screening & brief alcohol interventions in primary care dr eileen kaner dr paul cassidy...
TRANSCRIPT
Screening & brief alcohol interventions in primary care
Dr Eileen KanerDr Paul Cassidy
Professor Nick Heather
Session 2 – Brief Alcohol Intervention
Linking screening to brief intervention
• Avoid labelling
• Start with reference to the patient’s screening score or consumption level
• Ask the patient how they feel about their screening score/consumption level
– eg. You appear to be drinking at a rate that increases your risk of harm. What do you think?
– eg. The way in which you are drinking may be affecting your health. What do you think?
Assessing interest/motivation
Not all patients are the sameAlcohol may not be at the top of their agenda
Stage of change & brief intervention
• Precontemplation (unaware/unready)• intervention unlikely to succeed, give information about risks
• Contemplation (aware/ambivalent)• offer advice &/or motivational work to move patient along
• Preparation (planning)• set date, make plans, be specific, anticipate difficulties
• Action (ready to go)• encourage, support, offer to follow-up
• Maintenance (keeping it up)• reinforce success, advise on managing slips/relapse prevention
Risk status & brief intervention
• Low Risk - Brief congratulation, positive reinforcement. Possibly ‘unit awareness’ work.
• Hazardous drinkers – Simple structured advice (level 1 BI), offer further support
• Harmful drinkers – Simple structured advice (level 1 BI) and offer motivational intervention (level 2 BI)
• Dependent drinking – Referral to specialist services
Clinical flow
Case finding
Negative screenCongratulate
Positive ScreenPossible dependence
Assess further, refer on
Assess interest/motivation
No interest – offer PILKeep door open for future
Interest/hazardous drinkerSimple structured advice
Interest/ harmful drinkerExtended brief intervention
What generally happens now?
Example 1 - avoidance
Example 2 - evasion
Example 3 – dictating
Level 1 brief intervention
• Simple structured advice
• Delivered in 1-2 minutes
• Following ‘How Much is Too Much’ protocol (level 1)
• Practical - ‘common sense’ content
• Offer of future follow-up/further discussion
• Clinicians already do many elements of BI– just needs some more structure
BI structure – FRAMES
•Feedback (personalised)
•Responsibility (with patient)
•Advice (clear, practical)
•Menu (variety of options)
•Empathy (warm, reflective)
•Self-efficacy (boosts confidence)
Discussion
• Issues to think about– What are the essential elements if time is short?– When, where and by whom?– What resources are required– What if patients want more than simple advice?
Level 2 brief intervention
• Motivationally enhanced intervention not MI
• Behaviour change counselling based on Rollnick S., et al. (1999) Health Behaviour Change: A Guide for Practitioners
• Following ‘How much is Too Much’ – level 2
• Takes 15-20 minutes
• 2-3 hour skill-based training available - Dr Malcolm Thomas, Effective Professional Interactions (http://www.effectivepi.co.uk)
Motivational approach fits with patient centred practice
• Both clinicians and patients are experts
• Distinction between disease and illness
• Understanding patients in a context
• Finding common ground
• Mutual decision making
Patient presents problem
Gathering information
Parallel search of two frameworks
Disease framework
Doctor’s agenda:Doctor’s agenda:• Symptoms• Signs• Investigations• Pathophysiology
Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis
Illness framework
Patient’s agenda:Patient’s agenda:• Ideas• Concerns• Expectations• Feelings
Understanding theUnderstanding thepatient’s uniquepatient’s uniqueexperience of experience of illnessillness
Integration of the two frameworks
Shared understanding & decision makingShared understanding & decision making
Patient centred practice - active listening
What I say What I hear
What I mean or feel
What I understand
patient practitioner
Clinician assumptions
• This person ought to change
• this person wants to change
• patient’s health is motivation
• no change=failure• either do or don’t
• Now is the right time• being tough is best• I know - my advice is
good• negotiation is always
best
Motivational Interviewing
• ‘client-centred , directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence’
1. Express empathy2. Develop discrepancy3. Avoid argumentation4. Roll with resistance5. Support self-efficacy
Miller & Rollnick 2002
Behaviour change counselling
• ‘ways of structuring a conversation which maximises the individual’s freedom to talk and think about change in an atmosphere free of coercion and the provision of premature solutions’ Rollnick et al. 1999– Assessing readiness
– Weighing up pros and cons
– Determining action - moving patients on
Rollnick et al. 1999
Discussion
• Issues to think about– How could this fit in PHC?– Who might be best place to deliver this?– In what context could it be offered?– How should it be incentivised– What about patients who need more?
Referral (1)
• Patients should be referred to specialist services who:
• show a relatively high level of alcohol dependence or alcohol-related harm
• are harmful drinkers who have not benefited from brief counselling and wish to receive further help for their alcohol problems
Referral (2)
• can be defined as score of 20+ on the full AUDIT
• obvious signs of physical dependence (e.g. withdrawal symptoms, withdrawal relief or avoidance drinking, very high tolerance, blackouts)
• severe alcohol-related problems or risk of such problems (e.g. possible loss of job, family, etc.)
• score on recognised measure of dependence (e.g. 10-item Leeds Dependence Questionnaire)