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Scrambling CodeTRANSCRIPT
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Dr. Stefan BrückQualcomm Corporate R&D Center Germany
3G/4G Mobile Communications Systems
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Chapter V: Physical Layer of UMTS
2 Slide 2
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Physical Layer of UMTS (R99/HSPA)
Basic CDMA Concept
Selected Physical Layer Aspects
UMTS (R99)
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA, E-DCH)
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Basic CDMA Concept
4
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a method in which multiple usersoccupy the same time and frequency allocations
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Orthogonal Spreading - Basics
5
Transmission using the entire bandwidth is achieved by spreading eachsymbol with a pre-defined sequence with fixed chip rate → Increase of theutilized bandwidth
The figure shows an example of a spreading sequence (-1, 1, 1, -1)
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Despreading – Basics
6
The receiver despreads the chips by using the same orthogonal sequenceused at the transmitter
Note that under no noise conditions, the symbols are completely recoveredwithout any errors
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OVSF Tree
7
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes are used to spread to the chiprate on both the UL and the DL
The chip rate in UMTS is 3.84 Mcps
On the UL, different OVSF codes separate dedicated Physical Channels (e.g. DPCCH,DPDCH) from a single terminal
On the DL, different OVSF codes separate UEs within a single cellSlide 7
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Scrambling Codes
In DL (usually) one OVSF tree per cell, in UL one OVSF tree per terminal isused for spreading
The spreading codes are also called channelization codes
Strong interference would occur if a neighbor cell in DL or neighbor terminalis UL would use the same channelization code → additional protection isneeded
The solution is applying a scrambling sequence per cell (DL) and per
8
terminal (UE) The chip rate of the scrambling sequence is 3.84 Mcps as well
For the DL there are 512 so-called primary scrambling codes
Re-use of the scrambling codes is needed in the network
For the UL there are roughly 224 different scrambling codes
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Physical Channels in UMTS
Primary common control physical channel, PCCPCH (DL)
Secondary common control physical channel, SCCPCH (DL)
Physical layer only channels
Synchronization channel, SCH (DL)
Common pilot channel, CPICH (DL)
Paging indicator channel, PICH (DL)
9
Acquisition indicator channel, AICH (DL)
Physical random access channel, PRACH (UL)
Dedicated physical channel, DPCH, DL
Dedicated physical channel DPCH,UL
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Physical Layer Timing in UMTS (R99)
Frame Timing
Transmission Time Interval (TTI)
TTI: 10, 20, 40, 80 ms boundaries
10 ms radio frames, 15 slots perframe
38400 chips per frame
Slot Timing
10
c ps per s o , . ms
Symbol Timing
Symbol consists of a number ofchips
OVSF determines chips/symbol
OVSF ranges from 4 to 512chips/symbol (640 to 5 symbolsper slot)
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Multiplexing and Coding Procedure
11
The transport channel data is broken into blocks and delivered everytransport time interval (TTI) for that particular transport channel.
The end result of the Physical Layer’s actions on the transport channel data
is a Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCH)
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Downlink Generic Physical Layer Procedure
Transport channel data delivered every TTI
CRC Attachment
Channel Coding
Rate Matching
Interleaving
12
Spreading using OVSF Channel codes
Scrambling
QPSK Modulation
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Downlink Channel Coding
In UMTS, two types of forward error correction coding are applied
Convolutional codes
Used for common and dedicated transport channels
Applied for data rates ≤ 32 kbps (roughly)
Constraint length K = 9
Coding rate R = 1/2 and R = 1/3 depending on the transport channel
Turbo codes
13
se or e cate transport c anne s
Applied for data rates ≥ 64 kbps (roughly)
Based on parallel concatenated convolutional codes
Mother code rate is R = 1/3
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Downlink Spreading and Scrambling
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The symbols are spread using the same channelization code
Cch,SF,m is the mth OVSF code of spreading factor SF
Afterwards, the signal is scrambled using either a primary or secondaryscrambling code (PSC, SSC)
The Gs are the DL weight factors: G is for the Physical Channels, Gp, Gs for thePrimary and Secondary Synchronization Channels (not covered)
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Downlink Physical Channel
15
The DPDCH and the DPCCH are time multiplexed into the DPCH
The DPCCH includes TPC, TFCI and Pilot bits TPC bits are power control commands for the uplink
TFCI bits include information of the transport format
Pilots bits are used for channel estimation
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Uplink Generic Physical Layer Procedure
Transport channel data delivered every TTI
CRC Attachment
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Rate Matching
16
Spreading using OVSF Channel codes
PN Scrambling
QPSK Modulation
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Uplink Spreading and Scrambling
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The physical channels are spread to the chip rate with individualchannelization codes and then scrambled with the same scrambling code
In the UL, the DPCCH is always on the Q branch
The DPDCHs can be on both the I and Q branch
If there is only one DPDCH, it is on the I branch (BPSK modulation)
βs are the UL weight factors, βd is for data and βc is for control
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Uplink Physical Channel
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UL DPCH is consists of two Physical Channels, the DPDCH and the DPCCH
UL Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) sent on I data branch
UL Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) sent on Q data branch
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Common Pilot Channel
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The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) provides an in-cell timing reference andis used for DL channel estimation
There are two types of Common Pilot Channels
Primary CPICH (P-CPICH)
Secondary CPICH (S-CPICH)
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Primary and Secondary Common Pilot Channel
The properties of the P-CPICH are as follows:
The same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH, Cch,256,0
The P-CPICH is scrambled by the PSC
There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell
The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell Typically 10% of the DL power are allocated to the P-CPICH
The properties of the S-CPICH are as follows:
An arbitrar channelization code of SF 256 is used for the S-CPICH
20
An S-CPICH is scrambled by either the PSC or an SSC There may be zero, one, or several S-CPICH per cell
An S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or only over part of the cell
When a S-CPICH is used, it is scrambled with a PSC or SSC
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HSDPA Background
Initial goals
Establish a more spectral efficient way of using DL resources providing data ratesbeyond 2 Mbit/s, (up to a maximum theoretical limit of 14.4 Mbps)
Optimize interactive & background packet data traffic, support streaming service Design for low mobility environment, but not restricted
Techniques compatible with advanced multi-antenna and receivers
Standardization started in June 2000
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Broad forum of companies Major feature of Release 5
Enhancements in R7 HSPA+
Advanced transmission to increase data throughput
Signaling enhancements to save resources
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HSDPA Basics
Evolution from R99/Rel. 4
5 MHz Bandwidth
Same spreading by OVSF and scrambling codes
Turbo coding
New concepts in Rel. 5
Adaptive modulation (QPSK vs. 16QAM), coding and multicodes
22
Fast scheduling in NodeB (TTI = 2ms)
Hybrid ARQ
Enhancements in Rel. 7 HSPA+
Signaling enhancements
64QAM
MIMO techniques, increase of the bandwidth (dual carrier)
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Higher Order Modulation
Standard modulation scheme in UMTS networks
QPSK 2 bit per symbol
With HSDPA, modulation can be switched between two schemes
QPSK 2 bit per symbol 16-QAM 4 bit per symbol
23
Low bitrate → robust to High bitrate → Sensitive todisturbances disturbances
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HS-DSCH Principle I
Channelization codes at a fixed spreading factor of SF = 16
Up to 15 codes in parallel
SF=8
SF=4
SF=2
CC
24
OVSF channelization code tree allocated by CRNC
HSDPA codes autonomously managed by Node B MAC-hs scheduler
Example: 12 consecutive codes reserved for HS-DSCH, starting at C16,4
Additionally, HS-SCCH codes with SF = 128 (number equal to simultaneousUEs)
SF=16
Physical channels (codes) to which HS-DSCH is mapped CPICH, etc.
,,
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HS-DSCH Principle II
Resource sharing in code as well as time domain:
Multi-code transmission, UE is assigned to multiple codes in the same TTI
Multiple UEs may be assigned channelization codes in the same TTI
Code
25
Example: 5 codes are reserved for HSDPA, 1 or 2 UEs are active within oneTTI
Data to UE #1 Data to UE #2 Data to UE #3
Time (per TTI)
not used
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UMTS Channels with HSDPA
26
e
UEUE
Cell 2
R99 DCH (in SHO) UL/DL signalling (DCCH) UL PS service UL/DL CS voice/ data
Rel-5 HS-DSCH
DL PS service
(Rel-6: DL DCCH)
= ServingHS-DSCH cell
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HSDPA Channels
HS-PDSCH
Carries the data traffic
Fixed SF = 16; up to 15 parallel channels
QPSK: 480 kbps/code, 16QAM: 960 kbps/code
HS-SCCH
Signals the configuration to be used in this TTI
HS-PDSCH codes modulation format TB information
27
Fixed SF = 128 Sent two slots (~1.3msec) in advance of HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
Feedbacks ACK/NACK and channel quality information (CQI)
Fixed SF = 256, code multiplexed to UL DPCCH Feedback sent ~5msec after received data
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Timing Relations (DL)
TB size & HAR Info
Downlink DPCH
HS-SCCH
3 × Tslot (2 msec)
Tslot (2560 chips)
ch. code & mod
28
NodeB Tx view
Fixed time offset between the HS-SCCH information and the start of thecorresponding HS-DSCH TTI: τHS-DSCH-control (2 × Tslot= 1.33msec)
HS-DSCH and associated DL DPCH not time-aligned
DATAHS-PDSCH
- = × slot msec
τHS-DSCH-control= 2 × Tslot
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Timing Relations (UL)
DATA
plink DPCCH
HS-PDSCH
3 × Tslot (2ms)
-
Tslot (0.67 ms)
29
UE Rx view
Alignment to m × 256 to preserve orthogonality to UL DPCCH
HS-PDSCH and associated UL DPCH not time-aligned (but “quasi synch”)
S-DPCCH
m × 256 chips
τUEP = 7.5 × Tslot (5ms)-
C IA/NC IA/NC IA/NCQI A/N
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Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HARQ is a stop-and-wait ARQ
Up to 8 HARQ processes per UE
In HSDPA the HARQ is asynchronous and adaptive
Retransmissions are done at MAC-hs layer, i.e. in the Node B
Triggered by NACKs sent on the HS-DPCCH
The mother code is a R = 1/3 Turbo code
Code rate adaptation done via rate matching, i.e. by puncturing and repeating
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bits of the encoded data
Two types of retransmission
Incremental Redundancy
Additional parity bits are sent when decoding errors occured
Gain due to reducing the code rate
Chase Combining
The same bits are retransmitted when decoding errors occured
Gain due to maximum ratio combining
HSDPA uses a mixture of both types
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HARQ Processes
1 2 23 4 5 31
RTTHARQ
DataHS-PDSCH
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HARQ is a simple stop-and-wait ARQ
Example
RTTmin = 5 TTI Synchronous retransmissions (MAC-hs decides on transmission)
UE support up to 8 HARQ processes (configured by Node B) Min. number: to support continuous reception
Max. number: limit of HARQ soft buffer
Number of HARQ processes configured specifically for each UE category
1 2 3 4 5ACK/NACKHS-DPCCH
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding
In HSDPA adaptive Modulation and Coding is applied
The data rate can be changed per TTI by changing the transport block size as wellas the number of codes being used in parallel
The mother code rate is R = 1/3
Codes rates up to R = 1 are achieved by puncturing
Users in favorable channel conditions (based on Channel Quality indication)are assigned higher code rates and higher order modulation (16QAM, 64
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It is the task of the scheduler to decide on the instantaneous data rate
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Supported Transport Block Sizes (Rel. 5)
Index TB Size Index TB Size Index TB Size1 137 86 1380 171 6324
2 149 87 1405 172 6438
3 161 88 1430 173 6554
4 173 89 1456 174 6673
5 185 90 1483 175 6793
6 197 91 1509 176 6916
7 209 92 1537 177 7041
8 221 93 1564 178 7168
9 233 94 1593 179 7298
10 245 95 1621 180 7430
11 257 96 1651 181 7564
12 269 97 1681 182 7700
13 281 98 1711 183 7840
14 293 99 1742 184 7981
15 305 100 1773 185 8125
16 317 101 1805 186 8272
17 329 102 1838 187 8422
18 341 103 1871 188 8574
19 353 104 1905 189 8729
20 365 105 1939 190 8886
46 674 131 3090 216 14155
47 686 132 3145 217 14411
48 699 133 3202 218 14671
49 711 134 3260 219 14936
50 724 135 3319 220 15206
51 737 136 3379 221 15481
52 751 137 3440 222 15761
53 764 138 3502 223 16045
54 778 139 3565 224 16335
55 792 140 3630 225 1663056 806 141 3695 226 16931
57 821 142 3762 227 17237
58 836 143 3830 228 17548
59 851 144 3899 229 17865
60 866 145 3970 230 18188
61 882 146 4042 231 18517
62 898 147 4115 232 18851
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21 377 106 1974 191 9047
22 389 107 2010 192 9210
23 401 108 2046 193 9377
24 413 109 2083 194 9546
25 425 110 2121 195 9719
26 437 111 2159 196 9894
27 449 112 2198 197 10073
28 461 113 2238 198 10255
29 473 114 2279 199 10440
30 485 115 2320 200 10629
31 497 116 2362 201 10821
32 509 117 2404 202 11017
33 521 118 2448 203 11216
34 533 119 2492 204 11418
35 545 120 2537 205 11625
36 557 121 2583 206 11835
37 569 122 2630 207 12048
38 581 123 2677 208 12266
39 593 124 2726 209 12488
40 605 125 2775 210 12713
41 616 126 2825 211 12943
42 627 127 2876 212 13177
43 639 128 2928 213 13415
44 650 129 2981 214 13657
45 662 130 3035 215 13904
64 931 149 4265 234 19538
65 947 150 4342 235 1989166 964 151 4420 236 20251
67 982 152 4500 237 20617
68 1000 153 4581 238 20989
69 1018 154 4664 239 21368
70 1036 155 4748 240 21754
71 1055 156 4834 241 22147
72 1074 157 4921 242 22548
73 1093 158 5010 243 22955
74 1113 159 5101 244 23370
75 1133 160 5193 245 2379276 1154 161 5287 246 24222
77 1175 162 5382 247 24659
78 1196 163 5480 248 25105
79 1217 164 5579 249 25558
80 1239 165 5680 250 26020
81 1262 166 5782 251 26490
82 1285 167 5887 252 26969
83 1308 168 5993 253 27456
84 1331 169 6101 254 27952
85 1356 170 6211
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HSDPA UE Categories
The specification allows some freedom to the UE vendors
12 different UE categories for HSDPA with different capabilities (Rel.5)
The UE capabilities differ in
Max. transport block size (data rate)
Max. number of codes per HS-DSCH
Modulation alphabet (QPSK only)
-
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Soft buffer size
The MAC-hs scheduler needs to take these restrictions into account
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HSDPA – UE Physical Layer Capabilities (Rel. 5)
HS-DSCHCategory
Maximumnumber ofHS-DSCH
multi-codes
Minimum inter-TTI interval
MaximumMAC-hs TB size
Total number ofsoft channel
bits
Theoreticalmaximum datarate (Mbit/s)
Category 1 5 3 7298 19200 1.2
Category 2 5 3 7298 28800 1.2
Category 3 5 2 7298 28800 1.8
Category 4 5 2 7298 38400 1.8
Category 5 5 1 7298 57600 3.6
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Category 6 5 1 7298 67200 3.6
Category 7 10 1 14411 115200 7.2
Category 8 10 1 14411 134400 7.2
Category 9 15 1 20251 172800 10.1
Category 10 15 1 27952 172800 14.0
Category 11* 5 2 3630 14400 0.9
Category 12* 5 1 3630 28800 1.8
cf. TS 25.306Note: UEs of Categories 11 and 12 support QPSK only
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Channel Quality Information (CQI)
Signalled to the Node B in UL each 2ms on HS-DPCCH
Integer number from 0 to 30 corresponds to a Transport Format ResourceCombination (TFRC) given by
Modulation Number of channelisation codes
Transport block size
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Mapping defined in TS 25.213 for each UE category
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CQI – Mapping Table (Rel. 5)
Tables specified in TS
25.214 For each UE category Condition: BLER ≤ 10%
Example for UE category 10
CQI value TransportBlock Size
Number ofHS-PDSCH
Modulation Reference poweradjustment ∆∆∆∆
NIR XRV
0 N/A Out of range
1 137 1 QPSK 0
…
6 461 1 QPSK 0
7 650 2 QPSK 0
…
15 3319 5 QPSK 0
28800 0
37 Slide 37
-
…
23 9719 7 16-QAM 0
24 11418 8 16-QAM 0
25 14411 10 16-QAM 0
26 17237 12 16-QAM 0
27 21754 15 16-QAM 0
28 23370 15 16-QAM 0
29 24222 15 16-QAM 0
30 25558 15 16-QAM 0
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Background
E-DCH is a Rel. 6 feature with following targets
Improve coverage and throughput, and reduce delay of the uplink dedicatedtransport channels
Priority given to services such as streaming, interactive and background services,
conversational (e.g. VoIP) also to be considered Full mobility support with optimizing for low/ medium speed
Simple implementation
S ecial focus on co-workin with HSDPA
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Standardization started in September 2002 Study item completed in February 2004
Stage II/ III started in September/ December 2004
Release 6 frozen in December 2005/ March 2006
Various improvements have been introduced in Rel. 7 & Rel. 8
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E-DCH Basics
E-DCH is a modification of DCH – It is not a shared channel, such asHSDPA in the downlink !!
PHY taken from R99
Turbo coding and QPSK modulation
In Rel. 7 also 16QAM modulation is supported
Power Control
10 msec/2 msec TTI
Spreading on separate OVSF code, i.e. code multiplexing with existing PHY
39
c anne s
MAC similarities to HSDPA
Fast scheduling
Stop and Wait HARQ: but synchronous
New principles
Intra Node B “softer” and Inter Node B “soft” HO should be supported for the E-DCH with HARQ
Scheduling distributed between UE and Node B
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UMTS Ch l i h E DCH
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UMTS Channels with E-DCH
40
e
UEUE
Cell 2
R99 DCH (in SHO)
UL/DL signalling (DCCH) UL/DL CS voice/ data
Rel-5 HS-DSCH (not shown) DL PS service (DTCH) DL signalling (Rel-6, DCCH)
Rel-6 E-DCH (in SHO)
UL PS service (DTCH)
UL Signalling (DCCH)
= ServingE-DCH cell
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E DCH Ch l
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E-DCH Channels
E-DPDCH
Carries the data traffic
Variable SF = 256 … 2
UE supports up to 4 E-DPDCH in parallel
E-DPCCH
Contains the configuration as used on E-DPDCH
Fixed SF = 256
41
E-RGCH/ E-HICH
E-HICH carries the HARQ acknowledgements
E-RGCH carries the relative scheduling grants
Fixed SF = 128
Up to 40 users multiplexed onto the same channel by using specific signatures
E-AGCH
Carries the absolute scheduling grants
Fixed SF = 256
E-RGCH and E-AGCH are used for providing scheduled grants to the UE
Slide 41
E DPDCH d E DPCCH Ph i l L St t
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E-DPDCH and E-DPCCH Physical Layer Structure Data, Ndata bits
Slot #1 Slot #14Slot #2 Slot #iSlot #0
Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = M*10*2 bits (k=0…7)
Tslot = 2560 chips
E-DPDCHE-DPDCH
E-DPCCH 10 bits
Slot #3
42 Slide 42
1 subframe = 2 ms
1 radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4
Slot Format #i Channel Bit Rate(kbps)
Bits/SymbolM
SF Bits/Frame
Bits/Subframe
Bits/SlotNdata
0 15 1 256 150 30 101 30 1 128 300 60 20
2 60 1 64 600 120 403 120 1 32 1200 240 804 240 1 16 2400 480 1605 480 1 8 4800 960 3206 960 1 4 9600 1920 6407 1920 1 2 19200 3840 12808 1920 2 4 19200 3840 12809 3840 2 2 38400 7680 2560
S di f E DPDCH d E DPCCH
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Spreading for E-DPDCH and E-DPCCH
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ced,1 – ced,K are the channelization codes for the E-DPDCH’s, cec is the
channelisation code for the E-DPCCH βed,1 – βed,K are the gain factors for the E-DPDCH’s, βec is the gain factor for
the E-DPCCH
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Timing Relation (UL)
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Uplink DPCCH
10 msec
CFN
15 × Tslot (10 msec)
CFN+1
0.4 × Tslot (1024 chips)
±148chips
Downlink DPCH CFN
Timing Relation (UL)
44
E-DPDCH/ E-DPCCH time-aligned to UL DPCCH
Subframe #0
E-DPDCH/
E-DPCCH
3 × Tslot (2 msec)
Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 2msec TTI
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E AGCH Physical Layer Structure
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E-AGCH Physical Layer Structure
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The E-AGCH carries the absolute scheduling grant, which represents themaximum E-DPDCH / DPCCH power ratio (5 bits)
It is convolutional encoded with a R = 1/3 code
The spreading factor is SF = 256
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E RGCH/E HICH Physical Layer Structure
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E-RGCH/E-HICH Physical Layer Structure
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For E-RGCH and E-HICH the same channel structure is applied
The E-RGCH is a dedicated or common downlink physical channel, whichcarries the relative scheduling grants from the Node B
In each slot a sequence of 40 ternary values is transmitted → Up to 40 userscan be multiplexed on the same channel
In each cell EHICH and E-RGCH for the same user are on the same code
Slide 46
HSUPA UE Categories
7/18/2019 Scrambling
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E-DCHCategory
Max. num.Codes
Min SF EDCH TTI Maximum MAC-eTB size
Theoretical maximum PHYdata rate (Mbit/s)
Category 1 1 SF4 10 msec 7110 0.71
Category 2 2 SF4 10 msec/
2 msec
14484/
2798
1.45/
1.4
Category 3 2 SF4 10 msec 14484 1.45
HSUPA UE Categories
47
When 4 codes are transmitted, 2 codes are transmitted with SF2 and 2 with SF4
UE Category 7 supports 16QAM modulation
2 msec 5772.
2.89
Category 5 2 SF2 10 msec 20000 2.0
Category 6 4 SF2 10 msec/2 msec
20000/11484
2.0/5.74
Category 7(Rel. 7)
4 SF2 10 msec/2 msec
20000/22996
2.0/11.5
Slide 47
Hybrid ARQ Operation
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Hybrid ARQ Operation
N-channel parallel HARQ with stop-and-wait protocol
Number of HARQ processes N to allow uninterrupted E-DCH transmission
10 msec TTI: 4
2 msec TTI: 8
Synchronous retransmissions
Retransmission of a MAC-e PDU follows its previous HARQ (re)transmissionafter N TTI = 1 RTT
Incremental Redundanc via rate matchin
48
Max. # HARQ retransmissions specified in HARQ profile
New Tx 2 New Tx 3 New Tx 4 Re-Tx 1 New Tx 2 Re-Tx 3 New Tx 4 Re-Tx 1 Re-Tx 2New Tx 1
ACK
ACK
NACK
NACK
NACK
NACK
Slide 48
Transport Block Size Table for 10ms TTI
7/18/2019 Scrambling
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Transport Block Size Table for 10ms TTI
49 Slide 49