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Discussion Paper July 2014

Forests

Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Post-2015 agenda; Good governance

SD goals from a forest perspectiveTransformative, universal and integrated?

Duncan Macqueen, Simon Milledge and Jonathan Reeves

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About the authorsSimon Milledge is a principal researcher in IIED’s Natural Resources Group and leads the institute’s work on forests. Duncan Macqueen is a principal researcher in IIED’s forest team. Jonathan Reeves is a senior researcher at IIED working on the post-2015 development agenda.

Join the debateWe encourage your active participation in discussions of the issues raised in this paper through blogs, surveys and live webinars. Please add your voice to the discussions at www.iied.org/integrating-forests-post-2015-development-framework.

AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) for funding this analysis. The views expressed within this report are the authors own and should not in any way be taken to be the opinions of CLUA.

Thanks also to all those who have developed the terms of reference for this analysis and who have contributed their expertise and insights during the drafting process: James Mayers, Jonathan Reeves, Tom Bigg.

Thanks to Saadia Iqbal and Claire Grant-Salmon for assistance with the word cloud and graphical representation of the ‘forest module’.

Produced by IIED’s Natural Resources GroupThe aim of the Natural Resources Group is to build partnerships, capacity and wise decision-making for fair and sustainable use of natural resources. Our priority in pursuing this purpose is on local control and management of natural resources and other ecosystems.

Published by IIED, July 2014

Macqueen, D., Milledge, S. and Reeves, J. (2014). SD goals from a forest perspective: Transformative, universal and integrated? IIED Discussion Paper, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK.

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ISBN 978-1-78431-069-1

Printed on recycled paper with vegetable-based inks.

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Forests and landscapes with trees are such an important part of a number of different Sustainable Development Goals that we recommend working towards a transformative ‘forest module’. The modular approach improves on the more limited current focus on sustainable forest management, deforestation and reforestation targets. It makes explicit the diversity of targets needing inclusion and resolution in order to create an enabling environment that would yield much greater sustainable development outcomes for forests, landscapes and livelihoods. With the negotiation phase nearing, our assessment of the UN Open Working Group’s zero draft finds a strong set of goals and targets, yet with several potentially serious trade-offs and missing issues. Application of our modular approach can help negotiators seek coherent outcomes across the goal framework and enable integrated implementation at the national level. What are the most important sustainable development outcomes delivered by forests and what are the key levers of change?

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IIED DIScUSSION PAPER

ContentsExecutive Summary 4

1 Introduction 5

1.1 Background 61.2 End result envisaged 61.3 Issues of timing 71.4 core enablers 71.5 Key concepts and criteria 81.6 Assessment methodology 11

2 Assessment framework 13

2.1 Targets for which forests can make a direct contribution towards sustainable development outcomes 152.2 contribution of proposed targets towards critical levers of change 17

3 Considerations for negotiators 32

3.1 Target areas most important to retain 333.2 critical issues for reflection 373.3 Repetitions 39

4 Emerging conclusions 40

4.1 Are the SDGs and associated targets transformative from a forest perspective? 414.2 Are the SDGs universal from a forest perspective? 434.3 Are the SDGs integrated from a forest perspective? 45

References 48

Acronyms 51

SD goalS from a foreSt perSpective | TransformaTive, universal and inTegraTed?

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Executive Summarycovering almost one third of the global land surface area, forests have much to contribute to sustainable development. They contain eighty per cent of terrestrial biodiversity and are home to 1.3 billion people whose rights and culture are tied to forests. They store more carbon than Earth’s atmosphere and are critical for global water cycles, soil fertility and plant pollination. They contribute one per cent to global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a source of food, energy, construction materials, oils and resin, medicines and cosmetics. The newly tabled sustainable development goals must create the conditions for the optimal contribution of forests, trees and forest-linked livelihoods (hereafter ‘forests’) to sustainable development.

At Rio+20, the United Nations conference on Sustainable Development, held in June 2012, member states agreed to develop a set of sustainable development goals (SDGs). The ‘high level political process’ for negotiating this new post-2015 development agenda started in September 2013. An Open Working Group (OWG) of the General Assembly has actively considered inputs and prepared a revised zero draft (30 June 2014) entitled ‘Introduction and proposed goals and targets on sustainable development for the post 2015 development agenda.’

Intergovernmental negotiations will start around September 2014 and the adoption of the new SDG framework is expected at a high level summit in September 2015. It is now timely to assess how far the current revised zero draft constitutes a transformative, universal and integrated agenda that will optimise the contribution of forests to sustainable development.

This report looks at all the links between the proposed goals and targets, and forests. It first identifies targets towards which forests can make a direct contribution, and secondly, targets that establish critical levers of change to enable the optimal contribution of forests to sustainable development (‘enablers’). Together this combined set of goals and targets is proposed as a ‘forest module’.

This forest module is assessed for: (i) targets that are most critical to retain, given the likely pressure to reduce and simplify the goals and targets in upcoming negotiations; (ii) critical issues that are missing or need to be better reflected; and (iii) trade-offs – taking as

its base the forest-related proposals to the OWG from multiple alliances and agencies world-wide. The last section in this report uses a structured assessment methodology, developed by the Independent Research Forum, to assess the degree to which the set of proposed goals and targets constitute a transformative, universal and integrated agenda from a forest perspective. Following this analysis, a number of conclusions are laid out for country negotiators.

The forest module approach developed here addresses both outcomes and enablers, moving beyond a limited focus on sustainable forest management and deforestation to a transformative, universal and integrated post-2015 agenda for forests.

Our assessment finds a strong set of proposed goals and targets but some missing issues and trade-offs. These need to be understood and addressed by negotiators if the optimal contribution of forests to sustainable development is to be achieved.

To be genuinely transformative, the proposed goals and targets would need to address: (i) integrated land use planning; (ii) conditions supportive of locally controlled forestry, such as redistributive justice in forest land allocation, respect for individual and collective forest rights and more emphasis on strengthening forest and farm producer organisations in forest management and restoration; and (iii) the inclusion of watershed ecosystem restoration.

To be universally relevant, there must be resolution of potentially serious problems of policy coherence relating to: (i) trade-offs for forests, trees and forest-linked livelihoods between Goals 8, 9 and 10; (ii) the current lack of recognition of the role for sustainable biomass; and (iii) the absence of targets relating to global average temperature rise, which threatens forests long-term capacity to sequester carbon.

Finally, to be a truly integrated framework, existing forest, biodiversity and climate change governance frameworks – including legality assurance systems, Aichi biodiversity targets and strategies for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation – should be given explicit mention in the development of indicators and financing modalities.

IIED DIscussIon papEr

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Introduction

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1.1 Backgroundcovering almost one third of the global land surface area, forests have much to contribute to sustainable development. They contain eighty per cent of terrestrial biodiversity and are home to 1.3 billion people whose rights and culture are tied to the forest. They store more carbon than the atmosphere and make an irreplaceable contribution to the planet’s ecosystem services, being critical for global water cycles, soil fertility and plant pollination. They are also a source of products – food, energy, construction materials, oils and resin, medicines and cosmetics. Economically, their contribution to global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been estimated at US$ 468 billion (one per cent of the global total). Any new sustainable development goals must create the conditions within which forests, trees and forest linked livelihoods (hereafter ‘forests’) can contribute optimally to sustainable development.

At the United Nations conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012, member states agreed to develop a set of sustainable development goals (SDGs), which would build upon the Millennium Development Goals and converge with the post-2015 development agenda. The Rio+20 outcome document, ‘The Future We Want’,1 resolved to establish an inclusive and transparent intergovernmental process on SDGs, open to all stakeholders and with a view to developing global sustainable development goals to be agreed by the United Nations General Assembly. The ‘high level political process’ for negotiating the new post-2015 development agenda started in September 2013, following which the Open Working Group (OWG) of the General Assembly has been active in preparing a proposal on the SDGs. The intergovernmental negotiations will start around September 2014, with adoption of the new framework expected at a high level summit in September 2015.

Forests and trees are rooted in life and livelihoods. They can be grown, improved and looked after – they are renewable. It would be hard to find a simpler and more universal way of changing the world for the better than by planting and managing trees. Yet until now, there has been limited achievement towards Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 7 on environmental sustainability, and there remains a high level of uncertainty about how natural resource and climate change issues will be incorporated into the post-2015 development framework.

IIED and partners are working on a project entitled ‘Trees can score goals: Evidence synthesis, dialogue and advocacy to help integrate forests in the post-2015

development framework’. The aim is to help install forest-related targets and indicators into the post-2015 development framework, contributing towards notional goal areas on poverty reduction and equality, economic growth and employment, food security, water and energy, climate change, ecosystems and biodiversity.2 The project plans to gather evidence and enable dialogue with key constituencies in Africa, Asia and Latin America on how best to frame the inclusion of forests in the post-2015 framework. A focus will be placed on enabling the diversity of priorities and perspectives to be better understood, especially those of lesser-heard voices, including Least Development countries and marginalised groups.

The project focuses on the appropriate inclusion of forests within the goal/target framework. It attempts to capture how the framework can help trigger an enabling environment at national and international levels to optimise the contribution of forests towards sustainable development outcomes. The project also aims to facilitate dialogue and to provide evidence regarding issues of implementation. It is hoped that this work will ultimately lead towards forest-specific SDG implementation guidance. This assessment lays out a conceptual framework to find out how adequate the current targets are as they relate to forests, which we are referring to as the ‘forest module’. It makes suggestions about which components are essential to keep, what gaps need to be filled, and how important trade-offs need to be handled.

1.2 End result envisagedThis assessment intends to set out a framework for discussion with further evidence intended to be brought regarding specific links and issues. In making an assessment of the SDGs from a forest perspective, five key and interlinked end results are in view:

• Links. This assessment aims to illustrate links between the proposed target areas and forests as a cross-cutting issue, drafting a possible ‘forest module’ of relevant targets that will shape forest outcomes in SDG implementation.

• Target areas that are most important to retain. The assessment looks at the full set of proposed goal areas and targets in a matrix. Firstly, it assesses how the targets contribute to four enabling conditions for the contribution of forests to sustainable development – the forests module. Secondly, it uses a framework developed by the Independent Research Forum (IRF2015) to assess whether the sum of targets under each of the enabling conditions is likely to be (i) transformative, (ii) universal, and (iii)

1 UN (2012) 2 See the latest zero draft from the OWG.


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integrated. Through this assessment matrix, the report will consider:

a. Those that are deemed critical to, for example, securing certain enabling conditions.

b. Those that are widely relevant; for example, cutting across several enabling conditions.

c. Those that have links, including synergies or trade-offs with other target areas and therefore lend themselves to conditional statements (e.g. ‘target X is relevant to issue Y, but only if …’).

• Critical issues that are missing or need to be better reflected. The assessment will look at the full set of forest-related goals and targets proposed for consideration by the OWG from a wide variety of constituencies. It will assess those proposals against the emerging SDG framework of goal focus areas, targets and indicators as currently structured.

• Repetitions. The assessment will help identify target areas that seem repetitive within this forest-specific analysis, to provide guidance to either remove duplication or promote alternative framing.

• Conclusions relating to transformative, universal and integrated outcomes. The assessment will also consider how the current framing of goal focus areas and targets does − or does not − offer a transformative, universal and integrated agenda, looking especially at where trade-offs between goals and targets might occur.

1.3 Issues of timingThe assessment was undertaken in June 2014, at which time the Open Working Group was preparing for its 12th session. During the early analysis, the recent statements of the goal focus areas, targets and indicators were the working group paper for the OWG 11th session on 05-09 May 2014;3 and the summary of statements from the Major Groups and other stakeholders.4 As the assessment progressed, on 02 June the OWG released the first zero draft of ‘proposed goals and targets on sustainable development for the post-2015 development agenda’. This required a reworking of the analysis. On 30 June 2014, the OWG released a revised zero draft, which entailed further modifications to this analysis. Each revision entailed simplification of the proposed goals and targets, with a substantial reduction in repetition but also with inevitable simplifications, some of which require further consideration.

According to the currently envisaged schedule for negotiation of the SDGs, still to come are the 13th session of the Open Working Group, the drafting of the final OWG report and the UN Secretary General’s synthesis document, and the negotiation of the SDGs within the UN General Assembly. There are therefore two main options for using this assessment:

• Inclusion. There is scope to ensure the appropriate inclusion of forests within the framework, in terms of necessary targets to which forests can make a direct contribution to sustainable development. Yet inclusion will not only be looked at in terms of the contribution of forests towards achieving SDGs, but also the potential for the SDG framework to provide the enabling environment for inclusive, sustainable and productive forest management (see the figure below). This expands the focus beyond what is or is not in Goal 15, building on previous thinking.5 The call for a specific goal in which forests are mentioned is still being pursued by some.6

• Application. Increasingly, emphasis on ensuring the framework is actionable at national level within the forest sector is required. This will require: (i) drafting a forest module of goal focus areas and targets that are applicable to, and necessary for, the contribution of forests to sustainable development and vice versa; and (ii) guidance on how the SDGs and related targets as formulated might be interpreted and implemented by existing forest-related institutions, policies and capacities. This includes those in place to implement national REDD+ strategies, NAMAs, NAPAs/NAPs, BAPs and development or poverty reduction strategies.

1.4 Core enablersIn order to assess the goal focus areas and targets within the latest OWG papers, it is necessary from a forest perspective to ensure two things:

• That desired forest-related outcomes are achieved; and

• That the desired enabling environment to achieve those forest-related outcomes is established.

SDG framework creating enabling environment for forests to deliver societal benefits

contribution of forests to goal areas

SDGS

Forests

3 OWG (2014a)4 OWG (2014)5 TST (2014); Mayers (2014); Rojas-Briales (2014); Holmgren (2014); and Jones and Wolosin (2014).6 For example, Messone (2014).


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Outcomes, in terms of forest quantity, quality and the products and services flowing from them, are relatively easy to define. They include contributions to income and employment; sustainable flows of wood and non-wood products, including food and energy security; environmental services such as water flows, soil replenishment, biodiversity conservation; climate change adaptation and mitigation; and upholding cultural and gender-based values.

Enablers towards those outcomes – the full contribution of forests for sustainable development – are more complex and contested. What might these enablers be? Many frameworks exist that hint at them, each of them emphasising slightly different things. For example, extensive literature on principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management (SFM)7 highlight a forestry approach also related to inter-governmentally agreed goals and frameworks.8 Pillars for inclusive and integrated forest or landscape management have also been advanced within a more holistic land use approach.9 Extensive global dialogues have refined necessary enabling investments to unlock the potential of Locally controlled Forestry (LcF), with a stronger social justice imperative.10 Additionally, key areas have been advanced to ensure the contribution of forests to a green economy within a more economic approach.11

It is not the intention of this assessment to set out a detailed and universally applicable set of enabling conditions for the contribution of forests to sustainable development. Rather than pick between the above approaches, or arbitrarily select elements of each, the assessment here opts to make an assessment based on four critical categories of enablers:

• Social justice within secure forest stewardship arrangements. Just and secure forest rights through equitable forest governance and negotiated land use planning.

• Fair, accessible and responsible market systems. Inclusive economic opportunity and resource efficiency for all forest products and services, influenced by sustainable lifestyles and trade.

• Organisational capabilities to manage multi-functional landscapes. To enhance the quality and quantity of ecosystem services, sustainable land use practices and resilience of the poor.

• Incentives and practical metrics. To build partnerships that effectively resource and monitor progress at national and international levels.

The aim here is not to open a debate about the best framing but to lay out a non-objectionable set of enablers. These should be able to act as a catch-all for concerns from a forest perspective but be sufficiently differentiated to test whether the current formulation of goal focus areas and targets covers the necessary ground. For those interested to map onto these broad categories the pillars from the various approaches described above, refer to Table 1.

1.5 Key concepts and criteria Whilst looking for a target set that is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound (SMART) for forests, assessment of three core concepts of sustainable development, the transformative nature, universal scope and integrated approach, is also required (IRF, 2014, Stakeholder Forum 2014). There is a clear opportunity for forests to be used as an example of applying these core concepts in a cross-cutting manner, unlike some areas of mainstream development (for example, health) that are currently central to individual SDG goal areas.

• Transformative: address systemic drivers/barriers; equity; resilience; and ecosystem services. “The SDGs should contribute to transformative change, in support of a rights-based, equitable and inclusive approach to sustainability at global, regional, national and local levels” - Ban Ki-moon; “The SDGs will need to be more comprehensive, balanced, ambitious and transformative [than the MDGs], also addressing the challenges ahead.” Progress report of the OWG, OWG (2014c).

• Universality: leave no one behind; policy coherence; collective action; all countries and actors. “We also underscore that sustainable development goals should be […] global in nature and universally applicable to all countries while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities.” ‘The Future We Want’, UN (2014).

• Integrated: 3 dimensions (social, economic, environmental); inter-linkages. “The goals should address and incorporate in a balanced way all three dimensions of sustainable development and their interlinkages.” ‘The Future We Want’, UN (2014).

7 For a good review see, Rametsteiner and Simula (2002).8 Non-legally Binding Instrument and Global Objectives for Forests.9 See Sayers et al. (2012).10 Macqueen et al. (2013).11 See Prins (2013).


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Table 1. How a limited selection of various principles and pillars for the contribution of forests to sustainable development map onto four key categories of enablers used in this assessment

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Social justice within secure forest stewardship arrangements. Just and secure forest rights through equitable forest governance and negotiated land use planning.

Socio-economic benefits and needs met.Protective functions of forests maintained.

clarification of rights.Multiple scales recognised.Multiple stakeholders engaged.

Enabling investments to secure commercial resource rights.

Good governance and evidence-based decision making.Reduction of social exclusion.

Fair, accessible and responsible market systems. Inclusive economic opportunity and resource efficiency for all forest products and services, influenced by sustainable lifestyles and trade.

Productive functions of forests optimised.

common concern entry point identified.

Enabling investments to develop business capacity to turn rights into livelihood gains.

Sustainable and efficient use of resources, including wood, energy, labour and carbon.Development of ‘decent green jobs’.

Organisational capabilities to manage multi-functional landscapes. To enhance the quality and quantity of ecosystem services, sustainable land use practices and resilience of the poor.

Extent of forest resources maintained.Forest health and vitality restoredBiodiversity conserved.

Resilience strengthened.Multi-functionality ensured.clarification of responsibilities.Strengthened stakeholder capacity.

Enabling investment in technical extension.Enabling investment in representative organisations.

conservation of forest natural capital.contribution towards climate change mitigation.Emphasis on forest-related education and skills development.

Incentives and practical metrics. To build partnerships that effectively resource and monitor progress at national and international levels.

Legal, policy and institutional framework supportive.

Negotiated and transparent change logic.Participatory and user-friendly monitoring.continual learning and adaptive management.

Asset investment attracted by the above enabling investments and monitored accordingly.

Integration of externalities and payment for forest ecosystem services, using market mechanisms.

Note: first column closely related to Improved Pan-European Indicators for SFM, and Montreal Process: Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests.

12 Rametsteiner and Simula (2003)13 Sayer et al. (2012)14 Macqueen et al. (2012)15 Prins (2013)


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Previous early assessments of specific goal focus areas by IRF201516 on Focus area 2 (Sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition) and Focus Area 5 (Gender equality and women’s empowerment) can now be complemented by an assessment of a cross-cutting theme on forests. In this case, the framework developed by IRF2015 and largely overlapping with that of the Stakeholder Forum17 needs to be applied to a set of goal focus areas and targets that comprise a ‘forest module’. This way it can deliver the contribution of forests to sustainable development and vice versa. In order to ensure the inclusion of all necessary elements of this forest module, the proposed goal focus areas and targets were disaggregated under the four categories of enablers described above.

The detailed questions used to make the assessment, developed by IRF2015,18 are repeated here. They embody much of the core guidance to the OWG derived from the Rio+20 Outcome Document, other inputs to the OWG and the views of OWG members as captured in the progress report of the OWG. OWG members have discussed these criteria and associated concepts in a series of retreats facilitated by IRF2015. Each of the questions has been adapted to accommodate this cross-sectoral assessment of four categories of enablers.

TransformativeQuestion 1 (Addressing systemic issues): Do the combined goals or targets contribute to the removal of systemic barriers to and leverage of systemic drivers of sustainable development?

Question 2 (Equity): Do the combined goals or targets promote equity at all levels (from household to global), including through participatory, transparent and accountable governance frameworks and through prioritising opportunities and benefits for the most disadvantaged where trade-offs among different interests arise?

Question 3 (Resilience): Do the combined goals or targets contribute to building and mainstreaming economic, social and ecological resilience − including to the long-term risks emerging from climate change − at all levels, from household to global?

Question 4 (Ecosystem services): Do the combined goals or targets contribute to recognition of the value of ecosystem services for human wellbeing?

UniversalityQuestion 5 (Leave no one behind): Do the combined goals or targets promote the empowerment of every individual to rise and/or remain out of (multi-dimensional) poverty and above a social protection floor?

Question 6 (Policy coherence): Does achievement of the combined goals or targets in one country depend upon policies or actions in other countries? If so, are those dependencies addressed in the framework?

Question 7 (collective action): Does achievement of the combined goals or targets require collective action among nations? If so, does the goal framework promote the required collective action, with specified responsibilities differentiated in accordance with national circumstances? Which aspects of the goal require contributions by all countries to be achieved? Would the goal be more effectively or efficiently achieved through collective action at international or regional level?

Question 8 (All countries and actors): Are the goals and targets relevant to all countries? Do they address the specific challenges facing particular groups of countries (for example, African countries, LDcs, LLDc, SIDS, MIcs and HIcs)? Are they relevant and actionable in the forest sector?

IntegratedQuestion 9 (Integration of the three dimensions of sustainable development): Do the combined goals or targets incorporate the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, or do they need to be amended to integrate more of them? Do they give consideration to the different timescales over which social, economic and environmental processes occur and must be reconciled?

Question 10 (Interlinkages): Do the combined goals or targets take account of potential synergies and trade-offs with other goals and targets, including interactions across sectors and geographical or administrative scales, and promote coordination in decision-making and action?

16 IRF (2014)17 Stakeholder Forum (2014)18 IRF (2014)


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1.6 Assessment methodologyIn order to perform this assessment, the authors used the latest version of the proposed goals and targets on sustainable development for the post-2015 development agenda. A matrix was devised to assess a ‘forest module’ of targets relevant to forests. This ‘forest module’ comprised: (i) targets to which forests, trees and forest livelihoods might make a direct contribution – see section 2.1; (ii) targets which are supportive of four key categories of enablers for forests contribution

to sustainable development. The authors also assessed (iii) targets which were repetitious of other targets, shown in figure 1 and 2 as the boxes with diagonal lines across them.

The matrixes are shown below, with the proposed goals as columns and the targets under those goals as rows. Initial work on the zero draft (Figure 1) was then revisited following the release of a revised zero draft (Figure 2). By tracking the changes occurring through negotiations within the Open Working Group, it has been possible to see what is being added or lost and how the combined forest module is changing over time.

Figure 1. Forest module of targets within the initial zero draft of 02 June 2014

Figure 2. Forest module of targets within the revised zero draft of 30 June 2014


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For example, some of the more obvious repetitions within the targets have been eliminated between the zero draft and the revised zero draft.

Explanations as to why each of the targets was so categorised is given in the full analysis of section 2 of this report.

Once the authors had agreed on the ‘forest module’ of forest relevant targets, it was then possible to conduct a more detailed analysis. For this, the full set of goal focus areas were then listed down the left-hand side of two tables. The first table sought to analyse those targets to which forests, trees and forest-linked livelihoods could make a direct contribution. The second table sought to analyse those targets that put in place the four categories of enablers for forest, trees, and forest-linked livelihoods contribution to sustainable development. Under each of those numbered targets, an assessment was made of the framing of those targets, in light of multiple submissions on forests to the OWG. The aim here was to ascertain which targets, from a forest outcome perspective, were viewed as (i) critical to retain; (ii) necessary but not forest specific; or (iii) inadequate with change or further specification required. In order to make this assessment, analysis was made of each of the documents submitted to the Open Working Group in which forest-relevant proposals were made. The proposals consulted on are each cited in the references section.

In the lower portion of the matrix, the IRF framework for assessing goal focus areas and targets was included, to assess the combined set of targets under each enabling condition. It used the threefold concepts of transformative change, universality, and integration. An assessment of the SMARTness of proposed targets is not included here, as this should be a subjective step, once the targets have been assessed and debated on the basis of their content. Here is a subjective assessment, but again informed by the full set of proposals put to the Open Working Group that have forest-relevant content.

From this overall analytical framework it was then possible to draw overall conclusions about the extent to which the current formulation of the SDG goal focus areas and targets were likely to be transformative, universally applicable and integrated.

More specific considerations for negotiators could also be identified, based on the extent of endorsement of particular targets areas by those interested in forests, and based on issues that had been suggested by proponents on forests but which were not adequately reflected in the current version of goal focus areas and targets.


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Assessment framework

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The section which follows identifies a ‘forest module’. This consists of all the forest-related targets proposed in the revised zero draft of the proposed goals and targets on sustainable development for the post-2015 development agenda – both targets for which forests, trees and forest-linked livelihoods can make a direct contribution (Table 2) and targets that contribute to establishing key enablers for the optimal contribution of forests to sustainable development.

One obvious starting observation is that the ‘forest module’ is much more than targets in which the word ‘forest’ is mentioned – as a ‘word cloud’ of the most important concepts within the forest module shows:

Figure 3. Word cloud of the main concepts within the ‘forest-module’

Image licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States © http://www.tagxedo.com/


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2.1 Targets for which forests can make a direct contribution towards sustainable development outcomes Table 2. Targets for which forests can make a direct contribution towards sustainable development outcomes

pRopoSED GoAl pRopoSED tARGEt DIRECt ContRIbutIon oF FoREStS

1. End poverty everywhere 1.1) by 2030, bring to zero the number of people living in extreme poverty, currently estimated at less than $1.25 a day in low income countries

There is a close dependency on forests for many of world’s poorest people, whose poverty status can be improved by enhanced local control of forests including forest enterprise development.

1.2) by 2030, reduce by at least half the proportion of people of all ages living below national poverty definitions

2. End hunger, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

2.1) by 2030 end hunger and ensure that all people have access to adequate, safe, affordable, and nutritious food all year round

Healthy forests provide a direct source of nutritious food and other non-timber products, particularly in rural areas.

2.3) by 2030 substantially increase small-scale food producers’ productivity and incomes, particularly of women, family farmers and pastoralists through secure access for all to productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services and markets

Productive and resilient small-scale food production can be sustained though use of trees within agricultural practices.

3. Attain healthy lives for all 3.7) by 2030 substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from air (indoor and outdoor), water and soil pollution

The potential contribution of forest sector would be through improved and sustainable use of biomass energy, and improved stove management.

6. Ensure availability and sustainable use of water for all

6.1) by 2030, achieve universal access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

Maintaining the quality and quantity of water supply is among the most valuable ecosystem services provided by forests in water catchment areas.

7. Ensure sustainable energy for all

7.1) by 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, sustainable and reliable energy services

Biomass is the main cooking fuel in most African and Southeast Asian households and considered modern if using improved efficiency cook stoves and chimneys – with biomass gasification for electricity also developing rapidly.

7.2) double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030

With appropriate policy support, biomass can be an accessible, sustainable and low-emission form of energy, both on- and off-grid.

8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

8.3) achieve progressively through 2030 global resource efficiency, and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation and resource use

Forest productive capacity is readily renewable, can be made much more efficient, and can replace petrochemical and other non-renewable sectors to help decouple economic growth from environmental degradation and resource use.


16 www.iied.org

pRopoSED GoAl pRopoSED tARGEt DIRECt ContRIbutIon oF FoREStS

10. Reduce inequality within and between countries

10.1) through 2030 sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average

Small to medium scale forest enterprises, including within informal sector, already contribute towards income for those in the lowest income brackets and hold growth potential, especially in rural areas.

11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe and sustainable

11.1) by 2030, ensure universal access to adequate and affordable housing and basic services for all, eliminate slums and upgrade informal settlements

Timber used for construction of traditional and modern housing in diverse country settings and is a primary construction material in rural, forested areas particularly in less developed countries.

13. Tackle climate change and its impacts

13.1) strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate induced hazards and natural disasters in all countries

Resilience of poor people (forest farmers and landless) can be greatly enhanced by diverse forest and tree based livelihood options.

15. Protect and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, halt desertification, land degradation and biodiversity loss

15.2) by 2030, ensure the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, and increase reforestation by x% globally

Sustainable management of forests provides a range of products and services, including physical, economic and cultural benefits.

15.4) by 2020 take urgent and significant action to halt the loss of biodiversity, and protect and prevent the extinction of known threatened species

Tropical forests in particular are home to significant levels of biodiversity, while multi-species forest-farm landscapes are superior to monoculture plantations.


www.iied.org 17

2.2

Con

trib

utio

n of

pro

pose

d ta

rget

s tow

ards

criti

cal l

ever

s of c

hang

eTa

ble 3

. Tar

gets

that

cont

ribu

te to

criti

cal l

ever

s of c

hang

e

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

Just

and

sec

ure

fore

st ri

ghts

thro

ugh

equi

tabl

e fo

rest

gov

erna

nce

and

nego

tiate

d la

nd u

se p

lann

ing.

Incl

usiv

e ec

onom

ic o

ppor

tuni

ty a

nd

reso

urce

effi

cien

cy fo

r all

fore

st p

rodu

cts

and

serv

ices

, infl

uenc

ed b

y su

stai

nabl

e lif

esty

les

and

trad

e.

To e

nhan

ce th

e qu

ality

and

qua

ntity

of

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces,

sus

tain

able

land

use

pr

actic

es a

nd re

silie

nce

of th

e po

or.

To b

uild

par

tner

ship

s th

at e

ffect

ivel

y re

sour

ce a

nd m

onito

r pro

gres

s at

na

tiona

l and

inte

rnat

iona

l lev

els.

Exp

lana

tory

text

How

thes

e pa

rtic

ular

leve

rs

of ch

ange

mig

ht

cont

ribu

te in

an

inte

grat

ed,

univ

ersa

l and

tr

ansf

orm

ativ

e w

ay to

war

ds

the o

ptim

al

cont

ribu

tion

of fo

rest

s to

sust

aina

ble

deve

lopm

ent

Fore

st re

sour

ce ri

ghts

are

det

erm

ined

by

incl

usiv

e, tr

ansp

aren

t and

effe

ctiv

e in

stitu

tions

and

pro

cess

es th

at

acco

mm

odat

e an

d in

tegr

ate

mul

tiple

de

man

ds fr

om a

dequ

atel

y re

pres

ente

d an

d en

gend

ered

con

stitu

enci

es in

a

way

that

fairl

y ac

com

mod

ates

the

full

valu

atio

n of

ben

efits

der

ived

from

fore

st

land

scap

es in

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g, p

rovi

des

a se

cure

fore

st-li

nked

soc

iety

and

sta

ble

enab

ling

envi

ronm

ent.

Bus

ines

s m

odel

s an

d ‘n

on-m

arke

t’ in

stitu

tions

are

des

igne

d to

sus

tain

and

re

stor

e fo

rest

s (in

qua

ntity

and

qua

lity)

, an

d th

eir t

echn

olog

ical

pro

duct

ive

capa

citie

s ar

e en

hanc

ed to

opt

imis

e th

e ef

ficie

ncy,

sus

tain

abili

ty, a

nd e

quity

in

inco

me

and

empl

oym

ent w

ith w

hich

full

fore

st v

alue

s (t

imbe

r, bi

omas

s en

ergy

, fo

od a

nd N

TFP

s, w

ater

regu

latio

n, s

oil

enha

ncem

ent,

carb

on s

eque

stra

tion

etc.

) are

der

ived

and

dis

trib

uted

in g

reen

ec

onom

ies.

Org

anis

atio

ns o

f for

est a

nd fa

rm

prod

ucer

s eq

uipp

ed fo

r lan

dsca

pe

plan

ning

and

land

use

pra

ctic

es

(incl

udin

g fo

rest

s, a

gric

ultu

re, w

ater

, en

ergy

and

infra

stru

ctur

e) in

an

inte

grat

ed a

nd in

clus

ive

man

ner t

o as

sure

the

long

-term

sus

tain

abili

ty o

f fo

od, e

nerg

y, w

ater

and

car

bon

syst

ems,

an

d th

e de

liver

y of

suf

ficie

nt q

uant

ity

and

qual

ity o

f nat

ural

reso

urce

s to

mee

t do

mes

tic a

nd g

loba

l nee

ds, a

nd to

bui

ld

resi

lienc

e to

clim

atic

cha

nge.

Par

tner

ship

s be

twee

n an

d w

ithin

co

untr

ies

to m

obili

se fi

nanc

ial r

esou

rces

, te

chno

logy

and

app

ropr

iate

mon

itorin

g th

at e

ncou

rage

thos

e re

spon

sibl

e fo

r for

est p

rodu

ctio

n w

ithin

div

erse

se

ttin

gs a

nd th

ose

resp

onsi

ble

for

fore

st c

onsu

mpt

ion

to d

eliv

er th

e fu

ll co

ntrib

utio

n of

fore

sts

to s

usta

inab

le

deve

lopm

ent,

fulfi

lling

thei

r pot

entia

ls a

nd

disc

harg

ing

thei

r res

pons

ibili

ties.

PRO

POSE

D

GO

ALS

FO

RE

ST

MO

DU

LE –

Po

ten

tial

ly f

ore

st-r

elev

ant

targ

ets

form

ula

ted

un

der

div

erse

go

al f

ocu

s ar

eas,

th

at m

igh

t co

ntr

ibu

te t

o t

he

est

ablis

hm

ent

of

the

crit

ical

leve

rs o

f ch

ang

e fo

r th

e o

pti

mal

co

ntr

ibu

tio

n o

f fo

rest

s fo

r su

stai

nab

le d

evel

op

men

t

1. E

nd p

over

ty

ever

ywhe

re1.

4) b

y 20

30 s

ecur

e e

qu

al a

cce

ss fo

r all

men

and

wom

en, p

artic

ular

ly th

ose

mos

t in

nee

d, to

bas

ic s

ervi

ces,

th

e ri

gh

t to

o

wn

lan

d a

nd

pro

per

ty, p

rod

uct

ive

reso

urc

es

and

fin

anci

al s

ervi

ces,

in

clud

ing

mic

rofin

ance

dev

elop

men

t

1.1)

by

2030

, bri

ng

to

zer

o t

he

nu

mb

er o

f p

eo

ple

livi

ng

in e

xtre

me

po

vert

y, c

urre

ntly

est

imat

ed a

t les

s th

an

$1.

25 a

day

in lo

w in

com

e co

untr

ies

1.2

) by

2030

, re

du

ce b

y at

leas

t h

alf

the

pro

po

rtio

n o

f p

eo

ple

of

all

age

s liv

ing

bel

ow

nat

ion

al p

ove

rty

de

fin

itio

ns

1.5

) by

2030

bui

ld t

he

resi

lien

ce o

f th

e p

oo

r an

d t

ho

se in

vu

lner

able

si

tuat

ion

s to

dis

aste

rs, s

hock

s an

d cl

imat

e-re

late

d ex

trem

e ev

ents


18 www.iied.org

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

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So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

1.4

) Sec

ure

right

s to

land

and

pro

duct

ive

reso

urce

s (in

this

cas

e fo

rest

s) a

re

pivo

tal t

o fo

rest

out

com

es a

nd a

re

ther

efor

e es

sent

ial.19

Em

phas

is o

n ‘th

e po

or, t

he m

ost m

argi

nalis

ed a

nd p

eopl

e in

vul

nera

ble

situ

atio

ns’ w

ho fr

om a

fore

st

pers

pect

ive

incl

ude

Indi

geno

us P

eopl

e an

d lo

cal f

ores

t-dep

ende

nt c

omm

uniti

es.

1.4

) Ins

uffic

ient

as

targ

et n

ot s

peci

fic

on th

e ne

ed fo

r bot

h in

divi

dual

and

co

llect

ive

right

s (R

RI/

Oxf

am/ I

Lc, 2

014

), an

d in

adeq

uate

men

tion

of re

dist

ribut

ive

just

ice

in re

sour

ce ri

ght a

lloca

tions

–

or ta

rget

s on

the

perc

enta

ge s

hare

of

thos

e w

ith s

ecur

e rig

hts

to la

nd (

Bey

ond

2015

-Gc

AP

-IFP,

201

2; A

PW

LD, 2

013

; H

LP, 2

014

; Unn

ayan

, Onn

esha

n, 2

014

).

1.1-

1.2

) Nec

essa

ry b

ut in

adeq

uate

in

spec

ifyin

g ho

w s

truc

tura

l bar

riers

to

owne

rshi

p an

d em

ploy

men

t (in

fore

st

cont

ext a

roun

d co

mm

erci

al fo

rest

righ

ts)

will

be

chan

ged

to re

duce

pov

erty

(c

ON

cO

RD

, 201

4).

1.5

) Res

ilien

ce o

f poo

r peo

ple

(in th

is

case

fore

st fa

rmer

s / l

andl

ess)

can

be

grea

tly e

nhan

ced

by d

iver

se fo

rest

and

tr

ee b

ased

live

lihoo

d op

tions

. cru

cial

, but

no

t for

est-e

xplic

it he

re.

2. E

nd h

unge

r, im

prov

e nut

ritio

n,

and

prom

ote

sust

aina

ble

agri

cultu

re

2.1)

by

2030

en

d h

un

ger

an

d e

nsu

re

that

all

pe

op

le h

ave

acce

ss t

o

ade

qu

ate

, saf

e, a

ffo

rdab

le, a

nd

n

utr

itio

us

foo

d a

ll ye

ar ro

und

2.5

) by

2020

mai

nta

in g

enet

ic

div

ersi

ty o

f see

ds, c

ultiv

ated

pla

nts,

fa

rmed

and

dom

estic

ated

ani

mal

s an

d th

eir w

ild re

lativ

es, a

nd e

nsur

e ac

cess

to

and

fai

r an

d e

qu

itab

le s

har

ing

o

f b

ene

fits

aris

ing

from

the

utili

zatio

n of

gen

etic

reso

urce

s an

d as

soci

ated

tr

aditi

onal

kno

wle

dge

as in

tern

atio

nally

ag

reed

2.3

) by

2030

sub

stan

tially

incr

ease

sm

all-

scal

e fo

od

pro

du

cers

’ p

rod

uct

ivit

y an

d in

com

es,

par

ticul

arly

of

wom

en, f

amily

farm

ers

and

past

oral

ists

thro

ugh

secu

re a

cces

s fo

r al

l to

prod

uctiv

e re

sour

ces

and

inpu

ts,

know

ledg

e, fi

nanc

ial s

ervi

ces

and

mar

kets

2.c)

end

ext

rem

e fo

od p

rice

vola

tility

in

clud

ing

thro

ugh

imp

rove

d

fun

ctio

nin

g a

nd

re

gu

lati

on

of

foo

d

com

mo

dit

y m

arke

ts a

nd

imp

rove

d

mar

ket

info

rmat

ion

2.4

) by

2030

impl

emen

t su

stai

nab

le

and

re

silie

nt

agri

cult

ura

l pra

ctic

es

incl

udin

g fo

r ada

ptat

ion

to c

limat

e ch

ange

, ext

rem

e w

eath

er, d

roug

ht a

nd

disa

ster

s, a

nd p

rogr

essi

vely

enh

ance

soi

l qu

ality

2.a)

incr

ease

inve

stm

ent

in r

ura

l in

fras

tru

ctu

re, a

gri

cult

ura

l re

sear

ch,

tech

no

log

y d

evel

op

men

t, a

nd

ca

pab

le in

stit

uti

on

s, p

artic

ular

ly in

co

untr

ies

that

are

net

food

impo

rter

s 2.

b) p

has

e o

ut

all f

orm

s o

f ag

ricu

ltu

ral e

xpo

rt s

ub

sid

ies

2.d)

cre

ate

and

div

ersi

fy s

ee

d a

nd

p

lan

t b

ank

s, in

clud

ing

with

trad

ition

al

varie

ties,

at n

atio

nal,

regi

onal

and

in

tern

atio

nal l

evel

s, to

saf

egua

rd s

eed

and

gene

tic p

lant

div

ersi

ty

Gre

en =

ess

entia

l O

rang

e =

per

iphe

ral

Red

= In

adeq

uate

19 O

WG

(2

014

b) R

ecom

men

datio

n fr

om In

dige

nous

Peo

ples


www.iied.org 19

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

2.1)

Nec

essa

ry b

ut in

adeq

uate

(fro

m

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive)

bec

ause

of

omis

sion

of a

ny m

entio

n of

sus

tain

able

an

d in

tegr

ated

land

use

pol

icie

s th

at a

re

criti

cal f

or fo

rest

out

com

es in

the

face

of

ongo

ing

defo

rest

atio

n (T

ST,

201

4) p

lus

little

atte

ntio

n to

issu

es s

uch

as fo

od-

sove

reig

nty

(see

cP

GS

D, 2

012

).2.

5) G

enet

ic d

iver

sity

in a

gric

ultu

re (f

or

fore

st fa

rmer

s) im

plie

s di

vers

e m

ixes

of

cro

ps a

nd tr

ee s

yste

ms

– w

hich

is

esse

ntia

l for

fore

st o

utco

mes

– a

s is

the

fair

and

equi

tabl

e sh

arin

g of

ben

efits

.

2.3

) Nec

essa

ry fr

om a

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive,

as

agric

ultu

ral p

rodu

ctiv

ity

can

(but

doe

s no

t alw

ays)

redu

ce

pres

sure

on

fore

sts.

The

pro

pose

d ‘a

cces

s to

’ inp

uts,

kno

wle

dge

and

prod

uctiv

e re

sour

ces

is n

ot th

e sa

me

as

‘con

trol

ove

r’ so

is d

epen

dent

on

1.4.

H

owev

er, i

nade

quat

e m

entio

n of

fam

ily/

com

mun

ity fo

rest

ers.

2.c)

Impr

oved

mar

ket i

nfor

mat

ion

and

impr

oved

mar

ket f

unct

iona

lity

esse

ntia

l fo

r for

est a

nd fa

rm p

rodu

cers

– a

lthou

gh

regu

latio

n ca

n ac

t as

an im

pedi

men

t to

smal

lhol

ders

.

2.4

) Sus

tain

able

and

resi

lient

agr

icul

tura

l pr

actic

es e

ssen

tial a

s su

ppor

tive

of

agro

fore

stry

and

farm

-fore

stry

sys

tem

s an

d pr

omot

e m

ore

sust

aina

ble

land

use

pa

ttern

s.2.

4) I

nade

quat

e m

entio

n of

sus

tain

able

an

d in

tegr

ated

land

use

pol

icie

s th

at

are

criti

cal f

or fo

rest

out

com

es in

ligh

t of

ong

oing

agr

icul

ture

-driv

en la

nd u

se

chan

ge/d

efor

esta

tion

(TS

T, 2

014

), pl

us

little

atte

ntio

n to

issu

es s

uch

as fo

od-

sove

reig

nty

(cP

GS

D, 2

012

).2.

4) I

nade

quat

e sp

ecifi

city

rela

ting

to th

e ba

lanc

e be

twee

n la

rge-

scal

e in

dust

rial

mon

ocul

ture

s (f

ores

t ris

k co

mm

oditi

es)

and

loca

lly c

ontr

olle

d, m

ulti-

func

tiona

l sm

allh

oldi

ng a

gro-

ecol

ogie

s (A

PW

LD,

2013

; DP

ING

O, 2

013

; Fre

nch

Min

istr

y of

For

eign

Affa

irs, 2

013

; SD

SN

, 201

3;

HLP

, 201

4).

2 a,

b a

nd d

) Ina

dequ

ate

spec

ifici

ty

(fro

m a

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive)

re

latin

g to

the

bala

nce

betw

een

larg

e-sc

ale

indu

stria

l dev

elop

men

t (on

e ar

ea

of th

reat

to fo

rest

s) a

nd lo

cally

con

trol

led

mul

ti-fu

nctio

nal m

osai

cs (

one

area

of

oppo

rtun

ity) w

ith re

gard

to th

e ta

rget

ing

of d

evel

opm

ents

and

con

trol

ove

r see

d an

d pl

ant m

ater

ials

(S

DS

N, 2

013

).

3. A

ttai

n he

alth

y liv

es fo

r all

3.4

) by

2030

redu

ce s

ubst

antia

lly

mor

bidi

ty a

nd m

orta

lity

from

non

-co

mm

unic

able

dis

ease

s (N

cD

s) th

roug

h pr

even

tion

and

trea

tmen

t, p

rom

ote

m

enta

l hea

lth

an

d w

ellb

ein

g, a

nd

stre

ngth

en p

reve

ntio

n an

d tr

eatm

ent o

f na

rcot

ic d

rug,

alc

ohol

, and

sub

stan

ce

abus

e

3.7

) by

2030

sub

stan

tially

re

du

ce t

he

nu

mb

er o

f d

eath

s an

d il

lne

sse

s fr

om

ai

r (i

nd

oo

r an

d o

utd

oo

r), w

ater

and

so

il po

llutio

n

3.4

) Nec

essa

ry (

thou

gh m

argi

nally

so

for f

ores

ts) i

n te

rms

of a

n ap

proa

ch to

re

duci

ng li

velih

oods

str

esse

s th

at c

ome

from

soc

ial i

njus

tice

and

in w

hich

out

door

re

crea

tion

play

s a

role

. In

adeq

uate

men

tion

of s

ound

use

of

trad

ition

al m

edic

ine

and

prot

ectio

n of

bi

odiv

ersi

ty o

n w

hich

it is

bas

ed.

3.7

) Nec

essa

ry (

in fo

rest

sec

tor)

for t

he

impr

oved

and

sus

tain

able

use

of b

iom

ass

ener

gy –

but

not

fore

st-e

xplic

it he

re –

no

men

tion

of b

enefi

ts o

f mor

e ef

ficie

nt

biom

ass

use.

Inad

equa

te m

entio

n of

repr

oduc

tive

heal

th g

iven

pop

ulat

ion

rela

ted

pres

sure

s on

fore

sts

– an

d m

entio

n of

fam

ily

plan

ning

dro

pped

(S

DS

N, 2

013

; PS

DA

, 20

14).


20 www.iied.org

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

4. P

rovi

de q

ualit

y ed

ucat

ion

and

life-

long

lear

ning

op

port

uniti

es fo

r al

l

4.4

) by

2030

pro

mot

e lif

e-lo

ng le

arni

ng,

pro

vid

e em

plo

yab

le s

kill

s es

peci

ally

to

you

ng w

omen

and

men

, and

incr

ease

by

at l

east

x%

adu

lt lit

erac

y an

d ba

sic

num

erac

y

4.5

) by

2030

, elim

inat

e ge

nder

di

spar

ities

and

ens

ure

eq

ual

acc

ess

to

al

l lev

els

of

ed

uca

tio

n a

nd

vo

cati

on

al

trai

nin

g f

or

pe

op

le in

vu

lner

able

si

tuat

ion

s, in

clud

ing

pers

ons

with

di

sabi

litie

s4.

6) b

y 20

30 in

teg

rate

into

e

du

cati

on

pro

gra

ms

kn

ow

led

ge

and

sk

ills

ne

cess

ary

for

sust

ain

able

d

evel

op

men

t, hu

man

righ

ts, g

ende

r eq

ualit

y, p

rom

otin

g a

cultu

re o

f pe

ace

and

non-

viol

ence

and

cul

ture

’s

cont

ribut

ion

to s

usta

inab

le d

evel

opm

ent

4.b)

by

2020

exp

and

by x

% g

loba

lly th

e n

um

ber

of

sch

ola

rsh

ips

for

stu

den

ts

and

go

vern

men

t o

ffici

als

from

de

velo

ping

cou

ntrie

s in

par

ticul

ar L

Dc

s to

enr

ol in

hig

her e

duca

tion,

incl

udin

g vo

catio

nal t

rain

ing,

pro

gram

mes

in

dev

elop

ed c

ount

ries

and

othe

r de

velo

ping

cou

ntrie

s

Inad

equa

te m

entio

n on

citi

zens

hip

educ

atio

n, re

pres

enta

tiona

l str

uctu

res

and

tact

ics

requ

ired

to e

ngag

e po

litic

ally

an

d sh

ape

gove

rnan

ce (

in th

is c

ase

over

fo

rest

s).

4.4

) Nec

essa

ry a

nd e

ssen

tial t

o ha

ve

voca

tiona

l edu

catio

n in

pro

fitab

le a

nd

sust

aina

ble

fore

st b

usin

ess.

4.

4) F

ram

ing

of e

duca

tion

tow

ards

‘e

mpl

oym

ent’

prec

lude

s th

e id

ea o

f po

or p

eopl

e as

fore

st b

usin

ess

owne

rs

– an

d on

ly p

artly

mee

ts p

revi

ous

calls

fo

r life

-long

edu

catio

n (F

renc

h M

inis

try

of F

orei

gn A

ffairs

, 201

3; E

cA

, 201

4b).

Insu

ffici

ent m

entio

n of

indi

geno

us

know

ledg

e (c

PG

SD

, 201

2).

4.6

) Nec

essa

ry a

nd (f

rom

fore

st

pers

pect

ive)

ess

entia

l to

have

rura

l and

ur

ban

peop

le c

ogni

sant

of r

ole

of fo

rest

s in

sus

tain

able

dev

elop

men

t.

4.b)

) Not

fore

st s

peci

fic a

nd n

ot m

uch

clar

ity o

n th

e fin

anci

ng o

f voc

atio

nal

educ

atio

n (r

elat

ing

in th

is c

ase

to

sust

aina

ble

and

profi

tabl

e fo

rest

reso

urce

us

e).

5. A

ttai

n ge

nder

eq

ualit

y, em

pow

er

wom

en a

nd g

irls

ev

eryw

here

5.1)

en

d a

ll fo

rms

of

dis

crim

inat

ion

ag

ain

st a

ll w

om

en a

nd

gir

ls

5.5

) ens

ure

full

and

eff

ect

ive

par

tici

pat

ion

an

d le

ader

ship

of

wo

men

at

all l

evel

s o

f d

eci

sio

n-

mak

ing

in th

e pu

blic

and

priv

ate

sect

ors

5.a)

ens

ure

wo

men

’s e

qu

al r

igh

t to

o

wn

an

d c

on

tro

l ass

ets

and

prod

uctiv

e re

sour

ces

5.b)

by

2030

ach

ieve

un

iver

sal a

cce

ss

to IC

T fo

r w

om

en a

nd m

en to

pro

mot

e w

omen

’s e

mpo

wer

men

t5.

c) p

rom

ote

soun

d, e

nfo

rcea

ble

an

d

mo

nit

ora

ble

leg

isla

tio

n a

nd

po

licie

s fo

r th

e p

rom

oti

on

of

gen

der

eq

ual

ity

at a

ll le

vels


www.iied.org 21

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

5.1,

5.5

, 5.a

b a

nd c

) Nec

essa

ry (

in

fore

st c

onte

xt) a

nd e

ssen

tial e

spec

ially

in

rela

tion

to c

omm

erci

al fo

rest

use

and

ac

cess

righ

ts (

see

BD

cP,

201

3; U

NG

c,

2013

).

Inad

equa

te re

fere

nces

to e

qual

ity in

em

ploy

men

t (re

leva

nt to

fore

st s

ecto

r)

whe

re m

ale

bias

in fo

rest

ent

erpr

ise

can

be p

rono

unce

d (U

NG

c, 2

013

).

6. E

nsur

e av

aila

bilit

y an

d su

stai

nabl

e use

of

wat

er a

nd

sani

tatio

n fo

r all

6.5

) by

2030

imp

lem

ent

inte

gra

ted

w

ater

re

sou

rce

s m

anag

emen

t at

al

l lev

els,

and

thro

ugh

tran

sbou

ndar

y co

oper

atio

n as

app

ropr

iate

6.5

) Nec

essa

ry a

nd e

ssen

tial a

s in

tegr

ated

wat

er m

anag

emen

t mus

t co

nsid

er fo

rest

man

agem

ent,

espe

cial

ly

in c

atch

men

t are

as.

6.5

) Ina

dequ

ate

as n

o m

entio

n of

w

ater

shed

rest

orat

ion

nor t

he in

tegr

ated

la

nd u

se p

lann

ing

on w

hich

wat

ersh

ed

man

agem

ent d

epen

ds.

7. E

nsur

e su

stai

nabl

e ene

rgy

for a

ll

7.1)

by

2030

ens

ure

un

iver

sal a

cce

ss

to a

ffo

rdab

le, s

ust

ain

able

an

d

relia

ble

en

erg

y se

rvic

es

7.2

) do

ub

le t

he

shar

e o

f re

new

able

en

erg

y in

the

glob

al e

nerg

y m

ix b

y 20

30

7.a)

enh

ance

inte

rnat

ion

al

coo

per

atio

n t

o f

acili

tate

acc

ess

to

cl

ean

en

erg

y te

chn

olo

gie

s, in

clud

ing

adva

nced

and

cle

aner

foss

il fu

el

tech

nolo

gies

, and

pro

mot

e pu

blic

and

pr

ivat

e in

vest

men

t in

ener

gy in

frast

ruct

ure

and

clea

n en

ergy

tech

nolo

gies

7.1

and

7.2

) Nec

essa

ry a

nd e

ssen

tial

give

n hi

gh re

lianc

e on

bio

mas

s fo

r co

okin

g an

d he

atin

g by

man

y ho

useh

olds

, al

thou

gh c

halle

nged

by

inad

equa

te

supp

ort f

or b

iom

ass

as a

‘mod

ern’

and

su

stai

nabl

e en

ergy

by

man

y na

tiona

l po

licy

fram

ewor

ks in

Afri

ca a

nd S

outh

A

sia

(cO

Nc

OR

D, 2

014;

HLP

, 201

4).

Inad

equa

te a

s ‘u

nive

rsal

acc

ess

to

affo

rdab

le, s

usta

inab

le a

nd re

liabl

e en

ergy

’ pro

blem

atic

as

cann

ot c

lass

ify

foss

il fu

els

as s

usta

inab

le (

see

7a),

whi

ch im

plie

s a

targ

et o

f 10

0%

mod

ern

ener

gy s

ervi

ces

base

d on

rene

wab

le

ener

gy (w

hich

is n

ot re

alis

tic b

y 20

30).

Inad

equa

te m

entio

n of

‘dec

arbo

nisi

ng’

the

ener

gy s

yste

m (

SD

SN

, 201

3).

7.a)

Nec

essa

ry b

ut n

eeds

to e

nsur

e in

clus

ion

of e

nerg

y ef

ficie

ncy

– a

key

issu

e fo

r sus

tain

able

bio

mas

s w

hich

(f

rom

fore

st p

ersp

ectiv

e) re

quire

s bi

ndin

g po

litic

al c

omm

itmen

t (D

PIN

GO

, 201

3;

UN

cS

D Y

outh

cau

cus,

201

3; U

NG

c,

2013

; cO

Nc

OR

D, 2

014

).


22 www.iied.org

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

8. P

rom

ote

sust

aine

d, in

clus

ive

and

sust

aina

ble

econ

omic

gro

wth

, fu

ll an

d pr

oduc

tive

em

ploy

men

t and

de

cent

wor

k fo

r all

8.1

) ach

ieve

tran

sfor

mat

ion

of e

cono

mie

s to

war

ds h

igh

er le

vels

of

pro

du

ctiv

ity

thro

ug

h d

iver

sifi

cati

on

with

a fo

cus

on

high

val

ue a

dded

sec

tors

8.2

) cre

ate

a so

un

d m

acro

eco

no

mic

en

viro

nm

ent

with

em

ploy

men

t-frie

ndly

po

licie

s an

d an

ena

blin

g en

viro

nmen

t at

natio

nal,

regi

onal

and

inte

rnat

iona

l lev

els

for p

rodu

ctiv

e in

vest

men

t, cr

eativ

ity

and

inno

vatio

n, a

nd f

orm

aliz

atio

n

and

gro

wth

of

mic

ro-,

sm

all-

an

d

me

diu

m-s

ize

d e

nte

rpri

ses

8.3

) ach

ieve

pro

gres

sive

ly th

roug

h 20

30 g

lob

al r

eso

urc

e ef

fici

ency

, an

d

end

eavo

ur

to d

eco

up

le e

con

om

ic

gro

wth

fro

m e

nvi

ron

men

tal

de

gra

dat

ion

and

reso

urce

use

8

.4) b

y 20

30 a

chie

ve f

ull

and

p

rod

uct

ive

emp

loym

ent

and

de

cen

t w

ork

fo

r al

l wo

men

an

d m

en,

incl

udin

g fo

r you

ng p

eopl

e an

d pe

rson

s w

ith d

isab

ilitie

s, a

nd e

qual

pay

for w

ork

of e

qual

val

ue8

.6) p

rote

ct th

e ri

gh

ts a

nd

en

sure

saf

e an

d s

ecu

re w

ork

ing

en

viro

nm

ents

of

all w

ork

ers,

incl

udin

g m

igra

nt w

orke

rs

and

thos

e in

pre

cario

us e

mpl

oym

ent

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith IL

O n

orm

s an

d st

anda

rds


www.iied.org 23

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

8.1

) Nec

essa

ry (f

rom

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive)

and

ess

entia

l – e

spec

ially

in

rela

tion

to fo

rest

-bas

ed e

nter

pris

e de

velo

pmen

t (se

e no

te a

bove

, Ec

A,

2014

b), b

ut in

adeq

uate

bec

ause

no

men

tion

of e

cono

mic

just

ice

and

for

who

m d

iver

sific

atio

n is

inte

nded

(se

e A

PW

LD, 2

013

).8

.2) R

elev

ant a

s in

form

al fo

rest

sec

tor

dom

inat

es d

omes

tic s

uppl

y in

man

y co

untr

ies,

but

pro

blem

atic

as

it de

pend

s ve

ry m

uch

how

form

alis

atio

n ta

kes

plac

e –

so a

s no

t to

excl

ude

mar

gina

lised

gr

oups

. 8

.3) N

eces

sary

(fro

m fo

rest

out

com

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e) a

nd e

ssen

tial a

s m

ore

effic

ient

fore

st in

dust

ries

redu

ce

pres

sure

on

reso

urce

. But

lang

uage

on

econ

omic

just

ice

coul

d be

str

engt

hene

d.8

.4) D

ange

r of l

arge

-sca

le in

dust

ry o

ver-

ridin

g in

tere

sts

of S

ME

s an

d in

adeq

uate

at

tent

ion

to ‘g

reen

gro

wth

/ jo

bs’ m

ixin

g ec

onom

ic g

row

th w

ith e

nviro

nmen

tal

impr

ovem

ents

(Fr

ench

Min

istr

y of

Fo

reig

n A

ffairs

, 201

3; U

NFP

A, 2

013

; Ec

A, 2

014b

). In

adeq

uate

atte

ntio

n to

di

ffere

ntia

tion

betw

een

dom

estic

and

in

tern

atio

nal d

eman

d an

d th

e la

tter

nece

ssar

ily re

stric

ted

by c

once

rns

over

ill

egal

logg

ing.

8.6

) Ess

entia

l (fro

m fo

rest

out

com

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e) d

ue to

dan

gero

us fo

rest

w

orki

ng e

nviro

nmen

ts.


24 www.iied.org

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

9. P

rom

ote

sust

aina

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd

indu

stri

aliz

atio

n an

d fo

ster

in

nova

tion

9.4

) ens

ure

that

sm

all-

scal

e in

du

stri

al

and

oth

er e

nte

rpri

ses,

par

ticu

larl

y in

LD

Cs,

hav

e af

ford

able

acc

ess

to

cre

dit

an

d a

re in

teg

rate

d in

to

nat

ion

al, r

eg

ion

al a

nd

glo

bal

val

ue

chai

ns

and

mar

kets

9.b)

ens

ure

a co

nd

uci

ve p

olic

y en

viro

nm

ent

at a

ll le

vels

fo

r in

du

stri

al d

evel

op

men

t, pr

omot

ing

entr

epre

neur

ship

and

inno

vatio

n,

with

spe

cial

atte

ntio

n to

nat

iona

l ci

rcum

stan

ces

in d

evel

opin

g co

untr

ies

9.4

) Rep

etiti

ve o

f 8.2

and

whi

le im

port

ant

from

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive

as

acce

ss to

cre

dit i

s of

ten

a co

nstr

aint

, it

is b

y no

mea

ns th

e on

ly c

onst

rain

t (e

.g. c

omm

erci

al te

nure

, bus

ines

s sk

ills,

te

chni

cal e

xten

sion

and

free

dom

of

asso

ciat

ion

also

pre

-req

uisi

tes)

.9.

b) In

adeq

uate

ly e

xpre

ssed

as

‘indu

stria

l de

velo

pmen

t’ on

larg

e sc

ales

, is

ofte

n in

com

patib

le w

ith th

e m

ultip

le b

enefi

ts o

f fo

rest

s no

r the

bes

t way

to d

eliv

er lo

cal

and

publ

ic g

oods

.

Inad

equa

te (f

rom

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive)

bec

ause

rece

nt o

mis

sion

s of

env

ironm

enta

lly s

usta

inab

le

indu

stria

lisat

ion.

10. R

educ

e in

equa

lity

with

in

and

betw

een

coun

trie

s

10.2

) by

2030

take

act

ions

to e

mp

ow

er

and

pro

mo

te t

he

soci

al a

nd

e

con

om

ic in

clu

sio

n o

f al

l irr

espe

ctiv

e of

race

, eth

nici

ty o

r eco

nom

ic s

tatu

s 10

.3) r

ed

uce

ine

qu

alit

ies

of

op

po

rtu

nit

y an

d o

utc

om

e, i

ncl

ud

ing

th

rou

gh

elim

inat

ing

dis

crim

inat

ory

la

ws,

po

licie

s an

d p

ract

ice

s an

d pr

omot

ing

appr

opria

te le

gisl

atio

n,

polic

ies

and

actio

ns in

this

rega

rd10

.7) b

y 20

30, e

nsur

e e

qu

itab

le

rep

rese

nta

tio

n a

nd

vo

ice

of

dev

elo

pin

g c

ou

ntr

ies

in d

eci

sio

n

mak

ing

in g

lob

al in

stit

uti

on

s of

go

vern

ance

and

dev

elop

men

t

10.1

) thr

ough

203

0 su

stai

n in

com

e g

row

th o

f th

e b

ott

om

40

% o

f the

po

pula

tion

at a

rate

hig

her t

han

the

natio

nal a

vera

ge

10.a

) res

pect

the

pri

nci

ple

of

spe

cial

an

d d

iffe

ren

tial

tre

atm

ent

for

leas

t d

evel

op

ed

co

un

trie

s in

rele

vant

in

tern

atio

nal a

gree

men

ts in

clud

ing

the

WTO


www.iied.org 25

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

10.2

and

10.

3) N

eces

sary

and

ess

entia

l (f

rom

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive)

due

to

the

high

inci

denc

e of

pov

erty

in fo

rest

ar

eas,

and

the

intim

ate

links

bet

wee

n cu

ltura

l div

ersi

ty a

nd re

mot

e fo

rest

are

as.

10.7

) Ess

entia

l (fro

m fo

rest

out

com

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e) a

s fo

rest

-ric

h na

tions

are

of

ten

wea

kly

repr

esen

ted

in in

tern

atio

nal

nego

tiatio

ns o

n fo

rest

s.

10.1

) Nec

essa

ry (f

rom

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive)

and

ess

entia

l – e

spec

ially

in

rela

tion

to fo

rest

-bas

ed e

nter

pris

e co

ntro

lled

loca

lly (

EcA

, 201

4b).

10.a

) Ina

dequ

ate

(fro

m fo

rest

out

com

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e) a

s m

arke

t acc

ess

nece

ssar

ily re

stric

ted

by c

once

rns

over

ill

egal

logg

ing

– an

d no

men

tion

here

of

Lace

y ac

t or E

U F

LEG

T A

ctio

n pl

an.

11. M

ake c

ities

and

hu

man

sett

lem

ents

in

clus

ive,

safe

and

su

stai

nabl

e

11.1

) by

2030

, ens

ure

un

iver

sal a

cce

ss

to a

de

qu

ate

and

aff

ord

able

ho

usi

ng

an

d b

asic

ser

vice

s fo

r al

l, el

imin

ate

slum

s an

d up

grad

e in

form

al s

ettle

men

ts11

.c) s

uppo

rt le

ast d

evel

oped

cou

ntrie

s,

incl

udin

g th

roug

h fi

nan

cial

an

d

tech

nic

al a

ssis

tan

ce, f

or

sust

ain

able

b

uild

ing

s ut

ilizi

ng lo

cal c

onte

nt a

nd

mat

eria

ls

11.a

) int

egra

te e

con

om

ic a

nd

so

cial

lin

ks

bet

we

en u

rban

, per

i-u

rban

an

d

rura

l are

as in

to n

atio

nal

an

d r

eg

ion

al

dev

elo

pm

ent

pla

nn

ing

11.1

and

11.

c) S

ome

conn

ectio

n (f

rom

fo

rest

out

com

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e) w

ith ti

mbe

r co

nstr

uctio

n an

d su

stai

nabl

e bi

omas

s en

ergy

and

NTF

Ps

– bu

t not

fore

st

spec

ific.

11.9

) Nec

essa

ry (f

rom

per

spec

tive

of

fore

st o

utco

mes

) and

ess

entia

l – a

s pa

ttern

s of

urb

an c

onsu

mpt

ion

driv

e la

nd

use

chan

ge in

fore

st a

reas

.


26 www.iied.org

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

12. P

rom

ote

sust

aina

ble

cons

umpt

ion

and

prod

uctio

n pa

tter

ns

12.1

) by

2030

, all

coun

trie

s ha

ve

inte

grat

ed p

olic

ies

and

mea

sure

s to

pr

omot

e su

stai

nab

le c

on

sum

pti

on

an

d p

rod

uct

ion

pat

tern

s in

to

nat

ion

al s

trat

eg

ies

and

pla

ns,

as

envi

sion

ed in

the

10-Y

ear F

ram

ewor

k of

P

rogr

amm

es o

n su

stai

nabl

e co

nsum

ptio

n an

d pr

oduc

tion

(10Y

FP)

12.5

) inc

reas

e th

e sh

are

of

pri

vate

se

cto

r ac

tors

inco

rpo

rati

ng

su

stai

nab

le d

evel

op

men

t p

rin

cip

les

in t

hei

r b

usi

ne

ss p

ract

ice

s, a

nd

by 2

030

incr

ease

sub

stan

tially

the

num

ber o

f com

pani

es, e

spec

ially

larg

e co

mpa

nies

, tha

t rep

ort o

n co

rpor

ate

soci

al a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal r

espo

nsib

ility

, in

clud

ing

thro

ugh

inte

grat

ed re

port

ing

12.6

) by

2030

sub

stan

tially

incr

ease

the

shar

e of

pu

blic

pro

cure

men

t th

at is

su

stai

nab

le12

.a) p

rom

ote

the

tran

sfer

an

d

dis

sem

inat

ion

to

dev

elo

pin

g

cou

ntr

ies

of

envi

ron

men

tally

so

un

d

tech

no

log

ies

that

impr

ove

ener

gy a

nd

reso

urce

effi

cien

cy

12.c

) by

2030

ens

ure

that

peo

ple

ever

ywhe

re h

ave

info

rmat

ion

an

d

un

der

stan

din

g n

ee

de

d t

o li

ve

sust

ain

able

life

styl

es

12.d

) by

2030

dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t pl

anni

ng a

nd m

onito

ring

tool

s fo

r su

stai

nabl

e to

uris

m w

hich

cre

ates

jobs

, pr

omot

es lo

cal c

ultu

re a

nd p

rodu

cts,

and

sa

feg

uar

ds

the

wo

rld

’s c

ult

ura

l an

d

nat

ura

l her

itag

e

12.b

) ass

ist d

evel

opin

g co

untr

ies

to

stre

ng

then

th

eir

scie

nti

fic

and

te

chn

olo

gic

al c

apac

itie

s to

mo

ve

tow

ard

s m

ore

su

stai

nab

le p

atte

rns

of

con

sum

pti

on

an

d p

rod

uct

ion

12.1

) Nec

essa

ry –

in te

rms

of m

atch

ing

dem

and

with

sup

ply

from

fore

st o

utlo

ok

pers

pect

ive.

12

.5) N

eces

sary

and

ess

entia

l as

fore

st

/ for

est r

isk

com

pani

es n

eed

to b

e en

cour

aged

to fi

nd p

rogr

essi

ve w

ays

to

deal

with

fore

st-r

isk

prod

ucts

thro

ugh

dem

and-

side

mea

sure

s an

d im

prov

ed

supp

ly c

hain

par

tner

ship

s.12

.6 a

nd 1

2.a)

Nec

essa

ry a

nd e

ssen

tial

sinc

e pu

blic

pro

cure

men

t and

tran

sfer

of

tech

nolo

gy c

an d

rive

cons

umer

s to

war

ds

rene

wab

le m

ater

ials

and

sus

tain

able

fo

rest

man

agem

ent (

DP

ING

O, 2

013

).

12.c

) Nec

essa

ry a

nd e

ssen

tial

give

n ne

ed to

bal

ance

sus

tain

able

m

anag

emen

t, us

e an

d pl

anet

ary

limits

.12

.d) S

afeg

uard

ing

the

wor

ld’s

cul

tura

l he

ritag

e is

an

impo

rtan

t tar

get f

or to

uris

m

– bu

t the

re a

re m

any

mor

e im

port

ant

agric

ultu

ral,

fore

st a

nd in

dust

rial

thre

ats

to c

ultu

ral h

erita

ge th

at n

eed

cons

ider

atio

n.

12.b

) Nec

essa

ry b

ut (f

rom

fore

st

outc

ome

pers

pect

ive)

lack

ing

deta

il as

to

how

this

will

be

achi

eved

(D

PIN

GO

, 20

13).


www.iied.org 27

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

13. T

ackl

e clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd it

s im

pact

s

13.2

) in

teg

rate

clim

ate

chan

ge

adap

tati

on

an

d m

itig

atio

n in

to

nat

ion

al s

trat

eg

ies

and

pla

ns

13.1

) str

eng

then

re

silie

nce

an

d

adap

tive

cap

acit

y to

clim

ate

indu

ced

haza

rds

and

natu

ral d

isas

ters

in a

ll co

untr

ies

13.3

) im

prov

e e

du

cati

on

, aw

aren

ess

ra

isin

g a

nd

hu

man

an

d in

stit

uti

on

al

cap

acit

y o

n c

limat

e ch

ang

e m

itig

atio

n, i

mpa

ct re

duct

ion,

and

ear

ly

war

ning

13.2

) Nec

essa

ry –

but

requ

ires

som

e m

entio

n of

exi

stin

g fo

rest

rela

ted

effo

rts

to re

duce

em

issi

ons

and

adap

t to

clim

ate

chan

ge th

roug

h R

ED

D+

and

NA

PAs.

Inad

equa

te in

term

s of

no

spec

ific

men

tion

of h

isto

rical

resp

onsi

bilit

y c

PG

SD

, 201

2) n

or a

nyth

ing

rela

ting

to in

stru

men

ts a

nd in

cent

ives

for

low

-car

bon

deve

lopm

ents

or c

arbo

n se

ques

trat

ion

thro

ugh

RE

DD

+ (

UN

S

ecre

tary

Gen

eral

, 201

2).

Inad

equa

te in

term

s of

spe

cify

ing

faire

r an

d m

ore

chal

leng

ing

targ

et o

n pe

r ca

pita

car

bon

taxe

s et

c. (

Unn

ayan

O

nnes

han,

201

4).

13.1

and

13

.3) N

eces

sary

and

(fro

m

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive)

ess

entia

l –

educ

atio

n fo

r dis

aste

r ris

k pr

epar

edne

ss

of im

port

ance

in re

mot

e fo

rest

are

as

(Mitc

hell,

201

2; U

Nc

SD

You

th c

aucu

s,

2013

).

Inad

equa

te (f

rom

fore

st o

utco

me

pers

pect

ive)

bec

ause

fore

st b

ased

se

ques

trat

ion

will

be

thre

aten

ed u

nles

s te

mpe

ratu

re li

mits

are

targ

eted

(Ec

A,

2014

b).

14. C

onse

rve

and

prom

ote

sust

aina

ble u

se

ocea

ns, s

eas a

nd

mar

ine r

esou

rces

14.4

) By

2020

, co

nse

rve

at le

ast

10%

of

coas

tal a

nd

mar

ine

area

s,

incl

udin

g th

roug

h es

tabl

ishi

ng e

ffect

ivel

y m

anag

ed m

arin

e pr

otec

ted

area

s an

d ot

her e

ffect

ive

area

-bas

ed c

onse

rvat

ion

mea

sure

s, c

onsi

sten

t with

inte

rnat

iona

l la

w a

nd b

ased

on

best

ava

ilabl

e sc

ient

ific

info

rmat

ion

14.4

) Im

port

ant i

f ‘co

asta

l are

as’ a

re to

in

clud

e m

angr

ove

ecos

yste

ms

(fro

m a

fo

rest

out

com

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e).


28 www.iied.org

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

15. P

rote

ct

and

prom

ote

sust

aina

ble u

se

of te

rres

tria

l ec

osys

tem

s, ha

lt de

sert

ifica

tion,

la

nd d

egra

datio

n an

d bi

odiv

ersi

ty

loss

15.1

) by

2020

en

sure

co

nse

rvat

ion

an

d s

ust

ain

able

use

of

eco

syst

ems,

in

par

ticul

ar w

etla

nds,

mou

ntai

ns a

nd

dryl

ands

, in

line

with

inte

rnat

iona

l ag

reem

ents

15

.2) b

y 20

30, e

nsu

re t

he

imp

lem

enta

tio

n o

f su

stai

nab

le

man

agem

ent

of

all t

ype

s o

f fo

rest

s,

hal

t d

efo

rest

atio

n, a

nd

incr

ease

re

fore

stat

ion

by

x% g

loba

lly15

.3) b

y 20

30, a

chie

ve a

lan

d

de

gra

dat

ion

neu

tral

wo

rld

, and

re

stor

e de

grad

ed la

nd in

clud

ing

land

af

fect

ed b

y de

sert

ifica

tion

and

drou

ght

15.4

) by

2020

take

urg

ent a

nd s

igni

fican

t ac

tion

to h

alt

the

loss

of

bio

div

ersi

ty,

and

prot

ect a

nd p

reve

nt th

e ex

tinct

ion

of

know

n th

reat

ened

spe

cies

15.a

) by

2020

, mob

ilize

and

si

gn

ifica

ntl

y in

crea

se f

rom

all

sou

rce

s fi

nan

cial

re

sou

rce

s to

im

ple

men

t th

e S

trat

eg

ic P

lan

fo

r B

iod

iver

sity

201

1-20

20

15.b

) mob

ilize

sig

nific

antly

re

sou

rce

s fr

om

all

sou

rce

s an

d a

t al

l lev

els

to fi

nan

ce s

ust

ain

able

fo

rest

m

anag

emen

t, an

d pr

ovid

e ad

equa

te

ince

ntiv

es to

dev

elop

ing

coun

trie

s to

ad

vanc

e su

stai

nabl

e fo

rest

man

agem

ent,

incl

udin

g fo

r con

serv

atio

n an

d re

fore

stat

ion

15

.1 –

15.

4) N

eces

sary

and

ess

entia

l. H

owev

er, r

athe

r sile

nt o

n ho

w to

ach

ieve

th

e ta

rget

s in

pra

ctic

e (D

PIN

GO

, 201

3;

FSc

, 201

3; E

cA

, 201

4a; I

AS

S, 2

014

).In

adeq

uate

in te

rms

of ta

rget

ing

of

refo

rest

atio

n ac

tiviti

es b

y th

e ve

ry la

rge

num

ber o

f for

est-d

epen

dent

peo

ple

livin

g be

low

pov

erty

line

s (s

ee IA

SS

, 20

14),

cond

uctin

g na

tiona

l eco

syst

em

asse

ssm

ents

to in

form

land

use

pla

nnin

g (S

DS

N, 2

013

; TS

T, 2

014

; IA

SS

, 201

4)

and

no m

entio

n of

a p

ropo

rtio

n of

land

ar

ea c

over

ed b

y fo

rest

s (U

nnay

an

Onn

esha

n, 2

014

).15

.4) i

nsuf

ficie

nt m

entio

n of

Aic

hi

biod

iver

sity

targ

ets

(cB

D, 2

010

; Grig

gs

et a

l., 2

013

; Ec

A, 2

014b

; Luc

as e

t al.,

20

14).

15.b

) Nec

essa

ry a

nd e

ssen

tial,

sinc

e m

uch

of w

hat i

s cu

rren

tly in

form

al in

fo

rest

sec

tor (

and

is a

sou

rce

of re

nt

seek

ing)

nee

ds to

be

bette

r man

aged

, ta

xed,

and

inve

sted

in.

But

stil

l ina

dequ

ate

(fro

m fo

rest

ou

tcom

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e) a

s ve

ry g

ener

ic

(with

out s

peci

fic m

entio

n of

fina

ncin

g m

echa

nism

s su

ch a

s R

ED

D+

) and

no

prin

cipa

l of ‘

user

pay

s’ fo

r the

loss

of

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces

(See

SD

SN

, 201

3).


www.iied.org 29

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

16. A

chie

ve

peac

eful

and

in

clus

ive s

ocie

ties,

acce

ss to

just

ice f

or

all,

and

effec

tive

an

d ca

pabl

e in

stit

utio

ns

16.3

) by

2030

re

du

ce il

licit

fin

anci

al

flo

ws

by

x% g

lob

ally

, in

crea

se s

tole

n

asse

t re

cove

ry a

nd

ret

urn

by

y%

glo

bal

ly, fi

gh

t al

l fo

rms

of

org

aniz

ed

cr

ime

, an

d r

ed

uce

co

rru

pti

on

an

d b

rib

ery

in a

ll its

form

s an

d at

all

leve

ls a

nd e

nsur

e ac

coun

tabi

lity

and

tran

spar

ency

16

.4) b

y 20

30 in

crea

se in

clu

sive

, p

arti

cip

ato

ry a

nd

rep

rese

nta

tive

d

eci

sio

n-m

akin

g a

t al

l lev

els

and

en

sure

pri

or

info

rme

d c

on

sen

t o

f in

dig

eno

us

and

loca

l co

mm

un

itie

s in

de

cisi

on

-mak

ing

an

d n

atu

ral

reso

urc

es

man

agem

ent,

and

prom

ote

the

use

of th

eir t

radi

tiona

l kno

wle

dge

and

cultu

re16

.5) b

y 20

30 p

rovi

de

eq

ual

acc

ess

fo

r al

l to

ind

epen

den

t, e

ffe

ctiv

e,

and

re

spo

nsi

ve ju

stic

e sy

stem

s an

d pr

omot

e th

e ru

le o

f law

16.a

) dev

elop

eff

ect

ive

, acc

ou

nta

ble

an

d t

ran

spar

ent

pu

blic

inst

itu

tio

ns

at

all l

evel

s in

clud

ing

secu

rity

and

polic

e fo

rces

16

.b) s

tren

gthe

n n

atio

nal

inst

itu

tio

ns

and

inte

rnat

ion

al c

oo

per

atio

n t

o

com

bat

cri

me

s, in

clud

ing

illic

it flo

ws

and

orga

nize

d cr

ime

16.7

) pro

mot

e fre

e an

d ea

sy a

cces

s to

in

form

atio

n, f

ree

do

m o

f ex

pre

ssio

n,

asso

ciat

ion

an

d p

eace

ful a

ssem

bly

16.3

and

16.

b) N

eces

sary

and

ess

entia

l as

fore

st a

lloca

tions

, har

vest

ing

and

trad

e fre

quen

tly o

ccur

s in

non

-tran

spar

ent

man

ner a

nd th

is w

ould

str

engt

hen

glob

al

effo

rts

to c

omba

t ille

gal l

oggi

ng (

e.g.

FL

EGT)

(H

LP, 2

014

).16

.4, 1

6.5

and

16.a

) Nec

essa

ry

and

esse

ntia

l (fro

m fo

rest

out

com

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e) a

s th

is u

nder

pins

sta

ble

cons

ensu

al fo

rest

land

use

, esp

ecia

lly

in s

ituat

ions

of d

ecen

tral

isat

ion

(Dev

elop

men

t dia

logu

e, 2

012

; Fre

nch

Min

istr

y of

For

eign

Affa

irs, 2

013

; Grig

gs,

et a

l. 20

13; B

eyon

d 20

15 –

Gc

AP

– Ic

P,

2013

; UN

Gc

, 201

3).

16.7

) Ess

entia

l but

stil

l ina

dequ

atel

y ph

rase

d –

as b

eyon

d th

e rig

ht to

free

dom

of

ass

ocia

tion

ther

e sh

ould

be

proa

ctiv

e co

mm

itmen

t to

supp

ort t

he e

ngag

emen

t of

org

anis

atio

ns o

f for

est a

nd fa

rm

prod

ucer

s in

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g.


30 www.iied.org

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

17. S

tren

gthe

n th

e mea

ns o

f im

plem

enta

tion

and

the g

loba

l pa

rtne

rshi

p fo

r sus

tain

able

de

velo

pmen

t

17.1

0) d

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent e

ffe

ctiv

e an

d t

arg

ete

d c

apac

ity

bu

ildin

g

pro

gra

mm

es

in d

evel

op

ing

co

un

trie

s in

su

pp

ort

of

nat

ion

al p

lan

s fo

r im

ple

men

tin

g a

ll su

stai

nab

le

dev

elo

pm

ent

go

als

17.2

) im

prov

e m

arke

t ac

cess

fo

r ex

po

rts

of d

evel

opin

g co

untr

ies,

in

part

icul

ar L

east

Dev

elop

ed c

ount

ries,

A

frica

n co

untr

ies,

LLD

cs

and

SID

S

with

a v

iew

to s

igni

fican

tly in

crea

sing

th

eir s

hare

in g

loba

l exp

orts

, inc

ludi

ng

doub

ling

the

LDc

sha

re b

y 20

2017

.3) r

ealiz

e ti

mel

y im

ple

men

tati

on

o

f d

uty

-fre

e, q

uo

ta-f

ree

mar

ket

acce

ss o

n a

last

ing

bas

is f

or

all

leas

t d

evel

op

ed

co

un

trie

s co

nsis

tent

w

ith W

TO d

ecis

ions

and

the

Ista

nbul

P

rogr

amm

e of

Act

ion

17.5

) str

eng

then

do

me

stic

re

sou

rce

mo

bili

zati

on

, inc

ludi

ng th

roug

h in

tern

atio

nal s

uppo

rt to

impr

ove

dom

estic

cap

acity

for t

ax c

olle

ctio

n, a

nd

mob

ilize

add

ition

al in

tern

atio

nal fi

nanc

ial

reso

urce

s fro

m m

ultip

le s

ourc

es

17.7

) pro

mot

e N

orth

-Sou

th, S

outh

-S

outh

and

tria

ngul

ar re

gion

al a

nd

inte

rnat

ion

al c

olla

bo

rati

on

on

an

d

acce

ss t

o s

cien

ce, t

ech

no

log

y an

d

inn

ova

tio

n, a

nd e

nhan

ce k

now

ledg

e sh

arin

g, in

clud

ing

thro

ugh

a po

ssib

le U

N

glob

al te

chno

logy

faci

litat

ion

mec

hani

sm17

.8) p

rom

ote

tran

sfer

an

d

dis

sem

inat

ion

of

clea

n a

nd

en

viro

nm

enta

lly s

ou

nd

te

chn

olo

gie

s to

dev

elop

ing

coun

trie

s, a

nd e

ncou

rage

th

e fu

ll us

e of

TR

IPS

flex

ibili

ties

17.1

5) b

y 20

20, i

ncre

ase

sign

ifica

ntly

th

e av

aila

bilit

y of

hig

h-q

ual

ity

and

ti

mel

y d

ata

dis

agg

reg

ate

d b

y in

com

e, g

end

er, a

ge

, rac

e, e

thn

icit

y,

dis

abili

ty, g

eo

gra

ph

ic lo

cati

on

and

ot

her c

hara

cter

istic

s re

leva

nt in

nat

iona

l co

ntex

ts, w

ith c

apac

ity b

uild

ing

supp

ort

to d

evel

opin

g co

untr

ies,

esp

ecia

lly L

Dc

s


www.iied.org 31

CR

ItIC

Al

lEvE

RS

oF

Ch

An

GE

to

En

Ab

lE t

hE

op

tIm

Al

Co

ntR

Ibu

tIo

n o

F Fo

RE

StS

to

wA

RD

S S

uS

tAIn

Ab

lE D

EvE

lop

mE

nt

So

cial

just

ice

wit

hin

se

cure

fo

rest

st

ewar

dsh

ip a

rran

gem

ents

: F

air,

acce

ssib

le a

nd

re

spo

nsi

ble

m

arke

t sy

stem

s:

Org

anis

atio

nal

cap

abili

tie

s to

m

anag

e m

ult

i-fu

nct

ion

al la

nd

scap

es:

In

cen

tive

s an

d p

ract

ical

met

rics

:

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32 www.iied.org

Considerations for negotiators

3


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3.1 Target areas most important to retain The following unedited list of targets – falling under the four main categories of enablers, for the contribution of forests to sustainable development – gives an indication of the ‘forest module’ that might be developed for implementing the SDGs. There are clearly a lot of worthy targets that are necessary to optimise forests contribution to sustainable development.

Some immediate observations – are that the combined goals and targets do put in place some elements of all four key categories of enablers to ensure the optimal contribution of forests to sustainable development (see sections below). A second important point is that most of the targets are not forest specific – and their implementation in the forest sector might be challenging – unless there is some guidance that formally interprets and applies those targets to the forest sector.

The following targets constitute what we advance as the ‘forest module’ within the current version of the zero draft of proposed goals and targets on sustainable development for the post 2015 agenda:

Social justice within secure forest stewardship arrangements1.4) by 2030 secure equal access for all men and women, particularly those most in need, to basic services, the right to own land and property, productive resources and financial services, including microfinance

2.5) by 2020 maintain genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and their wild relatives, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge as internationally agreed

5.1) end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls

5.5) ensure full and effective participation and leadership of women at all levels of decision-making in the public and private sectors

5.a) ensure women’s equal right to own and control assets and productive resources

5.b) by 2030 achieve universal access to ICT for women and men to promote women’s empowerment

5.c) promote sound, enforceable and monitorable legislation and policies for the promotion of gender equality at all levels

10.2) by 2030 take actions to empower and promote the social and economic inclusion of all irrespective of race, ethnicity or economic status

10.3) reduce inequalities of opportunity and outcome, including through eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and actions in this regard

10.7) by 2030, ensure equitable representation and voice of developing countries in decision making in global institutions of governance and development

13.2) integrate climate change adaptation and mitigation into national strategies and plans

16.3) by 2030 reduce illicit financial flows by x% globally, increase stolen asset recovery and return by y% globally, fight all forms of organized crime, and reduce corruption and bribery in all its forms and at all levels and ensure accountability and transparency

16.4) by 2030 increase inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels and ensure prior informed consent of indigenous and local communities in decision-making and natural resources management, and promote the use of their traditional knowledge and culture

16.5) by 2030 provide equal access for all to independent, effective, and responsive justice systems and promote the rule of law

16.7) promote free and easy access to information, freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly

16.a) develop effective, accountable and transparent public institutions at all levels including security and police forces

16.b) strengthen national institutions and international cooperation to combat crimes, including illicit flows and organized crime

Fair, accessible and responsible market systems2.3) by 2030 substantially increase small-scale food producers’ productivity and incomes, particularly of women, family farmers and pastoralists through secure access for all to productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services and markets

2.c) end extreme food price volatility including through improved functioning and regulation of food commodity markets and improved market information


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4.4) by 2030 promote life-long learning, provide employable skills especially to young women and men, and increase by at least x% adult literacy and basic numeracy

7.1) by 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, sustainable and reliable energy services

7.2) double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030

8.1) achieve transformation of economies towards higher levels of productivity through diversification with a focus on high value added sectors

8.2) create a sound macroeconomic environment with employment-friendly policies and an enabling environment at national, regional and international levels for productive investment, creativity and innovation, and formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises

8.3) achieve progressively through 2030 global resource efficiency, and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation and resource use

8.4) by 2030 achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value

8.6) protect the rights and ensure safe and secure working environments of all workers, including migrant workers and those in precarious employment in accordance with ILO norms and standards

10.1) through 2030 sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average

12.1) by 2030, all countries have integrated policies and measures to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns into national strategies and plans, as envisioned in the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on sustainable consumption and production (10YFP)

12.5) increase the share of private sector actors incorporating sustainable development principles in their business practices, and by 2030 increase substantially the number of companies, especially large companies, that report on corporate social and environmental responsibility, including through integrated reporting

12.6) by 2030 substantially increase the share of public procurement that is sustainable

12.a) promote the transfer and dissemination to developing countries of environmentally sound technologies that improve energy and resource efficiency

Organisational capacity to manage multi-functional landscapes1.5) by 2030 build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations to disasters, shocks and climate-related extreme events

2.4) by 2030 implement sustainable and resilient agricultural practices including for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought and disasters, and progressively enhance soil quality

4.5) by 2030, eliminate gender disparities and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for people in vulnerable situations, including persons with disabilities

4.6) by 2030 integrate into education programs knowledge and skills necessary for sustainable development, human rights, gender equality, promoting a culture of peace and non-violence and culture’s contribution to sustainable development

6.5) by 2030 implement integrated water resources management at all levels, and through transboundary cooperation as appropriate

11.a) integrate economic and social links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas into national and regional development planning

12.c) by 2030 ensure that people everywhere have information and understanding needed to live sustainable lifestyles

12.d) by 2030 develop and implement planning and monitoring tools for sustainable tourism which creates jobs, promotes local culture and products, and safeguards the world’s cultural and natural heritage

13.1) strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate induced hazards and natural disasters in all countries

13.3) improve education, awareness raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, impact reduction, and early warning

14.4) By 2020, conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas, including through establishing effectively managed marine protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, consistent with international law and based on best available scientific information

15.1) by 2020 ensure conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems, in particular wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with international agreements


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15.3) by 2030, achieve a land degradation neutral world, and restore degraded land including land affected by desertification and drought


15.a) by 2020, mobilize and significantly increase from all sources financial resources to implement the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020

16.7) promote free and easy access to information, freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly

17.10) develop and implement effective and targeted capacity building programmes in developing countries in support of national plans for implementing all sustainable development goals

Incentives and practical metrics2.b) phase out all forms of agricultural export subsidies

2.d) create and diversify seed and plant banks, including with traditional varieties, at national, regional and international levels, to safeguard seed and genetic plant diversity

4.b) by 2020 expand by x% globally the number of scholarships for students and government officials from developing countries in particular LDcs to enrol in higher education, including vocational training, programmes in developed countries and other developing countries

7.a) enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy technologies, including advanced and cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and promote public and private investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies

10.a) respect the principle of special and differential treatment for least developed countries in relevant international agreements including the WTO

12.a) promote the transfer and dissemination to developing countries of environmentally sound technologies that improve energy and resource efficiency

15.b) mobilize significantly resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management, and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance sustainable forest management, including for conservation and reforestation

17.5) strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to improve domestic capacity for tax collection, and mobilize additional international financial resources from multiple sources

17.7) promote North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international collaboration on and access to science, technology and innovation, and enhance knowledge sharing, including through a possible UN global technology facilitation mechanism

17.8) promote transfer and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound technologies to developing countries, and encourage the full use of TRIPS flexibilities

17.15) by 2020, increase significantly the availability of high-quality and timely data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts, with capacity building support to developing countries, especially LDcs

17.17) by 2030 develop and progressively introduce a broader system of national accounting including natural, social and human capital and measures of progress beyond GDP, with supportive statistical capacity building in developing countries

The ‘forest module’ captured above and in Tables 1 and 2 can be represented graphically as a tree (see figure 4). certain targets act as roots: four major roots represent categories of enablers that together underpin a transformative, universal and integrated agenda. This unified agenda – the tree’s trunk – then results in a wide range of outcomes, which are displayed as branches. These branches represent the optimal contribution of forests, trees and forest-linked livelihoods to sustainable development. Therefore, without the diverse targets contributing to the enablers – there can be no transformative, universal and integrated agenda – and there can therefore be no optimal forest outcomes.


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Figure 4. The Target Tree: the enabling roots, the unified trunk and the canopy of outcomes

Source: Paraphrased targets from ‘Zero Draft (Rev 1) − Introduction and Proposed Goals and Targets on Sustainable Development for the Post 2015 Development Agenda’, United Nations Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, 30 June 2014


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3.2 Critical issues for reflectionThere are several areas where concerns raised in initial submissions to the OWG have not adequately been taken into account. These are listed under each of the four categories of enablers for forest contribution to sustainable development. We revisit many of these concerns in the following section on ‘emerging conclusions’.

The following list comprises the targets in which we feel there are some remaining inadequacies from a forest perspective. For each target the perceived inadequacy is documented alongside references to prior suggestions that we do not feel where adequately responded to:

Social justice within secure forest stewardship arrangements1.4) by 2030 secure equal access for all men and women, particularly those most in need, to basic services, the right to own land and property, productive resources and financial services, including microfinance. Insufficient treatment of both individual and collective rights,20 and inadequate mention of redistributive justice in resource right allocations – or targets on the percentage share of those with secure rights to land.21

2.1) by 2030 end hunger and ensure that all people have access to adequate, safe, affordable, and nutritious food all year round. Inadequate from forest outcome perspective because of omission of any mention of sustainable and integrated land use planning policies that are critical for forest outcomes in the face of ongoing deforestation,22 plus little attention to issues such as food sovereignty.23

Goal 4. Inadequate mention of citizenship education, representational structures and tactics required to engage politically and shape governance − in this case over forests.

13.2) integrate climate change adaptation and mitigation into national strategies and plans. Necessary but requires some mention of existing forest-related efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change through REDD+ and NAPAs.

Fair, accessible and responsible market systems1.1) by 2030, bring to zero the number of people living in extreme poverty, currently estimated at less than $1.25 a day in low income countries. Necessary but inadequate in specifying how structural barriers to ownership and employment − in forest context around commercial forest rights − will be changed to reduce poverty.24

Goal 5. Inadequate references to equality in employment (relevant to forest sector) where male bias in forest enterprise can be pronounced.25

7.1) by 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, sustainable and reliable energy services. Necessary and essential, given high reliance on biomass for cooking and heating by many households, although challenged by inadequate support for biomass as a ‘modern’ and sustainable energy by many national policy frameworks in Africa and South Asia.26 Also inadequate as ‘universal access to affordable, sustainable and reliable energy’ is problematic, as fossil fuels cannot be classified as sustainable (see 7a); therefore it implies a target of 100 per cent modern energy services based on renewable energy, which is not realistic by 2030. Inadequate mention of ‘decarbonising’ the energy system.27

8.4) by 2030 achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value. Danger of large-scale industry overriding the interests of SMEs and inadequate attention to ‘green growth / jobs’, mixing economic growth with environmental improvements.28 Inadequate attention to differentiation between domestic and international demand and the latter necessarily restricted by concerns over illegal logging.

9.b) ensure a conducive policy environment at all levels for industrial development, promoting entrepreneurship and innovation, with special attention to national circumstances in developing countries. Inadequately expressed, as ‘industrial development’ on large scales is often incompatible with the multiple benefits of forests; nor is it the best way to deliver local and public goods.

20 RRI/Oxfam/ILC (2014)21 Beyond 2015, GCAP-IFP (2012); APWLD (2013); HLP (2014); Unnayan, Onneshan (2014).22 TST (2014)23 See CPGSD (2012)

24 CONCORD (2014)25 UNGC (2013)26 CONCORD (2014); HLP (2014)27 SDSN (2013)28 French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2013); UNFPA (2013); ECA (2014b).


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Goal 13. Inadequate in terms of not specifically mentioning historical responsibility,29 or anything relating to instruments and incentives for low-carbon developments or carbon sequestration through REDD+.30 Inadequate in terms of specifying fairer and more challenging target on per capita carbon taxes, and so on.31

Organisational capacity to manage multi-functional landscapes2.4) by 2030 implement sustainable and resilient agricultural practices including for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought and disasters, and progressively enhance soil quality. Inadequate mention of sustainable and integrated land use policies that are critical for forest outcomes in light of ongoing agriculture-driven land use change/deforestation.32 Little attention to issues such as food sovereignty.33 Inadequate specificity relating to the balance between large-scale industrial monocultures (forest risk commodities) and locally controlled, multi-functional smallholding agro-ecologies.34

6.5) by 2030 implement integrated water resources management at all levels, and through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. Necessary but inadequate, as no mention of watershed restoration or the integrated land use planning on which watershed management depends.

Goal 9. Inadequate from forest outcome perspective due to withdrawal of text on environmentally sustainable industrialisation.

15.1) by 2020 ensure conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems, in particular wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with international agreements. Necessary and essential. However, rather silent on how to achieve the targets in practice.35 Inadequate in terms of targeting of reforestation activities by the very large number of forest-dependent people living below poverty lines,36 conducting national ecosystem assessments to inform land use planning37 and no mention of a proportion of land area covered by forests.38

15.4) by 2020 take urgent and significant action to halt the loss of biodiversity, and protect and prevent the extinction of known threatened species. Insufficient mention of Aichi biodiversity targets.39

16.7) promote free and easy access to information, freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly. Essential but still inadequately phrased; beyond the right to freedom of association there should be proactive commitment to support the engagement of organisations of forest and farm producers in decision-making.

Incentives and practical metrics2.a) increase investment in rural infrastructure, agricultural research, technology development, and capable institutions, particularly in countries that are net food importers. Inadequate specificity from a forest outcome perspective relating to the balance between large-scale industrial development (one area of threat to forests) and locally controlled multi-functional landscapes (one area of opportunity), with regard to the targeting of developments and control over seed and plant materials.40

Goal 3. Inadequate mention of reproductive health given population related pressures on forests – and mention of family planning dropped.41

10.a) respect the principle of special and differential treatment for least developed countries in relevant international agreements including the WTO. Inadequate from forest outcome perspective, as market access is necessarily restricted by concerns over illegal logging; also no mention here of the US Lacey Act or EU FLEGT Action plan.

Goal 13. Inadequate from forest outcome perspective because forest-based sequestration will be threatened unless temperature limits are targeted.42

15.b) mobilize significantly resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management, and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance sustainable forest management, including for conservation and reforestation. Necessary and essential, since much of what is currently informal in forest sector − and is a source of rent seeking − needs to be better managed, taxed, and invested in. Still inadequate from forest outcome perspective, however, as it is very generic, without specific mention of financing mechanisms such as REDD+, and no principal of ‘user pays’ for the loss of ecosystem services.43

29 CPGSD (2012)30 UN Secretary General (2012)31 Unnayan Onneshan (2014)32 TST (2014)33 CPGSD (2012)34 APWLD (2013); DPINGO (2013); French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2013); SDSN (2013); HLP (2014).35 DPINGO (2013); FSC (2013); ECA (2014a); IASS (2014).

36 See IASS (2014)37 SDSN (2013); TST (2014); IASS (2014).38 Unnayan Onneshan (2014)39 CBD (2010); Griggs et al. (2013); ECA (2014b); Lucas et al. (2014)40 SDSN (2013)41 SDSN (2013); PSDA (2014).42 ECA (2014b)43 See SDSN (2013)


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17.2) improve market access for exports of developing countries, in particular Least Developed countries, African countries, LLDcs and SIDS with a view to significantly increasing their share in global exports, including doubling the LDc share by 2020. Necessary but inadequate due to being potentially at odds with programmes such as FLEGT on timber legality.

17.17) by 2030 develop and progressively introduce a broader system of national accounting including natural, social and human capital and measures of progress beyond GDP, with supportive statistical capacity building in developing countries. Necessary and essential but no mention of environmental accounting and very weak generic wording on when and how GDP alternatives will be introduced.44

3.3 RepetitionsA large number of the unnecessary repetitions that appeared in the original zero draft of the OWG were subsequently remedied in the revised draft of 30 June 2014. The only remaining substantive repetition is between 8.2 and 9.4 – and indeed in several elements of Goals 8 and 9 that could usefully be combined into a single goal.

8.2) create a sound macroeconomic environment with employment-friendly policies and an enabling environment at national, regional and international levels for productive investment, creativity and innovation, and formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises.

9.4) ensure that small-scale industrial and other enterprises, particularly in LDCs, have affordable access to credit and are integrated into national, regional and global value chains and markets.

44 CBD (2010); SDSN (2013); UNCSD Youth Caucus (2013); HLP (2014)


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Emerging conclusions

4


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4.1 Are the SDGs and associated targets transformative from a forest perspective?Do they address systemic barriers and leverage systemic drivers of change?The existing revised zero draft of the proposed goals and targets on sustainable development are moving towards a transformative agenda by helping to address and leverage four systemic drivers for forests to contribute towards sustainable development.

Firstly, targets aim to improve the security of rights, access and control of land and productive resources for men and women.45 There are complementary targets on participation and prior informed consent of indigenous and local communities in decision-making and natural resource management,46 equal access to justice systems,47 benefit sharing from genetic resources,48 and the capacity, accountability and transparency of subnational and local governments49 – essential in contested land use situations.

Secondly, there is emphasis on reducing inequalities and promoting social and economic inclusion50 – prevalent in remote forest areas – including employment and decent work. complementary targets focus on supporting small and medium enterprises,51 and increasing resource efficiency of economic activities.52 Together, these could drive inclusive forest-based income growth that incentivises efficient and sustainable forest use.

Thirdly, several targets centre on life-long education and training,53 which can develop organisational capabilities for natural resource management, enterprise development and climate change preparedness. Targets to develop capabilities for integrated landscape management include sustainable, resilient agricultural practices,54 integrated water resources management,55 ecosystem management,56 land restoration,57 and sustainable tourism.58

Fourthly, in terms of potentially transformational metrics, links between ecosystem services, human wellbeing and inclusive growth would be enhanced be introducing broader measures of progress beyond GDP into national accounting.59

Do the combined goals and targets promote equity at all levels?Key forest sector stakeholders at risk of inequitable outcomes include women, Indigenous People, forest farming communities, and family smallholders. These groups are often dependent on subsistence agriculture and hunting and frequently involved in the informal sector, or, more rarely, in formal enterprises that tend to be at the smaller end of the business spectrum. While one proposed goal is focused entirely on reducing inequality,60 greater specificity can be found within a wide number of other forest-relevant targets. Equity-related targets, for example, those aimed at fulfilling economic opportunity, individual potential and well-being, cover the securing of rights, control and ownership,61 access to productive employment,62 building resilience to disasters and shocks,63 access to education, skills development and vocational training,64 and enabling SMEs.65

Participatory, transparent and accountable governance frameworks are pivotal for sustainable forestry. A number of targets make specific reference to the inclusion of these most vulnerable groups, covering issues of participation, leadership and decision-making,66 benefit sharing from the utilisation of genetic resources,67 and equal access to justice systems.68

One area of concern revolves around the potential for some targets to discriminate in favour of large-scale industrial actors, as opposed to locally controlled forestry and small-scale enterprises. For example, the emphasis of industrial development and diversification.69 In the case of agriculture, there is an explicit focus on small-scale food producers when addressing improving access to inputs, knowledge, financial services and markets.70 This same principal should apply to the forest sector, in which locally controlled, multi-functional smallholding agro-ecologies tend to be lose out to large-scale industrial concessions and plantation mono-cultures. The promotion and use of disaggregated

45 Targets 1.4 and 5a46 Targets 5.5, 16.447 Target 16.548 Target 2.549 Target 16a50 Targets 8.4, 10.2, 10.351 Targets 8.2, 9b, 9.452 Targets 8.3 and 12a53 Targets 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 13.354 Target 2.455 Target 6.556 Target 15.157 Target 15.3

58 Target 12d59 Target 17.1760 Goal 10 especially targets 10.1, 10.2, 10.3 and 10.461 Targets 1.4 and 5a62 Target 8.463 Target 1.5, 2.4 and 2c64 Targets 4.4, 4.5 and 4.665 Targets 8.2 and 9.466 Targets 5.5, 10.2, 16.467 Target 2.568 Target 16.569 Target 8.1 and target 9.b70 Target 2.3


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data71 will be central to measuring whether equitable outcomes are being met.

Do the combined goals and targets build economic, social and environmental resilience?Forests play an important role in developing greater environmental resilience at community level, for example by maintaining soil fertility, reducing erosion, affecting watershed dynamics, pollination cycles, and so on. They also play a role at the global level, for example, carbon sequestration by forests offers some resilience to greenhouse gas emissions driving global climate change. Forests also provide economic and social resilience, such as by providing diverse livelihood options for income-generation and natural assets in support of wellbeing. Forests therefore directly contribute towards building resilience and adaptive capacity to climate induced hazards in many vulnerable countries.72 This role is recognised in the targets that directly encourage the sustainable management of all ecosystems and of forests in particular.73

More specifically, the SDGs target the implementation of agricultural practices that strengthen resilience and adaptation to extreme weather, drought, climate change and natural disasters, particularly for small-scale farmers.74 This will require the integrated use of trees and stabilisation of forest cover in sensitive areas. This link between agricultural resilience and forests/trees is not specified in the existing framework, however, so can only be realised through the forest modular approach.

In the forest context, ensuring diversity and using local and traditional knowledge are two key elements for greater economic, social and ecological resilience. For example, the resilience of poor people − forest farmers and landless − can be greatly enhanced by diverse forest- and tree-based livelihood options governed by local control and knowledge. Indigenous, family and community cultures are also the most effective at protecting natural forests, and therefore key to protecting and safeguarding the world’s cultural and natural heritage.75 The existing framework contributes towards building and mainstreaming such resilience in a forest context, including the protection and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity,76 the promotion and respect of cultural diversity,77 although the specific reference to the use of traditional knowledge in natural resources management has now been removed.

Do the combined goals and targets maintain the ecosystem services on which human well-being depends?Forests provide numerous ecosystem services, so the link between forest ecosystem services and human well-being is easier to make than with other thematic issues. Looking at the existing framework, the collective set of targets in the forest modular approach reflects the value of forest ecosystem services for human wellbeing. In practice, it will depend upon diverse stakeholders recognising the links between diverse, individual components/targets and the sustainable development outcomes, such as water, food, energy, air quality, housing materials, climate regulation, biodiversity and incomes (see figure 4). This raises the importance of certain targets that help to establish and incentivise the links between ecosystem services and human well-being. This includes the introduction of broader measures of progress beyond GDP into national accounting78 and incentives to reverse the loss of and enhance forest cover79 and promote sustainable consumption and a circular economy.80

Introducing broader measures of progress beyond GDP81 is currently inadequate, as it does make specific mention of environmental accounting and is unclear on when and how GDP alternatives will be introduced.

For a truly transformative agenda, the targeting of these systemic drivers should be complemented by making mention of:

(i) Land tenure rights82 covering both the individual and collective right to own land and property. Individual rights enable households and individuals to develop viable farm-forest enterprises. collective rights allow community-level governance of tenure that is relevant for many Indigenous People and local forest-dependent communities.

(ii) Policy coherence through sustainable and integrated land use planning. Goal area 15 should reflect this fundamental need to ensure that landscapes meet both local and global public goods. Land-use planning is a prerequisite for balancing competing land demands for food, fuel, fodder and fibre.

71 Target 17.1572 Target 13.173 Targets 15.1 and 15.274 Target 2.475 Target 16.476 Target 2.5

77 Target 16.478 Target 17.1779 Target 15.280 Target 12.181 Target 17.1782 Target 1.4


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(iii) Restoration of watershed ecosystems is central for ensuring freshwater supply. Forests play a central role in protecting water catchment basins. Target 15.1 needs to include restoration alongside conservation and sustainable use.

(iv) Processes of redistributive justice to deal with unfair historic forest land allocations. Participatory, transparent and accountable governance frameworks are pivotal for sustainable forestry. While several targets make reference to vulnerable groups, redistributive justice is of importance to Indigenous Peoples and displaced communities.

(v) Strengthening forest and farm producer organisations for collective action. While the current framework offers support for SMEs, there is insufficient mention of representational structures. Improved organisation and representation can improve the efficiency and capability of enterprises, and enable them to engage politically in the shaping of resource rights and economic opportunity.

(vi) Recognising locally controlled forestry. In the same way that agriculture interventions83 specify small-holders, so reforestation84 requires the targeting of locally controlled forestry.

(vii) Recognising ‘small forest holders’ in support of diverse small-scale forest-farm systems that produce more and better food than large-scale monoculture plantations. Given the roles of trees in providing food and climate-smart agriculture, target 2.3 should include ‘small forest holders’ alongside family farmers and pastoralists to ensure family and community farm-forest systems receive due levels of support.

4.2 Are the SDGs universal from a forest perspective?Do the combined goals and targets promote the empowerment of every individual?Some of the poorest people and marginalised communities, including Indigenous People, live in or depend on forests and for that reason alone the SDG framework needs to have an adequate forest module. As described above (see section on equity), a number of forest-relevant targets specify these

stakeholders in a positive manner, in terms of fulfilling economic opportunity, individual potential and well-being. Examples are the engendered targets in relation to secure rights to own land, property and other productive resources, control over ownership and use of assets and natural resources, and access to work and employment, education and skills development.85 The combined set of targets in the forest modular approach can, therefore, help promote the empowerment of every individual to rise and/or remain out of multi-dimensional poverty and above a social protection floor. While targets focus on the importance of secure rights, there is a lack of specificity on the need for both individual and collective rights. Individual rights enable households and individuals to develop viable farm-forest enterprises, while collective rights for community-level governance of tenure is relevant for many Indigenous People and local forest-dependent communities.

Given both the direct role of forests in providing food and the indirect role of trees in climate-smart agriculture, mention is needed of ‘indigenous forest peoples and community foresters’ alongside women, family farmers and pastoralists,86 to help ensure those groups do not inadvertently suffer from a lack of support.

Achieving lasting social progress in LDcs requires differential and preferential treatment. It is apparent that current framework offers opportunities for building productive capacity, which is a priority area identified by LDcs,87 specifically through technological upgrading, greater value addition and product diversification.88 As discussed above, however, there is concern that application of such targets could discriminate against locally controlled forestry and small-scale enterprises while favouring large-scale industrial actors. Favourable outcomes will be dependent upon inclusive governance processes89 and redistributive justice. Similarly, the formalisation of informal sector activities and employment90 is relevant, as the informal forest sector dominates domestic supply in many countries, but the outcome will depend very much how formalisation takes place so as not to exclude marginalised groups.

Do the combined goals or targets address any inter-dependencies where outcomes in one country depend upon policies or actions in other countries? Achievement of the combined targets in one country depends upon policies or actions in other countries, especially when considering the transboundary status of some forests, the international nature of many drivers of deforestation and the need for international cooperation

83 Target 2.384 Target 15.285 Target 1.4 and 5.a86 Target 2.3

87 Please see the Istanbul Programme of Action88 Target 8.189 Target 16.490 Target 8.2


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to ensure access to technology and markets. Some of these dependencies are addressed in the current framework, as described below.

Achieving universal scope is only possible through the forest module approach, rather than focusing on forest outcomes alone, as different countries have very different forest cover and forest cover change dynamics. It accommodates the diverse roles of forests among nations and how the contribution of forests is variously approached by negotiators. Ensuring universal scope also requires consideration of policy coherence and collective action. Achieving success in one country frequently depends upon policies or actions in other countries. For example, addressing drivers of deforestation in one country must also take into account economic growth and market dynamics in other countries. A typical situation leading to forest loss, for example, is that economic growth and market demand in countries distant from the tropical forests drives the transformation of economies towards higher levels of productivity91 in forest-risk commodities in tropical forest countries, such as palm oil, soy bean or beef. Such transformations are often supported by transport infrastructure92 and conducive policy environments for industrialisation.93 The outcome is in many cases directly antithetical to halting deforestation.94 At present, there is insufficient recognition of such trade-offs in the goals and targets.

A number of targets are included to improve market access for developing countries95 and technology transfer96 in support of resource efficiency and decoupling97 backed by renewable energy.98 Yet the emphasis in Goal 13 on low carbon development is now nowhere to be found. Domestic and international market access and technology transfer are key factors for enterprises and trade in timber and biomass energy. It remains unclear in the current framework, however, how domestic, small-scale enterprises will be protected and enabled to benefit in an equitable manner, rather than at the expense of industrial scale operations and OEcD protective policies. This is especially the case when considering emergent concerns over policy coherence, such as the effect of EU FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements on the ability of small-scale timber and biomass energy enterprises to not only access international markets but also to supply domestic markets in producer countries.

Do the combined goals or targets install the required level of collective action among nations to overcome such trade-offs?The distribution of many natural resources across political boundaries often requires collective action at the regional and international level for their management, for example the congo and Amazon. There is insufficient attention to means of implementation that foster regional cooperation under proposed Goal 15, for example in the sustainable management of forests,99 sustainable use of ecosystems,100 and conservation of biodiversity.101

Given the importance of international trade in some agricultural commodities as primary drivers of deforestation and in changing land property rights, the focus on sustainable patterns of consumption and production,102 business practices and reporting,103 public procurement,104 and shifting lifestyles105 can provide international coherence alongside incentives to reverse forest loss and enhance forest cover.106 Of particular relevance to timber and biomass energy, a number of relevant targets improve market access for developing countries107 and technology transfer108 in support of resource efficiency and decoupling.109 But there is a real risk that the significant difficulty in implementing policies on sustainable patterns of consumption, as highlighted on policies on economic growth, will lead to continued rising pressure on forests land that undermines key forest targets.

Are the combined goals and targets relevant to all countries?The role and importance of forests in sustainable development varies between countries and regions, depending on the political priorities and policies, state of socio-economic development and position along the forest transition curve, among other factors. Examples include the need for forests to: contribute towards a green economy; alleviate poverty and improve social well-being; produce forest products, meet domestic demand and develop markets; generate and protect ecosystem services; mitigate climate change and strengthen resilience; be compatible with other competing land uses; and contribute towards generating productive capacity. currently, the specific mentions of forests within targets are primarily of an

91 Target 8.192 Target 9.1 and 9.293 Target 9.b.94 Target 15.295 Target 17.1 and 17.296 Targets 17.7 and 17.897 Target 12.1 and 12.a98 Target 7.299 Target 15.2100 Target 15.1

101 Target 15.4102 Targets 12.1, 12.b103 Target 12.5104 Target 12.6105 Target 12c106 Target 15.2107 Targets 17.2, 17.3108 Targets 7.a, 12.a, 17.7109 Targets 8.3


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environmental nature, falling under proposed Goal 15, to protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems and halt all biodiversity loss. This inadequately captures the contribution of forest resources and ecosystem services to multi-dimensional poverty eradication and inclusive economic growth. The situation is different, however, when considering the combined set of forest-related targets. To a large extent, these different perspectives are well reflected in the forest modular approach.

Secure rights to land, property and productive resources110 are relevant to all countries in different ways and for different forest actors. In the context of many LDcs, however, redistributive justice is also required given the frequency of land claims and conflicts.

One central issue facing policy coherence is to ensure synergies with international conventions including cBD, especially in relation to Goal area 15, and synergies with UNFccc, particularly in relation to proposed Goal 13, and specifically when it comes to means of implementation. Insufficient mention of Aichi biodiversity targets has been mentioned by some observers.111 The goal framework needs to be applicable to all countries, while taking into account different national circumstances.

While the existing SDG framework provides a solid basis for universal scope, changes would be needed to ensure policy coherence.

(i) A specific target is lacking for formalising sustainable biomass energy, despite being the primary cooking fuel in many African and Southeast Asian households, and considered modern if used with improved efficiency cook stoves and removal of smoke.

(ii) Omission of a target on holding the global average temperature rise represents a missed opportunity to link with UNFccc on a global imperative.

(iii) From a forest perspective, the potential for policy trade-offs exists among targets under Goals 8 (inclusive and sustainable economic growth and productive employment), 9 (sustainable infrastructure and industrialisation) and 10 (reducing equality). Specifically, some targets could favour large-scale industrial actors over locally controlled forestry and small-scale enterprises. For example, targets to promote diversification,112 technological upgrading,113

regional and global integration114 and industrial sector jobs115 may act against the income growth of the bottom 40 per cent.116 While policy trade-offs can be resolved during national-level implementation, the lack of coherence suggests the need to consolidate the most important elements of Goals 8 and 9 into one single goal.

(iv) Financial incentives and trade measures reached through regional cooperation. This is required given the cross-border distribution of many forests and the need for collective action in their sustainable management,117 restoration of degraded ecosystems,118 and conservation of biodiversity.119 Existing international forest-related programmes120 require explicit mention in means of implementation under Goal area 15.

4.3 Are the SDGs integrated from a forest perspective?Do the combined goals and targets address social, economic and environmental aspects of sustainability?The combined set of forest-related targets (the forest module approach) does appear to incorporate the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, both at outcome level and individual component level. At the outcome level, forest-related contributions include the following, which are separated into three pillars of sustainable development, although recognising overlaps do exist:

• Primarily social outcomes:

– reduce the proportion of people living below national poverty lines;121

– end hunger and ensure access to adequate, safe, affordable and nutritious food all year round;122

– decrease the number of deaths and illnesses from indoor and outdoor air pollution;123

– ensure universal access to affordable, sustainable and reliable energy services;124 and

110 Target 1.4111 CBD (2010); Griggs et al. (2013); ECA (2014b); Lucas et al. (2014).112 Target 8.1113 Target 9.5114 Targets 9.2, 9.4115 Target 9.3116 Target 10.1117 Targets 15.1, 15.2118 Target 15.3

119 Target 15.4120 For example, payments for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) and voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) within Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade Action Plans.121 Target 15.4122 Target 1.2123 Target 3.7124 Target 7.1


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– ensure universal access to adequate and affordable housing and basic services for all, and eliminate slum-like conditions everywhere.125

• Primarily economic outcomes:

– substantially increase small-scale food producers productivities and incomes, particularly of women, family farmers and pastoralists;126

– double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix;127 and

– sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average.128

• Primarily environmental outcomes:

– implement integrated water resources management at all levels, and through trans-boundary cooperation as appropriate;129

– strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate induced hazards and natural disasters;130

– conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas;131

– by 2020 ensure conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems, in particular wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with international agreements;132

– by 2030, ensure the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, and increase reforestation by x% globally;133

– by 2020 take urgent and significant action to halt the loss of biodiversity, and protect and prevent the extinction of known threatened species.134

Implementing the forest modular approach at the individual component level, there also appears to be a reasonable reflection of the social, economic and environmental issues required to provide the right enabling environment for forests to deliver the above-mentioned sustainable development outcomes.

While the entire forest modular approach offers good integration of social, economic and environmental issues (see diagram above), the wording of several targets is notably well-integrated from a forest perspective. These include:

1.4) by 2030 secure equal access for all men and women, particularly those most in need, to basic services, the right to own land and property, productive resources and financial services, including microfinance

2.4) by 2030 implement sustainable and resilient agricultural practices including for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought and disasters, and progressively enhance soil quality

4.6) by 2030 integrate into education programs knowledge and skills necessary for sustainable development, human rights, gender equality, promoting a culture of peace and non-violence and culture’s contribution to sustainable development

5.a) ensure women’s equal right to own and control assets and productive resources

6.5) by 2030 implement integrated water resources management at all levels, and through transboundary cooperation as appropriate

15.1) by 2020 ensure conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems, in particular wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with international agreements


15.3) by 2030, achieve a land degradation neutral world, and restore degraded land including land affected by desertification and drought


In contrast to the above list, some targets display lack integration from a forest – and wider – perspective. This is most notable under proposed Goal 9, which is predominantly economic in nature and therefore carries the risk of delivering negative environmental and social outcomes, such as environmental damage and exclusion of domestic, small- and medium-scale enterprises.

Integrated approaches are further facilitated by the mainstreaming of environmental perspectives and needs within national development processes. This includes the integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies into development plans and poverty reduction strategies,135 helping to raise the role of adaptable, climate smart forestry/farming. Integrated approaches are further facilitated by the mainstreaming

125 Target 11.1126 Target 2.3127 Target 7.2128 Target 10.1129 Target 6.5130 Target 13.1

131 Target 14.4132 Target 15.1133 Target 15.2134 Target 15.3135 Target 13.2


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of forest and other natural resource perspectives within national development processes. This includes broader systems of national accounting,136 the integration urban-rural linkages,137 and sustainable production and consumption plans.138

Identifying suitable indicators is important to help ensure forests fulfil their role in supporting sustainable development. To help ensure coherence and feasibility, indicator development should look towards existing forest-related frameworks139 and concepts,140 as well as relevant international conventions including cBD and UNFccc.

136 Target 17.17137 Target 11.a138 Target 12.1139 Global Forest Resources Assessment, Sustainable Forest Management, Montreal process, FLEGT Action Plan, UNREDD and FCPF etc.140 Green economy, etc.


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cONcORD (2014) Putting people and planet first. cofederation Europeene des ONG d’urgence et de development.

cPGSD (2012) Our world. Our future. Our Goals. campaign for people’s goals for sustainable development.

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EcA (2014a) Report on sustainable development goals for the West African subregion. United Nations Economic commission for Africa, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.

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French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2013) Post 2015 agenda on development: French position paper prepared with civil society. French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris, France.

FSc (2013) Plea to include an SDG concerning “halting deforestation and forest degradation globally and restoring 15% of currently degraded forest ecosystems. Ensuring sustainable management of forests. The Forestry Stewardship council, Bonn, Germany.

Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrom, J., Ohman, M. and Shyamsundar, P. (2013) Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature 495: 305-307

Holmgren, P. (2014) Role of SDGs takes centre stage at the UN. Available at: http://blog.cifor.org/21197/role-of-forests-in-sdgs-takes-center-stage-at-un#.U70Y5NhOXcs

HLP (2014) A new global partnership: eradicate poverty and transform economies through sustainable development. A report of the high level panel of eminent persons on the post-2015 development agenda. United Nations, New York, USA.

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IRF (2014) The OWG-11 ‘focus areas’ paper: an IRF2015 review. Independent Research Forum, IIED, London, UK.

Jones, A. and Wolosin, M. (2014) Branching up and out - Options for Integrating Forests into the Post-2015 Development Framework. climate Advisors, USA.

Lucas, P., Kok, M., Nilsson, M., and Alkemade, R. (2014) Integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services in the post-2015 development agenda: goal structure, target areas and means of implementation. Sustainability 6: 193-216.

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Messone, N.N. (2014) UNFF Briefs States on UNFF 11, IAF Assessment and SDGs, New Director Announced. Available at: http://forests-l.iisd.org/news/unff-briefs-states-on-unff-11-iaf-assessment-and-sdgs-new-director-announced/

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Acronyms10YFPP 10-Year Framework of Programmes

BAPP Biodiversity Action Plan

cBDP convention on Biological Diversity

cLUAP climate and Land Use Alliance

EUP European Union

FLEGTP Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade

GDPP Gross Domestic Product

HIcP High-Income country

IIEDP International Institute for Environment and Development

ILOP International Labour Organization

IRFP Independent Research Forum

LcFP Locally controlled Forestry

LDcP Least Developed country

LLDcP Landlocked Developing country

MDGsP Millennium Development Goals

MIcP Middle-Income country

NAMAP Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action

NAPP National Adaptation Programme

NAPAP National Adaptation Programme of Action

NTFPP Non-timber forest product

OEcDP Organisation for Economic co-operation and Development

OWGP Open Working Group

REDD+P Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation; plus the role of forest conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of carbon stocks

SDP Sustainable development

SDGsP Sustainable Development Goals

SFMP Sustainable Forest Management

SIDSP Small Island Developing States

SMARTP Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound

SMEP Small and medium enterprise

UNP United Nations

UNFccc United Nations Framework convention on climate change

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IIED is a policy and action research organisation. We promote sustainable development to improve livelihoods and protect the environments on which these livelihoods are built. We specialise in linking local priorities to global challenges. IIED is based in London and works in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and the Pacific, with some of the world’s most vulnerable people. We work with them to strengthen their voice in the decision-making arenas that affect them — from village councils to international conventions.

International Institute for Environment and Development80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UKTel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055email: [email protected]

Forests and landscapes with trees are such an important part of a number of different Sustainable Development Goals that we recommend working towards a transformative ‘forest module’. The modular approach improves on the more limited current focus on sustainable forest management, deforestation and reforestation targets. It makes explicit the diversity of targets needing inclusion and resolution in order to create an enabling environment that would yield much greater sustainable development outcomes for forests, landscapes and livelihoods. With the negotiation phase nearing, our assessment of the UN Open Working Group’s zero draft finds a strong set of goals and targets, yet with several potentially serious trade-offs and missing issues. Application of our modular approach can help negotiators seek coherent outcomes across the goal framework and enable integrated implementation at the national level. What are the most important sustainable development outcomes delivered by forests and what are the key levers of change?

sd goals from a forest perspective - pubs.iied.org.pubs.iied.org/pdfs/13573iied.pdfcarbon than...

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