sec 3 - chapter 4
DESCRIPTION
Class notesTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Perception of Light and
Sound
![Page 2: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1 – What is a wave?
A wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium.
A wave transports energy.
A wave does not transport matter.
What is a disturbance?
A localized and temporary change in the properties of a particular environment.
![Page 3: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1.1 – Wave Characteristics
There are 3 characteristics of waves:
1. How the waves propagate (travel)
2. The amplitude of the wave
3. The frequency of the wave
![Page 4: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
How waves propagate:Transverse and Longitudinal
A transverse wave is a wave that propagates perpendicular to the motion its medium.
There are crests and troughs
![Page 5: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A longitudinal wave is a wave that propagates parallel to the motion of its medium
The particles move closer together and then farther apart BUT always parallel to the wave’s motion.
Close together = area of compression
Farther apart = area of rarefaction
![Page 6: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The amplitude (A) of a wave corresponds to the maximum distance travelled by a particle in the medium compared to its position at equilibrium.
Amplitude of a transverse wave:
Amplitude of a longitudinal wave:
Smaller amplitude because it is not as compressed as in the second spring
![Page 7: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The amplitude depends on the energy transmitted by a wave.
More energy = greater amplitude
Less energy = lower amplitude
Shall we give it a try?
![Page 8: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Wavelength is the length of a wave’s complete cycle.
Symbolized by the Greek letter lamda, λ
![Page 9: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The frequency is the number of cycles per unit time.
How fast the waves go by!
Frequency is measured in Hertz, Hz.
A Hertz is the number of cycles per second.
1 Hz = 1 full cycle per second
![Page 10: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1.2 – Types of Waves
There are two types of waves:
1. Mechanical Waves
2. Electromagnetic Waves
![Page 11: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A mechanical wave is a wave that requires a medium in order to propagate.
The medium may be a solid, a liquid or a gas.
Mechanical waves cannot travel in a vacuum.
Examples:
Waves travel in water
Sound waves travel in air (gas)
Seismic waves travel in the earth (solid)
![Page 12: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mechanical waves are caused by localized disturbances.
The disturbance changes the physical properties of the medium; such as amplitude and frequency.
The changes are transmitted to the neighboring particles.
![Page 13: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
An electromagnetic wave is a wave that can travel through both vacuum and a medium.
Light from the Sun is electromagnetic.
Travels through space and the atmosphere
The speed of electromagnetic waves depends on the medium it is travelling in.
The speed of light in a vacuum is
300 000 km/s OR 300 000 000 m/s
![Page 14: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of Waves Medium Examples
Mechanical Waves Can only move in a medium
Seismic waves, sound waves, water waves
Electromagnetic Waves
Can travel in a medium or a vacuum.
Radio waves, light waves, ultraviolet waves, x-rays, infrared waves, gamma rays
![Page 15: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
This organizes all electromagnetic waves according to their wavelength and frequency
![Page 16: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ED
RANGE
ELLOW
REEN
LUE
NDIGO
IOLET
![Page 18: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Radio waves The smallest frequency and the longest wavelength
They are invisible and transport little energy.
Microwaves are radio waves with a higher frequency which makes certain particles vibrate and raises their temperature.
Radio, television
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Microwave ovens, cell phones, radar
![Page 19: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Infrared They are invisible but we feel the warmth they
emit
Heat waves!!!!
Infrared thermography, night vision goggles, space observation satellites, short distance communication (remote controls, optical scanners, optical computer mouse, wireless keyboard)
![Page 20: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Visible Light Can be seen by humans
ROYGBIV
Each color has its own wavelength
All of these colors together make up white light
Lighting, laser technology, photography, cinema, computer screens, microscopes, telescopes
![Page 21: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ultraviolet Rays UV rays are invisible to humans but can be seen by some
animals.
The greater frequency means more energy is transported by UV light.
Cause suntans and can cause cancer
Our body needs UV rays to produce vitamin D
Treatment of rickets and jaundice, sterilization of medical equipment
![Page 22: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
X-Rays High frequency
Transmit a large quantity of energy!!!
Allow us to see through many opaque objects
Used to examine bones!!
Prolonged exposure can cause cancer and burns.
Radiography, baggage inspection, study of crystalline substances
![Page 23: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Gamma Rays Travel very easily through matter.
1 cm lead, 6 cm concrete or 9 cm of earth only block 50% of UV rays.
Can cause burns, cancer and genetic mutations.
Cancer treatment
Food preservation
![Page 24: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2 – Sound Waves
Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave produced by the vibration of an object and transmitted to the objects environment.
![Page 25: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Anything that creates sound produces a longitudinal mechanical wave!!!!
Our larynx has folds on tissues that act like guitar strings.
They vibrate with the passage of air, creating sounds.
We only here sounds when the sound waves contact the eardrum.
The eardrum vibrates in rhythm with the sound waves.
![Page 26: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The eardrum vibrates near the fluid filled cochlea.
The cochlea has many receptor cells that capture the impulses.
The auditory nerve transmits this information to the brain where it is analyzed.
Sound travels through solids and liquids, as well.
The vibrations can be felt!!!
![Page 27: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2.1 – The Speed of Sound
The speed of sound varies depending on the medium it is travelling in.
Medium Speed (m/s) Speed (km/h)
Air 346 1246
Water 1490 5364
Plastic 1800 6480
Wood 4000 14400
Steel 5200 18720
![Page 28: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2.2 – The Decibel Scale
The volume of a sound depends on the energy it is transmitting.
Greater energy = louder
Greater amplitude = louder
The decibel scale is by factors of 10.
![Page 29: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Example:
When a sound increases by 10 dB, it is 10 times louder.
A sound measuring 20dB is 100 times louder than a 0 dB sound
(10 x 10)
A 40 dB sound is 100 times louder than a 20 dB sound
Prolonged exposure to 100 dB sounds can lead to permanent hearing damage.
Sounds 120dB and above can cause pain and immediate damage
![Page 30: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sound Source Intensity (dB)
Human breathing ( at a distance of 3 m away)
10
Murmuring ( at a distance of 2 m away)
20
Calm classroom 35-40
Soft Music 50
Busy department store 60
Intense road traffic (3 m away) 70
Motorcycle – no muffler (2 m away)
100
Rock music concert 110-120
Jet engine (14 m away) 120
Spacecraft engine (50 m away) 200
![Page 31: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
2.3 – Frequency and the Perception of Sound
Sound can also have different tones – higher and lower pitch (frequency).
The tone of a sound depends on the frequency
The average humans can hear sounds with frequencies ranging from 20 to 20 000 Hz.
![Page 32: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Read page 104. Thoughts?
![Page 33: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Infra-sounds and Ultra-sounds Sounds under 20 Hz infra-sounds
Sounds higher than 20 000 Hz are ultrasounds
![Page 34: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Bats use echolocation
Ultrasonic waves are emitted and their echoes are used to find objects
Sonars used in boats use the same principles
![Page 35: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3 – Light Waves
Light is an electromagnetic wave that is visible to the human eye.
Light travels in a straight line – hence, light rays!!
Light rays are reflected, refracted or absorbed when they strike an object.
![Page 36: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
3.1 - Reflection
This occurs when a light ray travels through one medium and rebounds when it strikes another medium.
Air mirror (simple example) air
All objects reflect light to varying degrees.
![Page 37: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Something to think about:
Black objects absorb all colors of light
White objects reflect all colors of light.
The actual color we see is the colors that are reflected!!
Colors are not usually pure.
An object has the main color and a bit of the colors on each side of the main color!!!
![Page 38: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Some terms to know: Incident ray – the ray that contacts the
surface of an object
Reflected ray – the ray that rebounds from the object.
The Normal – a line perpendicular to the surface at the point of reflection.
Angle of Incidence – the angle formed by the incidence ray and the normal.
Angle of Reflection – the angle formed by the reflected ray and the normal
![Page 39: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Lab Time!!!
Lab 33 – Image in a Plane mirror
Some terms to know:
A virtual image is an image that cannot be formed on a screen
A real image can be formed on a screen.
Inverted - An image in which up and down, as well as left and right, are interchanged.
When an object is laterally inverted, the left and right are interchanged.
If the object is “upside-down” it is dorsally inverted
![Page 40: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Lab 33 – Answers and thoughts!!!
![Page 41: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
What we learned from our lab on plane mirrors!!!
The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.
The incidence ray and the reflected ray are always on the same plane.
![Page 42: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
There are two types of reflection:
Diffuse reflection which occurs when objects have a rough surface
What happens?
Parallel light rays hit a rough surface and the rays are reflected in all directions.
![Page 43: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Specular reflection occurs when light rays hit a smooth surface.
When parallel light rays contact the smooth surface, the reflected rays are parallel.
Produces a mirror image
![Page 44: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Things to remember about images in plane mirrors:
The image appears to be behind the mirror, at a distance equal to the distance between the mirror and the object
![Page 46: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The image is virtual, the image cannot be captured on a screen.
![Page 47: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The image is the same size as the object.
The image is horizontally inverted (left is right and right is left)
![Page 48: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Application of plane mirrors:
The uses of plane mirrors are based on these two principles:
1. They change the trajectory of light rays by reflection
2. They increase the observer’s field of vision
Uses:
Rear view mirrors, mirrors used by dentists, mirrors in cameras, microscopes…
![Page 49: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
3.2 - Refraction
The deviation of a light ray as it passes from one transparent medium to another.
When light bends as it passes from one medium to another
![Page 50: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
3.3 - Lenses Lenses use the principle of refraction.
Lenses are made of transparent material and have at least one curved surface.
There are two types of lenses
Converging lenses bring the light rays together as the light passes through the lens.
Diverging lenses spread the light rays aart as the light passes through the lens
![Page 51: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The optical center (OC) is the center of the lens.
The principal axis is the straight line that runs perpendicular to the surface of the lens and through the OC.
![Page 52: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Focal Point of a Lens Converging lenses
The focal length of a converging lens is the real point where the refracted rays actually meet when the incident rays run parallel.
![Page 53: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Diverging Lens
The virtual point from which the refracted light rays appear to emanate when the incident rays run parallel
![Page 54: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Images obtained with a diverging lens are always the same, no matter where the object was placed in relation to the lens.
The image is always:
virtual
not inverted (right side up)
smaller than the object
![Page 56: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Normal VisionThe cornea of an eye is a converging lensMuscles adjust the shape to allow objects to be focused on the retinaThe image formed on the retina is smaller and inverted.The brain analyzes the image
![Page 57: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Myopia- Nearsightedness – cannot clearly see objects that are at a
distance- Caused by the image forming in front of the retina- Corrected with a diverging lens
![Page 58: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Hyperopia- Farsightedness – cannot clearly see objects that are up
close- Caused by the image forming behind the retina- Corrected with a converging lens
![Page 59: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Presbyopia is caused by the aging of the lens ‘ muscles
The lens can no longer adjust its shape to clearly see objects close up – no longer as elastic
The image is formed behind the retina.
Corrected by a converging lens.
Presbyopia
![Page 60: Sec 3 - Chapter 4](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052623/5599ea161a28abea4f8b4637/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Laser surgery
Laser surgery helps reshape the cornea
Laser surgery can correct myopia and hyperopia
It cannot correct presbyopia