( . )

www.dede.go.th

() ( ) 6.16 -

. . (SEC)() Energy Benchmarking

(SEC) Energy Intensity Energy Elasticity

5-1

1 1-1 2 2-1 3 3-1 4 4-1 5

1

1.1

() 48,690 2547

() 2

2547 2546 17.88 41.82 15.61 22.01 11.18 1.1 (Energy Intensity) Energy Intensity 66 15

() 1 - 1

1.1 (ktoe/)

2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 27.99 26.38 27.29 27.39 26.55 15.12 15.18 15.15 14.74 13.55 43.89 53.24 49.81 50.34 51.26 31.84 30.51 33.58 27.01 31.19 41.11 41.81 38.75 40.09 38.79 83.09 92.63 95.39 90.60 94.21 59.99 50.96 57.41 62.82 66.01 32.78 35.63 37.21 39.33 39.73 2.28 2.11 2.00 1.61 1.62

14.79 15.23 15.69 15.17 15.00 (SEC)() (Benchmark) 8 1.2 1.1 3 (Pig Iron) (Sponge Iron)

() 1 - 2

(Scrap) (Steelmaking)

3 (Billet) (Slab) (Bloom)

() 1 - 3

+ (Iron Ore) + (Coke)

+ (Iron Ore) + (Natural gas) (Pig Iron)

(Sponge Iron) ( Scrap ) (Electric Are Furnace )

(Billet) (Slab)

(Bloom) (Heavy section ) (Hot Rolled Coil) , (Round Bas, (Deformed bar) (Wire Rod)

(Cold-Rolled Coil) (light section) (Galvanized Iron) (Electro Galvanized) (Tin plate, Tin Free)

(Hot Rolled Plate)

1.1

() 1 - 4

2

2.1 7 15 2.1

2.1 8

(/)

1 1 11 3.03 1 11 3.032 13 2.62 2 13 2.62

2 3 4 0.86 3 4 0.864 2 1

3

5 3 0.93

6 4 0.43 4 4 0.434 7 2 3 5 2 3

8 3 5 6 3 55 9 - 3 2.6 2.66 10 - 5 0.79

11 - 1 0.1812 - 2 0.48

7. 13

14 ERW15 7 0.504 8 7 0.504

94 24.344 78 18.364 (%) 100 100 82.1 75.4

: ERW Electric Resistant Welding

()

(/) (/)

1.45

8

5.65

1.86

1.36

34 2.92 & 3.424

34 2.92 7

() 2 - 1

(Specific Energy Consumption) 15 94 24.34 8 78 18.36 75.4%

2.2 1

()

()

-

*

(preheat)*

*

: *

Tundish*

copper mold

2.1

() 2 - 2

/ /

//

*

*

/ /

: * 2.2

2.3

2.4

() 2 - 3

2 1 1 1

3 4 3 3

5 6 5 7 ( 1,100-1,250C)

() 2 - 4

(Finishing mill) 6 1.0-13.0 ( )

() 2 - 5

-

*

*

*

1. Medium slab2. Thin slab

: *

2.5

()

*

*

: * 2.6

() 2 - 6

2.7 8 (Conventional slab) 160 250 (~ 1,250 c) 2 (Roughing mill) 250 28-40 (Finishing mill) 6-7 1.0-19.0 (Laminar cooling) (Coiler) -

() 2 - 7

9 (Welding) (Pickling) (Side trimmer) 6 0.3-4 (Electrolytic cleaning) (Annealing) (Elongation) () ( H2 N2 ) (Temper rolling)

() 2 - 8

*

*

: *

*

2.8

2.9 10 (Welding) ( Boiler ) (Annealing furnace) ( )

() 2 - 9

465C Air knives

/

*

/ *

*

boiler

: *

2.10

() 2 - 10

2.11 45 55 (Durability) 11 (Welding) (Phosphate treatment; P) (Chromate treatment; C)

() 2 - 11

/

*

*

boiler

: *

2.12 12 2 (Electro-deposition of tin) TMBP

() 2 - 12

TMBP

/

*

/

/

*

*

boiler

boiler

*

: *

/

/

/

2.13 13 Slitting

() 2 - 13

*

slit*

: *

2.14

2.15

14 ERW 14 ERW

() 2 - 14

/

/ ERW

*

slit*

: *

/ *

2.16 /

2.17 15

() 2 - 15

() 2 - 16

2.18

3

3.1 SEC (Specific Energy Consumption)

(SEC) (MJ)

(Bar prod. A + Bar prod. B + Bar prod. C)Total electricity consumption =(kWh/ton)

(Total Elec. A + Total Elec. B + Total Elec. C)

Total energy consumption =(MJ/ton)

(Bar prod. A + Bar prod. B + Bar prod. C)

(Total Energy A + Total Energy B + Total Energy C)

: A, B C (MJ) SEC

() 3 - 1

(Conversion factor)

Electricity kWh 3.6 Oxygen ()* NM3 18.72 [ = 5.2 (kWh/NM3) x 3.6 (MJ/kWh)] Natural gas MMBTU 1,055.87 LPG kg 50.23 Bunker oil litre 39.77 Diesel litre 36.42 Kerosene litre 34.53

MJ

: *

SEC 3.1

3.1 SEC

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

(kWh/ton)

(MJ/ton)

(MJ/ton)

(MJ/ton)

(toe/ton)

47 (tons)

(ktoe)

47 (tons)

(ktoe)

1 728 531 1,942 5,095 0.12 582,987 71 1,600,000 195

2 111 0 1,674 2,075 0.05 547,171 27 1,350,000 67

3 817 1,180 2,320 6,442 0.15 187,127 29 550,000 85

4 291 0 2,163 3,212 0.08 412,494 32 569,757 44

5 680 796 2,807 6,051 0.14 600,000 87 600,000 87

6 85 0 2,850 2,886 0.07 119,603 8 430,000 30

7 758 657 1,324 4,710 0.11 1,606,651 181 1,606,651 181

8 158 0 1,677 2,246 0.05 2,136,573 115 2,300,000 123

9 210 0 1,030 1,787 0.04 940,000 40 2,100,000 90

10 72 0 1,179 1,439 0.03 123,391 4 260,000 9

11

234 0 459 1,300 0.03 180,000 6 180,000 6

12 146 0 350 876 0.02 466,777 10 466,777 10

13

6 0 0 21 0.0005 13,578 0.01 450,000 0.22

14 ERW 65 0 0 235 0.01 337,510 2 810,000 5

15 129 0 1,207 1,670 0.04 67,785 3 252,000 10

8,321,647 613 13,525,185 939

62% 65% : * 47 **

() 3 - 2

SEC 3.1 2547 613 ktoe 939 ktoe 65%

3.2 (Benchmarking) (Benchmarking) ( ) ()

3.2.1 (Steelmaking) 1) 3.2

(Chaparral steel) (Tokyo steel) (BSW)

(EAF)

- EAF (kWh/ton) 547 450 460 363

- Oxygen EAF (Nm3/ton) 44 46 34 40- Electrode EAF (kg/ton) 3.6 2.3 2.1 2.0

- Yield (%) 88.5 93.5 92.7 89.0 : ; 2547 Benchmarking 547 kWh/ton (Chaparrel steel) (Tokyo steel) (BSW) BSW 363 kWh/ton 44 Nm3/ton

() 3 - 3

80% (% yield) 88.5% 93.5%

2)

3.3

(Nucor-Yamato)

(EAF)

- EAF (kWh/ton) 419 316

- Oxygen EAF (Nm3/ton) 35 44.6- Electrode EAF (kg/ton) 2.5 1.55

- Yield (%) 90.7 92.0 : ; 2547 Benchmarking Nucor-Yamato 150 Nucor-Yamato 419 kWh/ton Nucor-Yamato 316 kWh/ton 103 kWh/ton 33% 35 Nm3/ton Nucor-Yamato 44.6 Nm3/ton 1.55 kg/ton (% yield) 90.7% yield Nucor-Yamato 92%

() 3 - 4

3.2.2 (Reheating) 1)

3.4

(hot charging)***

(Tokyo steel) (BSW)

- (MJ/ton) 1,538*/1,630** 1,500 969

: * **

*** hot charging

: ; 2547 2 () 1,538 MJ/ton 1,630 MJ/ton 6% Tokyo steel 1,500 MJ BSW 345 C () 46 ( Hot charge) Layout

() 3 - 5

2)

3.5

(Thin slab) (Thick slab) (Reheating Furnace)

- (MJ/ton) 866*/1,629** 739 1,583

: * (Thin slab) ** (Thick slab) : ; 2547 2 ( Thin slab) 50-60 Medium slab 80-100 1,000 1,100 C Tunnel furnace ( Thick / Conventional slab) 220 250 866 MJ/ton ( Thin slab) Thin slab Thin slab casting 127 MJ/ton 17% 1,629 MJ/ton ( Table 7-1: Average energy intensity of rolling and finishing processes; Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Iron and Steel Industry, August 2000, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Industrial Technologies) 46 MJ/ton 3%

() 3 - 6

3.3

3.3.1 (Energy Intensity) (Energy Intensity) (Energy Intensity Indicators) (Energy Use/Output) (Energy Efficiency and Energy Productivity) Energy Intensity

Energy Intensity 3

1. (Energy Intensity) 3.6 3.7

2. 3.8 3. 3.9

15 7 2 2548 2549

() 3 - 7

2542 2540

3.6 (Energy Intensity )

(ktoe/) 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547

9.20 13.03 12.76 9.36 7.73 5.76 6.08 5.99 5.01 3.99 3.56 2.58* - - - - 5.60 4.64 8.83 6.33 6.19 5.76 4.37 2.44 15.49 16.66 15.35 13.26 6.61 7.00 - - 7.27 6.41 5.27 4.27* - - - - 7.33 5.35 5.33 4.44 4.57 4.30 3.71 2.72 3.75 2.72 2.77 2.67 1.87 1.49 - 1.69 1.67 1.29 1.28 1.19 1.29 1.72 1.74 2.14 1.77 1.36 - 0.91 0.82 0.88 0.74 0.66 0.0391 0.0304 0.0313 0.0314 0.0337 0.0280 ERW 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.24 0.18 1.86 1.99 1.92 1.89 1.50 1.52 6.10 4.82 4.64 4.24 3.84 3.13(*) 6.10 4.82 4.64 4.24 3.35 2.60

() 3 - 8

3.7 (Energy Intensity 1.2)

(ktoe/)

2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 9.20 13.17 14.00 11.55 12.05 10.08 6.08 6.23 5.93 5.16 5.43 5.33 - - - - 5.60 5.1 8.83 6.54 6.14 6.05 5.58 4.35 15.49 16.66 15.35 13.26 13.21 14.01 - - 7.26 6.50 6.20 6.29 - - - - 7.33 7.4 5.33 5.18 5.01 5.37 5.64 5.65 3.75 2.72 2.61 2.51 2.20 2.19 - 1.69 1.69 1.58 1.57 1.77 1.29 1.72 1.64 2.01 2.08 1.99 - 0.91 0.85 0.87 0.81 0.85 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 ERW 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.41 0.38 1.86 1.93 2.04 2.00 1.96 2.34 6.10 5.86 5.38 5.26 5.95 6.05(*) 6.10 5.86 5.38 5.26 5.30 5.09

2

7

3.8 (Energy Intensity)

(ktoe/)

2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 12.96 22.24 26.71 17.78 13.74 12.41 27.82 36.13 36.80 20.07 30.01 20.97 - - - - 13.20 12.14 31.08 21.56 28.28 20.61 17.92 9.90 28.33 39.19 45.47 35.85 12.62 26.27 - - 52.42 60.57 31.30 29.03 - - - - 15.62 13.93 31.12 53.33 58.75 24.07 20.33 24.98 12.37 12.52 9.90 10.22 7.30 6.59 - 23.62 11.95 6.80 8.80 9.22 4.03 6.65 6.27 7.68 6.67 5.55/ - 3.01 2.28 2.67 3.06 3.31 0.24 0.21 0.32 0.50 0.35 0.33 ERW 0.51 0.54 0.56 0.74 0.49 0.36 34.42 29.99 26.95 34.99 18.48 15.73 21.71 19.66 20.58 16.14 12.49 12.24(*) 21.71 19.66 20.58 16.14 11.81 11.60

() 3 - 9

3.9 (Energy Intensity )

(/)

2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 18.66 22.66 22.73 17.33 13.58 10.60 4.60 4.30 4.46 3.87 3.62 2.65 * - - - - 10.89 10.15 2.43 5.51 8.34 7.76 6.32 5.40 15.00 18.75 19.00 17.40 10.42 11.92 - - 7.97 7.06 6.03 5.07 * - - - - 11.60 9.44 6.16 5.76 5.29 4.96 4.48 4.44 4.75 3.64 4.07 3.78 2.84 2.38 - 1.82 1.97 1.63 1.70 1.70 2.16 2.97 3.38 3.97 3.77 3.31 - 1.75 1.74 1.69 1.45 1.35 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.14 ERW 0.90 0.71 0.70 0.75 0.62 0.42 1.46 1.47 1.37 1.93 1.38 0.99 6.42 6.27 6.21 5.77 5.77 5.40 (*) 6.42 6.27 6.21 5.77 4.88 4.38

1 2545 Energy Intensity 15 4.5 5.7 Energy Intensity 5.8 5.5 2 3 2544 15 2542 2547 Energy Intensity 17.1

() 3 - 10

5.8 Energy Intensity 13 Energy Intensity 16.9 5.7 Energy Intensity Energy Intensity 2544 Energy Intensity Energy Intensity

1

2

3 4

5 REW

6 /

() 3 - 11

Energy Intensity Billet

3.3.2 ( Et ) ( ) E

00

Et Q/QE/E

= (1)

0E 0Q

0t QQQ = Et > 0 1 Et = 1 1 1 Et < 0 1 (1)

Q)Q/E( 00

() 3 - 12

0

00

000

00

Et Q/QE/SE

Q/QE/IE

Q/QE/QE

Q/QE/E

++== (2)

StItQtEt ++= (3)

00

Qt Q/QE/QE

= , 00

It Q/QE/IE

= 00

St Q/QE/SE

=

Qt It St

1 t

QtIt

1 t t It

It 1 t SE St 0 3.10 2543 2544 2545 2545 1 3.33 1.33 1 1.33 Q-Elasticity Qt

() 3 - 13

2545 2547 (Economy of Scale)

3.10

2543 2544 2545 2546 2547Elasticity -0.20 -4.91 3.33 3.58 1.33

Q-Elasticity -0.37 -7.51 4.49 4.38 1.56I-Elasticity 0.07 0.97 -0.69 -0.44 -0.15S-Elasticity 0.10 1.63 -0.47 -0.36 -0.09

() 3 - 14

4

4.1

4.1.1 ) Quick coupling ) 3 . (5-12 .)

() 4 - 1

Solinoid Valve

) 300 5

() 4 - 2

Sensor ) Photocell Photocell Quenching ) Intercooler Intercooler Turbo compressor Auto drain Backup drain ) Load/unload Unload Unload Unload 80 % ( Load/Unload 59.3/22.7 kW Unload Unload Unload ( Unload ) ) VSD Unload Unload VSD Unload VSD ) Unload )

() 4 - 3

)

4.1.2 (Reheating furnaces)

) CO ) ) 24 Heating zone ) Damper/Inverter

() 4 - 4

1

) ///Absorption chiller Recuperator Absorption chiller )

() 4 - 5

) ) ) )

4.1.3 Cooling Tower ) Cooling tower VSD ) (Fill) ) Fiberglass

() 4 - 6

Cooling Tower 4.1.4 )

CO

) )

)

() 4 - 7

4.1.5 )

) 0.5 kW/ton

1.5 kW/ton

)

)

4.1.6 )

400+23 W 2x36+10 W ) 36 30 16 ) Low loss

) ) 5%

)

() 4 - 8

Shear 7 2 kW

Low loss

4.1.7 )

40

)

() 4 - 9

VSD

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

EAF Slag Foam Slag Foam Slag Foam Carbon

Slag Slag Slag Foam Slag Foam Slag Foam Slag

4.1.8

( VSD) ( VSD)

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) -

Oxygen

Slag Foam

Slag Foam .

Foam Slag Foam Slag

() 4 - 10

() 5 - 1

5

8 15 5.4 8 5.1 5.1 8

kWh/year ktoe liter/year GJ/year ktoe ktoe baht/year1 1 647,832 0.055 0.055 1,457,6262 2 1,116,000 0.095 0.095 2,778,8403 3 166,962 0.014 48370 1,924 0.046 0.060 1,015,6264 4 155,049 0.016 0.016 353,5125 5 100,874 0.009 106242 4,225 0.100 0.109 1,413,8296 6 240,254 0.020 1,699 0.040 0.061 1,007,8347 7 120,314 0.010 7344 292 0.007 0.017 457,6118 8 3,750,000 0.319 13,554 0.321 0.640 9,340,000

6,297,285 0.539 161,956 21,693 0.514 1.052 17,824,877

5.1 8 2548 2549 8 1.052 ktoe 17 ( ktoe 16 ) 5.2

() 5 - 2

5.2

(ktoe)

(ktoe)

%

1 33.4746 0.0552 0.16% 2 103.4187 0.0951 0.09% 3 27.4679 0.0598 0.22% 4 0.1559 0.0157 10.05% 5 5.4860 0.1086 1.98% 6 3.6073 0.0607 1.68% 7 1.6476 0.0172 1.04% 8 111.09 0.6400 0.58%

8 8 15 7 8 5.3

() 5 - 3

5.3

(%)1 ** ** 0.22%2 0.58%3 8 0.37%4 1.04%5 1.04%6 1.04%7 ERW 10.05%

** Utility

15 5.2 5.3 5.4

() 5 - 4

5.4

(ktoe)

(ktoe)1 195 0.16% 0.32112 67 1.68% 1.12553 85 0.22% 0.18414 44 0.22% 0.09515 87 0.58% 0.50296 30 1.98% 0.58707 181 0.58% 1.04838 123 0.09% 0.11359 90 0.31% 0.279010 9 1.04% 0.093111 6 1.04% 0.058212 10 1.04% 0.101813 0.22 10.05% 0.022414 ERW 5 10.05% 0.457015 10 1.04% 0.1047

939.5 5.0938 0.54%(ktoe 16 )() 81,500,051

() 8

() 5 - 5

1 Utility 1 Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

1 2 3 4 5 .