SEA BORDER LIMIT DETECTOR

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

T.LAVANYA

N.MARYFRANCY

T.LAVANYA

IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

THANGAVELU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset submit our heartfelt thanks to the almighty God for

his abundant blessings and divine guidance throughout the project.

We offer our sincere thanks to our Chairman Mr.

K.V.THANGKABALU, Chairperson Mrs. JAYANTHI THANGKABALU, and

our Principal Dr.A. Franklin Jebaraj B.E., M.E., Ph.D., and our Head Of The

Department Mr. K. Manickam B.E., for their valuable guidance, suggestion,

encouragement, kind support and enthusiasm in all our moves towards the

successful completion of this project.

Our sincere thanks to our guide Mrs. Kalaivani, for her noble

endeavor in boosting up our spirits to complete this project to utmost

satisfaction of our superiors.

This acknowledgement would be incomplete without a word of

thanks to our Parents for their continuous and sincere help throughout the

project and our career.

We wish to extend our thanks for those advices of our friends, in

getting this work completed on time.

ABSTRACT

The SEA BORDER LIMIT DETECTOR is used for sensing sea border limit

of country. This project gains its importance from the fact that we can prevent dispute

with countries on the issues of crossing the border.This sea border limiting circuit gives

a alarm whenever the ship crosses a country sea limit .

For example Whenever the navy ship navigate through a countries within a

countries border line, there is a continuous reception of fm waves through detector

fixed on the ship from the harbour. So if the ship crosses the border limit the FM

reception on the ship weakens and the alarm in ship is excited which glows RED LED

LIGHT.This ensure the Border line is crossed.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONBLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

RF OSCILLATOR RF AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY MODULATOR RF TRANSMITTER AMPLIFIER COMPARATOR BUZZER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMCOMPONENTS DESCRIPTIONRESISTOR CAPACITORINDUCTORLEDIC741BC548BATTERY POWER SUPPLYTEA5710CIRCUIT OPERATIONADVANTAGESAPPLICATIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES

INTRODUCTION:

The SEA BORDER LIMIT DETECTOR is used for sensing sea

border limit of country. This project gains its importance from the fact that we can

prevent dispute with countries on the issues of crossing the border.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

RF OSCILLATOR

A Hartley oscillator is essentially any configuration that uses two series-

connected coils and a single capacitor (see Colpitts oscillator for the

equivalent oscillator using two capacitors and one coil). Although there is no

requirement for there to be mutual coupling between the two coil segments,

the circuit is usually implemented this way.

It is made up of the following:

Two inductors in series, which need not be mutual

One tuning capacitor

Advantages of the Hartley oscillator include:

The frequency may be varied using a variable capacitor

The output amplitude remains constant over the frequency range

Either a tapped coil or two fixed inductors are needed

Disadvantages include:

Harmonic-rich content if taken from the amplifier and not directly from the LC circuit.

Note that, if the inductance of the two partial coils L1 and L2 is given (e.g. in

a simulator), the total effective inductance that determines the frequency of

the oscillation is (coupling factor k):

RF AMPLIFIER

An RF power amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier used to convert a

low-power radio-frequency signal into a larger signal of significant power,

typically for driving the antenna of a transmitter. It is usually optimized to

have high efficiency, high output Power(P1dB) compression, good return

loss on the input and output, good gain, and optimum heat dissipation.

FREQUENCY MODULATOR

In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information

over a carrier wave by varying its frequency (contrast this with amplitude

modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its

frequency remains constant). In analog applications, the difference between

the instantaneous and the base frequency of the carrier is directly

proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. Digital data can

be sent by shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete values, a

technique known as frequency-shift keying.

RF TRANSMITTER

A transmitter is an electronic device which, usually with the aid of an

antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or

other telecommunications.

RF ANTENNA

The RF antenna is a small loop antenna which detects the RF signals from the

mobile phone ranging from 0.9 to 3 GHz.

AMPLIFIERS

Generally, an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes, usually

increases, the amplitude of a signal. The relationship of the input to the

output of an amplifier—usually expressed as a function of the input

frequency—is called the transfer function of the amplifier, and the

magnitude of the transfer function is termed the gain.

In popular use, the term usually describes an electronic amplifier, in which

the input "signal" is usually a voltage or a current. In audio applications,

amplifiers drive the loudspeakers used in PA systems to make the human

voice louder or play recorded music. Amplifiers may be classified according

to the input (source) they are designed to amplify (such as a guitar amplifier,

to perform with an electric guitar), the device they are intended to drive

(such as a headphone amplifier), the frequency range of the signals (Audio,

IF, RF, and VHF amplifiers, for example), whether they invert the signal

(inverting amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers), or the type of device

used in the amplification (valve or tube amplifiers, FET amplifiers, etc.).

COMPARATOR

In electronics, a comparator is a device which compares two voltages or

currents and switches its output to indicate which is larger.

BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers

include alarms, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click

or keystroke.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

RESISTOR

Resistors, like diodes and relays , are another of the electronic parts that

should have a section in the installer's parts bin. They have become a

necessity for the mobile electronics installer, whether it be for door locks,

praking lights, timing circuits, remote starts, LED's, or just to discharge a

stiffening capacitor.

Resistors "resist" the flow of electrical current. The higher the value of

resistance (measured in ohms) the lower the current will be.

RESISTOR COLOR CODE

Value = Ohms1st Digit:

0 (Black)

1 (Brown)

2 (Red)

3 (Orange)

4 (Yellow)

5 (Green)

6 (Blue)

7 (Violet)

8 (Gray)

9 (White)

2nd Digit:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Multiplier:

x1

x10

x100

x1K

x10K

x100K

x1M

x10M

x100M

x1000M

Tolerance:

 5% (Gold)

10% (Silver)

20% (none)

CAPACITOR

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a

pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference

(voltage) exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This

field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors.

The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas

of conductor; hence capacitor conductors are often called plates.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,

which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor

to the potential difference between them.

In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage

current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the

dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.

INDUCTOR

An inductor or a reactor is a passive electrical component that can store

energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. An

inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in units of

henries. Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped as a coil, the loops helping

to create a strong magnetic field inside the coil due to Faraday's Law of Induction.

Inductors are one of the basic electronic components used in electronics where

current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and

reshape alternating currents.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased

(switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing

energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color

of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap

of the semiconductor.

A LED is usually small in area, and integrated optical components are used to

shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LEDs present many advantages over

incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,

improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and

reliability.

IC 741

The 741 is the godfather of all operational amplifiers (amplifiers on a chip).

Although most up-to-date designs beat it for speed, low noise, etc, it still

works well as a general purpose device. One of its advantages is that it is

compensated (its frequency response is tailored) to ensure that under most

curcumstances it won't produce unwanted spurious oscillations. This means

it is easy to use, but the down-side of this is the poor speed/gain performance

compared to more modern op-amps.

BC548 TRANSMITTER

The BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor found

commonly in European electronic equipment. It is electrically similar to the North

American 2N3904 and Japanese 2SC1815 but has different lead assignments.

If the TO-92 package is held in front of one's face with the flat side facing

away and the leads downward, the order of the leads. From left to right is emitter, base,

collector.

BATTERY POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or

system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of

loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to

electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

A battery is a type of linear power supply that offers benefits that

traditional line-operated power supplies lack: mobility, portability and reliability. A

battery consists of multiple electrochemical cells connected to provide the voltage

desired.

A nickel-cadmium battery has become more popular in recent years. This

battery cell is completely sealed and rechargeable. The electrolyte is not involved in the

electrode reaction, making the voltage constant over the span of the batteries long

service life.

During the charging process, nickel oxide is oxidized to its higher

oxidation state and cadmium oxide is reduced. The nickel-cadmium batteries have

many benefits. They can be stored both charged and uncharged. They have a long

service life, high current availabilities, constant voltage, and the ability to be recharged.

TEA5710

FEATURES:

· Wide supply voltage range: 2.0 to 12 V

· Low current consumption: 7.5 mA at AM, 9.0 mA at FM

· High selectivity with distributed IF gain

· LED driver for tuning indication

· High input sensitivity: 1.6 mV/m (AM), 2.0 mV (FM) for 26dB S/N

· Good strong signal behaviour: 10 V/m at AM, 500 mV atFM

· Low output distortion: 0.8% at AM, 0.3% at FM

· Designed for simple and reliable PC-board layout

· High impedance MOSFET input on AM

APPLICATIONS:

· Portable AM/FM radio

· Clock radio

· Personal headphone

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

The TEA5710 incorporates internal stabilized power supplies. The maximum

supply voltage is 12 V, the minimum voltage

can go down temporarily to 1.8 V without any loss in performance.

The AM circuit incorporates a double balanced mixer, a one pin low-voltage

oscillator (up to 30 MHz), a field-strength

dependent indicator output and is designed for distributed selectivity.

The AM input is designed to be connected to the top of a tuned circuit. AGC

controls the IF amplification and for large signals it lowers the input impedance.

The first AM selectivity can be an IFT as well as an IFT combined with a

ceramic filter; the second one is an IFT.

The FM circuit incorporates a tuned RF stage, a double balanced mixer, a one-

pin oscillator, a field-strength indicator

output and is designed for distributed IF ceramic filters. The FM quadrature

detector uses a ceramic resonator

CIRCUIT OPERATION

In the transmitter circuit LC is coupled with the BC548 transistor this operation

will create the fm signals.when the circuit is tuned ON the capacitor will get fully

charged and will get discharged through the inductor (coil). Hence it sets up the

oscillation of frequency.The output of the transistor produces 180degree phase shift.

And the LC circuit will produce another 180degree phase shift so total phase shift is

360 degree.

The frequency is calculated by the formula

F=1/(2*3.14*(LC))

where L=0.0175nH ,C= 200nF

The Frequency is calculated as 85MHZ.This frequency is transmitted and

received by the antennas.

This signal is received by the AM/FM receiver IC TEA5710.The output of the

TEA5710 is given as input to the comparator IC 741 3rd pin and the variable resistor is

connected to the circuit is used to vary the distance. we can keep up to 3m distance.The

FM wave received by the antenna the IC 5710 will convert the FM signal to voltage

level. The maximum supply voltage is 12v and minimum is 1.8v.

So this 10K variable resistor is given as input to the comparator in its 2nd pin.

we know that the comparator is a device which compares two voltages or currents and

switches its output to indicate which is larger. so when the voltage is not exceed 9v the

the GREEN LED will be glowing . If it exceeds the voltage level then the RED LED

will be glowing and the buzzer will start alarming.The supply to the circuit is given by

9v Battery.

ADVANTAGES

Used to monitor and detect whether the ship is crossing its border.

LED signal level indicator with alarm.

Portable.

Cost efficient.

Easy to design.

One handed operation.

APPLICATION

To prevent unnecessary problems with other states during navigation through sea

due to border crossing

Portable AM/FM radio

Clock radio

Personal headphone

CONCLUSION:

The primary goal of this report is to present the project “SEA BORDER

LIMIT DETECTOR”, which is successfully completed and tested. This enhanced

device is very useful for day to day applications in over seas especially for Navy

Ships, War Ships, fisherman.. And thus we submit this valuable project with perfect

analysis and report.

REFERENCES:

“Project Designing”-John Derek

www.pd.com

www.datasheets.com

Basic Informations-www.google.com

www.electronicsforu.com