secrets of the solar system s3-09 - wladimirlyra.com · (geologically active) radius-density...
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SECRETS OF SECRETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM THE SOLAR SYSTEM
SS33-09-09Wladimir (Wlad) LyraWladimir (Wlad) Lyra
Brian LevineBrian Levine
AMNH After-School ProgramAMNH After-School Program
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Satellites of the Outer Planets
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Size Comparison
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Jupiter's family portrait
The Galilean Moons
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Surfaces of the Galilean Satellites
Young surfaces Old surface
(Geologically Active)
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Radius-Density relation
Io and Europa are rocky satellites, like the Moon.The other are mostly icy.
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Satellite formation occurs in a circum-planetary disk.
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Scaled-down version of planet formation
Proto-Jupiter was very hot (~2000 K)
Proto-Jupiter~2000K
The proto-satellite disk had its own snowline
satellites satellites
Rocky Io and Europa formed inside the snowline
Icy Ganymede and Callisto formed beyond the snowline
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Io – Jupiter's Volcanic Moon
100 times more volcanic than Earth
Ground temperature: 110K
Bright areas: Fresh sulfur frostBright areas: Fresh sulfur frost
Yellow-Brown areas: older sulfur compounds
“Nowhere else in the Solar System do volcanic processes so dominate everything we see
as on Io”
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Io's interior
Iron rich core
Molten silicate interior
Thin silicate crust
Io is roughly the size of the Moon.How does such a small body retain such a hot interior?
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Laplace Resonance
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Tidal Heating
Periodic tug of Europa makes Io's orbit slightly elliptic (e ~ 0.004)
Difference in tidal bulge from closest to farthest from
Jupiter:
100m
MASSIVE FRICTION!!!
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Tidal heating keeps Io's interior molten
Iron rich core
Molten silicate interior
Thin silicate crust
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Io's Volcanoes
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Io's Volcanoes
Loki
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Active plumes
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Io in action
April 2007 September 2007
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Surface of Io?
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Europa
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Ice Tectonics
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Surface features
“Chaotic” terrain, as if subject to melting and refreezing
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Europa Interior model
Icy crust floating on top of liquid ocean.Very interesting for Life!
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Sub-surface shallow lakes?
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Laplace Resonance
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Ganymede and Callisto
Sibling worlds in mass, radius, and compositionYet so different!
Ganymede has two different terrains, old and young.Callisto has a heavily cratered, old surface.
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Ganymede and Callisto interiors
Fully differentiated body
Slushy icy mantle
Undifferentiated body
No substantial heat source
Callisto has never been molten.
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Cryovolcanism
Silicate mantleVolcanoes expel molten rock (lava)
Slush-Icy mantleVolcanoes expel molten ice (water)
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Ganymede's “Grooved Terrain”
On the rocky MoonThe 'maria' are basalts,
ancient lava flows.
On icy GanymedeThe 'maria' are ices,ancient water flows.
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Interiors
Quite active Active
So so... Dead
Why?
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Ganymede and Callisto
Callisto is not part of the orbital dance.
No resonance, no eccentricity pumping, no tidal heating
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Saturn's Giant Moon
Second in size only to Ganymede, Titan is bigger than Mercury
The only satellite with a considerable atmosphere
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Titan
100% covered in opaque orange hazeNo view of the surface
Atmosphere! Makes sense...
It is colder thanGanymede:
molecules travel slower.
Mostly nitrogen
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Titan
Methane in Titan should be like water on Earth!
Presence of liquid hydrocarbons highly likely.
Methane triple point
~90K
Titan's mean temperature
~93K
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Pre-Cassini speculations
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Pre-Cassini speculations
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Pre-Cassini speculations
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Titan
Radar image by Cassini
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Huygens descent
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Huygens descent
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Huygens landing site
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Huygens landing site
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Huygens landing site
Titan Earth
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Titan Dunes
Titan
Earth
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A little lake near the South Pole
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Lakes at last!
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Lakes at last!
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Lakes of Titan
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Enceladus
Plumes imaged by Cassini
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Enceladus
Close up of the plumes
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Enceladus
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Enceladus
Such a small world!How can it be active?
Enceladus and Titan
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Tidal Heating!
2:1 resonance with Dionekeeps Enceladus' orbit eccentric
(e ~ 0.004)
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Iapetus
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Iapetus' strikingly different hemispheres
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Debris from Phoebe
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Iapetus' equatorial ridge
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Iapetus: A moon with a view
Iapetus inclined orbit...
… allows for a clear view of the rings.
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Triton – Neptune's large moon.
Frigid temperatures of 38KAll volatiles are either rock-solid or snow.
Yet, no craters. The surface is young. Triton is geologically active !
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Triton – Neptune's large moon.
Frigid temperatures of 38KAll volatiles are either rock-solid or snow.
Yet, no craters. The surface is young. Triton is geologically active !
Cantaloupe terrain
Dark streaks
Nitrogen snow
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Clouds on Triton
Nitrogen is near the sublimation point,Forming a thin atmosphere
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Dark streaks
Geysers, caught by the wind
Powered not by tides, But by solar heating
under the nitrogen snow.
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Triton – Titan - Mars
These three worlds would look very much alike at the same distance from the Sun