script 2 not required :))

8/3/2019 Script 2 not required :))

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** The doctor started the lecture with a big question that if

we don't have medicine, pharmacy, nursing and drugs ..etc

,what would happen to the human species ?!

Somebody said "we will die" .-

- When did the medicine start on this earth ?

I don't think it was long time a lot , we are talking about few

hundred years, but before that there was a human being and

they survived so the answer "we will die" should be completely

different..!

We have nothing to do with our survival ,we will survive as

human species, no matter what happen on the earth ,,,, why ??!

Because this is a gift from GOD ,not only for the human

being but also for animals and other living creatures. In otherwords "we have the power to survive" .

This gift is "the control systems" that we can control our

systems to survive ..

In this lecture we will talk about these control systems

(genetic control system, homeostasis, instinct).

The first exam will be on October 24 at 1:15 .The second one will be on November 28 at 11:15 .

* U should be sure at that time you have no other exams .


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HOMEOSTASIS:*

Homeostasis means maintaining the stability of the internal

environment such as if the oxygen increase we shoulddecrease it and vice versa.

BUT in this lecture I will emphasize to other control system we

have in our life which is "INSTINCTS".

*INSTINCTS:

Instincts are very important to keep us alive "."

**What is instinct?

It is a function perfectly can be done by the living

creatures without being taught how to do it , nobody

told us how to do it but we are doing it perfectly,,,

because it is a gift from GOD and we are not talking

only about humans but also about plants, animals and

other living creatures like bacteria .

In other words ,,, if you feel hungry you will look for

food ,, if you feel that you are in a dangerous situation

you will defence yourself,,, if you feel alone you lookfor a "partner" ,,,,,,,,, that is what we call it "instinct".

How many instincts in the human being??**

- I can say we have 4 instincts:

1-food intake.


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2-defence mechanism.

3-sex.

4-maternity.

** FOOD INTAKE:

After few minutes from the delivery a new born , he is a

perfect sucker for the breast of his mother .nobody told him

how to suckle the milk but he is doing that perfectly within few

minutes, so this is the first gift from the GOD to the humanbeing .

NOW, I will give you an idea how the humans have this

instinct and how the animals have it ,,,,

In human the new born cannot do it if the mother does not

help , you know why ? because he doesn't walk , he doesn't

know how to direct himself to the mother's breast and thatcan be done by the mother .only

In animal after few seconds after the delivery, that animal

can standing, walking and running but the human should take

more than 9 to 12 months in order to stand ,, so the human

being is not the perfect species compared to others depend on

the instinct ,, as we said animals can walk, run , defence afterfew minutes of their life but the human needs more than that

time ,,, why ?

Because in the human there is a replacement of the

maternity instinct and it is very huge to help that new born,

but animals don't have it that much ..! so we need that animal

to stand and walk and also run to follow the breast of hismother while she is running in the jungle cause we are talking


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about dangerous situations so that new born will run perfectly

to eat and to start suckling from the mother.

So ,, this instinct is more powerful in animals than in humans

because the condition of life is different .

**DEFENSE MECHANISM:

This instinct is very advanced in animals than in humans

because the animals live in a jungle life , in a dangerous life

where the big statement of their survival is "survival for the

fittest" . no animal can survive without defence mechanism .

NOW , we will talk about how GOD gave a big gift to the

animals, sea animals and birds in order to get strong

generations.

Everybody looks to the future to get the partner , if we

asked a girl , what kind of partner you need? She will list

many things that he should be tall,healthy,handsome with blue

eyes and so on .. NOW , if the time passed and she didn't

find her proper partner she will start to take off some of that

list , if he isn't tall , okay she will accept normal size . after

another year she couldn't find that proper partner she will

take off again some of that list , finally she will accept anybody

if she felt that the time is running because human being use

their brains.

BUT in animals in the sea and jungle life,, NOWAY a

female animal would accept a weak partner, she will rather

accept no intercourse but not take a weak male even in the

birds, GOD give the males beautiful looking more than the

females and this beautiful looking has criteria that there is

limited time in the year to have the intercourse for new


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generation, in this time these males showing their best to the

females either by dancing or by fighting each other but Why

do they do that? Because the female wants to be sure that

she will have the intercourse with the strongest male aroundand she knows that this sexual intercourse will give her strong

generation.

SO in this case of instinct where the defense mechanism,sex

and the choice are important to survive .

NOW we will talk about another story in the sea animals :**

Salamon fishes live in sweet water in the sources of rivers

,we are talking about sea conditions ,about dangerous life

,these fishes layout thousands of eggs BUT in human being only

one or two & sometimes three (if more than that it is unusual)

,WHY ?

Because in human being the parents take care of their new

generation but after the fish laying the eggs out there is no

mother&father , these small creatures will live independent in

a dangerous life..! and that is why the GOD gives them the

ability to deliver thousands of new generation.

Those thousands hundreds of them will be killed in the 1st

day, another hundred will be killed in the 2nd day, another

hundred the 3rd day ,,, and so on . By the end of 3 to 4 months

when they are mature we have only few of them . now let's go

back to the salamon life that when they hatched on the river

the small salamon fishes will swim down with the flow of the

water without any knowledge where they are going, finally they

reach the salt water which is in the sea or in ocean.


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When they are mature ( now they are sexually able to do

intercourse) females & males don't do the intercourse in sea

water but they go back to the river and this going back is not

easy ,it is so difficult to run against the flow of water speciallythat the rivers are not flat ,they should jump from one level to

another and facing the dangerous animals & a lot of risks ,,, in

other words , they do the same journey they did before but

now they are mature .finally ,at the time when they reach the

final source of the river we can say that they are the

strongest ones (from males & females) .it is an " AUTOMATIC

SELECTION" from the nature , and now we would be sure that

the new generation will be strong after the sperms fertilize

the eggs .

That new generation will go back to the sea and come back

next year when they are mature.

SO, this is the way of nature selection for being able toproduce the fittest new generation

** sex :

Food intake instinct is stimulated in the first days of human

life , defence mechanism also comes after it and finally the sex

instinct comes .

human being should wait 12 to 14 years to feel this instinct ,

the maturity does not appear in the first days or years of life ,

why ?

because if we had the sex instinct from the beginning of our

life that will cause a disturbances of the community life, we

will cause a disaster because there is no brain , no control,,


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that is why GOD make that instinct coming after 12 to 14 years

old . after sex we have the maternity instinct ,, the last one .

**MATERNITY :

This instinct belongs to the human females and it is very

strong . it comes only to females after delivery ,no one before

the delivery feels the maternity feeling and that is why they

put the new baby on the chest of his/her mother even it is

dirty with blood and everything to stimulate the maternity

instinct which is the beginning of new life. It is not easy life, it

is very hard life to take care of babies but mothers do it

perfectly and she doesn't care for the difficulties & without

complaining because there is an instinct inside.

**Now let's talk a little bit about another control system, it is

called GENETIC CONTROL SYSTEM.

WWHHAATTIISS TTHHEE GGEENNEETTIICC CCOONNTTRROOLL SSYYSSTTEEMM????**

In biology, you know that our structures are in the cell (this

is the functional unit in human beings) , the cell has nucleus andinside the nucleus we have chromosomes which is DNA

structure, inside those DNA we have the genomes( the genes).

WHAT ARE THE GENES ??**


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It is the code you got from either father or mother and

that code In your parents was taken from either their father

or mother and so on

So these codes are the messages for the future creatures.

As we said ,God gifted us three control systems to survive, one

of them is the Genetic (The basic).

No matter what you are from Jordan ,from Malaysia,

America, your genes are similar to Jordanian ,Malaysian and

American people .The same in the structure but not the same

in the exposure,I'm different from others because I took my

genes from my parents, you took it from your parents and so

on but they are the same genes.

Now if you are talking about any living creatures, their codes &

messages inside the nucleus will be transferred from onegeneration to the new one .

** You might say I don't have the same genes as my father..!

Thats right because finally you will have the double number of

genes you need for your life, this double number not all of

them will be activated in your life, some of them will be

activated & the others will be hidden but not lost, but After

few generations maybe one of these hidden codes will be

activated and appeared in these generations.

Because of the genes we are humans, because other genes

there are donkeys ,other genes there are plants and they dont


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change , if there is a change of the genes which are not normal

we are talking about mutation.

While we are studying physiology this semester we will start

talking about nerve and muscle then after that cardiovascular

system (The heart ) and vessels.

**The doctor said: "maybe I'll come to teach you the body

fluids inside our body, then I'll teach you the respiratory

system then renal system.. Anyway by the end of this course

you will be thought 9-11 systems in human" .

The doctor asked, WHATIS THE MOST IMPORTANT SYSTEM IN

OUR LIFE???

-he also answered ,,, "all of them are important but I asked

myself why GOD created us in this way, I had the answer from

physiology and I figured out that all of these systems were

built and created by GOD differently.

I took three criteria to differentiate( to classify) which is

the most important system.Those criteria are:

1- Theprotection.if god created one system more protected than the other

then that system is more important than the others.


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2-The location of the system .

The DR. figured out that the higher system in your body is

the most important one.

3- The number of organs.

If God created one system with two organs it should be more

important than the other system which has one organ, the

doctor figured out that he can classify the systems of our

body by looking to the structure of human being.

There is a bone structure to protect. The bone is a very

strong tissue , the doctor figured out that GOD build the bone

to protect the system, The 1st well protected system by bone

structure is the brain it is a skull (the bony case that

encloses the brain), cause The brain in the top of the human

being which means something. so the brain is number one .

Second, The Spinal Cord :*

spinal cord is also a bone structure protects thespine ,

inside the spine there is a number of nervous cells which are

very important for our life so they are protected by the spinal

cord but spinal cord is flexible it moves because we need it

for our functions, it is less protected than the skull but it is

well protected .


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Now let's move down to the chest cavity . it is also has bone

structure around it but it is not as strong as the skull .It is

well protected with the ribs but it is flexible so the organs or

the systems inside the chest comes after the brain and thespinal cord.

WHAT ARE SYSTEMS INSIDE THE CHEST ?

** Cardiovascular and respiratory system .

** Respiratory system has two lungs where cardiovascular has

one heart so he thought (the doctor) that God gave us two

lungs because it is more important than the heart if you lose

one you will still alive but if you lose the heart you will not be

alive.. !!

Then he went down to the abdominal cavity and he divided

those systems inside it into two categories:

One which is in the pelvis "bone structure that protects the

organs of the lower abdomen and provides attachment for the

bones and muscles of the lower limbs" it is more importantthan the other which are in the upper part, But all of them are

not well protected as the brain and the chest.

WHAT ARE THE SYSTEMS THERE??


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1- GI (gastrointestinal): " I dont think is that important

"the doctor said .. but even its not important if you take the

stomach you will not die, if you take 90% of your intestine you

will not die ,but if you take the liver you will die !! that's whyThe liver is located inside the chest cavity but outside the

diaphragmatic area,the liver is covered because it is more

important than the stomach, while The intestine are not

covered neither from the front of the abdomen nor the back

of the abdomen.

2- Renal system: it is located in the abdomen but is not

protected with any bone structure around.

It contains of: the left kidney and the right kidney, if you lose

one kidney you will live normal and thats why we do the

transmutation from one to another.

Finally let's talk about the reproductive system.**

When we talked about kidneys we didnt say male or female !!

when we talk about GI, respiratory, heart and CNS we have the

same (females and males). But when we talk about reproductive

system now there is a different, there is a male reproductivesystem and female reproductive system, They are completely

different from the whole criteria.

1- the protection :

Female reproductive system is will protected by pelvis and it

is inside the body , the malegenitals is outside the body it is

not protected neither thetestes nor the fetus.


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2- the location:

The genitals for females upper than the genitals for males

..WHY ?

Because the function for male reproductive system is

different than the function or the goal of female reproductive

system. both are playing the same role in the intercourse .

But if you look to the female reproductive system it has

another big function to take care to protect the new

generation (the fetus), thats why it is well protected

compared to the male reproductive system .

So this kind of classification gives us an idea to have this

approach and this look.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE IMPORTANT SYSTEM IS:**

-CNS which is the spinal cord and the brain.

- Respiratory system.

-Cardiovascular.

-Reproductive female system.

-And then comes the renal because it has two organs and GI

and so on..


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Here ,, Dr mustafa came and continued the lecture

We took in the last two lectures about homeostasis and

discussed positive and negative feedback mechanism and how

these mechanisms maintains the homeostasis .

Action potential :

how the impulses are being transmitted from the peripheralnerves to the integrating centre of the brain and how muscle

contraction occurs and how impulses are transmitted on the

nerve to the muscle ??.

_the key words of the action potential:

1-cell membrane

2-Ion channels

* when we talk about body compartments we talk about fluids

and ions, we talk about intracellular ions and extracellular ions.

_the main extracellular ions is: Na

_the main intracellular ions are:

** Negative feedback: a change in a controlled variable

triggers a response that drives the variable in the

opposite direction of the initial change,thus opposing the

change.

**

Positive feedback : a change in a controlled variable triggersa response that drives the variable in the same direction as the

initial change, thus amplifying the change.


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k ,sulfide ,phosphate, negatively charged highly molecular

proteins which keeps the electronegativity of the cell

membrane.

_Action potential: Changes in Ion Permeability allows inward

Na+ flux and triggers outward K+ flux through voltage gated

ion channels.

So I'm talking about ions and influx of ions inside and outside

the cell membrane and electrochemical changes.

Excitable tissue or excitable cells such as:*

1-the muscular cells

2-nerve cells

_Now when I'm taking something from the floor it seems

to be easy but there are electrochemical gradient

changes (action potential).

_ you have to know that we are dealing with cell

membrane as one unit(cells membranes) "syncytium "

.

later on we will talk about atria syncytium in heart& ventricular syncytium. Heart is contracting as one unit;

which means that once action potential is being initiated

in one cell it's already transmitted to the other cells , we

are dealing with the cells , so you have to imagine that

the cells are like a row nearby each other.

_We are dealing with:

1-cell membrane.


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2-Ion channels

_Outside cell membrane : Na

_Inside cell membrane: k, Ca , negatively charged ions.

** Three types of channels in the cell membrane:

1-Sodium Potassium pump.

2-Potassium-Sodium leaky channels (no need for energy).

3- a-Sodium voltage gated channels.

b- Potassium voltage gated channels.

c- Calcium voltage gated channels.

** ThePump: active process needs energy which means

that there are ions move against concentration gradient.

In action potential the amount of sodium(3 Na+)which is

going outside is much more than the amount ofpotassium(2 Ka+) which is going inside and that keeps the

negativity into the cell much more.

_ The change in ion permeability is triggered by transient

depolarization of the membrane.

_When action potential is started :1-First phase resting potential.

2-Second phase depolarization ; increasing the

positivity inside the cell and decreasing the negativity.

3-Third phase repolarization; when potassium going

outside the cell through the potassium voltage gated

channels .

Here, the DR. started explaining this diagram :


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1- -60 (the least membrane potenial).

2- Decreasing the negativity by 15-30 mv makes the

action potential to be started.

3- ( -60 _ +20 ) mv : depolarization.

* In small neurons the graph will not go beyond zero . In

large nerve fibers it might be (+20_+40) which is calledovershot .And due to going potassium outside the cell

membrane that leads to repolarization(relaxing) .

_ the Importance of channels in the action potential

itself:


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Potassium Sodium leak channels have a great role in the

membrane potential leading to leakage of potassium

inside the cell permeability.

_ The permeability of potassium is 100 more than

permeability for sodium ; more positive ion are going

outside the cells and more negative ion inside of the cell.

_The main channels which make a great role in action

potenial are sodium voltage gated channels and potassium

voltage gated channels .

_Once action potenial is initiated sodium voltage gated

channels are opened.

Conductance = g**

how many charges (ions) enters or leaves cell (inverse of

resistance).

due to:

number of channels/membrane area_

(highest density at axon hillock, its the part of neuron

extend from cell body.).number of open channels_

_ Hodgkin and Huxley won Nobel Prize for Voltage clamp

in 1961

Sakman and Nehr won Nobel Prize for Patch Clamp in 1991_

they measured ion flow through individual channels &

showed that each channel is either in open or closed

confi uration with no intermediate. The sum of man


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ion concentration on either side of membrane_

Measured in Siemen( s)._

Generation of Resting Membrane Potential (-70mV) :**

Plasma membrane._

Selective permeability, permeable to K, not Na._

Unequal distribution of ions across membrane;_

Due to open potassium channels and closed sodium and

chloride channels.

_Action of ion pumps 3Na/2K ATPase.( need energy

because its against concentration gradient.Sodium going

outside and concentration already high outside which

opposite of fusion ; which is down concentration

gradient).

Ionic Equilibrium Potential:**

_The membrane potential that balances the ions

concentration gradient so that there is no net current

for that ion.

_No permeability factor " Concentration inside is the

same outside".

**Equilibrium Potential of An Ion:

_The membrane potential at which the net driving force

propelling the ion in = the net driving force propelling the

ion out.

Written Eion; ENa, ECl, EK._


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NOTE :

The DR. said we should know that the amount of Ka+ inside is

much more than outside and for all the ions in the table above

The End


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Lastly we'd like to send our greetings to all our friends in

dof3tna w yalle jannanona 3shan el ehda2 :P

3'aydaa2 , jumana, hla , hiba, a9eel, rmz, mais , amal ,sarah ,

sawsan,areej ,,,, etc

Please forgive us for any mistakes ,,,, we hope u enjoy it ,,,,

study hard and good luck

DONE BY :

Mai al soutari

Rasha al shboul

Rawan shatnawi

script 2 not required :))

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