the Zulus in the

Battle of Blood River and settled in Natal

The Afrikaners while escaping from

British rule encountered resistance from the native blackpeoples. In the Battle of Blood

River a few hundred Boers repelled

an attack by more than 10,000 Zulu warriors.

South Africa – 1877Shepstone annexed the

Transvaal in order to save them

from bankruptcy, protect themfrom the Pedi and settle

border disputes with the Zulu

South Africa – 1886 The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand launched the

city of Johannesburg. Labor was

provided from Lesotho

South Africa – 1895 Dec 29The Jameson Raid was set out

and The basic plan was that British expatriates in Johannesburg

would revolt and seize the Boer armoury

in Pretoria. Jameson and his force would

dash across the border to Johannesburg

to "restore order" and with control of Johannesburg would control the gold

fields.It failed and those involved were jailed.

South Africa – 1889British South Africa Company was

established by Cecil Rhodes through the amalgamation of the Central Search Association and

the Exploring Company Ltd., receiving

a royal charter

South Africa – 1899 Oct 11The Second Boer war was

declared after a British ultimatum

to the Boers demanding equalRights to the uitlanders

(foreigners)

South Africa – 1879 Jul 4The Battle of Ulundi finally

beatthe Zulu forces and Cetswayowas sent into exile. The war

wasended.

South Africa – 1881 Feb 27The Boers had a massive

victory over the British at the Battle of Majuba Hill where the92nd Highlanders (one of the supposedly best regiments)

wasseen fleeing from the Boers.

South Africa – 1880 Dec 16The First Boer war was

declaredas many Boers felt resentful to having to follow British

ways from the earlier annexation.

South Africa – 1881 Mar 23A peace treaty was signed

that allowed Boer self-government

on the condition that the Boers accepted Queen’s nominal rule and British control over African affairs and native

districts

South Africa – 1899 Oct-DecThe Boers had the initial

offensiveand had many successes at

first,primarily, with sieges of

Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberly.South Africa – 1900 Sep-1902

MayThe Boers changed their tactics toGuirella warfare with skirmishes

like Lindley (where 500 Yeomanry surrendered), and at Heilbron (where a large convoy and its

escort were captured) and other

skirmishes resulting in 1,500 British

casualties in less than ten days. The British

hadTo adapt to cope with it.

South Africa – 1900 Jan-SepA British offensive held some

successes and relieved Ladysmith

And Mafeking. They also captured

Johannesburg and the Transvaal

capital, Pretoria.

South Africa – 1901 DecThe Fawcett commission wassent to South Africa to check conditions of concentration

camps with unusually high deathrates. Kitchener slowly improved

The conditions of the camps After the report was filed.

South Africa – 1902 May 31The Second Anglo-Boer war

came to an end and the Transvaal and Orange Free

Statecame under British rule.

South Africa – 1910 May 31The Union of South Africa wasformed from the Cape Colony,Natal, the Transvaal and the

Orange Free State

Rhodesia – 1888 Oct 13The Rudd Concession was the

Signing away of the mineralRights in Matabeleland andMashonaland by Charles

Rudd and Cecil Rhodes. DeceitWas used so that LobengulaDidn't fully understand whatHe was signing and many

friends,Like Jameson, advised him to

sign.

Rhodesia – 1889British South Africa Company was

established by Cecil Rhodes through the amalgamation of the Central Search Association and

the Exploring Company Ltd., receiving a royal charter

Rhodesia – 1896The first Chimurenga (SecondMatabele War) was declared

after Mlino convinced everyone it was the white Men causing cattle

to die. It went on until Rhodes

persuaded natives to stop andcombined the provinces of

Mashonaland and Matabelelandinto Southern Rhodesia.

Rhodesia – 1889 AprLobengula found out his mistakes with the Rudd

concession and attemptedto undermine it with the Lippert

Concession which Rhodes later bought out.

Rhodesia – 1890Rhodes started moving north

of Matabeleland where he hadmade treaties with Lobengula

And into Mashonaland.

Rhodesia – 1890 Sep 12Fort Salisbury was founded

As a small city for military volunteer

force of settlers organised by Cecil Rhodes to watch

over Mashonaland..

Rhodesia – 1893 Oct- 1894 Jan

The First Matabele war was Declared as the company hadWanted to avoid problems in

Their territories, but LobengulaApproved a raid to extract theMashona chief, leading to a

clash

Other Factors – 1885King Leopald of Belgium took

over the Congo Free State

Other Factors – 1898The Fashoda Incident was a

strong tension between Britainand France and a possible reason for Britain expanding

into the Sudan.

Other Factors – 1875 Nov 7 Verney Cameron became the

1st European to cross equatorial Africa

Other Factors – 1870 Jul 19The Franco-Prussian War began.

Napoleon declared war on Bismarck. Emperor Napoleon III of France declared war on Germany

under Otto von Bismarck. Napoleon

was defeated in three months and Abdicated, leaving tension

betweenThe French and Germans.

Other Factors – 1896The French annexed

Madagascar

Other Factors – 1888The Italians made a pact with

Sultan Kenadid making an Italian Somaliland

Protectorate.

Other Factors - 1895French West Africa was Established contraining :

Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now

Mali), French Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire

(Ivory Coast), Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin) and Niger.

Other Factors – 1885 German East Africa was

developed and included what are now

Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika

(the mainland part of present Tanzania)

Other Factors – 1884German South West Africa

(now Namibia) was claimed.

Other Factors – 1893France began colonizing West

Africa and Timbuktu came under French rule until Mali became independent in 1960

Best Theory – SudanPeripheral

It seems as though the biggestTrigger for entering the SudanWas to squash Mahdist and Nationalist revolts that may

leadTo problems concerning

Investments in Egypt and theSuez Canal.

Best Theory – EgyptMetropolitan

The Suez canal plays a vital rolein Egypt, whether it is for causing

tension between Europeanpowers or being used as a threatby nationalists. As the canal wasused as a trade route to India,

the main interest is in generatingprofit.

Best Theory – Gold CoastInternational Relations

Gold Coast had been a Dutch Area

of land but they were looking to sell

it. The British knew that If they did not take Gold Coast, it would

be offered to the French Germans or Italians and they believed they

should have it because of how close it was to the Niger

Best Theory – NigeriaMetropolitan

Though there was internationalrivalry over the land surrounding

the Niger river, most of it canbe put down to the high

economicvalue of the palm oil trade

situated there.

Best Theory – UgandaMetropolitan

Explorers like Peters and Lugard

had described the riches andmineral wealth in Uganda,

encouraging men like Mackinnon

with thoughts of making largeprofit there.

Best Theory – KenyaInternational Relations

Kenya was given to Britain in the Berlin Conference seems

to have been Used primarily as

an Access Point to landlocked Uganda and to fit betweenGerman East Africa and Italian Northern Somalia.

Best Theory – South AfricaMetropolitan

The main reason for an interest

in South Africa is because ofthe diamonds and gold found

there. If it had not been for that,

it is highly unlikely that towns like

Kimberly or Johannesburg would

Have come into being.

Best Theory – RhodesiaMetropolitan

The main push for Rhodesiacame from Cecil Rhodes whowanted money and power. He

believed that the gold and diamond seams in the

Transvaalmay run up further so took

overthe land for mineral wealth.