Jun,5,2017 Linda ZhengHistory of Canada Visual Time Line 1497- “NewFoundland” is discovered and claimed for England

John Cabot's Voyage of 1497

reasons: There is very little precise contemporary information about the 1497 voyage. If Cabot kept a log, or made maps of his journey, they have disappeared. As a result, there are many conflicting theories and opinions about what actually happened.

19th Century Interpretation of John Cabot's Discovery of North Americareason: Over the years, the exact location of John Cabot's 1497 landfall has been a great subject of debate for scholars and historians.

Cabot's ship was named the Matthew, almost certainly after his wife Mattea. It was a navicula, meaning a relatively small vessel, of 50 toneles - able to carry

50 tons of wine or other cargo. It was decked, with a high sterncastle and three masts.  The rear mast was rigged with a lateen sail running in the same direction as the

keel, which helped the vessel sail into the wind.

Modern-day Replica of John Cabot's Ship, the Matthew Although there is no contemporary 15th-century depiction of the Matthew this historical

replica was built for the 'Cabot 500' anniversary celebrations in Newfoundland during the summer of 1997. 

This photo shows the Matthew during its call at St. John's Harbour.Reasons:

There were about 20 people on board. Cabot, a Genoese barber(surgeon), a Burgundian, two Bristol merchants, and Bristol sailors.

Whether any of Cabot's sons were members of the crew cannot be verified.The Matthew left Bristol sometime in May, 1497.

Some scholars think it was early in the month, others towards the end.   It is generally agreed that he would have sailed down the Bristol Channel,

across to Ireland, and then north along the west coast of Ireland before turning out to sea.

All one can say is that Cabot's point of departure was somewhere between 51 and 54 degrees north latitude, with most modern scholars favouring a northerly location.

The next point of debate is how far Cabot might have drifted to the south during his crossing. 

Some scholars have argued that ocean currents and magnetic variations affecting his compass could have pulled Cabot far off course. 

Others think that Cabot could have held approximately to his latitude.   In any event, some 35 days after leaving Bristol he sighted land, probably on

24 June.  Cabot was back in Bristol on 6 August, after a 15 day return crossing. This means that he explored the region for about a month.

1534-Jacques Cartier travels into CanadaJacques Cartier: He was a Breton explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map [1] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island)Early Life:

o Jacques Cartier was born in 1491[6] in Saint-Malo, the port on the north-west coast of Brittany. 

o Cartier, who was a respectable mariner, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading family.

o His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.

Early voyage,1534 In 1534, two years after the Duchy of

Brittany was formally united with France in the Edict of Union, Cartier was introduced to King Francis I by Jean Le Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo and abbot of Mont Saint-Michel, at the Manoir de Brion.

The king had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the eastern coast of North America on behalf of France in 1524.

Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland and Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships to the discovery of new lands in the New World".

On April 20, 1534,[11] Cartier set sail under a commission from the king, hoping to discover a western passage to the wealthy markets of Asia.

His third encounter took place on the shores of Gaspé Bay with a party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24, he planted a cross to claim the land for France.

The 10-meter cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France" took possession of the territory in the name of the king. 

The change in mood was a clear indication that the Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions.

The natives' captain at last agreed that they could be taken, under the condition that they return with European goods to trade.

Cartier returned to France in September 1534, sure that he had reached an Asian land.

Second voyage, 1535–1536 Jacques Cartier set sail for a second voyage on May 19 of the following year with three

ships, 110 men, and his two Iroquoian captives.  Reaching the St. Lawrence, he sailed up-river for the first time, and reached the Iroquoian

capital of Stadacona, where Chief Donnacona ruled. Cartier left his main ships in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship to

continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on October 2, 1535.  Hochelaga was far more impressive than the small and squalid village of Stadacona, and a

crowd of over a thousand came to the river edge to greet the Frenchmen.  The site of their arrival has been confidently identified as the beginning of the Sainte-Marie

Sault – where the bridge named after him now stands.  The expedition could proceed no further, as the river was blocked by rapids. Cartier and his men prepared for the winter by strengthening their fort, stacking firewood,

and salting down game and fish.

Third voyage, 1541–1542 On October 17, 1540, Francis ordered the navigator Jacques Cartier to return to Canada to lend

weight to a colonization project of which he would be "captain general".  On May 23, 1541, Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage with five ships.  he goals were now to find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its riches, and to establish a

permanent settlement along the St. Lawrence River.[

Anchoring at Stadacona, Cartier again met the Iroquoians, but found their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, and decided not to build his settlement there. 

Sailing a few kilometres up-river to a spot he had previously observed, he decided to settle on the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. 

A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built on the cliff overlooking the settlement, for added protection.

The Iroquoians no longer made friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister manner. 

Cartier left for France in early June 1542, encountering Roberval and his ships along the Newfoundland coast, at about the time Roberval marooned Marguerite de La Rocque. 

Later life Cartier spent the rest of his life in Saint-Malo and his nearby estate, where he often was

useful as an interpreter in Portuguese.  He died at age 65 on September 1, 1557, during an epidemic,[24] possibly of typhus,[25] though

many sources list his cause of death as unknown. 

1608-Colony of Quebec is established.

Champlain Founds Québeco On July 3, 1608, Samuel de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River in the company

of 26 recruits—lumberjacks, carpenters, and laborers.o Champlain settled along Québec’s shoreline, a natural harbor where Place Royale is

situated today.o Champlain quickly erected his wooden Habitation on the site of today’s Notre-Dame-des-

Victoires Church. o It soon became a meeting place where various Amerindians came to barter furs for

European goods.

Fabulous Ludovica In a journal entry from 1618, Champlain outlined a plan to found a large city along the banks of

Rivière Saint-Charles (today’s Saint-Roch and Saint-Sauveur districts) and to name it Ludovica in honor of King Louis XIII. 

The project would never come to anything, however, as Champlain’s vision of a great city died with him.

The Upper Town Is Born Champlain also gave thought to the city’s defenses.  In 1620 he began to construct Fort Saint-Louis on the headlands near where the

Château Frontenac stands today.  It was the beginning of the Upper Town. A few wooden buildings surrounded by a palisade made up the fort, while a trail

connecting the Lower Town’s Habitation to Fort Saint-Louis traced the same route as part of today’s Côte de la Montagne.

1670-Creation of the Hudson’s Bay Company.

Hudson's Bay Company History

Introduction The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) was created in another time and another country.  There is no company in modern Canadian history like it. The HBC was founded on 2 May 1670 when King Charles granted a charter to his

cousin Prince Rupert and his associates. The charter created the HBC as a corporate entity. The HBC's full name is the Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading

into Hudson's Bay.  They elected the governor, deputy governor and committee (board of directors).  In 1863 there was a major re-organization as a result of which the HBC was capitalized

by shares publicly traded on the open market. At the beginning of the 21st century HBC is best known as a general retailer. Although the HBC has changed with the centuries, its history is full of continuities. It is these continuities which make its archives so rich a resource. 

1756-63—Seven Years War(French and Indian Wars)Seven Years' War

England won the war. New France was given to Britain and the France no longer had any control of 'Canada'.

It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire and spanned five continents, affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. 

Although Anglo-French skirmishes over their American colonies had already begun in 1754, the large-scale conflict that drew in most of the European powers was centered on Austria's desire to recover Silesia from the Prussia recover Silesia from the Prussians. Reasons: In 1763, England won the war. British called a colony’s name is British North America(BNA). They wanted to stay British and needed to leave the US. to so. England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales were speaking English people. French people kept their languages and customs, they had a law it called “Quebec Act”.

1759—Battle of the Plains of Abraham

Battle of the Plains of Abraham

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham (13 September 1759) was a pivotal moment in the Seven Years’ War and in the history of Canada.

 A British invasion force led by General James Wolfe defeated French troops under the Marquis de Montcalm, leading to the surrender of Québec to the British. 

At the end of the war in 1763 France surrendered many of its colonial possessions — including Canada — to the British.

Although the French repulsed several British attacks in North America — including the successful defence of Fort Carillon by Montcalm — the British had made significant gains by 1759.

1763-New France is given over to BritainNew France

New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763. 

In 1712, the territory of New France as known as the French North American Empire or Royal New France, extended from Newfoundland to the Canadian prairiesand from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico, including the Great Lakes of North America.

The territory was divided into five colonies, this five colonies have each own names’: Canada, Hudson’s Bay, Acadia, Newfoundland(Plaisance), and Louisiana.

In the sixteenth century, the lands were used primarily to draw from the wealth of natural resources. 

In the seventeenth century, successful settlements began in Acadia, and in Quebec by the efforts of Champlain.

By 1765, the population of the new Province of Quebec reached approximately 70,000 settlers.

1783-Loyalists begin to immigrate to Canada after the American Revolution

Loyalists Loyalists were American colonists, of different

ethnic backgrounds, who supported the British cause during the American Revolution.

Tens of thousands migrated to British North Americaduring and after the revolutionary war — boosting the population and heavily influencing the politics and culture of what would become Canada.

Why Loyalists?o As American rebels fought for independence from

Britain, Loyalists supported the "mother country" for different reasons. 

o  Many felt a personal loyalty to the Crown, or were afraid that revolution would bring chaos to America. 

o Many agreed with the rebels’ view that America had suffered wrongs at the hands of Britain, but

believed the solution could be worked out within the British Empire.

o Others saw themselves as weak or threatened within American society and in need of an outside defender.

o These included linguistic and religious minorities, recent immigrants not fully integrated into American society, as well as Black and Aboriginal people.

o Others were simply attracted by free land and provisions.

o Between 80,000 and 100,000 eventually fled, about half of them to Canada.

Who Were They?  The vast majority of Loyalists were neither well-to-

do nor particularly high in social rank; most were farmers, labourers, tradespeople and their families. 

They were of varied cultural backgrounds, and many were recent immigrants.

White Loyalists brought large numbers of slaves with them. 

Until 1834, slavery was legal in all British North American colonies but Upper Canada, where the institution was being phased out.

Those who left substantially later — mainly to gain land and to escape growing racial intolerance — are often called "late" Loyalists.

Settlement The main waves of Loyalists came to what is now

Canada in 1783 and 1784.  The territory that became the Maritime

provinces became home to more than 30,000.

Most of coastal Nova Scotia received Loyalist settlers, as did Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island (then called St. John’s Island).

In 1784 the colonies of New Brunswick and Cape Breton were created to deal with the influx.

About 7,500 moved into what would become Ontario, most settling along the St. Lawrence River to the Bay of Quinte.

The Grand River was the main focus of Loyalist Iroquois settlement.

The Loyalist influx gave the region its first substantial population and led to the creation of a separate province, Upper Canada, in 1791. 

Loyalists were instrumental in establishing educational, religious, social and governmental institutions.1812-1814-War of 1812

What do you think it is saying about the War of 1812?Nobody really won the war so everyone lost but the First Nations people lost the most by losing more land, independence and life. What were some of the main causes of the War of 1812? Which of

these causes would be considered long term and which would be short term?

Reasons the Americans were upset:(Americans attached BNA first)

Europeans ports were blockaded by Britain so the Americans could not deliver their cargo(disruption of trade).

British took sailors who had run away from British ships, off American ships. They sometimes took Americans by mistake.

Britain did not treat the Americans as equals. They saw them as colonials (as children).

British gave military support(guns) to the First Nations who were trying to stop the American expanding northwest.

British were upset:

They saw the US as a threat to the profitable fur trade.

The US as a threat to the BNA colonies because the BNA colonies were so small and could possible be attacked. What are some of the results of the War of 1812? How did these

results impact Canada as we now know it?

American immigrants were discouraged from going to BNA.

Clarified the border between the US and BNA.

Britain began to respect the US and the US started to ignore BNA and increase their expansion west.

Unity in the Canadas began to be felt between English and French.

Maritime colonies became more prosperous(wealthy).

What are some of the key events that occurred in the War of 1812?

(Have a few to look at) What role did the First Nations people play in the War of 1812?

Tecumseh(chief of the Shawnee) was ally to Britain. He hoped that the British would help him to protect native land from American expansion.

Who won the War of 1812? Explain how this impacted British North America.

"war that nobody won".No land changed hands as a result of this war.1857-1870-Gold Rush in BCBC Times – Rush for Spoils 1857-191423 minutes1. By the fall of 1857, news had traveled as far away as California that there was gold in BC.

2.Towns like Barkerville were built overnight to deal with the influx of gold miners.

3.James Douglas insisted that anyone prospecting for gold must go through Victoria first.

4.Men had difficulties getting to the gold fields, including crossing the Strait of Georgia and getting into the interior.

5.Douglas built the Cariboo Road at a cost of $1 million to help miners travel to the interior gold fields.

6.Douglas used unemployed miners to build the Cariboo Road.

7.Some important themes of BC history include ambitious projects, massive debt (owing money), cheap labour, and the exploitation of resources(trees, gold, fish).

8.Chinatown was created to deal with the influx of Chinese immigrants to Vancouver. The place was synonymous with poor living conditions, hard and dangerous work, and low wages.

9.In the 1870s, the right to vote was taken away from the First Nations and Chinese.

10.Chinese immigrants built the railroad in BC. There was pressure to send them home or make them pay a head tax in order to keep BC white.

11.Vancouver became the central city of BC. Entrepreneurs came here for the free water, cheap land, and tax concessions.

12.Lumber was an important resource, as was fish (canneries).

1867-Condederation When did Canada become independent?

1867 List the first provinces that were part of Canada.

Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. Who was Canada’s first prime minister? (Why)

John A. Macdonald, because the prime minister is the person who leads the federal government.

Which country owned Canada before Confederation?England

What does the word confederation mean?A group of different areas joining together to make one nation.

What was the BNA Act?British North America Act—Created Canada as a country.

Which province was the last to join confederation?Newfoundland and Labrador

1871-BC joins Canada Who founded British Columbia?

The Colony of British Columbia was a crown colony in British North America from 1858 until 1866. It was founded by Richard Clement Moody, who became the first Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia from 1858 to 1863.

When did the provinces and territories join Canada?In order to establish government and maintain law and order around the goldfields, the British established a separate mainland colony of British Columbia in 1858 under the authority of James Douglas, who also remained the governor of Vancouver Island.

When did the provinces and territories join Canada?On July 20, 1871, British Columbia entered Confederation as our sixth province, extending the young Dominion of Canada to the Pacific Ocean.

Why did BC not want to join Confederation?On July 20, 1871, that British Columbia became the sixth province to join Canada. In Confederation, Canada absorbed B.C.'s massive debt, and promised to build a railway from Montreal to the Pacific coast within 10 years.

The BC of Canada’s flag (left picture)

o BC’s map (right picture)1873—PEI joins Canada Who was Prince Edward Island named after?The island is named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria. Prince Edward has been called "Father of the Canadian Crown." When was Prince Edward Island founded?In September 1864, Prince Edward Island hosted the Charlottetown Conference, which was the first meeting in the process leading to the Articles of Confederation and the creation of Canada in 1867. Who founded Prince Edward Island?Prince Edward Island is steeped in history and heritage. Prince Edward Island is known as the "Birthplace of Confederation" because the capital city, Charlottetown, is where the idea of Canada was born. Early Mi'kmaq settlement dates back thousands of years before the historic Charlottetown Conference. What Prince Edward Island is known for?beaches,red soil, potatoes, and the irrepressible Anne of Green Gables. It also is known as the "Birthplace of Confederation." Which was the seventh province to join Canada?The British colony of Prince Edward Island joined Canada as the seventh province. 

1876---Indian ActThe Indian Act 

The Indian Act defines who is an Indian and contains legal disabilities and legal rights for registered Indians.

The act allowed the Canadian government almost complete control over how “Indians” lived and interacted with “non-Indians”.

It also gave the government special responsibility for First Nations health, education, and lands.

The Indian Act applies all across Canada.

The Indian Act was enacted in 1876 by the Parliament of Canada The federal government wanted an act to amend and consolidate previous

laws concerning the First Nations people.  Questions:What was the Indian Act designed to do? Control all aspects of First Nations people lives by the government. What were the residential school designed to do?Assimilate the First Nations people into British Culture. Take away the First Nations culture and make them British. Assimilate---make people the same

1885---North-West Rebellion

What happened in the Northwest Rebellion?

The North-West Rebellion (or the North-West Resistance, Saskatchewan Rebellion, Northwest Uprising, or Second Riel Rebellion) of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful uprising by the Métis people under Louis Riel and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and Assiniboine of the District of Saskatchewan against the ...

Why did the Red River rebellion happen?Red River Rebellion. The 1869–70 uprising in the Red River Colony was sparked by the transfer of the vast territory of Rupert's Land to the new nation of Canada. The colony of farmers and hunters, many of them Métis, occupied a corner of Rupert's Land and feared for their culture and land rights under Canadian control.

Where did the Northwest Rebellion take place?The North-West Rebellion (or the North-West Resistance, Saskatchewan Rebellion, Northwest Uprising, or Second Riel Rebellion) of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful uprising by the Métis people under Louis Riel, and an associated uprising by First Nations Cree and Assiniboine, of the District of Saskatchewan against the ...

What happened at the Battle of Batoche?The Riel Rebellion: The Battle of Batoche 1885. After the Battle of Fish Creek, Middleton regrouped his forces and then marched on Batoche, the village where the Métis and their Indian allies had their headquarters. The Métis dug themselves into rifle pits in the steep bank of the South Saskatchewan River and waited.

Who won the battle of Fish Creek?

The Battle of Fish Creek (also known as the Battle of Tourond's Coulée ), fought April 24, 1885 at Fish Creek, Saskatchewan, was a major Métis victory over the Canadian forces attempting to quell Louis Riel's North-West Rebellion.

What was Louis Riel trying to do?He led two resistance movements against the Canadian government and its first post-Confederation prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to preserve Métis rights and culture as their homelands in the Northwest came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence.1885---Completion of CPR

CPR RAIL TIMELINE1-Summer 1867

Minister of Finance, Francis Hincks, asks Sir Hugh Allan to finance and undertake the building of a transcontinental railway in Canada.

2-Fall 1871 Creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR): a company created to build a transcontinental railway in Canada that was actually controlled by a US railway company.

3- 1873 Pacific Scandal: John A. Macdonald asks Sir Hugh Allan for money to support the Conservative political party in exchange for a guaranteed railway contract. Macdonald must resign as Prime Minister.

4- 1873 Alexander Mackenzie and the Liberal Party are elected to power in Ottawa.

5-1873 Sandford Fleming and the Canadian Pacific Survey investigate different cross-Canada

routes for the CPR.

6- 1876 Development of the National Policy: John A. Macdonald’s election platform addressing tariffs, settlement of the West, and the CPR.

7- 1880 CPR Syndicate: George Stephen, Donald Smith, and James Hill agree to finance the building of the CPR in exchange for $25 million, 25 million acres, monopoly on railway traffic in the West, land tax exemptions.

8- 1881 The original route of the CPR is moved 300 miles south.

9-Fall 1882 William Van Horne is chosen as the new general manager of the CPR construction. He is an efficient, dedicated leader.

10-1882 A. B. Rogers finds a railway route through the Selkirk Mountains in BC, which is subsequently named “Rogers Pass”.

11-Fall 1883 Money has run out to build the CPR.

12-Fall 1883 Canadian government gives the CPR Syndicate $22.5 million to finish the completion of the railway.

13-March 1885

Soldiers are sent by CPR to squash the Northwest Rebellion.

14-July 1885

The CPR receives a second cash infusion from Ottawa to complete the laying of track.

15- Nov 7, 1885

Last spike of the CPR is driven at Craigellechie, BC. The CPR is now completed, a full 5 years ahead of schedule!

1905---The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are created

This is a map of Canada showing the provinces as they were at the time Alberta and Saskatchewan joined Confederation in 1905. Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec are smaller than they are today.

Until 1905 all the area west and north of Manitoba was called the Northwest Territories. 

It was a vast area that, for a long time, was home mostly to native peoples, Métis and fur traders from the Hudson's Bay Company.

A few settlers were trickling in and a limited form of government was established in 1875.

The result was to anger Quebec while losing a strong voice for the west in Parliament - a loss on all sides for Laurier.1914---Canada and WWI

1. What were the four causes of war in 1914 in Europe?Militarism--- countries had armies, guns etc and were ready for war---large armies and navies. Imperialism---the world's powers completed for land, colonies and trade. Nationalism---people have strong feelings of pride in their countries and cultures.Alliance system---a system of political partnerships where allies would support and help one another economically, militarily.

2. Why was this war called a “world” war?Involved many countries and seemed to be world wide

3. Why were so many countries involved in this war?

Due to the alliances the countries had made with one another. Eg. Serbia brought in its allies, Russia, who brought in its allies, Britain, who brought in its allies etc.

4. Why was Canada involved in this war?Britain entered the war because of its alliance with Russia and Canada, as a colony of Britain, was automatically at war.

1. Why were some Canadians eager to go to war? Why did others oppose the idea?Some felt deeply loyal to Canada, Britain, and the King and wanted to join the allied war effort. Others joined because they were unemployed.Some, such as the French Canadians, opposed because they felt no connection to Canada, Britain and the king.

1. What were some of the “horrors of war” that the soldiers experienced in the trenches?Lived and fought in trenches with barbed wire placed in frontHoles in the ground that they lived in were call dug-outs where they were often wet, cold, dirtyLice and rats everywhereMen died in no-man's land because it was open ground where you were unprotected from bullets and could also get caught on the barbed wireBodies were often just left out to be eaten by rats or even used to build up the trenchesDisease was rampant (lots of it) because of the rotting and dead bodiesCould get shot and killed by your own sideSuffered from "shellshock" and "trench foot"

2. What did “going over the top” mean? Climb out of your trench to run in the open field through sniper and machine gun fire, through barbed wire, over dead bodes and crates, avoiding artillery fire to try to overtake another trench only 25-100 meters away.

3. Describe how you would feel just before “going over the top”ScaredFutile (no point)Hard to imagine

1. What new weapon did the Germans introduce? Chlorine gas (poison)

2. What were the effects of this weapon on soldiers?

Choking, spitting, unable to breathe, many deathsHuge numbers of soldiers died

3. Canadians are very proud of the way their soldiers behaved at Vimy. Why is that?

The allies has been unsuccessful, while the Canadians' plan was carried out successfully.

4. How did the image of Canada change because of Canada’s war effort?Canada was now seen as a country not a colony