sea power and maritime affairs lesson 5.2: the u.s. navy in the napoleonic era, 1783-1815

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Sea Power and Maritime Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Affairs Lesson 5.2: The U.S. Navy in the Lesson 5.2: The U.S. Navy in the Napoleonic Era, Napoleonic Era, 1783-1815 1783-1815

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Sea Power and MaritimeSea Power and Maritime Affairs Affairs

Lesson 5.2: The U.S. Navy in the Lesson 5.2: The U.S. Navy in the Napoleonic Era, Napoleonic Era,

1783-18151783-1815

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives

• UNDERSTAND the historical context for UNDERSTAND the historical context for the time period as it relates to U.S. history.the time period as it relates to U.S. history.

• EXPLAIN the influence of European EXPLAIN the influence of European events upon American Trade.events upon American Trade.

• IDENTIFY the causes and operations of IDENTIFY the causes and operations of the Quasi-War with France. the Quasi-War with France.

• DESCRIBE the “Battle of Annihilation and DESCRIBE the “Battle of Annihilation and Guerre de Course.”Guerre de Course.”

• DESCRIBE the background of Jefferson’s DESCRIBE the background of Jefferson’s defensive naval strategy.defensive naval strategy.

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives

• RECALL operations against the Barbary RECALL operations against the Barbary corsairs.corsairs.

• EXPLAIN the effect of the European war EXPLAIN the effect of the European war on the War of 1812.on the War of 1812.

• DEFINE U.S. and British Naval strategies DEFINE U.S. and British Naval strategies during the War of 1812.during the War of 1812.

• EXPLAIN the contributions of the U.S. EXPLAIN the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812.Navy during the War of 1812.

A New Government and a A New Government and a New NavyNew Navy

• 1785 - All Continental Navy 1785 - All Continental Navy warships decommissioned.warships decommissioned.

• 1788- U.S. Constitution 1788- U.S. Constitution ratifiedratified– ““The Congress shall have The Congress shall have

Power To provide and maintain Power To provide and maintain a Navy.”a Navy.”

– 5 years after Constitution 5 years after Constitution signed, merchant shipping signed, merchant shipping triples.triples.

• Federalists vs. Federalists vs. RepublicansRepublicans

Rebirth of the U.S. NavyRebirth of the U.S. Navy

• Navy Act of 1794Navy Act of 1794– Six frigates authorizedSix frigates authorized– Cancellation ClauseCancellation Clause– 1797: 1797: United StatesUnited States, ,

44, 44, ConstellationConstellation, 36, , 36, and and ConstitutionConstitution, 44 , 44 completed.completed.

• 1798: Department of the 1798: Department of the Navy establishedNavy established • Guerre de course vs Guerre de course vs

Guerre de escadreGuerre de escadre

Quasi War with France, 1798-1800Quasi War with France, 1798-1800

Commodore Thomas TruxtonCommodore Thomas Truxton USS USS ConstellationConstellation and the and the InsurgenteInsurgente

““Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”

Jeffersonian Naval PolicyJeffersonian Naval Policy• Large reductions in Naval funding.Large reductions in Naval funding.

– Reduced federal taxation and spending.Reduced federal taxation and spending.

– Inward expansion -1803 Louisiana Inward expansion -1803 Louisiana Purchase.Purchase.

• Only 13 Navy ships sold except 13 Only 13 Navy ships sold except 13 frigates.frigates.

• Jefferson’s “Gunboat” Navy - a strictly Jefferson’s “Gunboat” Navy - a strictly defensive strategy.defensive strategy.– Static and weak defense of American coast.Static and weak defense of American coast.

– Floating gun platforms - reduced Floating gun platforms - reduced maneuverability.maneuverability.

Barbary Wars 1801-1805Barbary Wars 1801-1805

• War against the Barbary States War against the Barbary States begins:begins:– Tripoli demands $200K for peace.Tripoli demands $200K for peace.– Jefferson sends frigates instead.Jefferson sends frigates instead.

• Commodore Edward PrebleCommodore Edward Preble– ““Preble’s Boys” will command ships in Preble’s Boys” will command ships in

the War of 1812.the War of 1812.

““This is the United States ship This is the United States ship Constitution, 44 guns, Edward Preble, an Constitution, 44 guns, Edward Preble, an American commodore who will be damned American commodore who will be damned before he sends his boat onboard any before he sends his boat onboard any vessel! Blow your matches boys!”vessel! Blow your matches boys!”

• 1804:1804: USS Philadelphia USS Philadelphia held under Tripoli’s guns.held under Tripoli’s guns.•Lieutenant Stephen Lieutenant Stephen DecaturDecatur•Promoted to CAPT at age Promoted to CAPT at age 25 & 2 months extra pay for 25 & 2 months extra pay for crew.crew.•Marines march on Tripoli.Marines march on Tripoli.

““The most daring act The most daring act of the age.”of the age.”

- - Admiral Horatio NelsonAdmiral Horatio Nelson

Barbary Wars 1801-1805Barbary Wars 1801-1805

““England expects that every England expects that every man will do his duty.” man will do his duty.”

• French Empire French Empire established under established under Napoleon.Napoleon.

• Napoleon’s France (Land Napoleon’s France (Land Power) versus Coalitions.Power) versus Coalitions.

• 1805- France severely 1805- France severely weakened at sea by weakened at sea by defeat at Trafalgar.defeat at Trafalgar.

• 1814- Napoleon defeated1814- Napoleon defeated

– Effect on U.S.? Effect on U.S.?

The Clouds of War FormThe Clouds of War Form

• 1807: 1807: Chesapeake-Leopard Chesapeake-Leopard AffairAffair– Neutral rights and sanctity Neutral rights and sanctity

of a warship.of a warship.• President Madison - 1809President Madison - 1809• ImpressmentImpressment

– British seizure of U.S. Sailors.British seizure of U.S. Sailors.

• New England vs “War Hawks”New England vs “War Hawks”

““Never since the Battle of Lexington have I seen Never since the Battle of Lexington have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation.”this country in such a state of exasperation.”

- - Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

The War of 1812 (1812-1814)The War of 1812 (1812-1814)

• 18121812– British impressment of U.S. sailorsBritish impressment of U.S. sailors– U.S. declares war against EnglandU.S. declares war against England– U.S. unsuccessfully invades CanadaU.S. unsuccessfully invades Canada

• 18141814– Aug: British forces raid ChesapeakeAug: British forces raid Chesapeake

• Washington DC burnedWashington DC burned– Sep: Baltimore -Fort McHenrySep: Baltimore -Fort McHenry

• Francis Scott Key pens the Star Spangled Francis Scott Key pens the Star Spangled Banner.Banner.

– Naval Lesson: Gunboats ineffective for Naval Lesson: Gunboats ineffective for coastal defense.coastal defense.

• U.S. Naval VictoriesU.S. Naval Victories– USSUSS Constitution Constitution vs HMS vs HMS

GuerriereGuerriere– USS USS United StatesUnited States vs vs

HMS HMS MacedonianMacedonian– USS USS ConstitutionConstitution vs HMS vs HMS

JavaJava– The Navy increases The Navy increases

morale during the war and morale during the war and post-war support for the post-war support for the Naval service.Naval service.

The War of 1812 (1812-1814)The War of 1812 (1812-1814)

““We have met the enemy and We have met the enemy and they are ours.”they are ours.”

• The Battle of Lake ErieThe Battle of Lake Erie• Commodore Oliver Commodore Oliver

Hazard PerryHazard Perry• Ft. Detroit cut off from Ft. Detroit cut off from

supplies.supplies.• Oregon and Michigan Oregon and Michigan

territories secured.territories secured.• Battle of Lake ChamplainBattle of Lake Champlain

• Commodore Thomas Commodore Thomas MacDonoughMacDonough

• Prevented British invasion Prevented British invasion of New York from Canada.of New York from Canada.

Battle History VideoBattle History Video

• Chapter 1 "Born Into Chapter 1 "Born Into War", Time 06:15 - War", Time 06:15 - 09:0209:02

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives

• UNDERSTAND the historical context for UNDERSTAND the historical context for the time period as it relates to U.S. history.the time period as it relates to U.S. history.

• EXPLAIN the influence of European EXPLAIN the influence of European events upon American Trade.events upon American Trade.

• IDENTIFY the causes and operations of IDENTIFY the causes and operations of the Quasi-War with France. the Quasi-War with France.

• DESCRIBE the “Battle of Annihilation and DESCRIBE the “Battle of Annihilation and Guerre de Course.”Guerre de Course.”

• DESCRIBE the background of Jefferson’s DESCRIBE the background of Jefferson’s defensive naval strategy.defensive naval strategy.

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives

• RECALL operations against the Barbary RECALL operations against the Barbary corsairs.corsairs.

• EXPLAIN the effect of the European war EXPLAIN the effect of the European war on the War of 1812.on the War of 1812.

• DEFINE U.S. and British Naval strategies DEFINE U.S. and British Naval strategies during the War of 1812.during the War of 1812.

• EXPLAIN the contributions of the U.S. EXPLAIN the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the War of 1812.Navy during the War of 1812.

Questions?Questions?