SEATTLE WORLD1S FAIR

Century 21 Exposition

1 . Space Needle 2. Bell System Exhibit 3. I.B.M. Pavilion 4. United States Science Pavilion 5. Domestic Commerce and Industry 6. Monorail Terminal 7. Food Circus 8. State Flag Plaza 9. Great Britain

10. NASA 11 . World of Tomorrow

12. International Commerce and Industry 13. Playhouse 14. Fine Arts Exhibit 1 5. Opera House 16. Arena 17. Show Street 18. Stadium 19. Gayway 20. Giant Wheel 21. Seattle Fountain 22 . Monorail

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THE BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE ANNUAL 1963

Gro1ier Socie-ty o£ Canada Li:n1ited. Toronto

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Copyright© 1963 GROLIER INCORPORATED Copyright© 1963 THE GROLIER SOCIETY OF CANADA LIMITED

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 40-3096

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NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT SPECIAL PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHERS

Front cover photo by F. W. Howell

CONTENTS

SPORTS

14 Top of the News Stephen Ruddy

38 Sports in 1962 Harvey Ginsberg 52 The New York Mets Jerry Izenberg 55 The Houston Colts Dick Peebles 58 The Acapulco Yacht Race Bill Robinson 61 Canadian War Canoes Norman D. Lane 64 A Horse! A Horse! PIX 69 The Spanish Riding School of Vienna Elizabeth R ubin 73 Naming Racehorses Harold Rosenthal

NATURE 76 The "Talking" Dolphins John C. Lilly 79 Banding Birds for Science John Hayden 81 Rats David Lyle 85 How Some Animals Live Upside Down K. L. Boynton 89 Nature's Magical Lights Rutherford Platt 93 Heigh-Ho, The Holly Dorothy Carew

BUSINESS AND 97 The Seattle World's Fair Erwin Laurance INDUSTRY 102 Automation Arthur J. Goldberg

105 Aviation Highlights Erwin J. Bulban 110 Advertising and the American Economy Norman H. Strouse 113 Structural-Iron Workers Ruth Warren 117 The Antique Automobile Ken W. Purdy

SPEC AL SECTION 124 Introduction 125 The Atlantic Provinces Amy Booth

CANADA AND 128 The Northwest Territories R. G. Robertson THE UNITED STATES 132 The Pacific Northwest W. I. Fletcher

136 Population and Economic Trends GRAPHICS 141 Metropolitan Toronto William R. Allen 144 Megalopolis Jean Gottmann 154 Communications PIX and GRAPHICS 158 Canadian Mineral Exploration John Black 162 The St. Lawrence Seaway Thea L. Hills 165 Southern Tier PIX 169 The South Jim Montgomery 173 The Booming Southwest Joseph Lewis 177 The Prairie Provinces Jack Schreiner 183 The North Central States Richard J. Margolis

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PEOPLE AND PLACES

EVENTS A OUND THE WORLD

189 Science in 1962 Bryan Bunch 196 Largest Ship in the World Vincent P. de Poix 200 Antimatter-New Scientific Mystery Arthur Louis Joquel, II 204 A History of Medicine Leonard W. Larson 209 Space Willy Ley 214 The SNAP Generator Lawrence M. Levin 217 Communications Satellites David Sarnoff 221 The X-15 Research Program Robert M. White 225 Archaeology Sanford M. Cleveland

231 John Hays Hammond, Jr. Richard H. Miller 235 Jules Verne Catherine Owens Peare 240 Robert Frost: America's Poet Russell J. Sully 243 Tristan da Cunha Jonathan A. Miller 248 Perugia Francesca Gray

251 Canada R. D. Hilton Smith 255 Africa Thomas M. Franck 261 North Africa PIX 265 Uganda Lorraine Abelson 269 The Peace Corps Sargent Shriver 273 Jamaica William E. Shapiro 276 Latin America John L. Hochmann 281 Economy of Latin America PIX and GRAPHICS 285 Inter-American Highway J. David Bowen 289 Far East Walter Briggs 295 Australia Geoffrey L. Griffith 298 The Pacific Islands J. W. Davidson 301 Magic Islands-Past and Present PIX 305 South Asia Arnold Brackman 312 Imperfect Paradise Charles Paul May 315 Middle East Maurice H arari 321 Economy of the Middle East PIX and GRAPHICS 325 The United States Alan Harvey Smith 336 The United States Army's New Look George H. Stein 339 The United States Information Agency Edward R. Murrow 342 Western Europe Marshall H. Peck 348 The Channel Tunnel Joseph Gies 352 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Harrison E. Salisbury 357 Minority Groups in the Soviet Union Ellsworth Raymond

CAREERS AND ACTIVITIES

ART AND ENTERTAINMENT

360 Judo Cliff Freeland 3 64 Competitions for Young Scientists

Thomas Gordon Lawrence 368 Girl Scouts' Golden Anniversary PIX 3 70 Some Outstanding Young People of 1962 Frances Rodman 373 "We're Tenting Tonight ••• " J. W. Skinner 377 Television Journalism Walter Cronkite

380 Experimental Photography Scott Hyde 388 Going to the Theater Stephen Ruddy 393 Young People's Books Claudia Lewis 397 Music and Record Review Herbert We(nstock 401 Television during the Year Marie Torre 405 Movies in Review Philip T. Hartung

409 INDEX

Colt star Ramon Mejias is safe at third.

AT 1:30 P.M. on April 10, 1962, in Houston, Texas, wee Bobby Shantz wound up and threw a baseball to batter Lou Brock of the Chicago Cubs. Umpire Dusty Boggess raised his right arm and called "Strike!" This was the start of the first major-league baseball game ever played in Texas.

It was the glorious beginning (the Colts defeated the Cubs 11-2 in the National League game) to a new sports era in the great Southwest. It also was the fitting cli­max to a long and at times frustrating bat-

SPORTS

THE HOUSTON

By DICK PEEBLES Executive Sports Editor Houston Chronicle

tle to bring major-league baseball to the nation's seventh-largest city.

Houston almost went major league in 1954. A syndicate headed by oil and cattle­man William A. Smith agreed to purchase the St. Louis Browns from William C. De­Witt. Smith and his cohorts relieved De Witt of his verbal agreement when Baltimore interests offered more for the American League club.

The battle was then taken up by George Kirksey, a public-relations counsel in Hous­ton. Kirksey had only the dream. He did not have the financial means of fulfilling it. However, he interested Craig F . Cullinan, Jr., the enterprising grandson of the founder of the Texas Company, in the idea. Slowly the dream became a reality.

There will be no rain checks a t the Colts' air-condi­tioned stadium. The domed ball park, as shown in this model, will keep players and spectators dry .

WIDE WORLD

Jim Davenport, San Francisco Giant third baseman, is tagged out at third base by Bob Aspromonte, Colt third baseman, during an exhibition game at Phoenix.

First they enlisted the aid of state legisla­tors from Houston and Harris County in having a state law changed to make it legal for counties to issue bonds for construction of a sports stadium. This hurdle was cleared in 1958. By this time other Houston busi­nessmen had offered their financial support, and an attempt was made to purchase an established major-league learn. Offers were made to the owners of the Cincinnati, Cleveland, Chicago White Sox and Kansas City clubs. No deals could be worked out. Kirksey and Cullinan then tried to interest the National and American leagues in ex­pansion. They received little if any en­couragement.

Other cities were in the same boat as Houston. They too wanted major-league baseball. So eight of them rallied around baseball's patriarch, Branch Rickey, in 1960, to form a third major league-the Continental League-to start in 1962.

At this stage of the proceedings, Cullinan and Kirksey were joined in their efforts by two aggressive and wealthy Houstonians­R. E. (Bob) Smith and Judge Roy E. Hof­heinz. The Houston Sports Association was organized with Cullinan as president. It was at about that time that the major-league club owners had a change of heart on ex­pansion.

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On October 17, 1960, the breakthrough came. National League franchises, effective in 1962, were voted for Houston and New York City. On December 5, the Houston Sports Association underwrote the cost of designing and building a $22,000,000 domed, air-conditioned stadium already approved by the Harris County voters.

The Houston people knew that they had progressed as far as they sould without a keen baseball mind in their organization. In December 1960, Gabe Paul, general manager of the Cincinnati Reds, was hired as general manager of the new Houston club. Paul in turn plucked Bobby Bragan from the Los Angeles Dodgers, Grady Hat­ton from the Chicago Cubs and Tal Smith from the Cincinnati Reds. He also put to­gether an excellent system of baseball scouts.

Paul suddenly resigned on April 27, 1961, for what he maintains were personal reasons. Paul Richards, a native Texan and the highly successful manager of the Balti­more Orioles, was hired as the new general manager on September 2. Richards im­mediately went to work firming up the Houston organization. He brought with him, from Baltimore, Eddie Robinson to be assistant general manager, and Luman Harris, Jimmy Adair and Jim Busby to be coaches.

Harry Craft, a former major-league out­fielder and manager, was named manager of the team.

The nucleus of player talent was ob­tained at a cost of $1,850,000 on October 10, 1961, when twenty-three players were purchased from the. National League player pool.

In their selections, the Colt .45s (the new team was named after the famous gun of the Western frontier) emphasized de­fense and youth. They picked 2 catchers, 2 first basemen, 6 infielders, 4 outfielders and 9 pitchers. Having won the right to first choice from the pool by a flip of a

coin, Houston selected Eddie Bressoud, an infielder from the San Francisco Giants, for $75,000. Bressoud later was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Don Buddin in the first trade made by the Houston team. The four premium players, for whom they paid. $125,000 each, were infielder Joe Amalfi­tano from San Francisco, pitcher Dick Farrell from Los Angeles, catcher Hal Smith from Pittsburgh and outfielder Al Spangler from Milwaukee.

Other players obtained in the pool, for $75,000 each, were: Bob Aspromonte, in­fielder, Los Angeles; Bob Lillis, infielder, St. Louis; Dick Drott, pitcher, Chicago; Al Heist, outfielder, Chicago; Roman Mejias, outfielder, Pittsburgh; George Williams, in­fielder, Philadelphia; Jess Hickman, pitcher, Philadelphia; Merritt Ranew, catcher, Mil­waukee; Don Taussig, outfielder, St. Louis; Bobby Shantz, pitcher, Pittsburgh; Norm Larker, first baseman, Los Angeles; Sam Jones, pitcher, San Francisco; Paul Roof, pitcher, Milwaukee; Ken Johnson, pitcher, Cincinnati; Dick Gernert, first baseman, Cincinnati.

For $50,000 each they got: Ed Olivares, outfielder, St. Louis; Jim Umbricht, pitcher, Pittsburgh; and Jim Golden, pitcher, Los Angeles.

Manager Harry Craft ar­rived at spring-training camp at Apache Junction, Arizona, packing a pair of Colt .45s to help whip his team into shape for the 1962 season.

SPORTS

Before the start of the season on April 10, 1962, Houston club officials estimated that more than $3,000,000 had been spent for playing talent.

. When the players reported for spring training on February 16 at Apache Junc­tion, Arizona, they found in Craft a quiet­mannered, understanding man who carries a big stick. He had behind him a career of fifteen years as a player and ten as a man­ager.

Craft started his baseball career with Monessen, P~nnsylvania, in the Penn State League in 19 3 5. He advanced to the rna jor leagues with the Cincinnati Reds in 19 3 7 and played with the Reds for six straight years including the 1939 and 1940 World Series.

He ended his playing career with Kansas City in the·American Association in 1948. The next year he embarked on a successful managerial career in the New York Yankee farm system. His Independence, Missouri, team finished first in the K.O.M. League in 1949, and Craft in 19 50 was rewarded with the job of manager at Joplin, Missouri, in the Western Association. One of his players on the Independence and Joplin teams was a lad named Mickey Mantle.

Craft remained with the Yankee organi­zation until 1955 when the Philadelphia Athletics were moved to Kansas City and he was hired to be a coach for the A 's. He held that post until he succeeded Lou Boudreau as manager on August 6, 1957. He managed the A's through the 1959 sea­son. During 1960 and 1961 Craft was a coach with the Chicago Cubs. Thus he brought to Houston a background rich in major-league experience and a thorough knowledge of National League players and teams.

When Craft brought the Colt .45s home, it was to a brand-new, muitihued, roofless ball park, not to the palatial, domed sta­dium whose completion had been delayed until 1964.

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