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Introduction

Primary literature services

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Introduction

An indexing System provides only bibliographic information

that is indexed by topicAn abstracting

Service provides a brief description (abstract) of information contained in a specific citation

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Introduction

Indexing and abstracting provide access to primary literature each covers – different biomedical journals,– meeting abstracts– newsletters – textbooks– other publications

therefore, use of more than one of these resources

often allows for more thorough information retrieval.

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Availability

CD-ROM format (IDIS) Internet, such as Grateful Med or PubMed from the National Library of Medicine (<<http://www.nlm.nih.gov>>).

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achieve rapid access to literature information (any accumulated data..)literature source are organized by subject headings(… search the system and recover data pertaining directly to the information needed)key indexing terms … consists of the following:– Primary indexing terms– Descriptive modifying terms– Access numbers

Indexing:

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Constitute the appropriate key term under which the information is filled in the relevant literature sources.

It provides the searcher with an efficient method to identify and locate information or answers pertaining directly to the type of information needed.

Primary indexing terms

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……..primary indexing term being as specific as possible and use the generic name of the drug where feasible.

Depending on the origin in addition to the generic name of drug or other key indexing terms may be used, the most common terms frequently used are listed as follows:

Primary indexing terms(cont.)

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Trade name, this used only, if the drug under which the information required to be filled is a combination product ( e.g. MAALOX

The name of therapeutic or chemical class of drugs, if the information concerning a class of drugs rather than a single drug (e.g. Corticosteroids and Anti-inflammatory agents).

The name of specific disease when the question or the information pertains to a drug related aspects of disease states (e.g. Leukemia and Hypertension).

Primary indexing terms

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In case that the information is about investigational drugs, letters and/or numbers can be used as primary index, e.g. A-56258.

Information related to specific subject rather than a specific drug, a name of noun can be used as a primary index. For example information about insulin pump is indexed under pump, insulin.

Primary indexing terms(cont.)

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In certain situations information are difficult or not suitable for indexing under one of the previously mentioned primary indexing terms.

In order to provide uniformity in assigning primary indexing terms a more specific term can be used in indexing of these information as the following examples:

Primary indexing terms

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– Availability of particular drug.– General information concerning drug abuse.– Drug packaging information, this is usually

indexed under drug container and closures name in accordance to terms used by Index Medicos.

– Legal matters dealing with drugs (e.g. regulation).

Primary indexing terms

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Is a term used to modify or describe the primary indexing term. It should be specific and concise as possible to be accessible one. It is usually consists of one or two word phrases describing briefly the nature of the requested information. It is often includes terms such as:– Dose:Mefinamic acid- dosage, normal adults --

Descriptive modifying terms– Pharmacokinetics:Bacoarnpicillin - Drug concentration level, therapeutics,– Interaction:Becampicillin - Erythromycin, interaction --- Erythromycin -

Bacompicillin, interaction

Descriptive modifying term

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Used to locate the information or request pertaining to the modifying term.Example:– A question was received in a drug information center

regarding the adult dose of Ibuprofen to be used by a patient with renal failure.

– Such question will be indexed as follows:

– Ibuprofen- Renal Failure, dosage (Adult) ….464 Access number

– Primary indexing term Hyphen Descriptive

modifying indexing term

Access number

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Abstracts are summaries of the content of information appearing in published articles, constructed to be a major device for information storage, or retrieval system.main types of abstracts:

1. Indicative abstracts (Non-evaluative or Descriptive abstracts)

These are brief outlines of the subjective materials in an articles in which details are omitted.(50-100 wards)

2. Informative Abstracts (evaluative abstracts) These should contain all key concepts and

important information mentioned in the article. (about 250 wards)

Abstracting

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To indicate to readers quickly whether the full article would be useful to readTo be extracted (or abstracted) from the article for separate publication (e.g., by Biological Abstracts or Chemical Abstracts)To provide terminology to assist in literature searches by individuals or by literature retrieval specialists for indexes and computer banks.(Key Words)

Purposes Of Abstract

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Informative self-explanatory without referring to the main text. generally restricted in length (not exceeds 250 words)complete abstract should state clearly the objective of the study and summarizing the procedure results and author’s conclusion.

Materials to be abstracts usually falls into one of the following classes:

Ideal Abstract

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Concisely state the objectives, method (procedure) main results (including specific data and their significance if possible) and principal conclusion.

1-Research Report

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• Concisely state the purpose of the study (if not clear from the title) type of the study (double blind, cross over etc.---) And its duration

• Number of subjects and ages, if stated, number of those completing the study

• Reasons for withdrawals• Disease (s), drug (s) used• Dose• Route of administration and formulations• Clinical results• Adverse effects and interactions• Method of statistical analysis (if relevant) and author’s

conclusion.

2-Clinical and Comparative Studies

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Concisely state number of subjects and age (if stated)• Drug (s) used• Dose• Route of administration• Formulation• Disease• Clinical results• Adverse effects and author’s conclusion.

3-Case Reports

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Concisely state the purpose of the programs, how the program work and conclusion.

5-letters One should state briefly what was done followed

by the main results. A brief conclusion should also be included.

4-Descriptive Reports

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Concisely identifies the main topic covered in the review (if not clear from the title)• Type (e.g. Literature evaluation)• Historical• Coverage (e.g. Subheadings)• Data covered• Number of references• Summary of the major points• Author’s conclusion (if any) and critical comments

etc....

6-Review Articles and Editorials

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Key Words

Keywords are used in referencing and indexing. Usually not more than 10 words are included. Keywords generally appear immediately below the abstract.

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SINGLE DOSE PREOPERATIVE PROPHYLAXIS IN TRANSURETHRAL SURGERY:

CIPROFL0XACrN VERSUS CEFOTAXIME Christensen, M.M., Nielsen, K.T., Knes, J. and

Madsen, P.O. Am. J. Med. 87:258S-260S (Nov 30 Supply) 1989.

Indicative Abstract Single dose intravenous (IV) ciprofloxacin (I) and cefotaxime (II)

are evaluated in a double blind study in male patients, 37 receiving, (1),300 mg, and 39 receiving II, 1 .0 g, for preoperative prophylaxis in transurethral surgery.

Examples of indicative and informative absttacts

REPORT

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Single dose intravenous (JV) ciprofloxacin (I) and cefotaxime (II) are evaluated in a double blind study in male patients, 37 receiving, 1,300 mg, and 39 receiving II, 1.0 g, for preoperative prophylaxis in transurethral surgery. There were no symptomatic urinary tract infections or other infections after prostate and bladder surgery and no serious post surgery complications in any of the patients. Serum and prostatic tissue levels, as well as the tissue/serum ratios are included for 13 I patients. The most common side effect was postoperative nausea in 15 patients, 111 and 4 II patients. It is concluded that both drugs are effective and safe in reducing tree frequency of bacteriuria following transurethral surgery; there is no significant different between the 2 groups. (13 references).

Informative Abstract (example)

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Guidelines For Informative Abstracts

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– Purpose of study (if not clear from title).– Type of study (double—blind, cross—over, etc.) and

duration.– Number of subjects (age, if stated).– Number of completers of the study.– Reasons for withdrawals.– Diseases.– Drug (s) used — dose, route of administration,

formulation.– Clinical results.– adverse effects and interactions.– Statistical methods of analysis (if relevant).– Author’ s conclusions.

Clinical Trials And Comparative Studies

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– Number of subjects (age if stated).– Drug (s) used — dose, route of administration,

formulation.– Disease.– Clinical results.– Adverse effects.– Author’ s conclusions.

Case Report

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– Subject (if not clear from title).– Type, e.g. Literature evaluation, historical.– Coverage, e.g. subheadings.– Dates covered (references).– Number of references.– Author’s conclusions (if any).– Critical comments — Author’ s bias,

omissions, etc.

Reviews And Editorials

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abstract (original study)

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Report abstract.

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1. Objective(s). State an objective, not necessarily a hypothesis.Hypothesis testing does not fit the design of many studies and sometimes leads to simplistic thumbs-up or

“To determine whether drug A, a new antiviral agent, reduced morbidity related to the common

cold.”

Writing Informative Abstracts (Journal Articles)

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2. Design.

“Case-control study.”“Randomized controlled trial.”

“Prospective cohort study.”Not every study can be neatly summarized by a widely understood label; a brief description of what you did may be necessary.

Writing Informative Abstracts (Journal Articles)

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3. Setting. place and time; where and when the study

participants were selected. Try to be specific without being wordy.

“Three general pediatric practices in Kansas City, Mo, from January 1990 to December

2001.”

Writing Informative Abstracts (Journal Articles)

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4. Participants. Who was studied, and how many were studied?

Describe important eligibility criteria.Refusal to participate, dropouts, and missing information are potential sources of bias.

“A random sample of children admitted to the intensive care unit for bronchiolitis (N=201).”

Writing Informative Abstracts (Journal Articles)

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5. Intervention (s) or Main exposure (s). It includes interventions that were controlled by the investigators or exposures.

“Oral acyclovir, 15 mg/kg 5 times per day for 5 days.”

Writing Informative Abstracts (Journal Articles)

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6. Main outcome measure (s).

” Given this objective, the main outcome was death prior to hospital discharge”

Writing Informative Abstracts (Journal Articles)

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7. Results. Give the main numerical results with estimates of precision, such as confidence intervals.

“The intervention arm had better outcomes; P=.01 for all comparisons,”

Writing Informative Abstracts (Journal Articles)

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8. Conclusion(s).

“The risk of drowning was less among children wearing life

vests, compared with those without vests (adjusted risk ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.6).”

“If the association estimated in our study is causal, our results provide evidence that about half of child drowning’ s can be prevented if children

wear life vests.”

Writing Informative Abstracts (Journal Articles)

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Sources

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Anti-infectives Today

Adis International, Inc., Langhorne, PA. An indexing and abstracting service that summarizes current Literature on drug therapy and management of infections. Available as newsletter and a variety of electronic formats. Published monthly.

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BIOSIS Previews

BIOSIS, Philadelphia. A major comprehensive resource that covers all areas of biological research, including the biomedical sciences. Meeting and conference citations include the basic sciences; may be more comprehensive than MEDLINE.

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Cancer Today

Adis International, Inc., Langhorne, PA. An indexing and abstracting service that summarizes current literature on the use of drugs in the management of cancer. Available as newsletter and a variety of electronic formats. Published monthly.

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ClinAlert

Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA. A secondary system of adverse drug reaction case reports including herbal products and literature citations including herbal products. Available as a newsletter, CD-ROM, and on the Internet. Published semimonthly.Reviews about 100 journals; about $lOO/year

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CNS Disorders Today

Adis International, Inc., Langhorne, PA. An indexing and abstracting service that summarizes current literature on all aspects of drug therapy and disease management of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Available as newsletter and a variety of electronic formats. Published monthly.

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Current Contents

Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia. A system that provides tables of contents for numerous medical and life sciences publications. Two versions useful to pharmacists, Current Contents Life Sciences and Current Contents Clinical Medicine, are available. Author abstracts and author reprint addresses for journal articles also provided. Use of specific search terms enables specific information retrieval. Available as index ($442/year), CD-ROM $I,OOO/year, online, and Internet formats. Published weekly.Provides table of contents for more than 7500 different journals;

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Embase

Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A very complete abstracting source for the medical literature. Covers approximately 4500 periodicals. This publication is in many ways similar to Medline, however, it covers more international journals and meeting abstracts. Available in CD-ROM, network, and on-line formats.

(Printed version is called Excerpta Medica.) Drugs and Pharmacology, a subset of this database, is of particular interest to pharmacists.

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Index Medicus

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. An index to the biomedical literature that references over 3000 journals. Note that this is a printed subset of MEDLINE

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Adis International, Inc., Langhorne, PA.An indexing and abstracting service that summarizes current literature related to pharmacotherapy. Available in newsletter, CD-ROM, on-line, Intranet, and Internet formats. Published weekly.Reviewing about 1500 journal.Lag time 2weeks-2 months.

InPharma Weekly

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International Pharmaceutical Abstracts

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD. The most comprehensive abstracting service for international information relevant to pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. Provides access to both journal articles and pharmacy meeting abstracts. Available as a print index, CD-ROM formats, and as an on-line service. Published twice a month or updated monthly.Covers about 800 journals

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Iowa Drug Information System (IDIS)

College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City. An indexing service that allows retrieval of complete articles from over 180 biomedical journals. Information can be searched by keywords, generic drug name, disease classification, journal of publication, year of publication, authors, title, and type of study design.

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Iowa Drug Information System (IDIS)

Available in microfiche, CDROM, and on-line formats. Articles published prior to 1998 are only available in microfiche format. After 1998, the articles are available in a microfiche format and a CD-ROM full-text version. Updated monthly.We have the system starting from Jan 1998.

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Journal Watch

Massachusetts Medical Society, Waltham, MA. An abstracting service by the publishers of New England Journal of Medicine that includes recent citations from general medicine literatureThis newsletter is published semimonthly. Additional newsletters are available in specialty areas such as psychiatry, infectious disease, women’s health, and AIDS.

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LEXIS-NEXIS

Academic Universe, Dayton, OH. This indexing/abstracting service with some full-text features provides access to a wide range of news, business, legal, and reference information.

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LEXIS-NEXIS

This service includes coverage of government, business, communications, law, finance, health care and medical information news, medical and health care journals, Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organization publications, and FDC publications including The Tan Sheets, The Pink Sheets, and Pharmaceutical Approvals Monthly. Available for a fee at

<<http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe>>

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MEDLINE

National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. Medline is bibliographic database containing more than 12 million citations and author abstracts from over 4800 biomedical journals published in the United States and 70 other countries.Medline covering extends back to the early 1950’s and up to now with new data added weekly.. Available on CD-ROM or via on-line services including the Internet as Grateful Med or part of PubMed

<<http://w.nlm.mh.g0v>>

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Pediatrics Today

Adis International, Inc., Langhorne, PA. An indexing and abstracting service that summarizes current literature on the use of drugs in children. Available as newsletter and a variety of electronic formats. Published monthly.

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PharmacoEconomics & Outcomes News Weekly

Adis International, Inc., Langhorne, PA. An indexing and abstracting service that summarizes current literature on economic issues related to medicine, pharmacy, and health care. Available in newsletter, CD-ROM, and on-line formats. Published weekly.

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Adis International, Inc., Langhorne, PA. An indexing and abstracting service that summarizes current literature on adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, herbal products, drug dependence, and toxicology. Available in newsletter, CD-ROM, on-line, Intranet, and Internet formats. Published weekly. An annual compilation is also published.Reviewing about 1500 journal.Lag time 1-2 months.

Reactions Weekly

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Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia. An index that notes citation frequency of authors and journal articles. Available in network, CD-ROM, on-line, and Internet formats.

Science Citation Index