Essential QuestionEssential Question:: What factors led to the What factors led to the

outbreak of the Civil War & outbreak of the Civil War & contributed to Confederate contributed to Confederate successes from 1861 to successes from 1861 to 1863?1863?

Secession & the Secession & the Outbreak of the Outbreak of the

Civil WarCivil War

Secession in the SouthSecession in the South Lincoln’s election led to secession Lincoln’s election led to secession

by 7 states in the Deep South but by 7 states in the Deep South but that did not necessarily mean that did not necessarily mean “civil war”“civil war”

Two things had to happen first:Two things had to happen first: One last failed attempt to reconcile One last failed attempt to reconcile

the North & South the North & South The North had to use its military to The North had to use its military to

protect the Unionprotect the Union

The failed Crittenden Compromise in 1860

Fort Sumter, South Carolina

SC seceded on Dec 20,1860 The entire Deep South

seceded by Feb 1861

The Upper South did not view Lincoln’s election as a death sentence

& did not secede immediately

“Lame duck” Buchanan took no action to stop the South from seceding

Some Northerners thought the U.S. would be better off if the South

was allowed to peacefully secede

The Decision to Secede The Decision to Secede

What is the “United States”?What is the “United States”? The Southern decision to secede was The Southern decision to secede was

based on old arguments:based on old arguments: The USA was a “compact The USA was a “compact betweenbetween

states,” not a national gov’t “states,” not a national gov’t “aboveabove the the states”states”

Therefore, states could leave the Union Therefore, states could leave the Union freely & peacefullyfreely & peacefully

States’ rights must be protected as a States’ rights must be protected as a guarantee of liberty guarantee of liberty Southerners had threatened secession during a

Congressional debate over slavery in 1790, the Missouri Crisis of 1820, the Nullification Crisis

of 1832, & the crisis over California in 1850

Individuals have the right to own property (slaves) & have the right to have their

property returned (Fugitive Slave Law)

Secession & the Formation of Secession & the Formation of the Confederate States of the Confederate States of

AmericaAmericaOn Feb 4, 1861, the Confederate States of America were formed

The CSA constitution resembled the U.S., but with 4 key changes: (1) it protected states’

rights, (2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced God, & (4) prohibited protective tariffs

Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected CSA president

The Deep South SecedesThe Deep South Secedes Moderate Republicans proposed the Moderate Republicans proposed the

Crittenden CompromiseCrittenden Compromise to lure the to lure the South back into the Union:South back into the Union: offered to extend the Missouri offered to extend the Missouri

Compromise line to the PacificCompromise line to the Pacific promised a Constitutional amendment promised a Constitutional amendment

to protect slavery to protect slavery Both Lincoln & Davis rejected the Both Lincoln & Davis rejected the

compromise leaving the North with 2 compromise leaving the North with 2 choices…choices… The South rejected it

because they had created a new nation

Lincoln rejected it because he was

committed to free soil

Allow for peaceful separation…OR…fight to preserve the Union

Fort Sumter, South CarolinaFort Sumter, South Carolina

In April 1861, a skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC led to the 1st shots fired of the Civil War

Effects of Fort Sumter Effects of Fort Sumter

Many pro-slavery border states (Arkansas, TN, NC, & VA) viewed Fort Sumter as an act of aggression by the North & joined the CSA

The attack rallied & unified the North for war

Civil War was not technically between slave states & free states (the “border states” of MO, KY,

DE, MD did not secede)

Adjusting to Adjusting to Total WarTotal War

Northern AdvantagesNorthern Advantages At the outbreak of the Civil War, the At the outbreak of the Civil War, the

North had lots of advantages:North had lots of advantages: Larger population for troopsLarger population for troops Greater industrial capacityGreater industrial capacity Huge edge in RR transportationHuge edge in RR transportation

Problem for the North:Problem for the North: Had to invade the South to winHad to invade the South to win Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & Difficult to maintain enthusiasm &

support for war over timesupport for war over time

Resources of the Union and the Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861Confederacy, 1861

Southern AdvantagesSouthern Advantages Although outnumbered & less Although outnumbered & less

industrial, South had advantages:industrial, South had advantages: President Davis knew that they did President Davis knew that they did

not have to “win” the war; the not have to “win” the war; the South only had to drag out the fight South only had to drag out the fight & make the North quit & make the North quit

Had the best military leaders Had the best military leaders England & France appeared more England & France appeared more

willing to support the Southwilling to support the South Robert E “Stonewall” J.E.B. Lee Jackson Stuart

“King Cotton” diplomacy

Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan

Blockade the Southern coast

Take control of the Mississippi River

Divide the West from South

Take the CSA capital at Richmond

Ulysses Grant in the

West

George McClellan

was in charge of

Army of the Potomac

Southern strategy was an “offensive defense”: drag out the war & strategically attack the

North to destroy Northern morale

Political Leadership During the Civil Political Leadership During the Civil WarWar Davis was less Davis was less

effective:effective: concerned mainly concerned mainly

with military duties with military duties neglected the neglected the

economy economy obstructed by state obstructed by state

governors who governors who resisted resisted conscriptionconscription

Lincoln expanded Lincoln expanded his powers:his powers: declared martial declared martial

lawlaw imprisoned imprisoned

“subversives”“subversives” briefly closed briefly closed

down a few down a few newspapersnewspapers

The Diplomatic StruggleThe Diplomatic Struggle From 1861 to 1862, the South used From 1861 to 1862, the South used

“cotton diplomacy” to get England & “cotton diplomacy” to get England & France to aid them:France to aid them: Napoleon III favored the South but Napoleon III favored the South but

wanted England to do so 1wanted England to do so 1stst England offered “belligerent” status to England offered “belligerent” status to

the CSA; but otherwise chose a hands-off the CSA; but otherwise chose a hands-off policypolicy

By 1863, “King Cotton” diplomacy By 1863, “King Cotton” diplomacy failed because Egyptian & Indian failed because Egyptian & Indian cotton filled the European demandcotton filled the European demand

Fighting the Civil Fighting the Civil WarWar

The The Civil Civil WarWar

1st battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on July 21, 1861; “On to Richmond” campaign

was repulsed by “Stonewall” Jackson

The U.S. & CSA forces fought to a draw at Antietam in Sept 1862—the single bloodiest day of the Civil War

From 1861-1863, the South consistently beat the North due to poor Union leadership

& the Southern defensive strategy

Fighting “Total War”Fighting “Total War” The Civil War was the world’s 1The Civil War was the world’s 1stst

“total war” in which the entire “total war” in which the entire economy was devoted to winning:economy was devoted to winning: North & South drafted soldiersNorth & South drafted soldiers North & South employed female workersNorth & South employed female workers

toto meetmeet supplysupply demandsdemands New weapons, old tactics, & sheer New weapons, old tactics, & sheer

numbers of troops in battle led to numbers of troops in battle led to massive casualties massive casualties

Women took gov’t jobs as bookkeepers, clerks & secretaries; A number of women

also served as spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA)

Women’s most prominent role were as nurses on the battlefield: distributing medical

supplies, organizing hospitals, & offering comfort to wounded or dying soldiers

Cone-shaped bullets & grooved barrel riflesRepeating rifles &

the Gatling gun

Shrapnel, booby traps, & land mines

Massive frontal assaults and massed formations with as many as 100,000 soldiers

Battle of the Ironclads (1862)Battle of the Ironclads (1862): : CSS VirginiaCSS Virginia vs. vs. USS MonitorUSS Monitor

Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built using the remains of the USS Merrimack

USS Monitor was a revolutionary design: rotating turret & low profile

Casualties of the Civil WarCasualties of the Civil War

Essential QuestionEssential Question:: What factors helped the North turn What factors helped the North turn

the tide of the Civil War in 1863 the tide of the Civil War in 1863 that inevitably led to a Union that inevitably led to a Union victory in 1865?victory in 1865?

Mobilizing the Home FrontsMobilizing the Home Fronts Both the North & South faced Both the North & South faced

problems supporting the war:problems supporting the war: Both sides began running out of troops; Both sides began running out of troops;

in 1862, the North & South began in 1862, the North & South began conscription (draft)conscription (draft)

Funding the war was difficult; both sides Funding the war was difficult; both sides printed paper money (printed paper money (greenbacksgreenbacks) to ) to accommodate spending needs; led to accommodate spending needs; led to runaway inflation (9,000% in the South)runaway inflation (9,000% in the South)

The draft was unpopular among Southern governors & Northern, antiwar “Copperheads”

The Coming of The Coming of EmancipationEmancipation

At the beginning of the war, the North At the beginning of the war, the North was fighting to was fighting to preserve the Unionpreserve the Union, , not to abolish slaverynot to abolish slavery

By mid-1862, many Northerners By mid-1862, many Northerners called for immediate emancipationcalled for immediate emancipation Congress refused a gradual planCongress refused a gradual plan Many thought immediate freedom for Many thought immediate freedom for

slaves would lure England & France into slaves would lure England & France into alliancealliance

Southern victories pressured the North Southern victories pressured the North to “strike back”to “strike back”

"My paramount object in this struggle "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not is to save the Union, and is not

either to save or to destroy slavery. If either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without I could save the Union without

freeing any slave I would do it, and if freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the I could save it by freeing all the

slaves I would do it; and if I could slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that."others alone I would also do that."

—Abraham Lincoln, —Abraham Lincoln, 18621862

The Emancipation The Emancipation ProclamationProclamation Union “success” at Antietam led Union “success” at Antietam led

Lincoln to issue the Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation on January 1, 1863: on January 1, 1863: Lincoln freed all slaves in Confederate Lincoln freed all slaves in Confederate

territoriesterritories This did not free a single slave but it This did not free a single slave but it

gave the North a new reason fight the gave the North a new reason fight the Civil WarCivil War

Inspired slaves to flee NorthInspired slaves to flee North Pushed for the 13Pushed for the 13thth Amendment Amendment

Passed after the Civil War ended

Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863The border states could keep their slaves (until 13th amendment passed in 1865)

The Tide Turns in 1863The Tide Turns in 1863 By early 1863, the North & South By early 1863, the North & South

both faced morale problems:both faced morale problems: SouthSouth—economic & diplomatic collapse, —economic & diplomatic collapse,

runaway slaves, & many yeomen runaway slaves, & many yeomen refused to fight refused to fight

NorthNorth—consistent losses against Lee, —consistent losses against Lee, draft riots in NYC, anti-war draft riots in NYC, anti-war “Copperheads” played on war failures & “Copperheads” played on war failures & racial anxietiesracial anxieties

New York City Draft Riot

Fight to the FinishFight to the Finish But by 1863, the war began to turn But by 1863, the war began to turn

in favor of the North:in favor of the North: Northern supremacy in industry & Northern supremacy in industry &

manpower began to take its toll on the manpower began to take its toll on the exhausted South exhausted South

The North began enlisting blacks into The North began enlisting blacks into the Union army; 200,000 fought as the Union army; 200,000 fought as soldiers & many others served as labor soldiers & many others served as labor in the Northern war effortin the Northern war effort

The The Civil Civil WarWar

In July 1863, General Grant took Vicksburg & gained control of the Mississippi River

Lee led an attack into the North, but lost at Gettysburg; North’s

1st real victory in the east

Due to Grant’s success in the west, Lincoln made Grant supreme commander of Union army in 1864; Grant devised a strategy to invade the South on all fronts

Grant began a siege on Richmond and…

William Sherman began his “march to the sea” (Atlanta to Savannah) & destroyed everything of military value

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

Four score and seven years ago our

forefathers brought forth on this continent,

a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all

men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing

whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.

We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have

come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is

altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. For the brave men, living and dead, who struggled here,

have consecrated it far above our poor power

to add or detract.

The world will little note or long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly

advanced.

It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from

these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full

measure of devotion—

—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation,

under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of

the people, by the people, and for the

people, shall not perish from the earth.

Election of 1864Election of 1864 Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough re-Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough re-

election in 1864 against General election in 1864 against General George McClellan:George McClellan: War failures were a key issueWar failures were a key issue Radical Republicans considered dropping Radical Republicans considered dropping

Lincoln from the ticket Lincoln from the ticket But, when Atlanta fell during But, when Atlanta fell during

Sherman’s “March to the Sea,” Sherman’s “March to the Sea,” Lincoln regained support and was Lincoln regained support and was overwhelmingly reelected overwhelmingly reelected

In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with “malice towards none & charity for all”

In April 1865, Grant faced off with Lee outside Richmond;

Lee was cut off from the South

Union Gains in the Civil War by Union Gains in the Civil War by 18651865

On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse,

ending the fighting of Civil War

The Death of Lincoln The Death of Lincoln Northern celebration was short lived; On Northern celebration was short lived; On

April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-Southerner John Wilkes Booth Southerner John Wilkes Booth

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

Effects of the WarEffects of the War Social changesSocial changes::

618,000 troops were dead618,000 troops were dead Women in both the North & South were Women in both the North & South were

forced to take on more non-domestic forced to take on more non-domestic rolesroles

1313thth Amendment ended slavery Amendment ended slavery Nativism decreased as many Nativism decreased as many

immigrants fought in Civil Warimmigrants fought in Civil War

Effects of the WarEffects of the War Political changesPolitical changes::

The Civil War established that The Civil War established that the national gov’t is supreme the national gov’t is supreme over the states over the states

With no Southern opposition, With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed new laws: Republicans passed new laws: Homestead Act (1862),Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Morrill Act (1862),Act (1862), a protective tariff,a protective tariff, land grants to RR companies,land grants to RR companies, & & a national banking systema national banking system

Ended the Southern argument over nullification & states’ rights

ConclusionsConclusions The turning point of the war: 1863The turning point of the war: 1863

The Civil War began as a conflict “to The Civil War began as a conflict “to preserve the Union,” but by 1863 it became preserve the Union,” but by 1863 it became a war for human liberty (a war for human liberty (Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation Proclamation was issued)was issued)

The South dominated the early campaigns The South dominated the early campaigns of the war due, but by 1863 (of the war due, but by 1863 (GettysburgGettysburg) ) the weight of Northern industry & the weight of Northern industry & population wore down the Southpopulation wore down the South