Secession and the Civil War18601865The Storm GathersAdjusting to Total WarFight to the FinishEffects of the War

The Emergence of LincolnLincolns election plunged nation into greatest conflictPeople were skeptical of his abilitiesProved to be an effective war leaderIdentified wholeheartedly with Northern causeCivil War put on trial the very principle of democracy

The Storm GathersSecession does not necessarily mean warOne last attempt to reconcile North and SouthFederal response to secession debated

The Deep South SecedesDecember 20, 1860: South Carolina secedesFebruary, 1861: Confederate States of America formedIncluded South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

The Deep South Secedes (contd)Government headed by moderates Confederate constitution resembles U.S.Aim to restore pre-Republican Party Union Southerners hope to attract Northern states into Confederacy

The Failure of CompromiseCrittenden Plan: Extend the Missouri Compromise line to the PacificLincoln rejects compromiseDoes not think it will end secession Misperceived depth of support for secession and thought compromise would demoralize union sympathizersViewed as repudiation of majority rule

And the War CameNorth seeks action to preserve UnionApril 13, 1861: Fort Sumter, S.C., fallsApril, 15: Lincoln calls out Northern state militias to suppress Southern insurrectionAprilMay: Upper South secedesBorder states: Slave states remain in UnionWar defined as effort to preserve Union

Map 15.1 Secession The fall of Fort Sumter was a watershed for the secessionist movement.

Adjusting to Total WarNorth must win by destroying will to resistTotal War: a test of societies, economies, political systems as well as armies

Mobilizing the Home Fronts1862: North and South begin conscriptionNorthern mobilizationFinance war through taxes, bonds, paper moneyPrivate industry supplies Union armies well

Mobilizing the Home Fronts (contd)Confederate mobilizationGovernment arsenals supply Confederate armiesEfforts to finance lead to runaway inflationTransportation system inadequate

Figure 15.1 Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern FailureLincoln expands wartime powers Declares martial law Imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without trialBriefly closed down a few newspapers

Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure (contd)Jefferson DavisConcerned mainly with military duties Neglects civilian morale, economyLacks influence with state governments

Early Campaigns and BattlesNorthern achievements by 1862Total naval supremacyConfederate troops cleared from West Virginia, Kentucky, much of TennesseeNew Orleans captured

Early Campaigns and Battles (contd)Confederate achievements by 1862Stall campaign for the Mississippi at ShilohDefend Richmond from capture

Fight to the FinishNorth adopts radical measures to win1863: War turns against SouthSouthern resistance continues

The Coming of EmancipationSeptember 22, 1862: Antietam prompts preliminary Emancipation Proclamation Surrender in 100 days or lose slaves January 1, 1863: Proclamation put into effect for areas still in rebellionAfrican Americans flee to Union linesConfederacy loses thousands of laborers

African Americans and the War200,000 African American Union troopsMany others labor in Northern war effortLincoln pushes further for black rightsOrganizes governments in conquered Southern states that abolish slavery Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery January 31, 1865: 13th Amendment passed

Black Soldiers This 1890 lithograph by Kurz and Allison commemorates the 54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment charging Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863. The 54th was the first African-American unit recruited during the war. Charles and Lewis Douglass, sons of Frederick Douglass, served with this regiment.

The Tide TurnsMay, 1863: War-wearinessNew York riots against conscriptionAnti-war activist like Congressman Clement Vallandigham arrestedGrant bogged down at Vicksburg Union defeated at ChancellorsvilleDemocrats Copperheads attack Lincoln

The Tide Turns (contd)July, 1863Confederate invasion of North fails at Battle of GettysburgVicksburg falls, North holds the Mississippi

An 1863 draft call in New York provoked violence against African Americans, viewed by the rioters as the cause of an unnecessary war, and rage against the rich men who had been able to buy exemptions from the draft. This 1863 illustration from Harpers Weekly depicts a mob lynching a black man on Clarkson Street in New York City.

Last Stages of the ConflictMarch 9, 1864: Grant supreme commander of Union armiesUnion invades the South on all frontsWilliam Sherman marches through GeorgiaGrant lays siege to Richmond, PetersburgSeptember, 2: Sherman takes AtlantaNovember, 8: Lincoln re-elected

TABLE 15.1 The Election of 1864

Last Stages of the Conflict (contd)Shermans March to the sea through GeorgiaScorched earth policyApril 2, 1865: Grant takes Richmond April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinatedApril 18, 1865: Last major Confederate force under Joseph Johnston surrender

Map 15.2 Civil War, 18611865 In the western theater of war, Grants victories at Port Gibson, Jackson, and Champions Hill cleared the way for his siege of Vicksburg. In the east, after the hard-won Union victory at Gettysburg, the South never again invaded the North. In 1864 and 1865, Union armies gradually closed in on Lees Confederate forces in Virginia. Leaving Atlanta in flames, Sherman marched to the Georgia coast, took Savannah, then moved his troops north through the Carolinas. Grants army, though suffering enormous losses, moved on toward Richmond, marching into the Confederate capital on April 3, 1865, and forcing surrender.

Figure 15.2 Casualties of war

Effects of the War618,000 troops dead; bereft women seek non-domestic rolesFour million African Americans free, not equalIndustrial workers face wartime inflationFederal government predominant over states, takes activist role in economyHigher tariffs, free land, national banking system

Conclusion:An Organizational RevolutionModern bureaucratic state emergesIndividualism gives way to organized, cooperative activityCatalyst for transformation of American society in the late 19th century

Timeline

Map 15.1 Secession The fall of Fort Sumter was a watershed for the secessionist movement.*Figure 15.1 Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861*Black Soldiers This 1890 lithograph by Kurz and Allison commemorates the 54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment charging Fort Wagner, South Carolina, in July 1863. The 54th was the first African-American unit recruited during the war. Charles and Lewis Douglass, sons of Frederick Douglass, served with this regiment.*An 1863 draft call in New York provoked violence against African Americans, viewed by the rioters as the cause of an unnecessary war, and rage against the rich men who had been able to buy exemptions from the draft. This 1863 illustration from Harpers Weekly depicts a mob lynching a black man on Clarkson Street in New York City.*TABLE 15.1 The Election of 1864*Map 15.2 Civil War, 18611865 In the western theater of war, Grants victories at Port Gibson, Jackson, and Champions Hill cleared the way for his siege of Vicksburg. In the east, after the hard-won Union victory at Gettysburg, the South never again invaded the North. In 1864 and 1865, Union armies gradually closed in on Lees Confederate forces in Virginia. Leaving Atlanta in flames, Sherman marched to the Georgia coast, took Savannah, then moved his troops north through the Carolinas. Grants army, though suffering enormous losses, moved on toward Richmond, marching into the Confederate capital on April 3, 1865, and forcing surrender.*Figure 15.2 Casualties of war*Timeline*