LNG PLANTLNG PLANT1. World-wide LNG Liquefaction Plants2. Baseload LNG Plant3. LNG Complex Scheme4 Typical Cost Breakdown5. Gas Reception6. Pre Treatment7. Liquefaction8. Fractionation & LPG Recovery9. LNG Storage & Loading

Jan-2008

1. Worldwide LNG Liquefaction Plant

Bintulu, MalaysiaBrunei

Arun, IndonesiaBontang, Indonesia

RasLaffan, Qatar

Oman

Das Island, Abu Dhabi

Woodside, Australia

Bonny, Nigeria

Libya

Arzew, AlgeriaSkikda, Algeria

Kenai

Existing

Planned or Construction

Tangguh, Indonesia

Sakhalin, Russia

Yemen

NamibiaAngola

Camisea, Peru

Jose, VenezuelaDamietta, Egypt

Tombak, Iran

Snohvit, Norway

Qatargas, Qatar

Existing

Atlantic, Trinidad

2. Baseload LNG Plant2. Baseload LNG Plant2.1 General Profile2.1 General Profile

Project Country Start Capacity Trains Liquefaction Driver Cooling Heating EPC ContractorYear mtpa Nos. Process Media Media

Camel Algeria 1964 0.44 3 TEAL,Cascade Stm/T SW Steam Technip/PrichardKenai USA 1969 0.95 2 Phillips,Cascade G/T CW ? Phillips/Bechtel/SWLibya Libya 1970 0.64 4 APCI,MR Stm/T SW Steam Esso R&E/Snam/BechtelBrunei Brunei 1972 1.44 5 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T CW Steam JGC/ProconSkikda,Ph1 Algeria 1972 1.0 1 TEAL,2Pressure Stm/T SW Steam TechnipAdgas,Tr1&2 UAE 1977 1.23 2 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam CCEC/BechtelBontang,A/B Indonesia 1977 1.67 2 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam BechtelArun,No1-3 Indonesia 1978 1.67 3 APCI,PP+MR F5x3 SW Steam BechtelArzew,No1 Algeria 1978 1.22 6 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam BechtelArzew,No2 Algeria 1980 1.22 6 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam Pullman KelloggSkikda,Ph2 Algeria 1980 1.21 2 Prichard,PRICO Stm/T SW Steam Prichard/ Pullman kelloggBuntulu,Satu Malaysia 1983 2.53 3 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam JGC/KelloggBontang,C/D Indonesia 1983 1.67 2 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam BechtelArun,No4&5 Indonesia 1984 1.67 2 APCI,PP+MR F5x3 SW Steam CCECArun,No6 Indonesia 1987 1.67 1 APCI,PP+MR F5x3 SW Steam JGCWoodside,Tr1-3 Australia 1988 2.43 3 APCI,PP+MR F5x4 Air HotWater JGC/Kellogg/KaiserBontang,E Indonesia 1990 2.3 1 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam CCECBontang,F Indonesia 1993 2.3 1 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam CCEC/IKPTAdgas,Tr3 UAE 1994 2.3 1 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam CCECBuntulu,Dua Malaysia 1995 2.65 3 APCI,PP+MR F6+F7 SW+Air Steam JGC/KelloggQatarGas,Tr1&2 Qatar 1997 2.2 2 APCI,PP+MR F5x4 SW Steam CCECBontang,G Indonesia 1998 2.6 1 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam CCEC/IKPTAtlantic,Tr1 Trinidad T 1999 3.0 1 Phillips,Cascade F5x6 Air HotOil BechtelBontang,H Indonesia 1999 2.95 1 APCI,PP+MR Stm/T SW Steam Kellogg/IKPTNigeria,Tr1& 2 Nigeria 1999 2.95 2 APCI,PP+MR F6+F7 CW HotOil JGC/Kellogg/Technip/SnamRasLaffan,Tr1&2 Qatar 1999 2.9 2 APCI,PP+MR F7x2 SW+CW Steam JGC/KelloggOman,Tr1&2 Oman 2000 3.3 2 APCI,PP+MR F6+F7 SW HTF CCEC/FWAtlantic,Tr2&3 Trinidad T 2002 3.3 2 Phillips,Cascade F5x6 Air HotOil BechtelNigeria,Tr3 Nigeria 2002 2.95 1 APCI,PP+MR F6+F7 CW HTF JGC/Kellogg/Technip/SnamBuntulu,Tiga Malaysia 2003 3.87 2 Shell,PP+MR F7+F7 Air HotOil JGC/KelloggQatarGas,Tr3 Qatar 2003 4.7 1 APCI,PP+MR F5x5 SW Steam CCECRasLaffan,Tr3 Qatar 2004 4.7 1 APCI,PP+MR F7x2 SW+CW Steam CCECSEGas,Tr1 Egypt 2004 5.0 1 APCI,PP+MR Fr7x2 Air HotOil JGC/Kellogg/TechnicasWoodside,Tr4 Australia 2004 4.2 1 Shell,PP+MR F7x2 Air HotWater Kellogg/JGC/Hatch/CloughAtlantic,Tr4 Trinidad T 2005 5.2 1 Phillips,Cascade F5x8 Air HotOil BechtelIdku,Tr1&2 Egypt 2005 3.6 2 Phillips,Cascade F5x5 Air ? BechtelNigeria,Tr4 Nigeria 2005 4.0 1 APCI,PP+MR F7x2 Air HTF JGC/Kellogg/Technip/SnamRasLaffan,Tr4 Qatar 2005 4.7 1 APCI,PP+MR F7x2 SW+CW Steam CCECDarwin Australia 2006 3.5 1 Phillips,Cascade LM2500x6 Air ? Bechtel

2. Baseload LNG Plant2. Baseload LNG Plant2.1 General Profile2.1 General Profile (update) (update)

Project Country Start Capacity Trains Liquefaction Driver Cooling Heating EPC ContractorYear mtpa Nos. Process Media Media

Nigeria,Tr5 Nigeria 2006 4.1 1 APCI,PP+MR F7x2 Air HTF JGC/Kellogg/Technip/SnamRasLaffan,Tr5 Qatar 2007 4.7 1 APCI,PP+MR F7x2 SW+CW Steam CCECEquatorial Guinea Guinea 2007 3.4 1 Phillips,Cascade F5x6 ? ? Bechtel Snohvit Norway 2007 4.1 1 Linde MFC Motor SW HTF Linde

Sakhalin Russia 2008 4.8 2 Shell DMR F7x2Qatar Gas II Qatar 2008 7.8 2 APCI,APX F9x3Nigeria,Tr6 Nigeria 2008 4.1 1 APCI,PP+MR F7x2Tangguh Indonesia 2008 3.8 2 APCI,PP+MR F7x2Woodside, Tr5 Australia 2009 4.2 1 Shell,PP+MR F7x2Yemen Yemen 2009 3.4 2 APCI,PP+MR F7x2RasGas II Qatar 2009 7.8 2 APCI,APX F9x3

2. Baseload LNG Plant2. Baseload LNG Plant2.2.22 Evolution of LNG Train Capacity Evolution of LNG Train Capacity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Mill

ion

Ton/

Yr

CamelKenai

LybiaBrunei

SkikdaAbu Dhabi

BadakArzew

Arun

Malaysia Australia

Abu Dhabi

Qatargas

Malaysia Dua

Ras Laffan

NigeriaAtlantic

Oman

Malaysia TigaRas Laffan Exp

Woodside Exp

Egypt SEGAS

Gas Turbine Driven

Steam Turbine Driven

Egypt Idku

Snohvit

Elec Motor Driven

GE

Fr. 6

&7

GE

Fr.5

Pow

er E

xpor

t

Mot

or D

rive

GE

Fr.9

Hel

per M

otor

Arun 6

Tangguh

QGII

DEHYDRA-TION

MERCURYREMOVAL

SCRUBCOLUMN

LIQUE-FACTION TANK

TANK

TANK

INERT GAS

FUEL GASSYSTEM

C3 & MRREFRIGE-

-RANT

ELECT.GENERATOR

NG

RAWWATER

LNG

LPG

CONDENSATE

STEAM GENERATION

WATERTREATMENT FLARE &

LIQ.DISPOSAL

REFRIG. STORAGE

FIRE PROTECTION

INSTRUMENT& SERVICE AIR

COOLINGWATER

RECIEVING &

METERING

ACID GAS

REMOVAL

BOGHANDLING

FRACTIO-NATION

End Flash gas

CONDENSATERECOVERY

WET /COLD/ OPERATIONAL/LIQUID /TANK/ SPARE FLARES

LNG TRAIN

3. LNG Complex Scheme3. LNG Complex Scheme

44. Plant. Plant Cost Cost44..11 Typical Cost BreakdownTypical Cost Breakdown

Utility14%

OffsiteFacility

13%

Jetty3%

GasTreating

7%

Dehydration3%

Storage& Loading

22%

Liquefaction36%

LNG Train 48%

Fractionation2%

G/T, Air Cooled LNG PlantG/T, Air Cooled LNG Plant

44. Plant. Plant Cost Cost4.2 Historical Cost of LNG Plant

Robert G. Ryan et.al., Special Report LNG Evolution, Oil&Gas J July 16,2001

Design Year

0102030405060708090

100

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

BruneiMalaysiaAustraliaNigeriaRas LaffanTrinidadOman

44. Plant. Plant Cost Cost4.3 Historical Cost of LNG Plant (update)

5. LNG Plant Projects5. LNG Plant Projects5.1 Particulars of LNG Plant Projects5.1 Particulars of LNG Plant Projects

High Quality & Reliability Required– LNG Chain (Long term contract between

Seller and Buyer, LNG Ship) Large CAPEX

– High Grade Material for HP /LT conditions– Merit of Scale– Finance

Completion Reliability Long-term PJ Schedule Phased Development Required Remote Sites

5. LNG Plant Projects5. LNG Plant Projects 5.2 Technologies5.2 Technologies

Particular Aspects of LNG Technology

◇ Process Licensers Limited

◇ LNG Equipment Long Delivery Large Size Technical Complexity

- Main Cryogenic Exchangers - Gas Turbines & Compressors - Liquid Expanders - LNG Tanks

Lower Investment & Operation Costs

Shorter Completion Schedules

Higher Availability

More Environmentally Friendly

5. LNG Plant Projects5. LNG Plant Projects 5.3 Current Requirements5.3 Current Requirements

DEFINITIONBOD/BDPBCE

FRONT END DESIGNLICENSOR’S DESIGN FEED PACKAGEEPC COST ESTIMATE(10%)

EPC BIDDING PROPOSALPROPOSAL EVALUATIONEVALUATION

IMPLEMENTATION PROC. CRITICAL ITEMS

SITE PREPARATIONEPCSTART UP

1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 6th year 7th year

5. LNG Plant Projects5. LNG Plant Projects5.5.44 Typical ScheduleTypical Schedule

PigReceiver

SlugCatcher

Stabilizer

Feed Gas

Condensate

Feed Gas 　&

Condensate 　(Two 　 Phase)

66. Gas Receptio. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment n & Pre Treatment 66.1 Slug Catcher & Stabilizer.1 Slug Catcher & Stabilizer

Feed GasSeparator

RecoveryCompressor

Feed Gas

Inlet Separator

Metering Skid

BoosterCompressor

AfterCooler

Metering Skid

F

Inlet Separator

Metering Skid

Inlet Separator

F

F

BoosterCompressor

AfterCooler

BoosterCompressor

AfterCooler

To LNGTrain

66. Gas Receptio. Gas Reception & Pre Treatmentn & Pre Treatment66.2 Metering & Feed Gas Compression.2 Metering & Feed Gas Compression

Feed Gas

Absorber Regenerator

Sweet Gas

Acid Gas to Downstream

Lean Amine

Rich Amine

66. Gas Receptio. Gas Reception & Pre Treatmentn & Pre Treatment 6.6.33 Acid Gas Removal Scheme Acid Gas Removal Scheme

66. Gas Receptio. Gas Reception & Pre Treatmentn & Pre Treatment 6.6.44 Comparison of Solvents Comparison of Solvents

　　　　　　　　 　 　　 MEA 　 MDEA 　　　 Sulfinol

(Benfield) 　　　　　　　 H2S 　　　 　 　○　　　　　 ○ 　　　　　　○　　　　　　○　 CO2 　　　　　　　　　　　　　△　　　　　　　○　　　　　 Mercaptans 　　 Partial 　　　 Partial 　　　　　　○　　　　　　○ Degradation 　　 COS 　　　　 No 　　　 CO2 　　　　　 No　　　　　　　　　　　 CO2 　　　　 CS2　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 CS2 H2S 　 select 　　　　　Ｘ　　　　　　○　　　　 ○　　　　　　 X △Q 　 duty 　　　　 large 　　　　 large 　　　　　　 small 　　　　　

small Adsorption 　　　 chem. 　　　 chem. 　　　 chem. 　　　　 chem. 　　　　　 physic.

Water

Dehydrator

RegenerationGas Heater

Recycle GasCompressor

Wet Gas Dry Gas

Propane Refrigerant

66. Gas Receptio. Gas Reception & Pre Treatmentn & Pre Treatment 6.6.55 Dehydrator Dehydrator

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction7.1 Process Classification7.1 Process Classification

External Refrigerant type Cascade Mixed Refrigerant Process (MR Process) - Single MR - Dual MR - C3 Pre-cooled  Self-refrigerant Process Expander Process Nitrogen Cycle (Peak-shaving & On-board)

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction 7.2 Existing Process

Single MR Process (PRICO)TEALARC Dual MR (Technip)CASCADE Process (Phillips)C3 Pre-cooled MR Process (APCI, Shell)

7.2.1 Single MR (PRICO) 7.2.1 Single MR (PRICO)

Refrigerant

InterCooler

Inter StageScrubber

Inter StagePump

RefrigerantCompressor

RefrigerantCondenser

Pump

High Pressure Refrigerant

Low Pressure Refrigerant

RefrigerantHeat Exchanger

Treated Feed Gas

Heavy LiquidSeparator

Heavy Liquidto Processing

LNG To Storage

GASTECH 1998

7.2.2 TEALARC Dual MR (Technip)7.2.2 TEALARC Dual MR (Technip)

RefrigerantHeat Exchanger

Fractionators

LNGto Storage

C2+

RefrigerantHeat Exchanger

Treated Feed Gas

Pre-refrigerationCycle

Liquefaction Cycle

Mixed Refrigerant

MixedRefrigerant

by LNG9 1989

Refrigerant HeatExchanger

Refrigerant HeatExchanger

Treated Feed Gas

LNG to Storage

Ship and Tank VaporFuel Gas

After Cooler

After Cooler

AfterCooler C3

Compressor

C2=Compressor

C1Compressor

C3 Surge Drum

C2= Surge Drum

C2+to Fractionation

by GASTECH 1996

7.2.3 Cascade Process (Phillips)7.2.3 Cascade Process (Phillips)

Fractionation

C3Pre-cooling

N2Reject

MP C3

HP C3

LPC3

HPC3

MPC3

HHPC3

LNGto Storage

Fuel Gas

Scrub Column

LPG

MixedRefrigerant

C3Compressor

MRCompressor

RefrigerantHeat

ExchangerCondensate

LPC3

LPG

TreatedFeed Gas

7.2.4 Propane Pre-cooled MR (APCI)7.2.4 Propane Pre-cooled MR (APCI)

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Enthalpy difference (kcal/mol)

1000 2000 3000

-100

-40

20

-60

-80

-20

0

-120

-140

-160

Natural Gas

Propane

Ethylene

Methane

7.2.5 Cooling Curve of Cascade Process7.2.5 Cooling Curve of Cascade Process

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Enthalpy difference (kcal/mol)

-100

-40

20

-60

-80

-20

0

-120

-140

-160

1000 2000 3000

Natural Gas

C3 Cycle

MR Cycle

7.2.6 Cooling Curve of C7.2.6 Cooling Curve of C3 Pre-cooled MR Pre-cooled MR

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction 7.3 New Process

Dual MR Process (Shell) Liqeufin Process (Axens) MFC Process (Linde) AP-X Process (APCI)

7.3.1 Dual MR Process (Shell)7.3.1 Dual MR Process (Shell)

MixedRefrigerant

MR CompressorSpool woundHeat Exchangers

by LNG12 1998

MixedRefrigerant

Compressor

RefrigerantHeat

Exchanger

N2Reject

LNGto Storage

Fuel Gas

Fractionation

Scrub Column

LPG

CondensateLPG

TreatedFeed Gas

7.3.2 Liquefin Dual MR (IFP-Axens)7.3.2 Liquefin Dual MR (IFP-Axens)

RefrigerantHeat Exchanger

Treated Feed Gas

LNGto Storage

Fuel Gas

MR2Compressors

MR 1Compressors

InterCooler

AfterCooler

AfterCooler

Expander

by GASTECH 1998

LNGto Storage

Fuel Gas

RefrigerantHeatExchanger

RefrigerantHeat Exchanger

RefrigerantHeat Exchanger

Sub-cooling Cycle

LiquefactionCycle

Pre-cooling Cycle

Treated Feed Gas

End Flash

7.3.3 Mixed Fluid Cascade (LINDE)7.3.3 Mixed Fluid Cascade (LINDE)

7.3.4 AP-XTM Process (APCI)

Propane Pre-coolHeat Exchangers

FeedGas

Nitrogen Gas Expander

Nitrogen Compressor

Nitrogen Cold-box

Coil WoundSub-cool Heat Exchanger

Coil WoundMCHE

MR Compressor

Propane Pre-cool Compressor

ＬＮＧ

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction 77..44 Evolution of LNG Train Capacity Evolution of LNG Train Capacity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Mill

ion

Ton/

Yr

CamelKenai

LybiaBrunei

SkikdaAbu Dhabi

BadakArzew

Arun

Malaysia Australia

Abu Dhabi

Qatargas

Malaysia Dua

Ras Laffan

NigeriaAtlantic

Oman

Malaysia TigaRas Laffan Exp

Woodside Exp

Egypt SEGAS

Gas Turbine Driven

Steam Turbine Driven

Egypt Idku

Snohvit

Elec Motor Driven

GE

Fr. 6

&7

GE

Fr.5

Pow

er E

xpor

t

Mot

or D

rive

GE

Fr.9

Hel

per M

otor

Arun 6

Tangguh

QGII

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction 7.5 Driver for Refrigerant Compressor

Plant Capacity (MTPA)

First Single Shaft GT Application

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

1964

1970

1977

1980

1984

1989

1993

1995

1998

2000

2003

Gas TurbineSteam Turbine

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction 7.6 Compressor & Driver Configuration

◇ Large Size Gas Turbine Application of Three Frame 7s or Frame 9s

◇ Combined Cycle Increase Plant Efficiency

◇ Large Size Compressor Limitation of Suction Volume

◇ Parallel Configuration of Refrigerant Compressor Train in Liquefaction Train Relaxed by New Liquefaction Process

◇ Motor Drive Future Possible Option

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction 7.77.7 Train Size & Driver Configuration Train Size & Driver Configuration

Before 19901990 - 19992000 - 2005

Near Future

(3 or 4) x F5F7 + F6 2 x F7

3 x F7or 2 x F9or 3 x F9or Motor Drive

1.6 - 2.53.03.9 - 4.8

6.0 – 7.8

G/TConfiguration

PlantCapacity

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction 7.8 Driver Type vs. Efficiency

Type

Steam Turbine 60 kg/cm2G 440 deg. CSteam Turbine 105 kg/cm2G 510 deg. CGas Turbine for Industrial UseCombined Cycle (G/T for Industrial Use)Gas Turbine for AircraftCombined Cycle (G/T for Aircraft)

Efficiency %

25.3 28.5 27 – 31 33.5 33.4 39

7. Liquefaction7. Liquefaction 7.97.9 Cooling Medium Cooling Medium

Air Cooling Sea Water Cooling Investment

cost Cheap Expensive(sea water intake & required high quality material)

Corrosion No YesProblem (lower availability)

Temperature High Low(larger refrig. (smaller refrig.compressor compressorpower) power)

TreatedFeed Gas

C4C3C2

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery 8.1 Simple LPG Re-injection System8.1 Simple LPG Re-injection System

LiquefactionMCHE Section

C1

RefrigerantStorageLNG

ScrubColumn

Demethanizer Deethanizer Depropanizer Debutanizer

C5+To Condensate Storage

TreatedFeed Gas C2 C3 C4

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery 8.2 Associated LPG Recovery8.2 Associated LPG Recovery

LiquefactionMCHE Section

C1

RefrigerantStorageLNG

ScrubColumn

Demethanizer Deethanizer Depropanizer Debutanizer

C5+To Condensate Storage

LPG Storage

DeeperSub-cooling

Increase LPGRecovery

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery 8.3 Combined LPG Extraction8.3 Combined LPG Extraction

Gas

Re-injection

C3, C4 and Heavier

Sweet Feed Gas

Stabilization & Treating LNG

C3C4

CondensateR

esid

ue G

as

Scru

b C

olum

n O

vhd

LPG

Fractionation

LPG

ExtractionNGL Extraction

LPG Extraction Unit

Pre-Cooling

LNG

Liquefaction

MCHE Section

Maximize LPG Recovery

9. LNG Storage and Loading9.1 Configuration

LNG Rundown

TC

PC

To Fuel

BOGFrom LoadingJetty

LNGTo LoadingJetty

BOG Compressor

Suction Drum

LNG Tank

9. LNG Storage and Loading 9.2 LNG Tank9.2 LNG Tank

One of Critical Equipment in Cost and Schedule Recent Technological Trend Type : Full Containment Size : Greater than 140,000 m3 Number : Minimized Possible Application of Single Containment Site location : Sufficient Safe distance Risk Assessment : Allowable Option